argumentative essay on child labour should be banned

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Argumentative Essay Topic – Child Labour Should Be Banned

Child Labour Should Be Banned. You can find Previous Year Argumentative Essay Topics asked in ICSE board exams.

Introduction: Child labour should be banned.

• Children are forced to work, to eke out a living; impacts their impressionable minds
• They are exploited; made to work in hazardous factories
• Their survival instinct moulds their personality which makes them take to crime and anti social activities.
• The government has banned child labour which is not effectively enforced for there is no provision for their food and shelter.

Conclusion: Child labour must be effectively banned, ensuring at the same time that no child goes to sleep hungry.

“The child is the father of man,” said William Wordsworth, for the experience of childhood cast a shadow on the future. Children are imparted noble values and virtues, so that they grow up to be good and responsible citizens of the country. Making them work in the tender age not only destroys their future but is also detrimental for the country.

It is indeed unfortunate that children are forced to work, to eke out a living. The hands that should hold books and toys for study or play are used for hard manual work. Their gentle and impressionable minds, which ought to imbibe good and noble qualities, are exposed to the harsh realities of life. It is indeed a pity to see them toil and shoulder responsibilities, which are far more than their tender shoulders can bear. Childhood which comes once in a lifetime is wasted.

Being Weak and undemanding they are susceptible to exploitation. They work in the agricultural sector and in hazardous factories making fireworks and chemicals, risking their life to keep body and soul together. So tragic is their condition, that in the prime of their youth, they are a physical and mental wreck. Youth has bypassed them altogether.

Their survival instinct moulds their personality and attitudes, which makes them take to crime and anti social activities.The Chota Ranjans, the Dawood Ibrahims and countless others, bear testimony to what deprivation of childhood can lead to. Thus instead of growing up to be law-abiding citizens, they become a threat to the society.

Realising the gravity of the situation, the government has banned child labour, making it an offence under the law. It is however not effectively enforced. This is because no provision of food and shelter has been made for such children. It is because of this, the evil of child labour continues to gnaw into the vitals of the society.

No ban can work, unless such children are provided with food, shelter and education. This would not only bring back their childhood, but also secure the future of the nation. To spare the nation from the likes of mafia dons and criminals child labour must be effectively banned, ensuring at the same time that no child goes to sleep hungry.

Assignments

• ‘Exploitation of children as domestic help is an evil.’ Give your views for or against.
• ‘The child is father of the man’. Do you agree and if so why give reasons?

Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour Essay

Introduction, the worst forms of child labor, children in the supply chain, measures and recommendations, reference list.

Child labor can be defined as a set of inappropriate activities for the age of a child. This labor negatively influences children’s health, harms their physical and mental development, and distracts them from school learning and regular children’s spare time activities. International Labor Organization defines this term as a work that subtracts children from their childhood and their dignity and normal growth (International Labor Organization, 2020). However, not all work that children produce can be named child labor and is harmful to their health and emotional stability. It is essential to examine the border between safe and dangerous labor and compare arguments for and against the prohibition of all forms of child labor in manufacturing.

Several types of labor refer to children’s activities. For example, children may participate in work that does not harm their development and wellness and does not affect their schooling (International Labor Organization, 2020). These can be such activities as helping parents and relatives to clean the house, helping in maintaining a family business, and other activities. In addition, the child can earn their own pocket money outside the house during his weekends or holidays. These activities facilitate the child’s mental and physical development as well as contribute to his well-being. They might give essential life skills and prepare children for their future. Therefore, this type of child labor is safe and facilitates development, as well as provides experience. The boundary is very obscure because the usage of the term “child labor” depends on the child’s age, type of work, durability, and the conditions where the work is performed.

These forms suggest a harmful influence of work on a child’s organism, physical appearance, and mental health. These sorts of work include children’s enslavement, separation from their parents, and is subject to serious illnesses up to death. Children that participate in this labor are often abandoned and left in the streets of cities and countries in which they were taken (International Labor Organization, 2020). Moreover, kids who managed to escape have no opportunity to return home without money, and they have to become vagabonds.

The worst forms of child labor include slavery practices and all sorts of slavery, for example, sale and trafficking (International Labor Organization, 2020). Children may be taken for various purposes, including forced labor and participation in armed conflicts and wars. Next, these forms involve children in producing pornographic activities and prostitution. Little girls and boys are forced to execute things that expose their physical and mental stability to hazard harm. Moreover, children may be involved in working with drugs and other substances. All this work affects the child’s morals and lefts an irrecoverable imprint.

Hazardous child labor can also be included in the list of worst forms of child work. This work exposes children to work under the water and ground and suggests that they take heavy weights and work with dangerous equipment and machinery in crop production, fishing manufacturing, and other types of agriculture (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020). Besides, this work can last for long hours and supposes children to work in a dangerous atmosphere. The conditions might be inappropriate even for adults, for instance, extremely high or low temperatures, levels of noise, and a harmful environment. Hazardous types of work make children subject to physical and psychological abuse.

Poverty is the heaviest reason for child labor to exist even in contemporary society. Household poverty forces employers to exploit children’s resources, as manufacturing producers have no money to pay salaries to adult people (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020). Child labor can also be a result of underemployment and unemployment and the consequence of overpopulation in the country. For instance, in Pakistan, children comprise 52 percent of all population (Javed, 2010). In this country, families often might not give proper education to their children according to the abovementioned reasons, and their children have to go to work to earn money. Pakistani children start working at the age of seven years (Javed, 2010). Many employers hire children to lower the costs of the company.

One more reason for this is fast fashion; this definition refers to the quicker update of clothes collections several times per fashion season. Companies have to produce more clothes at lower costs, so they are pushed to find cheaper sources. The supply chain needs lower-cost and fast-completed labor; the demand increases, and consumers require new production (Moulds, n.d.). In India and Bangladesh, where clothing manufacturing is concentrated, many children are exploited to produce apparel. What is more thrilling, companies give false promises to children and their parents; employers convince them to send their children to a job with a decent salary and good conditions (Moulds, n.d.). However, children are exploited there for free, working under harsh and dangerous conditions during extended hours.

Poverty in countries is the main reason that exposes children to work. These problems should be decided within governmental responsibilities; for example, creating new policies might improve the situation. Government should help low-income families and distribute the budget equally because insufficient funding for families forces children to work (Madslien, 2004). Families must be able to handle money difficulties without exploiting their children’s resources.

Some employers argue that children can work better than adults because children’s fingers are small and neat (Moulds, n.d.). They are seen as compliant workers who will not object to their responsibilities. However, child labor should become illegal because it makes children traumatized by their experience; therefore, companies should prohibit it. There are many reasons to ban this activity because it is seen that child labor is safe only when appropriate to their age and physical capacity. In other cases, children are exploited and acquire severe health and mental issues. Many companies prohibited child labor in their supply chains and manufacturing. The Fair Wear Foundation presented 120 brands that supported the idea of banning child labor (Moulds, n.d.). Some sources also state that companies’ owners should visit their manufacturers to prevent child exploitation cases.

There are more arguments for banning child labor in supply chains, and many countries became to support this idea. Children should not suffer because of governmental issues; they should be provided with their legal childhood. Dangerous work violates children’s rights, and governments should not forget about the importance of these rights within the country. The community and environment also must be safe for children for them to grow in safe and appropriate conditions.

Children are small creatures who must have childhoods with funny children’s games, schooling, friends, and parents. Children should enjoy their years without work and hazardous activities that make them physically and psychologically abused. Besides child labor being prohibited in many countries, this process should be controlled at the governmental level. Constantly growing consumer demand and required mechanisms of supply chains should not take away the childhood from those who must be in it.

​Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020) FAO framework on ending child labour in agriculture .

International Labor Organization (2020). What is child labour.

Javed, T. (2010) Connection between child labour & minimum wage .

Madslien, J. (2004) ‘ILO: ‘Child labour prevents development’ BBC News: Business.

Moulds, J. (no date) ‘Child labour in the fashion supply chain: Where, why and what can be done’ . The Guardian & UNICEF .

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IvyPanda. (2022, October 11). Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour. https://ivypanda.com/essays/arguments-for-and-against-banning-all-forms-of-child-labour/

"Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour." IvyPanda , 11 Oct. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/arguments-for-and-against-banning-all-forms-of-child-labour/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour'. 11 October.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour." October 11, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/arguments-for-and-against-banning-all-forms-of-child-labour/.

1. IvyPanda . "Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour." October 11, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/arguments-for-and-against-banning-all-forms-of-child-labour/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Arguments for and Against Banning All Forms of Child Labour." October 11, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/arguments-for-and-against-banning-all-forms-of-child-labour/.

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The consequences of banning child labor

Andre portela souza.

• Jobs & Development
• Social Protection
• Latin America & Caribbean

Senior Economist, Development Impact Evaluation

Professor at the Sao Paulo School of Economics, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Brazil

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How can the world boost efforts to end child labour in 2021?

Experts include Cornelius Williams, Associate Director of Child Protection at UNICEF Image:  REUTERS/Thomas Mukoya

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Stay up to date:, youth perspectives.

• 2021 marks the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour.
• Although numbers have dropped since 2000, there are still around 152 million children forced to work.
• Many experts fear that progress could be reversed by the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Here, experts from child welfare organizations and others discuss how the world can eliminate child labour for good.
• Strategies include more comprehensive social protection and easier access to credit for poor households.

The world is set to boost efforts to stop children working as 2021 marks the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour, amid concerns that COVID-19 has fuelled the practice.

The resolution by the 193-member United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) aims to increase awareness and spur action to end child labour worldwide by governments and other actors.

The number of child labourers worldwide has dropped significantly to 152 million children from 246 million in 2000, according to the U.N. International Labour Organization (ILO).

But the coronavirus pandemic could reverse two decades of work to combat the practice, and jeopardise a U.N. global goal of ending child labour in all forms by 2025, the ILO has warned.

Have you read?

Covid-19 heightens the risk of child labour. this is how we can tackle it, the hidden cost of the electric car boom – child labour.

Children who were already working before the pandemic may now be facing longer hours and worse conditions, while others could be forced to work by families struggling to survive the economic downturn, according to several experts and campaigners.

The Thomson Reuters Foundation spoke to leading anti-child labour organisations and advocates about how the world can turn a year of commitment into one of concrete action on the ground.

