journal of hepatology cover letter

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Writing an effective cover letter

You have run your experiments, analyzed your data, and finished your manuscript, but now you are asked to write a cover letter for journal submission. How do you effectively convey your message in a cover letter? To understand how to gain the editors’ support for your paper, let us first discuss the role of this letter.

The cover letter is your first communication with the editors. As this serves as your first impression, you want to send a clear and concise message that highlights the novelty, validity, and significance of your manuscript. You also want to state why your manuscript would be a good fit for the journal. Keeping this letter concise and ideally to one page allows the editors to quickly review the highlights of your manuscript. Here are 10 steps we believe are important to follow when writing an effective cover letter (Table 1). We have listed examples to accompany each step; note that our examples are for illustrative purposes only.

1) Address the editor(s) formally by name in your cover letter

This information is found on the journal’s website and in the journal. Common mistakes we have seen is reporting the wrong editor(s) for submission or omitting an introduction. Though this cover letter is not published, it reflects poorly on the authors if there are incorrect editors listed or misspelled words.

Example: Richard M. Peek, Jr., MD, and Douglas A. Corley, MD, PhD, MPH Editors in Chief, Gastroenterology

Dear Drs. Peek and Corley:

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Authors can submit their original ideas and findings, matches with the aim and objectives of the journal in the form of original or review articles, case reports and short communication. The manuscript should be written in the English language using font Times New Roman, size 12 and single line space in the compatible MS-Word format (.doc/.docx) in one column with margins of one inch (2.5 cm) at the top, bottom and the sides. The length of the manuscript should not be more than 15 pages.

Paper submission steps 1. Submit a cover letter in MS word format. ( Download sample file ) 2. Submit an authorship responsibility form. ( Download sample file ) 3. Submit the complete manuscript in MS word format, which should have all ‘Figures with headings’ and all the ‘Tables with headings and/or legends’. ( Download sample file ) 4. Corresponding author can submit their article by clicking on the manuscript submission link Or they can submit it through email: [email protected] 5. Now fill in the required details and upload all the files. 6. For any inconvenience in manuscript submission mail to Managing Editor ( [email protected] ).

Copyrights International Journal of Hepatology Sciences the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license to published articles. Under this license, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their content, but they allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content as long as the original authors and source are cited. Appropriate attribution can be provided by simply citing the original article.

Publication process After receiving the manuscript, the file will be sent to the subject editor. The editor will send the article to two reviewers for double-blind peer review. All the comments by the reviewers will be sent to the corresponding author and the author should return the revised version of the manuscript within one week. The revised manuscript will be sent to the reviewers again and the final decision will be taken by the Subject Editor. The accepted article will be sent to the corresponding author in ready-to-print format for proofreading. Proofreading provides the opportunity to view and correct the remaining mistakes in the manuscript. Once the manuscript is published in the journal, no changes will be made and for any mistake, authors will be responsible. The accepted articles will be published online as well as in print and a link to the article will be sent to the author by email for downloading.

Article handling/Processing charges There is no article 'submission fee' in the journal. But, as the Journal is not receiving any governmental & / or non-governmental financial add, the authors are required to pay an article ' handling/processing fee' (after peer review and acceptance). This fee contributes to the costs involved in DOI allocation, indexing, formatting, publication process and Web maintenance.

•Indian authors: 7000 INR (w.e.f. 01.02.2024) •International authors: 100 USD (w.e.f. 01.02.2024)

The article should be prepared by following the general layout of the journal as given below:

Preparation of Cover Letter A cover letter mentioning that the submitted work is original, not published before and not under the publication. It should be sent along with the manuscript by the corresponding author on the behalf of co-authors to the journal's managing editor. Provide the contact details and affiliation of two potential reviewers (Optional). Click here to download the format of a cover letter .

Preparation of complete manuscript The first page of the manuscript should include the title, name of the author(s), affiliations of author(s), e-mail of author(s) and complete address of the corresponding author with e-mail and phone no./Mob. No. The title should be concise and informative.

Abstract The abstract should be not more than 300 words and contain the entire work's gist. Avoid using any abbreviated form in the abstract. Taxonomic authorities should not be used here. References should not be used in the abstract. The abstract should be followed by 3 to 6 keywords.

Introduction In this portion, the main problem, selected in the study should be discussed with the relevant earlier literature and the proposed method or solution. Proper references should be used in support to the content.

Materials and Methods The detailed experimental protocols, instruments and software, etc. used in the study should be described here with their proper references. The details of the study area should also be provided.

Results Here the author(s) should be presented the clear and concise findings of the experiment/study. It should be written in the past tense. The results should be given here without any references.

Discussion The study should be elaborately discussed with the significance of the results with the help of earlier work and reports.

Conclusion The important outcomes of the study should be mentioned in this section. Note: Results, Discussion and Conclusion can be combined if seems appropriate.

Acknowledgments The acknowledgments of the funding body, institutional head, co-workers, field assistants, local people, etc. should be briefed and declaration of any conflict of interest related to the work.

References In the text, the references should be typed in Vancouver style

Journal article, up to 6 personal author(s): 1. Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL. Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of mouse skin histology: comparison of fixation with neutral buffered formalin and alcoholic formalin. J Histotechnol. 2014 Dec;37(4):115-124. Electronic journal article: 2. Poling J, Kelly L, Chan C, Fisman D, Ulanova M. Hospital admission for community-acquired pneumonia in a First Nations population. Can J Rural Med [Internet]. 2014 Fall [cited 2015 Apr 27];19(4):135-141. Available from: https://www.srpc.ca/14fal.html by selecting the PDF link in the table of contents. Electronic journal article, 7 or more personal authors, optional DOI information: 3. Aho M, Irshad B, Ackerman SJ, Lewis M, Leddy R, Pope T, et al. Correlation of sonographic features of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma with age, tumor grade, and hormone-receptor status. J Clin Ultrasound [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Apr 27];41(1):10-7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcu.21990/full DOI: 10.1002/jcu.21990

Book, personal author(s): 4. Buckingham L. Molecular diagnostics: fundamentals, methods and clinical applications. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; c2012. Book or pamphlet, organization as both author and publisher: 5. College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Standards of practice. Toronto: The College; 2011. Book, editor(s): 6. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, editors. Robbins basic pathology. 16th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; c2013. Book, editor(s), specific chapter with the individual author(s): 7. Altobelli N. Airway management. In: Kacmarek R, Stoller JK, Heuer AJ, editors. Egan’s fundamentals of respiratory care. 10th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Mosby; c2013. p. 732-86. Electronic book, personal author(s), requiring password: 8. Martin A, Harbison S, Beach K, Cole P. An introduction to radiation protection [Internet]. 6th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2012 [cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: https://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=466903&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_iii with authorized username and password. Electronic book, organization as author, freely available: 9. OpenStax College. Anatomy & physiology [Internet]. Version 7.28. Houston: The College; 2013 Apr 25 [Updated 2015 May 27; cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: https://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.