Jo Becker, Children's Right Advocacy Director, Human Rights Watch

"The choices that governments make now are crucial. They can both lessen the worst impacts of the crisis on children in the short term and set children up for success in the long term.

A critical step that governments can take is to get children back into school as soon as possible once COVID-19 is under control. Authorities should follow up individually with children who do not show up for classes and try to re-engage them.

Governments and donors also need to help vulnerable families directly to address the financial distress that sends children to work. Regular cash transfers to poor families can help them meet their basic needs without resorting to child labour."

Cornelius Williams, Associate Director of Child Protection, UNICEF

"COVID-19 has further highlighted how the most vulnerable children are exposed to exploitation during pandemics, including being forced into child labour.

This must be the warning sign for governments, civil society and U.N. agencies to step up and prioritise strategies to eliminate child labour.

We are calling for more comprehensive social protection, easier access to credit for poor households, the promotion of decent work for adults, measures to get children back into school, increased investments in social services, and more resources for labour inspections and law enforcement."

David Westlake, CEO, International Justice Misison (IJM) UK

"Successfully eliminating child labour will require local governments to be resourced and committed to enforcing the laws that protect children.

We hope the UNGA declaration leads to greater investment by national governments, donor nations, and international organisations in increasing the capacity for countries around the world to investigate and suppress the worst forms of child labour, and to hold those who exploit children accountable.

In recognising the persistent scourge of child labour in 2021, we have the opportunity to integrate policies and programmes that will protect children from violence and exploitation into COVID-19 recovery plans."

Victor Sande-Aneiros, writer and editor, Child Rights International Network (CRIN)

"We would like to see eradicated all forced, exploitative and harmful work carried out by anyone of any age.

However, for children and adolescents who work in a capacity that doesn't amount to forced, exploitative and harmful labour, we would like to see their work recognised as such, for them to be granted the same labour rights and protections as any worker, and for their work to be regulated to prevent violations.

Child labour unions have for years been calling for labour rights and protections to be extended to them. We would also like to see members of child labour unions invited to global conferences on so-called child labour."

Alison Sutton, Global Director of Child Protection, Save the Children

"If we want to see results on the ground, we're going to need real support for communities, including families, local leaders, and employers, as they all have an extremely important role in preventing child labour.

There's been a huge impact on schools closures for this generation, causing the biggest education emergency in history.

The knock-on effects can be deep and long lasting, and the world needs to put education at the very heart of global recovery efforts.

Local communities can help to identify the children and families most at risk, while governments need to make this a priority and invest in child-focused programs to protect them."

Rose Caldwell, CEO, Plan International UK

"We are at a critical juncture in the fight against child labour. The COVID-19 pandemic is hitting household incomes hard, meaning that global poverty and food insecurity is rising.

The poorest and most marginalised are worst affected and a growing number of children are being forced to work to support their families.

Girls are especially vulnerable; they are the first to be denied their right to an education, or to suffer the triple burden of housework, schoolwork and work outside of the home.

We urge those in power to engage girls, youth groups, and current and former child labourers throughout the process. Only by listening to those affected can we create a world where every child has the right to a safe education."

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Child Labor Essay: Thesis, Examples, & Writing Guide [2024]

Children have always been apprentices and servants all over human history. However, the Industrial Revolution increased the use of child labor in the world. It became a global problem that is relevant even today when such employment is illegal.

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The principal causes of child labor are as follows:

• Poverty, as kids have to work to support their families.
• Lack of access to education or its low quality.
• Culture, as some countries encourage kids to earn their pocket money.
• The growth of a low-paying informal economy.

The information you will find in this article can help you write a good child labor essay without any problems. Our professional writers gathered facts and tips that can help you with a paper on this topic. Nail your essay writing about child labor: thesis statement, introduction, and conclusion.

• 📜 How to Write
• ❓ Brief History
• ⚖️ Laws Today

🔗 References

📜 child labor argument essay: how to write & example.

Let’s start with tips on writing a child labor essay. Its structure depends on the type of your assignment : argumentative, persuasive, for and against child labor essay.

There’s nothing new in the essay structure: introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. However, you should pay close attention to your thesis statement about child labor as the subject is quite delicate.

Below you’ll find the essential information on what to write in your assignment:

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• The introduction may present the general meaning of the term “child labor.” In this part of your child labor essay, you may say that child labor means the work of children that aims at exploiting and harming them.
• The thesis statement should reveal your position on the issue. It’s the central idea of the paper. It may sound like “Not every kind of child labor is supposed to be exploitive.” Think about the phrasing of your child labor thesis statement.
• What are the reasons for the issue today? In this part of your essay, you have to present why child labor is widely-spread nowadays. Are there some positive factors for it?
• What jobs can be done by children? Give a list of possible careers, and present short descriptions of the duties children have to fulfill. Explain your job choice.
• How can we reduce child labor? Elaborate on why taking care of our young generation is crucial. What would you offer to reduce child labor?
• The conclusion of child labor essays should summarize everything that was said in the body. It should present the final idea that you have come up with while conducting your research. Make a point by approving or disapproving your thesis statement about child labor. Don’t repeat the central idea, but rather restate it and develop. If you’re not sure about what to write, you can use a summary machine to help you out.

We hope that now you have some ideas on what to write about. Nevertheless, if you still need some help with writing , you can check the child labor essay example:

For more facts to use in your essay, see the following sections.

❓ Brief History of Child Labor

The involvement of child labor became increasingly popular during the Industrial revolution . The factories ensured the growth in the overall standard of living, a sharp drop in the mortality rate in cities, including children. It caused unprecedented population growth. And with the help of machines, even physically weak people could work.

Operating power-driven machines did not require high qualification, but the child’s small height often was a better option. They could be installed quite closely to save the factory space. Some children worked in coal mines, where adults couldn’t fit.

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Thus, child labor has become an indispensable and integral part of the economy.

Even special children’s professions were formed. For example, there were scavengers and scribes in the cotton factories:

• Scavengers had to be small and fast. They crawled all day under the spinning looms, collected the fallen pieces of cotton, inhaled cotton dust, and dodged the working mechanisms.
• Scribes walked around the shop and sorted the threads that ran along with the machine. It was estimated that the child was passing about 24 miles during the working day.

Needless to say, that child labor conditions were far from perfect. The situation began to change in the early 1900s during social reform in the United States. The restricting child labor laws were passed as part of the progressive movement.

During the Great Depression , child labor issues raised again because of lacking open jobs to adults. The National Industrial Recovery Act codes significantly reduced child labor in America.

What about today?

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Child labor today in wealthy countries accounts for 1% of the workforce. At the same time, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO) , the highest ranges of working children are in Africa (32%), Asia (22%), and Latin America (17%).

🧒 Causes of Child Labor

Speaking about child labor, you should understand the factors that lead to children employment:

• Poverty . According to ILO, it is one of the significant causes of child labor. Children have to work to support their families. Sometimes up to 40% of a household income is the child’s salary.
• Lack of access to education . An absence of school or its distant location and low quality of education affect children around the globe. Unaffordable tuition in local schools drives children to harmful labor.
• Culture . In some developing countries, it is common for children and adolescents to help their parents in a family business. They earn their pocket money because people believe such work allows children to develop skills and build character. Other cultures value girls’ education less than boys, so girls are pushed to provide domestic services.
• The growth of a low-paying informal economy. This macroeconomic factor explains acceptability and demand for child labor.

⚖️ Child Labor Laws Today

Don’t forget to mention current labor laws and regulations in your child labor assignment. You can mention slavery and human trafficking linked to the issue even today. You may refer to international laws or analyze legislative acts in different countries.

For example, the Fair Labor Standards Act determines age restrictions, jobs allowed for teenagers, and necessary paperwork.

Other acts, programs, and initiatives you should mention are:

• Convention on the Rights of the Child
• Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
• Minimum Age Convention
• Medical Examination of Young Persons (Industry) Convention
• Australia’s and UK’s Modern Slavery Acts
• National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children 2009-2020
• International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor
• Child Labor Deterrence Act of 1993

When writing about child laws against child labor, you may also explore the best and worst countries for children’s work conditions.

You may also mention child labor incidents:

• UNICEF’s report on using enslaved children in cocoa production.
• Child labor in Africa’s cobalt, copper, and gold mines.
• GAP, Zara, Primark, H&M’s products made with cotton, which may have been picked by children. You can also find extra information on companies that use child labor.
• Child labor in silk weaving factories.

Child Labor Essay Examples

• Child labor’s negative impact on human development . 
• Child labor and social worker interventions . 
• Child labor in the fashion industry . 
• Child labor, its forms, and disputable issues . 
• Child labor in Ghanaian and Bangladeshi industries . 
• Ethics in business: child labor in the chocolate industry.  
• Massive industrialization and modern child labor . 
• Child labor’s role in the global economy . 
• Samsung and child labor: business ethics case . 
• Child labor’s role in westernization and globalization . 

Child Labor Essay Topics

• Analyze the connection between poverty and child labor. 
• Discuss the reasons for the high trafficking of children rates.  
• Explain why child labor is among topical issues in the modern world.  
• What can be done to reduce child trafficking rates?  
• Explore the ways labor unions help to fight child labor.   
• Describe the child labor laws around the world and evaluate their effectiveness.  
• Analyze the cases of child exploitation in sweatshops in developing countries. 
• Discuss the social issues connected with child labor .   
• Examine the impact of child labor on children’s physical and mental health.  
• The role of UNICEF in the abolition of child labor and exploitation.  
• Child trafficking as a primary human rights issue.  
• The absence of adequate punishment is the reason for increased child slavery rates. 
•  Analyze if current measures to prevent child exploitation are sufficient enough.  
• Discuss how social media platforms facilitate child trafficking .   
• Examine the social impact of child exploitation and trafficking .  
• Describe how the attitude towards child labor depends on the specifics of the country’s culture.  
• Explore how Zara’s use of child labor influenced its public image.  
• What organizations deal with commercial child exploitation prevention?  
• What can a healthcare professional do to help the victims of child exploitation ?  
• Analyze the urgency of creating an effective program for the recovery of child trafficking victims .  
• Discuss the laws regulating child labor in different countries.  
• Explain the connection between the level of education in the country and child labor rates.  
• The role of parents in the success of child labor and exploitation prevention.  
• Explore the history of child labor.  
• Can labor be the way to teach children about basic life skills?  
• The disastrous effect of child trafficking on the mental health of its victims.  
• Discuss the problems connected with child trafficking and exploitation investigation. 
• Examine the cases of using child soldiers in modern armed conflicts.  
• Analyze the role of international organizations in saving child soldiers .  
• The use of abducted children as frontline soldiers in Uganda.  
• What can be done to overcome the issue of child soldiers in the near future?  
• Discuss what fashion brands can do to prevent the use of child labor in overseas sweatshops .   
• Explain why young workers are more vulnerable to exploitation compared to adult workers.  
•  Explore the issue of child labor and exploitation in the Industrial Age .  
• Analyze how child labor affects the education of children . 
• Describe the business ethics of child labor.  
• Who is responsible for the use of child labor at tea plantations?   
• Examine the reasons for using child labor in mining in the 19 th century . 
• Employing child labor as one of the most widespread violations of children’s rights .  
• Discuss the motives that push children to participate in labor.  

How old were you when you got your first job? Was it hard? Share with us your experience and advice in the comments below! Send this page to those who might require help with their child labor essay.

• Child Labor Issues and Challenges: NIH
• Child Labor: World Vision Australia
• Essay Structure: Harvard University
• Child Labor: Human Rights Watch
• Child Labor: Laws & Definition: History.com
• Child Labor: Our World in Data
• History of Child Labor in the United States, Part 1: Little Children Working: US Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Essay on Child Labour for Students and Children

500+ words essay on child labour.

Child labour is a term you might have heard about in news or movies. It refers to a crime where children are forced to work from a very early age. It is like expecting kids to perform responsibilities like working and fending for themselves. There are certain policies which have put restrictions and limitations on children working.

The average age for a child to be appropriate to work is considered fifteen years and more. Children falling below this age limit won’t be allowed to indulge in any type of work forcefully. Why is that so? Because child labour takes away the kids opportunity of having a normal childhood, a proper education , and physical and mental well-being. In some countries, it is illegal but still, it’s a far way from being completely eradicated.

Causes of Child Labour

Child Labour happens due to a number of reasons. While some of the reasons may be common in some countries, there are some reasons which are specific in particular areas and regions. When we look at what is causing child labour, we will be able to fight it better.

Firstly, it happens in countries that have a lot of poverty and unemployment . When the families won’t have enough earning, they put the children of the family to work so they can have enough money to survive. Similarly, if the adults of the family are unemployed, the younger ones have to work in their place.

Moreover, when people do not have access to the education they will ultimately put their children to work. The uneducated only care about a short term result which is why they put children to work so they can survive their present.

Furthermore, the money-saving attitude of various industries is a major cause of child labour. They hire children because they pay them lesser for the same work as an adult. As children work more than adults and also at fewer wages, they prefer children. They can easily influence and manipulate them. They only see their profit and this is why they engage children in factories.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Eradication of Child Labour

If we wish to eradicate child labour, we need to formulate some very effective solutions which will save our children. It will also enhance the future of any country dealing with these social issues . To begin with, one can create a number of unions that solely work to prevent child labour. It should help the children indulging in this work and punishing those who make them do it.

Furthermore, we need to keep the parents in the loop so as to teach them the importance of education. If we make education free and the people aware, we will be able to educate more and more children who won’t have to do child labour. Moreover, making people aware of the harmful consequences of child labour is a must.

In addition, family control measures must also be taken. This will reduce the family’s burden so when you have lesser mouths to feed, the parents will be enough to work for them, instead of the children. In fact, every family must be promised a minimum income by the government to survive.

In short, the government and people must come together. Employment opportunities must be given to people in abundance so they can earn their livelihood instead of putting their kids to work. The children are the future of our country; we cannot expect them to maintain the economic conditions of their families instead of having a normal childhood.

{ “@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “FAQPage”, “mainEntity”: [{ “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “What causes child labour?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”: “Child Labour is caused by many factors. The most important one is poverty and illiteracy. When people barely make ends meet, they put their children to work so they can have food two times a day.”} }, { “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “How can we prevent child labour?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”:”Strict measures can prevent child labour. Unions should be made to monitor the activities of child labour. Education must be made free to enroll more and more kids in school. We must also abolish child trafficking completely to save the children.”} }] }

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Four Arguments against the Elimination of Child Labor

Don't get me wrong: sarcastic headline aside, I'm not in favor of the exploitation of children. However, I feel moved to speak against a recent push, I guess led by Hugh Sinclair , to insert a ban on child labor into the lending policies of microfinance institutions (MFIs), microfinance investors, and such accrediting programs as the Smart Campaign and the Seal of Excellence . The concern behind this movement is serious: that microcredit is financing, thus increasing, the exploitation of children. So the cause it leads to is understandable: a push for policies to break any such link.

• Legality. Hugh argues that child labor is wrong because it is illegal in many countries with microfinance. Excellent point! In fact, most microfinance clients are engaged in illegality one way or another: squatting on city land to build houses the width of a queen-sized bed, failing to pay taxes on their meager earnings, failing to register their tiny businesses with the authorities... So to expunge microfinance of scofflawery, we need to shut it all down. Seriously, Hernando de Soto showed how, at least in Latin America, elites have purposely complicated the law in order to make formality---legality---a privilege rather than a right. Being poor means you are almost automatically illegal. Thus legality is a wobbly compass microfinance.
• Ethics. We are all descendants of children who survived to adulthood only by laboring, whether as farmers or herders or gatherers. Only with their labor could the family subsist. I look forward to the day when there is no child on earth for whom this is the best choice. But we are not there yet. And we are not as close as you might think. Going by the numbers, the world has made great progress getting kids into school. However, a huge number of these children aren't learning very much . So how quick should we be to tell parents struggling under circumstances far different from our own what the right choice is? Many of them agree with you on the value of education. Whether it is best to put their children in the schools they can afford today is another matter.
• Evidence. The effect of microfinance on child labor is an empirical question, whose answer will probably vary by context. On the hand, microfinance sometimes stimulates at-home businesses, leading parents to pull kids out of school and employ them at home. On the other, it gives parents a new way to finance school fees, providing them the discipline to set aside money each week for this purpose.The evidence, like the ethics and the legal argument, is ambiguous. A good non-randomized study in Thailand found credit to increase child labor. One in Guatemala found the opposite . (Hat tip to Hugh for both.) The randomized studies, which I trust more, have mostly found little impact. In Hyderabad microcredit availability did not lift or lower the number of kids in school . In Manila , loans made no difference for the average response to "Any Household Member Helping in Family Business?" Ditto, essentially, in Mongolia . In Morocco, children worked 5.05 hours/week in areas with more microcredit versus 4.88 in areas without, a difference that is not statistically significant; meanwhile the number of children per family in school was slightly but statistically higher in the microcredit treatment areas, at 0.76 instead of 0.73.An exception appeared in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Among less-educated, and presumably poorer families, microcredit caused more 16--19-year-olds to work at home, where "home" often meant "farm." As I blogged before , it is not easy to second-guess poor families in the midst of a major economic crisis if they use credit to invest in their farms, perhaps in more livestock, and put these near-adults to work.
• Principals and agents . Now, one could retort that even if microfinance does not press children into labor on average, it still must do so sometimes . After all, how comforted would you be if I told you that microcredit does not increase slavery on average ? And microfinance increases child labor in some cases, then one can argue that MFIs should vow never to finance such exploitation, and that microfinance investors must demand such vows in return for funds.I do hope that microfinance officers don't leave their ethics at the home, that if they find a child laboring in great duress, and they know that a loan would make things worse, then they will not lend. But in general, microfinance, especially group microfinance for the lower-income clientele, has succeeded by not taking much interest in clients' business. Monitoring clients takes time, time costs money, and higher costs lead to higher interest rates. Anyway, trying to determine what people do with their loans or savings withdrawals is often a fool's errand because of fungibility . Moreover, as Hugh's book dramatizes , reality tends to diverge from rhetoric as one moves along the microfinance investment chain---from individual investor, to investment fund, to MFI headquarters, to field practice. MFIs may say they have banned loans for child labor, and MFI investors may buy that reassurance rather easily---but should we believe them? It will be a great achievement if a program like the Smart Campaign can reliably monitor and certify microfinance field practice as being transparent and non-coercive. I think it is a goal too far to certify what is being done with microfinance in each household. Microfinance investment funds promising to rid their portfolios of child labor will be setting the stage for hypocrisy.

CGD blog posts reflect the views of the authors, drawing on prior research and experience in their areas of expertise. CGD is a nonpartisan, independent organization and does not take institutional positions.

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How to Write a Child Labor Essay: Outline, Tips, & Titles

Child labor is a problem in both economically advanced and developing countries. That is why it makes a good topic for essays and research.

If you’re writing an essay on child labor, be ready for the horrifying information. We prepared an explanation of the problem, essay topics, and outlines. You can also find 200+ word essay samples in this article.

• 📚 Child Labor Essay Explained
• ✍️ Argumentative Essay Writing
• 🗣️ Persuasive Essay Writing
• 🔐 Problem-Solution Essay Writing

🚸 49 Child Labor Essay & Research Topics

📚 preparing for an essay on child labor.

Let’s begin with an overview of the problem.

In this passage, we will discuss how the problem appeared and developed. Then we will identify the current issues. You can find the information that you can use in your child exploitation essay. Next, begin your research on the topic.

What Are the Main Issues of Child Labor?

Child labor became a global issue during the industrial revolution. It created a demand for an additional workforce. To the present day, this question remains unsolved and puts millions of children in danger.

Let’s define the major themes that you can discuss in a child labor essay:

• Interfering with studies. Children who work full-time are not able to attend school and do their homework. Accordingly, a lack of education makes it hard for them to find better jobs. Kids need to do their best to receive as much knowledge as possible to be intellectually developed.
• Harm to physical and mental health. Working conditions are never at the appropriate level. An unhealthy environment leads to various diseases. Besides, some children work in the sex industry, which harms their mental stability.
• Some of the children become slaves. It involves trafficking and sale of children , forced labor, and all forms of slavery. There is nobody to take care of these children. Therefore, some of them end up wandering the streets.