Dictionary entry: 10. Stedman’s medical dictionary for the health professions and nursing. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2012. Hematoma; p. 756. Entry in a print reference work: 11. Canadian Pharmacists Association. CPS 2013: compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. 48th ed. Ottawa: The Association; c2013. Atropine: Systemic; p. 297-9. Entry in an online reference work: 12. Canadian Pharmacists Association. eCPS. [Internet]. Ottawa: The Association; 2015. Methimazole; [revised 2012 Mar; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: https://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login/ecps with authorized username and password. Wiki entry: 13. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 – Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; [modified 2015 May 28; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 34 screens]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa Newspaper article: 14. Carville O. Health ‘snooping’ cases on the rise. Toronto Star. 2015 May 27:Sect. GT:1 (col. 3). Electronic newspaper article: 15. Wisniewski M. Five babies at Chicago daycare diagnosed with measles. Globe and Mail [Internet]. 2015 Feb 5 [cited 2015 Feb 6];Life:[about 2 screens]. Available from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/five-babies-at-chicago-daycare-diagnosed-with-measles-report/article22805944/. Legal material (note: this is not addressed in Vancouver Style): 16. Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, S.O. 2005, c.11 [Internet]. 2009 Dec 15 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: https://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_05a11_e.htm Report available on a web page: 17. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Depression among seniors in residential care [Analysis in brief on the Internet]. Ottawa: The Institute; 2010 [cited 2015 May 29]. 18 p. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/ccrs_depression_among_seniors_e.pdf Page on a website: 18. Alzheimer Society of Canada [Internet]. Toronto: The Society; c2015. Benefits of staying active; 2013 Jan 28 [cited 2015 May 29];[about 1 screen]. Available from: https://www.alzheimer.ca/en/kfla/Living-with-dementia/Day-to-day-living/Staying-active/Benefits-of-staying-active

Streaming video: 19. Allen S, Waerlop I. The Gait Guys talk about great toe dorsiflexion [Internet]. [place unknown]: The Gait Guys; 2014 May 11 [cited 2015 May 29]. Video: 3 min. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8O8TLtunUQ Electronic image: 20. Bickle I. Swallowed foreign body [radiograph]. 2014 Jul 14 [cited 2015 May 29]. In: Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown]: Radiopaedia.org; c2005-2015. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/swallowed-foreign-body-1 Blog post (no given name, so screen name used as an author): 21. Munkee. Nuclear Munkee. [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]:[Munkee]; [date unknown] –. In-111 pentetreotide imaging; 2013 Mar 19 [cited 2015 May 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: https://nuclearmunkee.blogspot.ca/2013/03/in-111-pentetreotide-imaging.html Poster presentation/session presented at a meeting or conference: 22. Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelphia, PA..

Figures All the figures should be in JPG/JPEG format in a word file. The figures should be with the width of 75 mm/155 mm with the resolution of 300 dpi. Figures should be numbered as they are cited in the main text. If the figure is a plate, each figure should be subdivided by using upper case letters of bold “Times New Roman” font size as required but similar in all. If a figure comprises more than one glossy photograph, these should be marked A, B, C...etc. Legends of all figures should be provided on a separate page.

Figure format:

Fig 1: ---(9 Font size, Times New Roman, Normal, Bold)

Tables The table should be made as simple as possible. Only a few horizontal lines should be used without vertical lines in the table. All tables should be placed after references in the manuscript. Each table should be consecutively numbered in Arabic numerals with a self-descriptive heading and/or legend. Any abbreviation or symbol used in the table should be described in the legend. The same data should not be represented in tables and in graphs.

Table Format – It should be designed using table tools of MS Word and exactly same as below

Table 1: --- (9 Font size, Times New Roman, Normal, Bold)

Tables and figures should be cited in the text in numerical order. Table 2 should not be first cited before Table 1.

Units and Symbols: The use of the International System of Units (SI) is recommended.

Other important notes 1. Use SI units and the appropriate symbols (mm for millimetre; µm for micron; s for sec; Myr for million years). 2. Use the negative index (m-1, l-1, h-1) except in cases such as 'per genera’. 3. Use symbol “×” instead of “x”. 4. Use Hyphen/dash “-” to link two words (e.g. as co-operation, 2-merous, etc.) 5. Use En dash (dash with the length of the letter ‘n’) “–” to show ranges of numbers, length, width, time, pages, etc. (e.g. 10–25, 2–5 cm, 4–6 months, etc.) 6. Use elevation for heights of land surfaces above sea level. 7. Names of genera and species should be in italic. 8. Use abbreviation ‘sp’ (singular)/‘spp’ (plural) for “species”; ‘subsp’ (singular)/‘subspp’ (plural) for “subspecies”; ‘sp. nov.’ for “new species”; ‘comb. nov.’ for “new combination”; ‘gen. nov.’ for “new genus”; ‘s.s.’ for “Sensu stricto” and ‘s.l.’ for “sensu lato”; ca. for circa = about; ‘dbh’ for diameter at breast height; ‘elev.’ For “elevation”. 9. The acronym of the herbarium must be provided for each collection where they have been housed. The reference for citing the collection: NEPAL, Bardia Dist, Babai-Deurrali, 351 m, N 28º 20.934' E 81º 42.226', 23.01.2001, K. K. Shreshtha et al. 666 (TUCH). 10. The equation should be written, using ‘Equation’ feature present in ‘Insert’ option of Microsoft World. 11. Any kind of Plagiarism is prohibited in the Journal. If found guilty (before or after publication), the paper will be "Retracted" and authors will be blacklisted. 12. The format of latest published paper in the Journal can be adopted for manuscript preparation.

Review article The summarized and up-to-date information on a topic will be published under this category. The article should not be more than 4500 words. For other instructions will be similar to the general guidelines.

Short communications Any concise, new findings, important information and preliminary results can be published under this category. It should not be more than 100 words. For other instructions will be similar to the general guidelines.

Case reports New, interesting and rare cases can be reported. They should be unique, describing a great diagnostic or therapeutic challenge and providing a learning point for the readers. Cases with clinical significance or implications will be given priority. These communications could be of up to 2000 words and should have the following headings: Abstract (unstructured), Keywords, Introduction, case report, Discussion, Reference, Tables and Legends in that order.

The manuscript could be supported with up to 10 references. Case Reports could be authored by up to 6 authors.

Letter to the Editor: These should be short and decisive observations. They should preferably be related to articles previously published in the Journal or views expressed in the journal. They should not be preliminary observations that need a later paper for validation. The letter could have up to 800 words and 5-10 references. It could be generally authored by not more than 6 authors.

Jurisdiction All the Services, are governed by and constructed in accordance with the laws of India, without reference to conflict of laws principles and you irrevocably and unconditionally submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of Delhi, Delhi, India. Any dispute or related violence, it will be discussed and considered only in front of the ‘Judiciary of Delhi’ in Delhi, India.

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Scientific Publishing in Biomedicine: How to Write a Cover Letter?

Zahra bahadoran.

1 Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Parvin Mirmiran

Khosrow kashfi.

2 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York, USA

Asghar Ghasemi

3 Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

A cover (covering) letter is a brief business letter introducing the scientific work alongside the submission process of a manuscript and is required by most scientific peer-review journals. A typical cover letter includes the name of the editor and the journal, date of submission, the characteristics of the manuscript, the importance of the work and its relevance to prospective audiences, declarations such as author agreements, conflicts of interest statement, funding source (s), and ethical statements. The letter also includes the contact information of the corresponding author (s) and may also include suggestions of potential reviewers. Spending enough time to draft an informative, comprehensive, and concise cover letter is quite worthwhile; a poorly drafted one would not persuade the editor that the submitted work is fit for publication and may lead to immediate rejection. Here, we provide a practical guide to draft a well-written, concise, and professional cover letter for a scientific medical paper.

The Cambridge dictionary defines a cover letter as “a letter that contains information about the thing it is sent with”. The cover letter is commonly known as a motivation letter submitted along with the curriculum vitae (CV) or a job application for employment ( 1 ) or academic position ( 2 ), and it is not clear why and how it was introduced into the scientific field ( 3 ). In scientific writing and publishing, a cover/covering letter is a letter to the editor’s target journal ( 4 ).

Providing a cover letter alongside the submission process is now required by most scientific journals. In fact, some high-quality and prestigious journals pay specific attention to the cover letter ( 3 ). Amongst the different steps of the publication process, the cover letter is the last step and is often overlooked ( 5 ). One of the most common complaints voiced by editors regarding submitted manuscripts is that the authors neglect to write a well-written cover letter, including a statement justifying the importance of their work ( 6 ). Missing this opportunity may have unintentional consequences, rejection without further consideration instead of being sent for external peer-review ( 5 , 6 ). Contrary to this view, some believe that the cover letter’s content overlaps with the manuscript’s abstract and gives mostly redundant information already found within the online submission system ( 3 ). The cover letter may also be a “misleading commercial advertisement” where it would not represent the content of the manuscript ( 3 ).