Sources for a Child Labor Essay

Make sure you use credible information for all of your essays. Avoid such sources as social media, forums, and Wikipedia.

How to find sources for your child labor argument essay?

Here is our selection of reliable sources:

✍️ Child Labor Argumentative Essay Writing Guide

An argumentative essay is a perfect match for this issue. It gives a variety of research topics and information for solid arguments.

In a child labor argumentative essay, you need to convince that your point has a right to exist. You should use some evidence to support it. You also need to mention opposing opinions and explain them. This type of paper looks like a written debate. We will give some writing tips and help you to outline your work.

Child Labor Essay Outline

Before writing, you need to do prior research to find a topic. Your topic should be controversial, so there is an alternative point of view. If there is enough credible information on the chosen topic, you can continue. If not, try to broaden or change your primary focus.

1. Child Labor Essay Introduction

The introduction is where you need to provide the background information and a short overview of what will be in the following paragraphs. Include all the explanations and sources that might be hard to understand.

You can start with a hook introducing surprising information or asking a provocative question. Just make sure that it doesn’t break the general logic of your assignment.

Define why the topic is important and why the readers should pay attention to the issue. Introduce the point of view that you will prove in the paper.

2. Child Labor Essay Thesis Statement & Body

It is better to begin writing an essay with this part. Your thesis statement should be the last sentence of your introduction paragraph.

• What should you include there?
• Your position on the issue,
• The strongest arguments that prove it,
• A counterargument that opposes it.

Provide arguments and counterarguments. In other words, you have to make a list of the reasons that prove and rebut your opinion. Introduce the evidence that supports your and opposing points and explain its importance.

Each paragraph should revolve around a particular idea. You can include a transition sentence at the end of each passage. Do that if you feel it will bring more logic to your writing.

3. Child Labor Essay Conclusion

In this paragraph, provide a summary of the evidence. Don’t introduce any new information. It is better to synthesize what you’ve mentioned before. Make sure you answered the questions that you stated in the introduction.

Explain the significance of your point and research. Suggest ways of further research and investigation of the topic.

It is also the right moment to review your essay. If you see that your conclusion is not logical enough, return to your argumentation line. It will help you to identify the flows and fix the conclusion.

14 Child Labor Essay Titles

Here are some title ideas for a good argumentative essay about child labor:

• Child abuse and labor as modern society challenge .
• Should the minimum age of employment in the United States be changed? What are the risks of such a decision?
• Can work be a positive experience for children of school age? What are the risks and benefits?
• Does work influence school performance among children and teenagers?
• What can be considered “light work” when it comes to children’s employment?
• Can we control the online employment of children? For example, blogging, running a YouTube channel, etc.
• Are bad working conditions in India the leading cause of diseases among children? What are the main risks?
• Why it is important to rase societal awareness of the child labor problem .
• Is it possible for adolescents to successfully combine work and studies?
• Do household chores make children more responsible? Can it be counted as work?
• Can child domestic work be considered family violence ?
• How does work at a young age affect future earnings potential? Do these children become more or less successful?
• Should there be a minimum age requirement for working on small farms and family businesses?
• Effects of child labor in farming on children .

Child Labor Essay Examples #1

Check this excellent argumentative essay sample about child labor.

Topic: Should there be a minimum age requirement for work on small farms and family businesses? In the United States, half a million child farmworkers work in fields . Some start working full time even before they reach the age of ten. There should be a minimum age regulation of 15 years for children working for their parents. Children are less endurant in physical work, and they can’t be productive at school. Besides, chemicals used in agriculture are dangerous for health. Children are less physically developed than adults. Also, children need more time to recover from challenging physical activities. That is why they need to work not more than three hours a day. And from at least 15 years to handle the physical challenges. Studies need time and effort. Children engaged with hard physical work can’t get enough time to study and rest. Working instead of doing homework is the worst decision for school performance. Children should have an opportunity to devote enough time to their studies. Else they won’t be able to access better jobs in the future. Pesticides increase the risk for cancer in children. It includes leukemia, acute leukemia, and lymphoma risks. Children who work in agriculture are three times more likely to get cancer than adults exposed to carcinogenic effects. This makes children’s health more vulnerable to fatal outcomes. In conclusion, children’s work in agriculture should be restricted under the age of 15. Hard work affects children’s physical development, school performance, and health. It is vital to control children’s employment even if they work at their parents’ farms.

🗣️ Persuasive Essay on Child Labor Writing Guide

Writing a persuasive essay is also a good opportunity to develop this topic. Try to choose a catchy title that grabs your reader’s attention from the beginning. You can raise important questions which involve morality and ways of fighting the problem. Also, you can assess and propose strategies that can help to eliminate the issue.

In a persuasive essay, you need to convince your readers that you are right. To do this, you need to gather some logical evidence and prove your point using it. It involves less thorough academic research than an argumentative essay. However, you need to find a way to reach your readers.

There is a five-paragraph structure in this essay . A thesis statement plays a key role. You need to explain your point of view on the issue there. Then, provide the supporting evidence and the background information using persuasive language.

Child Labor Essay Introduction

There are three main parts that you need to include in the introduction:

• Hook. Make your first sentence exciting. A rhetorical question, fact, or mystery are all excellent choices. You can use descriptive words to make your readers picture everything.
• Background information. Use it to make your readers familiar with the problem.
• Definitions. Explain everything that might be uncertain for your readers.
• Thesis statement. Introduce your main argument. It will be the roadmap of your argumentation in the essay.

Child Labor Essay Thesis Statement & Body

Always make sure that the logic of your essay follows your thesis statement. If it doesn’t, consider rewriting the thesis or adjusting the arguments. Each of the paragraphs should represent one idea that appears in the thesis statement.

• Here are some additional tips on writing a persuasive essay on child labor: use empathy – target the audience’s emotions to prove your point; know both sides – research what you have to disagree with; be passionate about your topic – it’s easier to defend what you believe in.

Child Labor Essay Conclusion

Summarize your writing and paraphrase the child labor thesis statement . Mention all of your arguments again and explain why they make your opinion the only correct option. Some readers will remember only this part of the paper, so do your best to make the last impression. You can also call people to action at the end of the essay.

Read your essay once again in a couple of hours. Ask yourself these two questions:

• Would the writing convince me if I were the reader?
• What can I do to make it more convincing?

Make final adjustments after it.

15 Child Labor Essay Titles

These topics are perfect both for persuasive essays and speeches . Pick your title from our selection:

• Why shouldn’t we buy goods whose production involves child labor?
• All working children should receive free quality education and have access to schools.
• Child poverty in Canada as a reason for child labor .
• Girls’ education is equally important. We shouldn’t force girls to do household chores instead of homework.
• Why children’s employment under the age of 14 should be banned?
• Child abuse and labor effects on adult survivors .
• How can working children study and provide money to their families at the same time?
• Child labor deprives many children of education. Does child labor cause poverty from a long-term perspective?
• Child abuse and labor in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries .
• What is the main issue of child labor that should concern people the most?
• How does work affect children’s physical and mental development?
• The effects of child abuse and child labor .
• Should Amish children obey the same laws on children’s employment as other American citizens?
• What role does child labor play in Hindi culture and religion?
• Domestic violence and child domestic work as a form of child abuse .

Child Labor Essay Examples #2

Topic: Why shouldn’t we buy goods whose production involves child labor? Such industries as fast fashion take advantage of children. Children work in all the stages of the cotton supply chain. That is why fast fashion brands are so cheap. We shouldn’t buy clothes whose production involves child labor. These children are underpaid, suffer bad conditions, and can’t defend themselves against employers. Children don’t demand high salaries and receive less money as a result. For example, children who work in cottonseed farms in India earn less than $1 a day . Their working day can last up to 12 hours, making it 8 cents/hour. Buying cheap clothes might be pleasant, but we should know its price. The cotton industry exposes children to dangerous chemicals and machinery. They have to carry heavy loads and work in extreme temperatures. The food supply is not enough, and the working hours exceed the limit. Employers generally see children as more obedient workers who cannot stand for their rights. It results in worse working conditions, longer hours, and less attention to children’s comfort. Buying cheap clothes encourages cotton industries to involve more children in their production cycles. In conclusion, we shouldn’t buy fast fashion goods because it encourages companies to produce more clothes that involve child labor. Business models of such companies make their products not last long, making us buy more goods and employers hire more children. Instead, we need to buy clothes of better quality that will serve us longer. We also need to make sure that the production chain of the clothes we buy doesn’t involve any forms of underpaid jobs in severe conditions.

🔐 Problem Solution Essay about Child Labor

Child labor is generally one big problem that needs a solution. That is why you can write a very good essay on this topic. But better focus on specific issues rather than on the general problem.

In this passage, we prepared some tips, an outline, and a selection of child labor essay titles for a problem solution essay.

For this type of essay, there are two ways of building the argumentation line: chain method & block method . Both have a five-paragraph structure, but the logic might differ.

A problem-solution essay about child labor aims to identify the specific problem and offer logical solutions. It should encourage the readers to take a particular course of action.

First of all, you need to describe the background of the problem. Write about the situation and how it evolved. Then explain why it does require a solution. Briefly describe the contents of the following paragraphs. If there are subtopics, mention all of them.

Finish your introduction with a thesis statement. If needed, provide explanations or some definitions. Do it only if you know that your audience needs some clarification.

At first, you need to research the topic and narrow it down to a particular problem. Then prepare the best solutions, and describe why they are feasible. As your thesis statement should briefly describe the body paragraphs, make sure they don’t contradict each other.

• When presenting specific solutions, make sure they are logical. You need to convince your readers that the solutions you offer are the best course of action.

Make a summary of the main points of the body paragraphs. Restate the thesis and evaluate the suggested solutions. Answer all the questions you have mentioned in the introductory paragraph.

You can include unsolved problems and unanswered questions in the final sentences.

After finishing the conclusion, return to your child labor essay introduction and body. Proofread the spelling and grammar. Make sure that the writing is logical and solid.