Although many editors may not read or seriously consider the cover letters of the submitted manuscripts ( 3 , 4 ), neglecting the importance of the cover letter may be a risk for the authors. Therefore, spending an adequate amount of time to write a coherent and persuasive cover letter is worth it. Following our previous publication on choosing a journal in a new series entitled Scientific Publishing in Biomedicine ( 7 ), here, we provided a practical guide to draft a well-written, professional, and concise cover letter needed to be accompanied by an original scientific paper, either with the initial submission or subsequently at revision/resubmitting stage. Since there are subtle differences in writing a cover letter for an original research paper versus a review article or an opinion, some points for drafting a cover letter for such papers are also discussed.

2. The Function of the Cover Letter

A cover letter is “a brief business letter”, which introduces the submitted manuscript to a prospective editor (s) ( 8 ). There are essentially two types of letters; the first is the one that is initially submitted with the manuscript (cover letter), and the second is when a revision is being submitted (revised letter). The first letter introduces the work at the initial manuscript submission ( 9 ), while the second one is needed following an invitation to revise and resubmit the manuscript. Here, the authors respond to the suggestions/criticisms of the reviewers ( 10 ). In this paper, “cover letter” and “second letter” refer to the first/submit letter and the revised letter, respectively.

A well-written cover letter is an effective tool for authors to sell their work to the journal editor and make a “good first impression”. A cover letter is a summary that highlights the main points, emphasizes the novelty, and communicates the potential implications of the submitted work ( 3 ). A cover letter allows the authors to persuade the editors regarding the novelty/originality and significance of the research in a less formal manner than in the manuscript itself ( 6 ). A well-written and informative cover letter helps the journal’s editor to be informed about the work and its significance. Regardless of the novelty and significance of the submitted manuscript, editors may miss those points without providing insights in a cover letter ( 5 ).

3. The Content of a Cover Letter

3.1. first cover letter (submit letter).

One point of view is that the cover letter’s content should be covered in the manuscript’s abstract ( 3 ). A typical cover letter includes the name of editor (s) and the journal, date of submission, the characteristics of the manuscript (i.e., title, type of the manuscript, e.g., review, original, case report), the importance of the work and its relevance to the readership of the journal, verification of the originality of the work, the authors’ confirmation that the manuscript is currently submitted only to this journal, declarations and ethical statements, suggested potential reviewers, and contact information of the corresponding author of the submitted work ( 5 , 6 ). Other manuscript characteristics, including the length and number of tables and figures, can also be indicated. If the manuscript belongs to a special issue or is being submitted upon an official invitation from the journal’s editorial office, it should also be addressed. The main contents of the first cover letter are described in Table 1 .

The most critical element of a cover letter is a “statement of novelty/significance/implication.” The authors are advised to carefully write a brief and concise description of their work’s impact toward communicating its significance ( 6 ). The authors are strongly advised not to copy the abstract into the cover letter and instead explain in their own words the significance of the work and the reason for submitting it to the journal ( 11 ). If this information is lacking, the editors may rely on the reviewers who may not appreciate the significance of the work and just focus on the technical issues rather than the scientific value of the work ( 5 ). Providing a clear and robust statement of novelty and significance would be more critical for editors and potential reviewers with diverse and interdisciplinary backgrounds ( 6 ).

The statements are expected to answer the following questions: (1) why is the work important? (e.g., emphasizing a new measurement, a new diagnostic method or criterion, a newly discovered biological process); and (2) how does the work advance current knowledge in the field? The best approach to answer this question is by describing the current state of knowledge in the field and clarifying how the work provides an added value by answering a previously unanswered question, finding the solution to a problem, or improving existing methods ( 5 ). Checking the recently published papers on similar topics in the journal provides new insights for the authors to clarify in the cover letter as to how the manuscript follows the publication trends of the journal and will add something new that would be relevant to the trend ( 12 ).

The cover letter is also expected to emphasize why the manuscript will attract the journal’s readers ( 5 ). The authors also need to consider the journal’s Aims and Scope to underscore how the manuscript would fit within the journal’s scope and attract potential readers ( 13 ). Instead of stating simply that the manuscript is “of interest to the field” or “novel,” the authors should address specific aspects of the journal’s Aims and Scope statement, e.g., “We believe that this manuscript is appropriate for publication by [journal name] since it… [reference to the journal’s aims and scope] ( 11 ).

For a review, opinion, or a trends paper, emphasizing the timeline and novelty is needed, as stated by Sacristán, the editor of trends in molecular medicine: “The synthesis and conceptual advance should be particularly stated in terms of what is new and has been trending in the field for the last one to five years”. She also recommends that the authors need to provide a future perspective beyond the main take-home message of the manuscript for a trends paper and take a strong and novel stance on a hypothesis or idea for a cover letter of an opinion manuscript ( 14 ).

The cover letter must contain some predefined statements, including the “author agreement” statement ( 13 ). An “author agreement” is a statement to confirm that “all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript being submitted” ( 8 ). Furthermore, “the authors warrant that the manuscript is their original work, has not received prior publication and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere” ( 8 ). Some journals may request the corresponding author to confirm that he/she will take responsibility for informing co-authors of editorial decisions, reviews received, and any changes or revisions made; additionally, the editor (s) should be informed about any closely related manuscript (s) simultaneously submitted for consideration to the same or another journal ( 15 ). The authors also should declare if any part of the submitted work has been previously published elsewhere, even as an abstract ( 16 ); e.g., “there is some overlap in the content of the introduction section, which we have noted in the text”.

Depending on the journal’s policy, other statements, including “conflict of interest statement”, “funding source declarations”, and “permission note”, may also be required to be included in the cover letter ( 8 , 11 ). As indicated by Elsevier, a conflict of interest statement, known as a disclosure statement, is a declaration from the author that “there is no financial/personal interest or belief that could affect their objectivity”. The publisher emphasizes that the authors should declare and state the potential conflict’s source and nature in cases where a conflict of interest exists. A funding source declaration is defined by the publisher as “a declaration of any funding or research grants (and their sources) received in the course of study, research or assembly of the manuscript”. Elsevier also defines the permission note as a statement that declares that “permission has been received to use any material in the manuscript such as a figure, which is not original content” ( 8 , 17 ). Other statements like “Statement of English native editing” may also be added.

Furthermore, informing the editor (s) regarding any information that will support the submission (e.g., original or confirmatory data, supplementary materials, relevance, topicality) can be helpful ( 8 ). Other operational information, typically provided within checkboxes of the journal’s submission system, is not required to be included in the cover letter ( 5 ).

3.2. Second Cover Letter

The second cover letter, which accompanies the revised version of the manuscript, must be a model of clarity and must address every issue posed by the editor and reviewers ( 10 ). If the revised manuscript is sent for the second round of peer-review, the reviewer (s) will see the letter. The content of the header and footer sections of the revised letter is similar to that of the submitted cover letter. The letter should be directed to the editor as addressed in the first letter unless the authors are informed that a new editor will process the revised version ( 10 ). The first paragraph should start with an “expression of polite gratitude”, e.g., “we would like to thank you for the opportunity to revise and resubmit our manuscript.” The “manuscript ID” or “identification number,” usually assigned by the journal in the first submission, should be addressed in the first paragraph ( 10 ).

The second paragraph usually “signals attention to the reviewers’ comments” by providing an explicit reference to the comments made by the reviewers and the editor. Furthermore, it may contain a positive statement regarding the results, methodology, conclusions, etc., in which case the authors need to acknowledge reviews’ insights ( 10 , 18 ). For example, “We sincerely appreciate all the valuable comments and suggestions made, which helped us improve the revised version of our manuscript” or “we found the reviewers’ comments helpful in guiding us to revise the manuscript.” Such statements will help the authors in creating a polite, formal tone throughout the letter. The paragraph should be followed by providing the editor with a roadmap or a summary of the revisions, addressing “the response to comments attachment.” A point-by-point response to the specific comments of the reviewers must be provided. If the authors disagree with a point raised by a reviewer, a rebuttal or counterstatement may be in order. A scientific and polite approach should spell out why the authors disagree, never losing sight of the reviewer’s opinion ( 19 ).