Child Labor Essay Titles

Take a look at our selection of problem-solution essay titles:

• How to change labor laws in developing countries so children can combine school and work?
• Edo State is the most popular spot for human trafficking in Africa. How to stop child trafficking in Nigeria?
• Addressing the issue of the child poverty and labor .
• How to make education a priority for children and their parents in African countries?
• How to stop Indian families from forcing their children to work ?
• Child labor and child abuse: The role of nurses .
• How to break the cycle of poverty that child labor creates?
• What are the ways to prevent child exploitation in agriculture in Latin America?
• Breaking the cycle of family violence that working children often face .
• How to prevent children from engaging in the worst forms of child work in the Philippines?
• What can parents with low income do if they don’t want their children to work?
• Nurse’s role in preventing child abuse and child labor .
• What should be the punishment for employers who hire children in hazardous positions?
• How to define “child labor” correctly so the concept is never misunderstood?

Child Labor Essay Examples #3

Topic: How to break the cycle of poverty that child labor creates? Child labor deprives children of obtaining proper education, which is the leading cause of global poverty. They miss classes or don’t attend school at all. That is why it becomes harder for them to find well-paid jobs. To break the cycle of poverty, we should ensure children have access to schools. Volunteering in developed countries can help with that. Building more schools means that children from remote areas will have an opportunity to visit them. Providing access to the Internet to encourage online education is also a solution to this problem. While both methods are pricey, it is an investment that will pay off when these children start working. People from developed countries can play a significant role in eliminating child labor. Volunteer teachers can educate children and train local teachers. Encouraging volunteers to spend a couple of months in developing countries can help a lot. Gap year students and young specialists can take part in projects and initiatives to help end child labor. Parents often force their kids to work because they don’t have enough financial resources. The government needs to ensure funding for families, especially those which consist of many children. Such financial support can include stipends for low income. Parents can send their children to school knowing they will be financially safe. Education is the key to ending child labor. That is why countries need to make it a priority to ensure their economic growth. All the investments made for equal access to education and financial support to families will result in better job opportunities for children.

And here is our additional selection of titles for a child labor essay:

• What are the causes and effects of child labor in Asia?
• How are child labor laws violated in European countries?
• In what ways does globalization encourage child labor?
• History of child labor in western Europe.
• Research into human trafficking: Children as victims of human trafficking and forced child labor .
• Child slavery in the southern states in the 19 th century.
• How the Great Depression changed the situation with child labor?
• Which organizations are the most successful in fighting child labor?
• Which big corporations use child labor as a cheap workforce?
• Human trafficking as modern form of slavery: The effects on children .
• How did feminists contribute to child labor law adjustments?
• In what forms does child labor exist in the US?
• How does working from an early age affect mental health?
• Are there any improvements concerning child labor in Asia?
• How does child labor affect the economy of a country?
• Child Exploitation, Trafficking and Their Threats.
• Who has the power to restrict child labor fully?
• Can domestic work be considered child labor in the United States?
• What was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s political course regarding child labor?
• What conditions and working hours are acceptable to children?
• Legal systems, labor relations and regulatory practices related to child labor .
• What diseases are likely to affect children working in tobacco fields?
• How to support activism against child labor in the United States?
• Which cultures encourage children to earn money to support their families?
• How have child labor laws changed in the last 20 years?
• Negative effects of child abuse and child labor .
• Is it possible to end child labor completely?
• How Has Slavery Shaped the Lives of Children of Color in the US?
• The difference between southern and western states regarding child labor in the 20 th century.
• What is Camella Teoli’s impact on activism against child labor?
• Child slavery and prostitution in the state of Georgia .
• What was Woodrow Wilson’s position regarding child labor?
• Child labor during World War II in the United States.
• Why is it easier for employers to repress children’s rights?
• The influences of child labor on the child’s life .
• The history of child labor in Eastern European cultures.
• Fast Fashion brand’s impact on ecology and child labor.
• Poverty and sex trafficking among children: Qualitative systematic review .
• Can technological progress eliminate child labor in Asian countries?
• How does the economic inequality of countries affect the child labor situation?
• Child labor during the industrial revolution and excessive working hours.
• Employment law: Reforms necessary to change child labor laws .
• In what cases does working experience help children to become more successful?
• What is the connection between racism and child labor?
• Which countries are the least successful in fighting child labor?
• What are the long-term outcomes of child labor regarding education?
• Child trafficking: The use of children for forced labor and sex slavery .
• Why should we change parents’ mindsets when it comes to child labor?
• What is the current child labor situation in the United States?

Thank you for reading this article till the end!

Now you are ready to write a perfect essay on child labor. Let’s revise what we have learned today:

• How to prepare to write a child labor essay.
• How to choose credible sources.
• How to write an argumentative essay.
• How to write a persuasive essay.
• How to write a problem and solution essay.

Also, don’t forget to proofread your essay and return to this article once you have finished your work. Good luck!

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Five Reasons Why Eradicating Child Labor Is Crucial For Education

11 Jun 2016

Photo by AsiaInspection.

June 12, 2016, marks the World Day Against Child Labor, and this year, child labor in supply chain is in focus. With over 168 million child laborers worldwide, this problem still remains grave. In addition to the disadvantages faced by many workers in poorer countries, such as hazardous working conditions, long hours, lack of mandated leave, etc., child laborers are denied a fundamental human right: the right to education.

In the daily work of AsiaInspection (AI), a global product safety, quality, and compliance provider, child labor is a critical factor in any social audit carried out for AI’s clients. Any indication of underage workers being present at a factory is enough to give a social audit a failing grade, and label the factory as non-compliant.

However, for any brand that discovers their supplier has been compromised, simply choosing a different factory may not the best solution. A more constructive way forward is to work with the factory to ensure that child laborers are put back in school.

In investigating child labor, AI’s process is not limited to identifying and reporting the problem. Coordinating their efforts with the brand, AI’s social auditors ensure the child laborer’s safety and create an environment in which they feel comfortable discussing their honest views on work and education. With an understanding of the underage worker’s family and economic situation, AI and the brand engage the help of NGOs to improve it.

The most common reason for child and underage labor is the family’s need for an extra provider. Because of this, one of the best ways to handle the problem is ensuring education for the child while securing the income they used to bring to their family. Some brands put pressure on their suppliers to replace the child laborer with an adult member of their family, or to pay the child’s salary while they receive their education.

People often restrict their idea of child labor to very young children. However, workers in their early teens are equally vulnerable, and their being underage is not always immediately apparent. The International Labour Organization sets the minimum working age at 15, and rules that no-one under 18 should be involved in hazardous work.

Another key aspect of the definition of child labor by the ILO is “work that deprives children of the opportunity to attend school.” Indeed, child labor is incompatible with education, and here are five reasons why:

• Child labor is a barrier to education access and enrollment

Even in communities where schools are available, child labor is often perceived as the best use of the children’s time. Recent studies confirm that child labor is negatively correlated with school enrolment and delays school entry. For example, in Cambodia, a child is 17% less likely to enter school at the enrolment age. Child labor also increases drop-out rates, as poverty forces many children out of schools and into paying jobs.

• Child labor is a barrier to learning

In countries where child labor is common, children who combine work and school are disadvantaged compared to children in full-time education. Limited time and exhaustion from work greatly impairs their participation, and they are much less likely to receive the full benefits of the education available to them. A 2014 study of sixty countries showed that working children face an attendance disadvantage of 10% to 30% compared to their non-working counterparts (Policy Paper: Out-of-school Children and Child Labor. Global March Against Child Labour, 2014). Statistically, working children have lower test scores, poorer attendance rates, and are more likely to repeat grades.

• Child labor traps children in poverty

Entering the workforce too early diminishes a child’s lifetime earning potential. Child laborers have very limited ability to take advantage of educational opportunities that would help them receive better-paying jobs as adults. As a result, someone who started working as a child may remain in a low-paying and hazardous job for the rest of their life, failing to improve their own economic position and that of their future family.

• Child labor has consequences for the next generation

As a logical consequence of the above reason, child labor can perpetuate inter-generational cycles of poverty. Parents who entered the workforce early at the expense of schooling are more likely to compel their children to do the same: for economic reasons, as well as due to the acquired expectation that turning their child into an earner is more important than giving them an education.

• Education and child labor are co-dependent challenges

Without access to quality and free education, many families and children themselves will view work as the better option – if the benefits of education aren’t obvious, or school tuition is not affordable. However, simply offering good education options is not enough to tackle all child labor problems. Economic incentives must be offered for children to stay in school instead of dropping out early, and awareness of the importance of education must be raised among all family members.

While child labor is a deeply entrenched, multidimensional problem that requires complex solution, one thing remains clear. As long as child labor exists, universal primary education cannot happen, and simultaneously, until all children have access to free and quality education, child labor will persist.

“Cutting ties with a non-compliant supplier can help a brand’s reputation, but will contribute little to the bigger picture, at AI, we aim to work together with brands, supplies, and NGOs to ensure education for children and secure their future.” – Sébastien Breteau, CEO, AsiaInspection.

1 http://globalmarch.org/sites/default/files/Policy-Paper.pdf

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When is it okay for children to work?

Human Rights Watch letter on the minimum age of employment

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Dear members of the Committee on the Rights of the Child,

We are writing on behalf of Human Rights Watch in response to a January 2016 open letter directed to the Committee regarding child labor and the minimum age of employment. [1] In particular, the letter argues against a minimum age of employment and urges the Committee to omit any reference to the International Labour Organization Convention concerning the Minimum Age of Admission to Employment (Convention No. 138) in its planned General Comment on Adolescents. We have serious concerns with the arguments put forth in the letter, and offer our analysis and recommendations below.

Human Rights Watch has been conducting research and advocacy on child labor since 1994. We have conducted child labor investigations in countries in every region, [2] and interviewed hundreds of children working across a wide range of sectors, including domestic work, gold mining, silk production, and the cultivation and harvesting of banana, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, and other agricultural crops. [3]

Like most child rights advocates, we agree that work by children appropriate to their age and under healthy and safe conditions can contribute positively to their development. However, we do not believe that removing minimum age restrictions for employment is in the best interests of children.

In response to the January open letter, we would like to point out the following:

• A minimum age for employment does not prohibit children from working.

By establishing the minimum age of employment at age 15 (or 14 for developing countries), Convention No. 138 allows adolescents to combine work with school, or alternatively, to work fulltime if they have completed school and working conditions are not hazardous. Convention No. 138’s light work provision allows children between 13 and 15 (or alternatively, 12-14) to perform light work for up to 14 hours a week. The Convention does not prohibit children of any age from doing chores in their own household – an important avenue for learning responsibility – on family or small-scale farms, or work performed as part of vocational training in school. In sum, Convention No. 138 allows children many opportunities to gain skills and earn income. Its goal is to prevent children from working at ages that are too young or for hours that can harm their development or schooling.

• Work at young ages or for too many hours can be harmful.

The authors of the open letter claim that children can benefit from work even if they are below the minimum age set for “light work.” Although there may be benefits in some instances, many studies have found that work by young children or long hours of work are harmful to both their schooling and future earning potential. For example, research across 11 countries in Latin America found that in all 11 countries, working children performed significantly lower in school than their non-working counterparts, scoring up to 17 percentage points lower on tests of language and math. [4] Longitudinal studies in Tanzania found that work by children between 7 and 15 had a significant and negative effect on their probability of completing primary school. [5] These studies are consistent with Human Rights Watch’s findings. Many of the working children interviewed during our research reported missing school and having difficulty concentrating in school or completing their homework because of the demands of work. As a result, many perform poorly, are held back and forced to repeat grades, or drop out altogether.

An illustrative case is the United States, which has not ratified Convention No. 138 and sets 16 as the basic minimum age of employment [6] in all sectors except agriculture, where the minimum age for working on large farms is 12 and where there is no minimum age for employment on small farms. As a result, hundreds of thousands of children work in US agriculture at ages that are prohibited in every other sector.  According to government estimates, these children drop out of school at four times the rate of other children. [7]

Although children who work may experience economic benefits over the short term, research finds that children who enter the workforce at an early age end up with less education and lower earnings as adults. [8]   Girls are more adversely affected than boys by entering the labor force early. Furthermore, these wage disparities between males and females increase the younger the child begins to work. [9]

• Government responsibility extends beyond banning child labor.

Critics of Convention No. 138 and efforts to ban child labor argue that if children are not allowed to work, they and their families will end up worse off. Children often work to help impoverished families meet basic needs or because schools are not available or are prohibitively expensive.  Banning child labor without addressing these root causes would be deeply problematic. However, the obligation to end child labor does not exist in a vacuum. All states parties to Convention No. 138 are also party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. As such, they are obligated not only to prohibit child labor, but also to ensure children’s rights to free primary education, accessible general and vocational secondary education, and an adequate standard of living.

Strengthening efforts to alleviate family poverty and increase access to education will do more to improve the lives of children than allowing young children to work. In recent years, many states have made great progress in increasing children’s enrollment in school, expanding access to education, and alleviating family poverty through social protection programs. Programs that provide poor families with a guaranteed monthly income—often known as “cash transfer programs”—have proven successful in reducing family poverty, increasing school enrollment, and reducing child labor. The implementation of cash transfer programs is credited with lifting out of poverty 5 million people in Brazil and 60 million people in India. [10] Meta-analyses of cash transfer programs have found that beneficiaries of such programs are 23 to 41 percent more likely to be in school than their counterparts. [11] Many countries have also increased school enrollment by eliminating school fees, providing school meals, improving school transportation, and covering the costs of books, uniforms, and other associated school expenses. Such initiatives also can lead to significant reductions in child labor. For example, in little more than a decade, Morocco used several of these strategies to boost the number of children completing primary school by more than 20 percent [12] and dramatically reduced child labor rates from 9.7 percent to 2.5 percent among children ages 7-15. [13]

• Eliminating a minimum age of employment may put children at greater risk.

Children, for various reasons, are less able than adults to negotiate with their employers for safe, healthy, and fair work environments. The pressure of family expectations can also cause children to endure exploitative or abusive conditions that adults would not accept. For example, Human Rights Watch has interviewed children who were beaten and forced to work for 18 hours a day by their employers, but did not report it to their families or authorities because of a sense of family obligation. [14] Many children also had no idea where to report employment-related abuse or violations.

Our experience working on child labor around the world makes us deeply skeptical that governments have the will or capacity to ensure safe and decent working conditions for children under the existing minimum age of employment. Many governments already fail to adequately enforce existing laws that set a minimum age of employment and prohibit the worst forms of child labor. We believe it is unlikely that these same governments would conduct adequate monitoring for even younger children, should existing minimum ages be lifted. Although some children may benefit from working in good conditions, the lack of legal protections may leave many others at risk. 

Perversely, eliminating a minimum age for employment may actually encourage child labor. While poor families may understandably be tempted to send their underage children to work in order to meet other basic needs, eliminating the legal prohibition may make them more likely to do so.

• Enforcing a minimum age does not preclude urgent efforts to end the worst forms of child labor.

Critics argue that enforcing a minimum age of employment diverts attention, energy, and resources from “truly serious” workplace abuses and that “abolition” efforts would be better spent improving conditions of work for children. In practice, most child labor inspection regimes simultaneously enforce minimum age laws as well as prohibitions against hazardous work. One does not preclude the other. To the contrary, we would argue that focusing resources on improving working conditions for young children is much less beneficial than investing those resources in improving family livelihoods and access to quality education. 

• Governments should not be encouraged to cherry-pick international law.

Signers of the open letter suggest that the Committee should omit any references to Convention No. 138 in its General Comment on Adolescents. This suggests that both states and child rights advocates can pick and choose the international law they deem “legitimate.” The authors also state that “any application of ILO 182 (the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention) would need to take into consideration the local contexts where children work to make sure that children’s best interests are always served,” suggesting, if taken to its logical conclusion, that there are contexts where child slavery, child sexual exploitation, the forced recruitment of children for armed conflict, or hazardous work by children is acceptable. We reject such a notion.

The growth of both international human rights and labor law over the past decades has produced a robust body of international standards to protect children. These standards are complementary and should be enforced consistently and in concert. Asserting that some aspects of international law are legitimate while others can be disregarded sets a dangerous precedent. 

We urge the Committee to reaffirm the importance of Convention No. 138 as a legally-binding standard that protects and advances children’s rights. We would be happy to communicate further with members of the Committee regarding Human Rights Watch’s work on child labor and the concerns expressed in this letter.

Sincerely yours,

[1] Bree Akesson et al., Open letter to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, January 27, 2016, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/open-letter-better-approach-to-child-work (accessed April 1, 2016).

[2] Brazil, Egypt, El Salvador, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mali, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines, Tanzania, Togo, and the United States.  We have also investigated the forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict—one of the worst forms of child labor—in more than a dozen additional countries.

[3] See Human Rights Watch, “Child Labor,” https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-labor (accessed April 1, 2016).

[4]   V. Gunnarson, P. Orazem, and M. Sanchez. “Child Labour and School Achievement in Latin America,” World Bank Economic Review , (2006), vol. 20:1, http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1093/wber/lhj003 (accessed April 1, 2016), pp. 31-54.

[5] K. Beegle,  R. Dehejia, R. Gatti and S. Krutikova, The consequences of child labor: evidence from longitudinal data in rural Tanzania , Policy Research working paper no. WPS 4677, World Bank, 2008, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/07/9698636/consequences-child-labor-evidence-longitudinal-data-rural-tanzania (accessed April 1, 2016).

[6] Children of age 14 and 15 can work in certain limited jobs for limited hours.

[7] According to the US Department of Labor National Agricultural Workers Survey, 33 percent of US-born farmworkers had dropped out of school in 2005-2006. By comparison, the national drop-out rate during that period was 8 percent, according to the US Department of Education.

[8]   See P. Emerson and A.P. Souza, “Is Child Labor Harmful? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings,” Discussion Paper No. 3027, Institute for the Study of Labor September, 2007, http://ftp.iza.org/dp3027.pdf (accessed April 1, 2016); see also Ilahi, Nadeem, Peter Orazem and Guilherme Sedlacek, “The Implications of Child Labor for Adult Wages, Income and Poverty: Retrospective Evidence from Brazil,” Mimeo, Iowa State University, 2001.

[9] E. Gustafsson-Wright and H. Pyne, “Gender Dimensions of Child Labor and Street Children in Brazil.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 2897, World Bank, 2002, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19228 (accessed April 1, 2016).

[10] E. Fultz and J. Francis, "Cash transfer programmes, poverty reduction and empowerment of women: A comparative analysis," GED Working Paper 4/2013, International Labour Organization, 2013, http://www.ilo.org/gender/Informationresources/WCMS_233599/lang--en/index.htm (accessed April 1, 2016).

[11] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Education for All 2000-2015: Achievements and Challenges , (Paris: UNESCO, 2015), p. 90.

[13] Morocco High Commission for Planning, “Information note of the High Commission for Planning on the occasion of the World Day against Child Labour,” (“Note d’information du Haut-Commissariat au Plan à l’occasion de la Journée mondiale contre le travail des enfants”), June 12, 2012.

[14] See, for example, Human Rights Watch, L onely Servitude: Child Domestic Labor in Morocco , November 2012, https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/15/lonely-servitude/child-domestic-labor-morocco.

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Why Child Labour Should Be Banned (Essay Sample)

Child Labour is rampant in many developing countries i.e., Bangladesh, Myanmar, India and Pakistan. There are many reasons why children are used for labour. The prime reason is cheap cost of it. The others prefer the children to work because they are manageable and compliant to the employers – it could be put in other words: child slavery.

There are parents force their children to work at a young age because of poverty. Some children engage voluntarily to provide basic needs for their family. Some were never educated also that child labor is prohibited. But there are dangers in child labour. There are children abused and deprived of basic needs while in labor. These affects the physical and psychological state of the child.

Children have weaker bodies compared to the adults. Their bodies cannot withstand the physical demands of labour. And even at times, the children are actually exposed to more heavy work. Their bodies deteriorate at a very young age. Children also have young minds to comprehend the situation that may lead them to mental illness. The others are miseducated by the environment within the child labour – the others lead a criminal life or abuse children too when they become adults. It becomes a domino effect to the next generation.

For other countries however, despite the presence of laws, impose minimum age for labour – at a young age. As an example, in Nepal the minimum age is 14 years for most work. This is alarming because the government sanctions the essentially child labour. There is no violation of law because the 14 year old children are allowed to work. It becomes a normal standard in the country. It is as if no wrong is committed by anyone who engage in child labour.