The footer section (closing salutation) of the letter returns to polite formalities, using statements like “we hope that the revised version of our manuscript is now acceptable to the reviewers, and suitable for publication in the [name of journal], we look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience” ( 10 ).

4. Organization

Although it is not a rule, the cover letter’s content can be organized within a cover letter header (opening salutation), three main paragraphs (the body of cover letter), and a cover letter footer (closing salutation), as described in Table 1 .

The cover letter should be initiated by addressing the editor (s) and the target journal; however, the author’s affiliation and contact information may also be included at the top of page ( 4 ). The name of the editor (s) can be easily found on the journal’s information page. If it is known, the authors must address the editor who will receive the manuscript and handle the peer-review process ( 13 ). If there are several co-editors, the person the author feels has the most appropriate background, and specialty of the topic should be addressed. In cases where such information is lacking, authors can mention all editors by name or address the letter to “dear editors” ( 12 ); however, it has been recommended to avoid writing “dear editor” ( 16 ). Also, the submission date and the journal’s name where the manuscript will be submitted are required ( 13 ).

In the first paragraph of the cover letter body, to introduce the submitted work, the title and the type of manuscript, authors’ name, journal name, and manuscript length are presented ( 4 ). In addition, it is mentioned that whether the manuscript is submitted upon an invitation or belongs to a special issue. The importance of the study, including novelty, potential implications, and its take-home message, are addressed in the second paragraph of the cover letter body. In addition, it is explained why the work would be attractive for journal readers. The third paragraph of the cover letter body includes some statements including authorship agreement, conflicts of interest, funding source, and ethical considerations. If required, potential reviewers are also suggested here.

Within the closing salutation, the authors can appreciate the editor for taking the time to read the cover letter and considering the submitted work for potential publication.

5. Some Practical Tips: The Length, and Dos and Don’ts

The authors need to spend plenty of time crafting their cover letters. They are advised to avoid too many details and keep it within one page (less than 200 words), like an introduction or a brief overview ( 4 , 11 ). The authors should check the guide for authors and cover letter suggestions provided by the journal, including all the requirements, e.g., specific disclosures, statements, and potential reviewers. Some publishers (e.g., Springer, https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal-author/cover-letters/1398, Taylor & Francis, https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/publishing-your-research/making-your submission/writing-a-journal-article-cover-letter/) provide sample cover letters that the authors can use. Figure 1 provides a sample for a cover letter.

If the authors address previously published papers in the cover letter, then appropriate citation should be considered. The authors should carefully check the letter for any spelling and grammatical errors ( 11 , 20 ). They should make sure that they correctly spell the name of the journal’s editor (s) ( 4 ). Being careless regarding the editor’s name or the change of a journal’s name in a cover letter of a resubmitted manuscript, can be embarrassing and make a bad impression ( 4 ). It is suggested that the cover letter be written on the authors’ institutional letterhead to display professionalism and reliability ( 20 , 21 ).

5.2. Don’ts

When authors suggest a number of potential reviewers, they should avoid suggesting their friends and colleagues, as this would be viewed as a conflict of interest. Collaborators whom the authors have published with in the past five years should not be suggested either; an editor may easily be informed of such associations by a quick search of PubMed or other databases ( 22 ). The authors should avoid using complex sentence structures, jargon, and acronyms and keep the text straightforward and easy to read ( 11 , 20 ). The authors should also avoid including unrelated personal information or glorifying their past research papers or any of their academic accolades ( 20 ). They must not be rude towards the editors or complement the editor’s accomplishments ( 4 ). The novelty statement should not exaggerate or overstate the findings of the work; furthermore, any conclusion stated should be completely supported by the data provided in the manuscript ( 23 ). Finally, authors are recommended not to write a generic cover letter that could be used for any manuscript and could be sent to any journal ( 21 ).

6. Conclusion

In summary, a cover letter should highlight the novelty, importance, take-home message, and goodness-of-fit of the manuscript to the journal. These are critical information that can persuade an editor that the submitted work merits publication consideration in the journal. The cover letter should not be general but should be custom-written for the target journal. Although the submitted manuscript may usually pass through the peer-review process and get published regardless of the cover letter, a well-written, informative, and concise cover letter increases the chance of gaining acceptance.

Authors' Contribution: Study concept and design, Zahra Bahadoran and Asghar Ghasemi; Drafting of the manuscript, Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, and Asghar Ghasemi; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, Khosrow Kashfi and Parvin Mirmiran.

Conflict of Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest.

Funding/Support: This study was supported by the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (grant number 28127).

Submission guidelines

Types of papers, manuscript submission, copyright / authorship / financial disclosure, manuscript organization, scientific style, statements & declarations, artwork and illustrations guidelines, supplementary information (si), ethical responsibilities of authors, authorship principles, after acceptance.

Open Choice

Editing Services

Open access publishing.

• Mistakes to avoid during manuscript preparation

Instructions for Authors

ORIGINAL ARTICLE:

Structured abstract of 250 words with 10 keywords. A concept diagram/graphical abstract should be placed just after the abstract.

The text word limit should not exceed 4000 words (including references).

The reference list should not exceed 30 in number.

A total of up to 6 tables / flow diagrams / colored figures/text boxes/other illustrations would enrich the article.

The article should be organized into an introduction section that conveys the background and purpose of the report, followed by Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Declarations just before reference section are mandatory (see link)

Conflict of Interest and Ethical Standards: http://www.springer.com/authors?SGWID=0-111-6-791531-0 Informed Consent: http://www.springer.com/authors?SGWID=0-111-6-608209-0 Statement of Human and Animal Rights: http://www.springer.com/authors?SGWID=0-111-6-608309-0

REVIEW ARTICLE:

Structured abstract of 250 words with 10 keywords.

The text word limit should not exceed 5000 words (including references)

References should not exceed 100 in number.

A minimum of 4 colored figures indicative of concepts, pathogenesis, outcomes, and future directions are mandatory .

A minimum of 4 tables are mandatory .

A total of up to 8 tables / flow diagrams / colored figures/text boxes/other illustrations would enrich the review.

MINI REVIEW

Structured abstract of 150 words with 10 keywords.

The text word limit should not exceed 2500 words (excluding references).

References should not exceed 30 in number.

A minimum of 2 colored figures indicative of concepts, pathogenesis, outcomes, and future directions are recommended.

A minimum of 2 tables/algorithms are recommended. All in all, a total of up to 4 tables / flow diagrams / colored figures/text boxes/other illustrations would enrich the review.

INVITED ARTICLE (EARLIER EDITORIAL) (by invitation only):

No abstract or keywords.

The text word limit should not exceed 1500 words (excluding references)

References should not exceed more than 10 in number.

Consensus Reports should be no longer than 2,000 words and include no more than 9 references. Manuscripts that exceed the word limits listed above will be returned to the authors for shortening without a full review.

LETTER TO EDITOR

This section would be an opinionated piece giving a critical perspective about an article already published in Hepatology International. It should not aim at publishing original research data.

Short title for the letter to editor is preferred.

No abstract or keywords

The text word limit should not exceed 500 words (excluding references)

References should not exceed more than 5 in number

POINT-OF-VIEW (by invitation only):

One table and two figures

To have the discussion more sound, live, and thought-provoking, it may be complemented with evidence-based data as well as author’s perspectives .

COMMENTARY (by invitation only)

This section is an in-depth analysis focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of a published article on which the commentary is written.

One table and one figure

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS

A graphic abstract is a single-panel image presenting a concise, pictorial, algorithmic summary of the content of the article at a single glance. It should be original unpublished artwork created by the authors, having a clear start and end with emphasis on the new findings and a future vision without including excessive previous literature.

SPECIFICATIONS:

• Use simple labels and add text judiciously in bullet form

•The image should read from top to bottom or from left to right

• Graphic Abstracts should be seen as a single-panel high-resolution (300 dpi or greater) image, preferably in .tif, .jpg

• Font: Please use Arial in 12-16 pts.

• Color figures should be in RGB format.