The child labour must be banned because the children are the next generation to help the build a stronger nation. Since the children are not put to school, the children are maleducated, miseducated by the effects of the child labour. The children never learn anything. As they become adults all they do is earn income and even perpetuate child labour. Their skills are not honed. They are secluded in the idea of working are laborers until of age. Because the children are not given enough education, there is no advancement in the technology. Further to the economy of the country. The population of the class below the poverty line either maintains or widens. The gap between the rich and the poor increases and the country remains to be a developing nation.

A perfect example of a solution to child labor is the United States. USA enacted Truancy Laws back in 1852 which penalizes parents who do not put their children to school or in case of unexcused absences from school. This forces the parents to discipline their children to attend classes. This is to promote education to the children in United States. Through this, the children are away from the dangers of child labor. There is no reason for any child to be not attending school because the government of the United States has funded public schools and even most of the expenses of each student.

For this to happen, I believe that a developing nation must first focus on the education. Keep a good budget for the education of the children. The government must provide more schools, impose high quality education and to provide enough jobs for the graduates of these schools. Laws must also go hand in hand with this because even with the education if the government does not prohibit child labour it will continue to exist.

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Essay Child Labor Should be Banned

• 10 Works Cited

Outline Claim : Young labor should be banned I. Threatening the lives of children A. Exploiting immaturity of children 1. Targeting small aged children 2. Exploiting low wage children B. Facing risks while working 1. Many children lost their lives while working 2. Many children are enforced to perform dangerous tasks II. Involving children in illicit activities A. Producing and trafficking drugs 1. Children who produce or traffic drugs are at great risk of abuse 2. Children who produce or traffic drugs many become addicted to drugs at a very young age. B. Involving children in different …show more content…

well some of the simplest reasons are the parental imposition and the increasing immigration movement that may be filling an extra unlabored segment of the society where most of them are of small age (Dumaine, 1993, pp. 18-91). This results in a high competitive labor in such a way that company owners go toward employing low wage workers and in this case children. Regardless of the reasons that make children work, well child labor should be illegalized for its plenty risks that threats children directly. Working children are in a direct risk threatening their lives. For example The National Safe Workplace Institute gauges that 300 youngsters are executed and 70,000 harmed consistently at work. A standout among the most perilous territories for minors is development, where it's unlawful for anybody under 18 to work. In the Bronx a year ago, two 14-year-old young men, utilized by a foreman to paint within an immense stockpiling tank, were overcome by dissolvable exhaust and endured changeless mind harm. In California a kid, 13, working for a Santa Barbara manufacturer was doing button ups on a steel blast that rested problematically on a heap of wood. The blast fell over, smashing and executing him (Jacob, 2006, p. 26). Such activities encourage most societies to ban child labor. Illegal exercises are illicit exercises or wrongdoings. Generating and selling drugs is an illegal action that regularly includes

Child Labor Industrialization Essay

“I believe in the children of the future,” are lyrics of The Greatest Love of All, made famous in 1977 and 1985 by George Benson and Whitney Houston respectively. They believed in the value of children in our society and that they should be protected. However, those people believed in a child 's capacity to change the world in the future. While people in the past saw children as a way to change the world while they were children. In the late seventeenth century, industrialization arose in England ushering in a new era of industry in our world. More industry means more workers, including children. With the rise of industrialization in a nation, child laborers are viciously abused due to their niche roles in production and their families

Child Labour Dbq Essay

Before the Industrial Revolution occurred in the late 18th century and 19th century, skilled workers were needed to produce finished goods. The production rates of items were slow due to the limited amount of trained craftsmen and complexity of creating products. This caused goods to be limited in quantity and highly priced. However, the advent of the Industrial Revolution increased production rates, reduced prices of items, and diminished the need for skilled workers. Although the Industrial Revolution positively impacted consumers and businessmen, it also negatively impacted the low skilled laborers used to manufacture goods.

Persuasive Essay On Child Labor Laws

First of all, child labor laws should be regulated so that working conditions are safer. Children’s health is diminishing because of the terrible working conditions. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), “23 percent of all children between 5 and 17 years of age were economically active in the year 2000,” and that “About half of these children are estimated to do work that is likely to harm their health, safety, or moral development” (Huebler 4). There is an enormous amount of children that are being harmed at work, and better regulations should be placed to stop this from happening. Children are suffering from injuries at work and the accidents end up unreported. England’s Health and Safety Executive says that there are, “31 reportable accidents involving under-16s at work over the past two years, including 16 major injuries and one fatality” (White 137). This is why accidents are being under-reported, and children that work in illegal industries are worse off. If there are no regulations and nobody is enforcing better and safer work conditions, there will be more children injured each year.

Child Labor DBQ Essay

In the 21st century, our whole economy is depended upon technology. However, from the end of the Civil War and into the early 1900s, the economy was industrializing. However, industrialization created a larger need for larger workforce. The working conditions changed, but it often caused hardships for workers. As a result, the government, groups and individuals attempt to solve many problems such as low wages, child labor, and unsafe working conditions through the passing of laws and workers’ union.

By 1910, there were just about two million working children in America. They were required to work incredibly long days, somewhere from 18 to 20 hours a day, from dusk ‘til dawn. These kids worked to help their families, for their livelihoods, and often lived in places owned by the factories they worked for. Oftentimes, they were paid with overpriced and inflated goods from the company, which made them increasingly more dependent on their employers.1 Many physical difficulties were the norm.

Child Labor During The Progressive Era Essay

There were many laws that affected children nowadays because if these laws were never introduced or passed, child labor would probably still be a problem. One of the acts took place in 1916, and was called the Keating Owen act. This was when the Government started doing more investigation about what children were doing. The Keating Owen Act was a short act that demolished the sale of products that children made. (Breaker Boys) Another act was created was the Fair Labor Standards act of 1938. This act was mostly about setting a minimum wage and maximum hour standards for all workers. This act also included some limitations of child labor.This act happened because it was right after the Great Depression. After the Great Depression, adults were desperate for jobs. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed this act because there were so many adults in the United states who who very desperate for jobs.The United States was in a need for jobs, so this act was the right act for that moment in time and on. If this act didn't happen then there would have been no progression to ending Child labor. Children would still have to work and be uneducated for everyday of their

Child Labour In Canada Essay

How Child Labor Could Benefit Canada Our economy today is highly dependent on other countries for imports of goods. In order to make Canada a self-sufficient country we would need to lower our amount of imports. To do this we would need to create the goods needed within Canada that we would otherwise have had to import from China or the United States. And the only possible way to do this is to open factories all over Canada.

Child Labor In The United States

Taking jobs away from child laborers is an unsuccessful way to make their lives better because this solution leaves them without money to buy food and other essentials. If child labor regulations were put into place, children would be treated appropriately in addition to being able afford necessities to survive. There are only specific jobs that children should be able to fill. Jobs involving machinery made for adults should not be used by children since it causes a safety hazard. Employers must be given restrictions when dealing with workers’ punishments. A maximum set of hours per that children should be allowed to work should be set in place, as well a minimum age of employment. Additionally, A decent minimum wage needs to be approved. Completely abolishing child labor can cause more damage than benefits, which is why regulations on child labor is a more suitable and superior

Child Labor During The Industrial Revolution Essay

If you were to go to a restaurant right now how old do you think your waiter would be? Twenty? Thirty? What if I told you that your waiter was an eight year old? What if the eight year wasn’t working in a nice restaurant but instead was working in a dangerous factory? During the Industrial Revolution, child labor was completely legal. In fact, many companies hired children on purpose because they didn’t have to pay them as much and also because they were more obedient than adults. Thankfully child labor is now illegal and you most likely won’t get a job until you’re about 16 years old if not older.

Some children will work in very harsh conditions which could include drug trafficking, prostitution and sometimes in some countries the young children will work in types of military position for their country. A lot of children work in many types of commercial business if they can. You would never believe what these children work in and it is not safe at all for the these children to be working in it, cause it is not safe for adults sometimes also. What’s not safe for adults should not be safe for children you would think? A lot of the work that these children work in are extremely hazardous and the children that will work in these conditions come from extremely poor families and they may also live in a low economic state also. Sometimes these children will work with either no pay at all for their hard work or just little pay for the jobs that they complete. A lot of the commercial jobs that these children are involved have very extreme health risk and concerns to the children

Child Labor In The Early Twentieth Century

In the early twentieth century it was very common for minors to work extremely long hours in industrial practices. It was not for nothing though, many families’ income depended on that earned by their children. Because of this, the public concern about the results this kind of work produced for children began to increase tremendously. Although there were many people that were supporters of working minors, the advocates for child labor laws presented that minors who worked those sixty hour weeks were, in fact, not able to get a proper education and live a necessary childhood. The most important worry was the physical risk as children working in industries had large accident rates. As a result, some states passed laws restricting child labor,

Thesis Statement For Child Labor

Child labor is work for children, but also harmful to their growth physically, mentally or emotionally. Children were forced to work because of their family’s extremely poor condition where they may be needed to drop out of school. In most kinds of

Child Labour and Ethics Essay

We have all heard that child labour is a bad thing, however, lets try and think – is it, really?

Argumentative Essay On Child Labor

In the past, women and men fought for the children of America to liberate them of the burden of harsh work and give them their childhood back. Although we want to believe that child labor is now history, child labor is still significant in our time, all around the world. Today the number of children, ages 5-14, working around the world are estimated to be increasing. Children are constantly working in dangerous working environments that cost them their lives or hamper their ability them to have a basic normal childhood that children have in America. These children miss the opportunity to run and play with friends, have friends their own age, to explore the world around them that they live in every day, have the opportunities to go to school to learn about the world they live in, and expand their imagination. Instead children in some part of world are going to mines and sweatshops to work instead of to school. They are working in dangerous places instead of playing with kids their own ages, and we in America are helping with the growth of child labor.

The Problem of Child Labor Essay

"Please, sir," replied Oliver, "I want some more." No one will ever forget the simple plea made by the poor hungry little orphan named Oliver Twist. Nobody will be able to omit from his mind the painful blows that Oliver suffered. Nor will anyone cease to recall what it felt like to be young and helpless in a much bigger and stronger world. In an effort to bring the ostracized poverty situation of so many children to the public's attention, Charles Dickens wrote an unforgettable book to touch the hearts of millions. Whether he knew it then or not, he was also bringing a new connotation and worldwide innuendo to the term "child labor".