• The image should be placed next to the abstract and labeled as “Graphical Abstract”

Multimedia Articles

Multimedia articles are papers where the heart of the article is video and, generally, only an abstract and references are included as text. The duration of the video clip should not exceed 9 minutes.

Dynamic articles are regular articles with video(s) included as electronic supplementary material. Video clips should not exceed 3 minutes and each manuscript should not contain more than 3 videos. Any narration should be in English language. The content of these files must be identical to that reviewed and accepted by the editors of Hepatology International.

MULTIMEDIA FILE FOR REVIEW: MPEG-1 or Quicktime MOV file with the largest frame size (usually 320 x 240 pixels) that will be playable on a Windows-based computer

MULTIMEDIA FILE FOR FINAL SUBMISSION IF ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION: “generic” Microsoft AVI file, full screen video 640 × 480 or 720 × 480 pixels (using Cinepak or similar CODEC), Microsoft DV AVI 720 × 480 pixels (NTSC format), or Quicktime MOV file full-screen video 640 × 480 or 720 × 480 pixels.

DYNAMIC ARTICLES with video supplementary material

Normal submission requirements and generic Microsoft AVI file, full screen video 640 × 480 or 720 × 480 pixels, Microsoft DV AVI file, full screen video (720 × 480 pixels) or Quicktime MOV file full screen video 640 × 480 or 720 × 480 pixels. Up to 3 (one minute maximum each) videos per manuscript submission will be accepted.

Once accepted, full screen video files for archiving and transcoding (the process of preparing the file for streaming over the internet) will be requested from the author. The MMA process is summarized below:

Capture Video » Edit Video » Submit final copy.

Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

Permissions

Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.

Online Submission

Please follow the hyperlink “Submit manuscript” and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.

Source Files

Please ensure you provide all relevant editable source files at every submission and revision. Failing to submit a complete set of editable source files will result in your article not being considered for review. For your manuscript text please always submit in common word processing formats such as .docx or LaTeX.

Please note:

First time authors have to “register” themselves on the Editorial Manager. If you already are registered on Editorial Manager, please use your provided user name and password and log in as “Author” to submit a NEW manuscript or to track your submitted manuscript (do not register again as you will then be unable to track your manuscript).

Copyright on all accepted manuscripts will be held by Asia Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL). It is mandatory that the Copyright/Authorship/Disclosure Form is signed by all the authors, expressly transferring copyright to APASL in the event the manuscript is accepted for publication. This form must be submitted along with the manuscript on the Editorial Manager. The form can be downloaded from the hyperlink on the right side of the screen. Manuscripts without this form will not be considered for publication.

This form also allows each author to declare their conflict of interest statements. Authors should also acknowledge in the manuscript all financial support for the work and other personal connections and affiliations. Further information on this can be found under COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS.

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

Ethics statements pertaining to (1) conflict of interest/financial disclosure, (2) informed consent in studies with human subjects and (3) animal studies should be clearly indicated for all articles. Include the ethical statements under a new heading named as “Compliance with Ethical Requirements” and place this section as part of the title page only.

(1) Conflict of Interest (CoI) statements

When authors submit a manuscript they are responsible for disclosing all financial and personal relationships that might bias their work. To prevent ambiguity, authors must state explicitly whether potential conflicts exist or do not exist. Each author must indicate whether they have financial relationship with the organization that sponsored the research.

The CoI statements should be mention each author separately by name and the recommended wording is as follows:

John Smith declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Paula Taylor has received research grants from Drug Company A.

Mike Schultz has received a speaker honorarium from Drug Company B and owns stock in Drug Company C.

If multiple authors declare no conflict, this can be done in one sentence:

John Smith, Paula Taylor, and Mike Schultz declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Please note: The manuscript must also be accompanied with the Copyright/Authorship/Disclosure form that contains the CoI statements signed by each author.

Springer’s Conflict of Interest statement can be found at:

Conflict of Interest statement

(2) Informed Consent in Studies with Human Subjects

For studies with human subjects include the following statement:

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the authors must explain the rationale for their approach, and demonstrate that the institutional review body explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study.

If any identifying information about patients is included in the article, the following sentence should also be included:

Additional informed consent was obtained from all patients for whom identifying information is included in this article.

Springer’s Informed Consent statement can found at:

Springer’s Informed Consent statement

(3) Animal Studies

For studies with animals include the following sentence:

All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.

For articles that do not contain studies with human or animal subjects, while it is not absolutely necessary, it is recommended to include the following sentence, just to make sure that readers are aware that there are no ethical issues with human or animal subjects.

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Springer’s Human and Animal Rights statement can be found at:

Springer’s Human and Animal Rights statement

Important: The editors reserve the right to reject to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned requirements.

The title page should include the title of the article, as well as the first and last names for each contributing author [first name, middle initial(s), surname, degree (s)]. For all contributing authors, indicate the departmental and institutional affiliation(s) and the e-mail address, telephone numbers and surface mail address for each affiliation, including the city, state or province, and country where the work was performed.

Title of the article should be limited to 120 characters with spaces and no abbreviations. It should reflect the main issue of the study and preferably the type of study including animal species. The title should not have duplication of keywords of the abstract.

For Original Articles please provide a structured abstract of 250 words. Organize it into background/purpose of the study, methods, results and conclusion. The structured abstract should state the purpose of the study or investigation, basic procedures (study subjects or experimental animals and observational and analytical methods), main findings (give specific data and their statistical significance, if possible), and the principal conclusions.

For Review Papers please provide a running/unstructured abstract of 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.

Please provide at least 10 keywords which are DIFFERENT than the words used in the TITLE of the article to facilitate in indexing as well as in expanding the search criteria.

Text Formatting

Manuscripts should be submitted in Word.

• Use a normal, plain font (e.g., 10-point Times Roman) for text.
• Use italics for emphasis.
• Use the automatic page numbering function to number the pages.
• Do not use field functions.
• Use tab stops or other commands for indents, not the space bar.
• Use the table function, not spreadsheets, to make tables.
• Use the equation editor or MathType for equations.
• Save your file in docx format (Word 2007 or higher) or doc format (older Word versions).

Manuscripts with mathematical content can also be submitted in LaTeX. We recommend using Springer Nature’s LaTeX template .

Please use no more than three levels of displayed headings.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.

Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not contain any figures or tables.

Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data). Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols.

Always use footnotes instead of endnotes.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate section on the title page. The names of funding organizations should be written in full.

For Original Articles, organize the main body/text into an introductory section that conveys the background/purpose of the study, followed by sections titled Material and Methods, Results and Discussion.

For Review Articles, organize the main body/text into an introductory section that conveys the background and purpose of the review, followed by a Discussion and Conclusion and Perspective.

• Please always use internationally accepted signs and symbols for units ( SI units ).
• Genus and species names should be in italics.
• Generic names of drugs and pesticides are preferred; if trade names are used, the generic name should be given at first mention.

Please type references double-spaced and number them in order of their first appearance in the text (not alphabetically). Once a reference is cited, all subsequent citations should be to the original number. References may not appear in your Reference List unless they have been cited in the text or tables. Papers that have been accepted for publication or are in press may be listed as references, but the Journal does not reference unpublished data and personal communications. Use the form for references adopted by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, as in Index Medicus. For each reference, show inclusive page ranges (e.g., 7-19). Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted.

Journal Article

Ibdah JA, Bennet MJ, Rinaldo P, Zhao Y, Gibson B, Sims HF, Strauss AW. A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1723-1731, Jun 3, 1999

Krishnamurthy G, Krishnamurthy S. Nuclear Hepatology: A Text Book of Hepatobiliary Disease, New York, Springer-Verlag, 2002; 6-12

Book Chapter

Jones MC, Smith RB. Treatment of gastric cancer. In Ford TL, editor, Cancer of the Digestive System, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1999;140-154

Article by DOI

Mori K, Arai H, Abe T, Takayama H, Toyoda M, Ueno T, Sato K. Spleen stiffness correlates with the presence of ascites but not esophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C patients.

Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:857862. doi: 10.1155/2013/857862. Epub 2013 Aug 1

The following statements must be included in your submitted manuscript under the heading 'Statements and Declarations'. This should be placed after the References section. Please note that submissions that do not include required statements will be returned as incomplete.

Please describe any sources of funding that have supported the work. The statement should include details of any grants received (please give the name of the funding agency and grant number).

Example statements:

“This work was supported by […] (Grant numbers […] and […]). Author A.B. has received research support from Company A.”

“The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.”

Competing Interests

Authors are required to disclose financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Interests within the last 3 years of beginning the work (conducting the research and preparing the work for submission) should be reported. Interests outside the 3-year time frame must be disclosed if they could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work.

“Financial interests: Author A and B declare they have no financial interests. Author C has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Company M. Dr. C has received speaker honorarium and research funding from Company M and Company N. Author D has received travel support from Company O. Non-financial interests: Author D has served on advisory boards for Company M and Company N.”

“The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.”

Please refer to the “Competing Interests” section below for more information on how to complete these sections.

Author Contributions

Authors are encouraged to include a statement that specifies the contribution of every author to the research and preparation of the manuscript.

Example statement:

“All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [full name], [full name] and [full name]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [full name] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”

Please refer to the “Authorship Principles ” section below for more information on how to complete this section.

• All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
• Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
• For each table, please supply a table caption (title) explaining the components of the table.
• Identify any previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference at the end of the table caption.
• Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.

Electronic Figure Submission

• Supply all figures electronically.
• Indicate what graphics program was used to create the artwork.
• For vector graphics, the preferred format is EPS; for halftones, please use TIFF format. MSOffice files are also acceptable.
• Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.
• Name your figure files with "Fig" and the figure number, e.g., Fig1.eps.
• Definition: Black and white graphic with no shading.
• Do not use faint lines and/or lettering and check that all lines and lettering within the figures are legible at final size.
• All lines should be at least 0.1 mm (0.3 pt) wide.
• Scanned line drawings and line drawings in bitmap format should have a minimum resolution of 1200 dpi.

Halftone Art

• Definition: Photographs, drawings, or paintings with fine shading, etc.
• If any magnification is used in the photographs, indicate this by using scale bars within the figures themselves.
• Halftones should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.

Combination Art

• Definition: a combination of halftone and line art, e.g., halftones containing line drawing, extensive lettering, color diagrams, etc.
• Combination artwork should have a minimum resolution of 600 dpi.
• Color art is free of charge for online publication.
• If black and white will be shown in the print version, make sure that the main information will still be visible. Many colors are not distinguishable from one another when converted to black and white. A simple way to check this is to make a xerographic copy to see if the necessary distinctions between the different colors are still apparent.
• If the figures will be printed in black and white, do not refer to color in the captions.
• Color illustrations should be submitted as RGB (8 bits per channel).

Figure Lettering

• To add lettering, it is best to use Helvetica or Arial (sans serif fonts).
• Keep lettering consistently sized throughout your final-sized artwork, usually about 2–3 mm (8–12 pt).
• Variance of type size within an illustration should be minimal, e.g., do not use 8-pt type on an axis and 20-pt type for the axis label.
• Avoid effects such as shading, outline letters, etc.
• Do not include titles or captions within your illustrations.

Figure Numbering

• All figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
• Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
• Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).
• If an appendix appears in your article and it contains one or more figures, continue the consecutive numbering of the main text. Do not number the appendix figures,"A1, A2, A3, etc." Figures in online appendices [Supplementary Information (SI)] should, however, be numbered separately.

Figure Captions

• Each figure should have a concise caption describing accurately what the figure depicts. Include the captions in the text file of the manuscript, not in the figure file.
• Figure captions begin with the term Fig. in bold type, followed by the figure number, also in bold type.
• No punctuation is to be included after the number, nor is any punctuation to be placed at the end of the caption.
• Identify all elements found in the figure in the figure caption; and use boxes, circles, etc., as coordinate points in graphs.
• Identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference citation at the end of the figure caption.

Figure Placement and Size

• Figures should be submitted within the body of the text. Only if the file size of the manuscript causes problems in uploading it, the large figures should be submitted separately from the text.
• When preparing your figures, size figures to fit in the column width.
• For large-sized journals the figures should be 84 mm (for double-column text areas), or 174 mm (for single-column text areas) wide and not higher than 234 mm.
• For small-sized journals, the figures should be 119 mm wide and not higher than 195 mm.

If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free and that Springer will not be able to refund any costs that may have occurred to receive these permissions. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.

Accessibility

In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your figures, please make sure that

• All figures have descriptive captions (blind users could then use a text-to-speech software or a text-to-Braille hardware)
• Patterns are used instead of or in addition to colors for conveying information (colorblind users would then be able to distinguish the visual elements)
• Any figure lettering has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1

Generative AI Images

Please check Springer’s policy on generative AI images and make sure your work adheres to the principles described therein.

Springer accepts electronic multimedia files (animations, movies, audio, etc.) and other supplementary files to be published online along with an article or a book chapter. This feature can add dimension to the author's article, as certain information cannot be printed or is more convenient in electronic form.

Before submitting research datasets as Supplementary Information, authors should read the journal’s Research data policy. We encourage research data to be archived in data repositories wherever possible.

• Supply all supplementary material in standard file formats.
• Please include in each file the following information: article title, journal name, author names; affiliation and e-mail address of the corresponding author.
• To accommodate user downloads, please keep in mind that larger-sized files may require very long download times and that some users may experience other problems during downloading.
• High resolution (streamable quality) videos can be submitted up to a maximum of 25GB; low resolution videos should not be larger than 5GB.

Audio, Video, and Animations

• Aspect ratio: 16:9 or 4:3
• Maximum file size: 25 GB for high resolution files; 5 GB for low resolution files
• Minimum video duration: 1 sec
• Supported file formats: avi, wmv, mp4, mov, m2p, mp2, mpg, mpeg, flv, mxf, mts, m4v, 3gp

Text and Presentations

• Submit your material in PDF format; .doc or .ppt files are not suitable for long-term viability.
• A collection of figures may also be combined in a PDF file.

Spreadsheets

• Spreadsheets should be submitted as .csv or .xlsx files (MS Excel).

Specialized Formats

• Specialized format such as .pdb (chemical), .wrl (VRML), .nb (Mathematica notebook), and .tex can also be supplied.

Collecting Multiple Files

• It is possible to collect multiple files in a .zip or .gz file.
• If supplying any supplementary material, the text must make specific mention of the material as a citation, similar to that of figures and tables.
• Refer to the supplementary files as “Online Resource”, e.g., "... as shown in the animation (Online Resource 3)", “... additional data are given in Online Resource 4”.
• Name the files consecutively, e.g. “ESM_3.mpg”, “ESM_4.pdf”.
• For each supplementary material, please supply a concise caption describing the content of the file.

Processing of supplementary files

• Supplementary Information (SI) will be published as received from the author without any conversion, editing, or reformatting.

In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your supplementary files, please make sure that

• The manuscript contains a descriptive caption for each supplementary material
• Video files do not contain anything that flashes more than three times per second (so that users prone to seizures caused by such effects are not put at risk)

This journal is committed to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. As a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ( COPE ) the journal will follow the COPE guidelines on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct.

Authors should refrain from misrepresenting research results which could damage the trust in the journal, the professionalism of scientific authorship, and ultimately the entire scientific endeavour. Maintaining integrity of the research and its presentation is helped by following the rules of good scientific practice, which include*:

• The manuscript should not be submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration.
• The submitted work should be original and should not have been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. (Please provide transparency on the re-use of material to avoid the concerns about text-recycling (‘self-plagiarism’).
• A single study should not be split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e. ‘salami-slicing/publishing’).
• Concurrent or secondary publication is sometimes justifiable, provided certain conditions are met. Examples include: translations or a manuscript that is intended for a different group of readers.
• Results should be presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation (including image based manipulation). Authors should adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting and processing data.
• No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own (‘plagiarism’). Proper acknowledgements to other works must be given (this includes material that is closely copied (near verbatim), summarized and/or paraphrased), quotation marks (to indicate words taken from another source) are used for verbatim copying of material, and permissions secured for material that is copyrighted.

Important note: the journal may use software to screen for plagiarism.

• Authors should make sure they have permissions for the use of software, questionnaires/(web) surveys and scales in their studies (if appropriate).
• Research articles and non-research articles (e.g. Opinion, Review, and Commentary articles) must cite appropriate and relevant literature in support of the claims made. Excessive and inappropriate self-citation or coordinated efforts among several authors to collectively self-cite is strongly discouraged.
• Authors should avoid untrue statements about an entity (who can be an individual person or a company) or descriptions of their behavior or actions that could potentially be seen as personal attacks or allegations about that person.
• Research that may be misapplied to pose a threat to public health or national security should be clearly identified in the manuscript (e.g. dual use of research). Examples include creation of harmful consequences of biological agents or toxins, disruption of immunity of vaccines, unusual hazards in the use of chemicals, weaponization of research/technology (amongst others).
• Authors are strongly advised to ensure the author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors are all correct at submission. Adding and/or deleting authors during the revision stages is generally not permitted, but in some cases may be warranted. Reasons for changes in authorship should be explained in detail. Please note that changes to authorship cannot be made after acceptance of a manuscript.

*All of the above are guidelines and authors need to make sure to respect third parties rights such as copyright and/or moral rights.

Upon request authors should be prepared to send relevant documentation or data in order to verify the validity of the results presented. This could be in the form of raw data, samples, records, etc. Sensitive information in the form of confidential or proprietary data is excluded.

If there is suspicion of misbehavior or alleged fraud the Journal and/or Publisher will carry out an investigation following COPE guidelines. If, after investigation, there are valid concerns, the author(s) concerned will be contacted under their given e-mail address and given an opportunity to address the issue. Depending on the situation, this may result in the Journal’s and/or Publisher’s implementation of the following measures, including, but not limited to:

• If the manuscript is still under consideration, it may be rejected and returned to the author.

- an erratum/correction may be placed with the article

- an expression of concern may be placed with the article

- or in severe cases retraction of the article may occur.

The reason will be given in the published erratum/correction, expression of concern or retraction note. Please note that retraction means that the article is maintained on the platform , watermarked “retracted” and the explanation for the retraction is provided in a note linked to the watermarked article.

• The author’s institution may be informed
• A notice of suspected transgression of ethical standards in the peer review system may be included as part of the author’s and article’s bibliographic record.

Fundamental errors

Authors have an obligation to correct mistakes once they discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their published article. The author(s) is/are requested to contact the journal and explain in what sense the error is impacting the article. A decision on how to correct the literature will depend on the nature of the error. This may be a correction or retraction. The retraction note should provide transparency which parts of the article are impacted by the error.

Suggesting / excluding reviewers

Authors are welcome to suggest suitable reviewers and/or request the exclusion of certain individuals when they submit their manuscripts. When suggesting reviewers, authors should make sure they are totally independent and not connected to the work in any way. It is strongly recommended to suggest a mix of reviewers from different countries and different institutions. When suggesting reviewers, the Corresponding Author must provide an institutional email address for each suggested reviewer, or, if this is not possible to include other means of verifying the identity such as a link to a personal homepage, a link to the publication record or a researcher or author ID in the submission letter. Please note that the Journal may not use the suggestions, but suggestions are appreciated and may help facilitate the peer review process.

These guidelines describe authorship principles and good authorship practices to which prospective authors should adhere to.

Authorship clarified

The Journal and Publisher assume all authors agreed with the content and that all gave explicit consent to submit and that they obtained consent from the responsible authorities at the institute/organization where the work has been carried out, before the work is submitted.

The Publisher does not prescribe the kinds of contributions that warrant authorship. It is recommended that authors adhere to the guidelines for authorship that are applicable in their specific research field. In absence of specific guidelines it is recommended to adhere to the following guidelines*:

All authors whose names appear on the submission

1) made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the creation of new software used in the work;

2) drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content;

3) approved the version to be published; and

4) agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

* Based on/adapted from:

ICMJE, Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors,

Transparency in authors’ contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication, McNutt at all, PNAS February 27, 2018

Disclosures and declarations

All authors are requested to include information regarding sources of funding, financial or non-financial interests, study-specific approval by the appropriate ethics committee for research involving humans and/or animals, informed consent if the research involved human participants, and a statement on welfare of animals if the research involved animals (as appropriate).

The decision whether such information should be included is not only dependent on the scope of the journal, but also the scope of the article. Work submitted for publication may have implications for public health or general welfare and in those cases it is the responsibility of all authors to include the appropriate disclosures and declarations.

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Role of the Corresponding Author

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The Corresponding Author is responsible for the following requirements:

• ensuring that all listed authors have approved the manuscript before submission, including the names and order of authors;
• managing all communication between the Journal and all co-authors, before and after publication;*
• providing transparency on re-use of material and mention any unpublished material (for example manuscripts in press) included in the manuscript in a cover letter to the Editor;
• making sure disclosures, declarations and transparency on data statements from all authors are included in the manuscript as appropriate (see above).

* The requirement of managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors during submission and proofing may be delegated to a Contact or Submitting Author. In this case please make sure the Corresponding Author is clearly indicated in the manuscript.

Author contributions

In absence of specific instructions and in research fields where it is possible to describe discrete efforts, the Publisher recommends authors to include contribution statements in the work that specifies the contribution of every author in order to promote transparency. These contributions should be listed at the separate title page.

Examples of such statement(s) are shown below:

• Free text:

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [full name], [full name] and [full name]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [full name] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Example: CRediT taxonomy:

• Conceptualization: [full name], …; Methodology: [full name], …; Formal analysis and investigation: [full name], …; Writing - original draft preparation: [full name, …]; Writing - review and editing: [full name], …; Funding acquisition: [full name], …; Resources: [full name], …; Supervision: [full name],….

For review articles where discrete statements are less applicable a statement should be included who had the idea for the article, who performed the literature search and data analysis, and who drafted and/or critically revised the work.

For articles that are based primarily on the student’s dissertation or thesis , it is recommended that the student is usually listed as principal author:

A Graduate Student’s Guide to Determining Authorship Credit and Authorship Order, APA Science Student Council 2006

Affiliation

The primary affiliation for each author should be the institution where the majority of their work was done. If an author has subsequently moved, the current address may additionally be stated. Addresses will not be updated or changed after publication of the article.

Changes to authorship

Authors are strongly advised to ensure the correct author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors at submission. Changes of authorship by adding or deleting authors, and/or changes in Corresponding Author, and/or changes in the sequence of authors are not accepted after acceptance of a manuscript.

• Please note that author names will be published exactly as they appear on the accepted submission!

Please make sure that the names of all authors are present and correctly spelled, and that addresses and affiliations are current.

Adding and/or deleting authors at revision stage are generally not permitted, but in some cases it may be warranted. Reasons for these changes in authorship should be explained. Approval of the change during revision is at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. Please note that journals may have individual policies on adding and/or deleting authors during revision stage.

Author identification

Authors are recommended to use their ORCID ID when submitting an article for consideration or acquire an ORCID ID via the submission process.

Deceased or incapacitated authors

For cases in which a co-author dies or is incapacitated during the writing, submission, or peer-review process, and the co-authors feel it is appropriate to include the author, co-authors should obtain approval from a (legal) representative which could be a direct relative.

Authorship issues or disputes

In the case of an authorship dispute during peer review or after acceptance and publication, the Journal will not be in a position to investigate or adjudicate. Authors will be asked to resolve the dispute themselves. If they are unable the Journal reserves the right to withdraw a manuscript from the editorial process or in case of a published paper raise the issue with the authors’ institution(s) and abide by its guidelines.

Confidentiality

Authors should treat all communication with the Journal as confidential which includes correspondence with direct representatives from the Journal such as Editors-in-Chief and/or Handling Editors and reviewers’ reports unless explicit consent has been received to share information.

Upon acceptance, your article will be exported to Production to undergo typesetting. Shortly after this you will receive two e-mails. One contains a request to confirm your affiliation, choose the publishing model for your article, as well as to arrange rights and payment of any associated publication cost. A second e-mail containing a link to your article’s proofs will be sent once typesetting is completed.

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Depending on the ownership of the journal and its policies, you will either grant the Publisher an exclusive licence to publish the article or will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher.

Offprints can be ordered by the corresponding author.

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The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor.

After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.

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The article will be published online after receipt of the corrected proofs. This is the official first publication citable with the DOI. After release of the printed version, the paper can also be cited by issue and page numbers.

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- EASL , Journal of Hepatology

Call for Applications for Position of Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Hepatology

The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) is launching a Call for Applications for the position of Editor-in-Chief of its flagship journal, Journal of Hepatology, for a 5-year term beginning on January 1st, 2025.

About journal of hepatology.

The Journal of Hepatology , EASL’s flagships journal, has been in circulation since 1985. With an Impact Factor of 25.7 as of 2022, it stands as the foremost hepatology-exclusive journal.

Journal of Hepatology is an innovative Journal publishing articles on global issues in hepatology, with specific focus on clinical trials, novel diagnostics, precision medicine and therapeutics, cellular and molecular research, metabolism, cancer, microbiome, systems biology, epidemiology, and biotechnology advances and devices.

Journal of Hepatology publishes original papers, reviews, and letters to the Editor.

Key Journal Statistics

The Journal receives upwards of 2’400 submissions per year, approximately 75% of which are original research manuscripts. Geographically, half of the submissions originate from Asia, while the remainder predominantly come from Europe and the USA.

Submissions are processed by the Editorial Office within 1-2 business days. For manuscripts that are externally reviewed, authors are typically notified within 32 days of submission. The current acceptance rate is approximately 9%, and around 30% of submitted manuscripts are offered the possibility to transfer to EASL’s Open Access journal JHEP Reports .

Organizational Structure

Editorial team.

The Journal of Hepatology board of editors should normally consist of an Editor-in-Chief, a Deputy Editor, up to 3 Co-Editors, associate editors (AEs), special section editors (SSE), and biostatisticians. The exact number of editors can be adjusted at the discretion of the EASL Governing Board based on financial and editorial considerations.

Editorial Board

The members of the Editorial Board will assist the Editorial Team in refereeing of manuscripts submitted for publication.

Members of the Editorial Board will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief, based on their expertise and standing within the scientific discipline, knowledge of the subject matter, and reflection of the actual or anticipated geographic scope of the scientific discipline of the Journal.

Editorial Office and Publisher

The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Team will be supported by the EASL Editorial Office, located in Geneva, Switzerland. The Editorial Office oversees the submission, production, and promotion of the Journal’s content. The Editorial Office works closely with Journal of Hepatology ’s publishing partner, Elsevier, on matters related to production, online presence, marketing, and new business opportunities.

Responsibilities of the Editor-in-Chief

General responsibilities.

• Publish the most authoritative, original, and high-quality research in Journal of Hepatology
• Actively solicit the submission of the best work in emerging areas of importance in the field of liver disease and liver pathophysiology.
• Promote the advancement of the field of hepatology, fostering the scientific exchange of ideas in all the subspecialty areas contained in Journal of Hepatology.
• Boost readership by enhancing the quality and impact of the Journal.
• Increase the reputation of the Journal among clinical and translational investigators and basic researchers.
• Act as the voice of the Journal, including representing the Journal at major scientific meetings to attract submissions.
• Take responsibility for the scientific content of Journal of Hepatology.
• Select members of the Editorial Team, ensuring diversity in terms of expertise, nationality, and gender.
• Invite authors to write review articles and other special papers.
• Deal with conflicts of interest, ethical issues, errata, and retractions.
• Monitor and constantly improve the editorial quality of Journal of Hepatology , in concert with the Associate Editors, and balancing the contents in the different sub-specialty areas.
• Supervise the processes of peer review, reviewer selection, and communication with authors. Make every effort to ensure a rapid and efficient review of all submitted papers.
• Maintain the flow of accepted papers at a level and on a schedule for regular monthly publication of the Journal of Hepatology .
• Enhance and uphold the Journal’s standing among scientists and clinical researchers as a premier publishing platform for their work.
• Strengthen the quality and impact of the journal, as measured by a number of different performance metrics.
• Report at least once a year to the EASL Governing Board, and to the EASL General Assembly, illustrating all the relevant figures related to the Journal’s activity and the general strategy.
• Lead two annual meetings of the Editorial Team, including one in person at the time of the EASL Annual Meeting, and another one online or during the Annual meeting of the AASLD.
• Collaborate on a mutual basis with the Editorial Team of other EASL publications.
• Work closely with EASL’s Editorial Office to accomplish these duties efficiently and effectively.
• Collaborate closely with the EASL Governing Board on Journal-related activities or initiatives, maintaining an open dialogue with EASL leadership.

The Editorship will begin on January 1 st , 2025, and conclude December 31 st , 2029. There will be transitional period prior to the handover of this position.

Honoraria and Expenses

The Editor-in-Chief will receive an annual honorarium, as approved by the EASL Governing Board. Honoraria for Deputy, Co-Editors and Associate editors will be determined and approved by the EASL Governing Board.

The Editor-in-Chief will be responsible for, and have control over, the scientific content of the Journal, taking into account the Aims & Scope and the editorial policies of the Journal and the institutional and financial objectives established by the EASL Governing Board. EASL will not interfere in the evaluation, selection, or editing of individual articles, either directly or by creating an environment in which editorial decisions can be influenced.

The Editor-in-Chief shall have full authority over the editorial content of the Journal, with the exception that EASL Governing Board decisions concerning the publication of statements are not subject to the editorial authority of the Editor-in-Chief.

All matters related to the finances of the Journal are the sole responsibility of the EASL Governing Board and are managed by the EASL Office Executive Director under the control of the EASL Treasurer and EASL Secretary General.

Requirements

The ideal candidate will demonstrate the following:

• Must be recognized by the national and international research communities and be credible to basic, translational and clinical researchers.
• A distinguished record of scholarly contributions, with many high-quality publications and prior experience as a reviewer in the field of hepatology or a related field.
• Strong leadership qualities and the ability to work constructively with those involved in the publication process.
• Strong organisational skills, and the ability to meet tight deadlines and work under pressure.
• The ability and intention to protect sufficient time to carry out their duties as Editor-in-Chief, with an estimated time commitment of 20 percent.
• Previous experience as an editor, preferably as Co-Editor or equivalent.

To apply, applicants should provide the following documents:

• A cover letter outlining relevant skills, experience, and interest in the role.
• A current curriculum vitae
• A vision statement including:
• Specific objectives, e . g. increasing readership, reputation, and impact factor, and strategies to achieve them.
• Evaluation of Journal of Hepatology content, layout and policies and any recommendations for change.
• An analysis of the current challenges facing the field of scientific publishing and how they could affect Journal of Hepatology .
• A description of the proposed Editorial Team, including names, affiliations, and areas of interest.
• Vision of how EASL journals can work together collaboratively.

Review Criteria

• The candidates will be evaluated in terms of reputation, experience, and integrity. The Editor-in-Chief is expected to be located at an academic institution and will hold a full-time, nationally, and internationally recognized position. The individual must be perceived as unquestionably fair-minded and must be capable of leading a strong team.
• The proposed team of editors will be evaluated for their reputation, experience, and integrity. Particular attention will be paid to balance and diversity; proposals with effective gender balance will be favoured . To that end we strongly encourage candidates to consider gender, age, expertise and geographic location when selecting the members of the Editorial Team.
• The Editor-in-Chief’s vision for the publication will be evaluated in terms of its achievability and its potential to bring and maintain the Journal in a prominent position within the specialty. The challenges facing the publishing industry must be taken into consideration.

Please submit your application to Joël Walicki at [email protected]

Application deadline: December 31, 2023

Successful applicants will be invited for an interview during the first quarter of 2024.

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