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Child Labour

Causes of child labour.

Order custom essay Child Labour with free plagiarism report

• Parental illiteracy
• Tradition of making children learn the family skills
• Absence of universal compulsory Primary education
• Social apathy and tolerance of child labour
• Ignorance of the parents about the adverse consequences of Child labour
• Ineffective enforcement of the legal provisions pertaining to child labour
• Non-availability of and non-accessibility to schools
• Irrelevant and non-attractive school curriculum

Employers prefer children as they constitute cheap labour and they are not able to organize themselves against exploitation. Causes of Child Labour Some common causes of child labor are poverty, parental illiteracy, social apathy, ignorance, lack of education and exposure, exploitation of cheap and unorganized labor. The family practice to inculcate traditional skills in children also pulls little ones inexorably in the trap of child labor, as they never get the opportunity to learn anything else.

Absence of compulsory education at the primary level, parental ignorance regarding the bad effects of child labor, the ineffictivity of child labor laws in terms of implementation, non availability and non accessibility of schools, boring and unpractical school curriculum and cheap child labor are some other factors which encourages the phenomenon of child labor. It is also very difficult for immature minds and undeveloped bodies to understand and organize them selves against exploitation in the absence of adult guidance.

Poverty and over population have been identified as the two main causes of child labor. Parents are forced to send little children into hazardous jobs for reasons of survival, even when they know it is wrong. Monetary constraints and the need for food, shelter and clothing drives their children in the trap of premature labor. Over population in some regions creates paucity of resources. When there are limited means and more mouths to feed children are driven to commercial activities and not provided for their development needs. This is the case in most Asian and African countries.

Illiterate and ignorant parents do not understand the need for wholesome proper physical, cognitive and emotional development of their child. They are themselves uneducated and unexposed, so they don’t realize the importance of education for their children. Adult unemployment and urbanization also causes child labor. Adults often find it difficult to find jobs because factory owners find it more beneficial to employ children at cheap rates. This exploitation is particularly visible in garment factories of urban areas. Adult exploitation of children is also seen in many places.

Elders relax at home and live on the labor of poor helpless children. The industrial revolution has also had a negative effect by giving rise to circumstances which encourages child labor. Sometimes multinationals prefer to employ child workers in the developing countries. This is so because they can be recruited for less pay, more work can be extracted from them and there is no union problem with them. This attitude also makes it difficult for adults to find jobs in factories, forcing them to drive their little ones to work to keep the fire burning their homes.

The incidence of child labor would diminish considerably even in the face of poverty, if there are no parties willing to exploits them. Strict implementation of child labor laws and practical and healthy alternatives to replace this evil can go a long way to solve the problem of child labor. Children who are born out of wedlock, orphaned or abandoned are especially vulnerable to exploitation. They are forced to work for survival when there are no adults and relatives to support them. Livelihood considerations can also drive a child into the dirtiest forms of child labor like child prostitution and organized begging.

Child Labour in India: The Causes The complex issue of child labour is a developmental issue worth investigating. The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labour, while not receiving education crucial to development, concerns many people. India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour. Estimates cite figures of between 60 and 115 million working children in India -- the highest number in the world (Human Rights Watch 1996, 1). What are the causes of child labour in India? How do governmental policies affect it?

What role does education play in regard to child labour in India? A critical analysis of the answers to these questions may lead in the direction of a possible solution. These questions will be answered through an analysis of the problem of child labour as it is now, investigating how prevalent it is and what types of child labour exist. The necessity of child labour to poor families, and the role of poverty as a determinant will be examined. Governmental policies concerning child labour will be investigated. The current state of education in India will be examined and compared with other developing countries.

Compulsory education policies and their relationship to child labour will be investigated using Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala as examples of where these policies have worked. Finally, India’s policies concerning compulsory education will be assessed. The Problem of Child Labour in India How many children are involved? It is difficult to cite a current figure for the number of children engaged in child labour. This difficulty is attributed to the fact that the Indian Government "has been negligent in its refusal to collect and analyze current and relevant data regarding the incidence of child labor.

As of 1996, official figures continue to be based on 1981 census figures" (Human Rights Watch 1996, 122). The 1981 Indian census reports that there were 13. 6 million child labourers in India (Census of India 1981 cited in Weiner 1991, 20). Indian government extrapolations of this 1981 data place the current number of child labourers at between seventeen and twenty million (Human Rights Watch 1996, 122).

This extrapolation seems highly unlikely as "The Official National Sample Survey of 1983 [of India] reports 17. 4 million child labourers, while a study . . . ponsored by the Labour Ministry, concluded that the child-labour force was 44 million" (Weiner 1991, 20-21). UNICEF "cites figures ranging from seventy-five to ninety million child laborers under the age of fourteen" (Human Rights Watch 1996, 122). A universal difficulty in obtaining accurate data may be that individuals fail to report child labour participation during surveys, for fear of persecution. Although the figure for the number of child labourers varies, they are all significantly high when considering that the Child Economic Activity rate for 1980-1991 was 13% for males and 10.3% for females (International Labour Organization, 1995, 113).

In comparison, other developing countries such as Sri Lanka and Malaysia (where data is available), have lower activity rates: 5. 3% for males and 4. 6% for females in Sri Lanka, and 8. 8% for males and 6. 5% for females in Malaysia (International Labour Organization, 1995, 113). Historical census data shows an overall child work participation rate of 12. 69% in 1961 and 7. 13% in 1971 (Census of India 1971 cited in Devi 1985, 50).

This data is misleading because the definitions of child labour are different in the two censuses (unpaid workers are not included in the 1971 census), thus a comparison cannot be completely valid (Devi 1985, 37). The data shows that in a p of twenty years (1961-1981), the proportion of children who are working has not changed significantly, but since comparisons with this data are not valid, this conclusion is questionable. What are children doing in terms of work? The 1981 Census of India divided child labour into nine industrial divisions: I. Cultivation, II. Agricultural Labour, III.

Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Plantation, IV. Mining and Quarrying, V. Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and Repairs, VI. Construction, VII. Trade and Commerce, VIII. Transport, Storage and Communication, and IX. Other Services (Census of India 1981 cited in Nangia 1987, 72).

Causes of Child Labour in India and Government Policy Dealing with it How necessary is child labour to families in India? Child labour is a source of income for poor families. A study conducted by the ILO Bureau of Statistics found that "Children’s work was considered essential to maintaining the economic level of households, either in the form of work for wages, of help in household enterprises or of household chores in order to free adult household members for economic activity elsewhere" (Mehra-Kerpelman 1996, 8). In some cases, the study found that a child’s income accounted for between 34 and 37 percent of the total household income.

This study concludes that a child labourer’s income is important to the livelihood of a poor family. There is a questionable aspect of this study. It was conducted in the form of a survey, and the responses were given by the parents of the child labourers. Parents would be biased into being compelled to support their decision to send their children to work, by saying that it is essential. They are probably right: for most poor families in India, alternative sources of income are close to non-existent. There are no social welfare systems such as those in the West, nor is there easy access to loans, which will be discussed.

What is apparent is the fact that child labourers are being exploited, shown by the pay that they receive. For the same type of work, studies show that children are paid less than their adult counterparts. Although 39. 5% of employers said that child workers earn wages equal to adults, if the percentage of employers admitting that wages are lower for children are added up, a figure of 35. 9% is found. This figure is significant when taking the bias of employers into account.

Employers would have been likely to defend their wages for child workers, by saying that children earn the same wages as adults. The fact that no employers stated children earned more than adults, should be also be noted. Other studies have also concluded that "children’s earnings are consistently lower than those of adults, even where there two groups are engaged in the same tasks" (Bequele and Boyden cited in Grootaert and Kanbur 1995, 195). Child labour is a significant problem in India. The prevalence of it is shown by the child work participation rates which are higher in Indian than in other developing countries.

The major determinant of child labour is poverty. Even though children are paid less than adults, whatever income they earn is of benefit to poor families. In addition to poverty, the lack of adequate and accessible souces of credit forces poor parents to engage their children in the harsher form of child labour -- bonded child labour. Some parents also feel that a formal education is not beneficial, and that children learn work skills through labour at a young age. These views are narrow and do not take the long term developmental benefits of education into account. Another determinant is access to education.

In some areas, education is not affordable, or is found to be inadequate. With no other alternatives, children spend their time working. The Constitution of India clearly states that child labour is wrong and that measures should be taken to end it. The government of India has implemented the Child Labour Act in 1986 that outlaws child labour in certain areas and sets the minimum age of employment at fourteen. This Act falls short of making all child labour illegal, and fails to meet the ILO guideline concerning the minimum age of employment set at fifteen years of age.

Though policies are in place that could potentially reduce the incidence of child labour, enforcement is a problem. If child labour is to be eradicated in India, the government and those responsible for enforcement need to start doing their jobs. Policies can and will be developed concerning child labour, but without enforcement they are all useless. The state of education in India also needs to be improved.

High illiteracy and dropout rates are reflective of the inadequacy of the educational system. Poverty plays a role in the ineffectiveness of the educational system. Dropout rates are high ecause children are forced to work in order to support their families. The attitudes of the people also contribute to the lack of enrollment -- parents feel that work develops skills that can be used to earn an income, while education does not help in this matter. Compulsory education may help in regard to these attitudes. The examples of Sri Lanka and Kerala show that compulsory education has worked in those areas. There are differences between Sri Lanka, Kerala and the rest of India. What types of social welfare structures do these places have? What are the attitudes of the people?

Is there some other reason why the labour market for child labourers is poor in these areas? These are some questions that need to be answered before applying the concept of compulsory education to India? India is making progress in terms of educational policy. The DPEP has been implemented only four years ago, and so results are not apparent at this time. Hopefully the future will show that this program has made progress towards universal education, and eradicating child labour. Child labour cannot be eliminated by focusing on one determinant, for example education, or by brute enforcement of child labour laws.

The government of India must ensure that the needs of the poor are filled before attacking child labour. If poverty is addressed, the need for child labour will automatically diminish. No matter how hard India tries, child labour always will exist until the need for it is removed. The development of India as a nation is being hampered by child labour. Children are growing up illiterate because they have been working and not attending school. A cycle of poverty is formed and the need for child labour is reborn after every generation.

India needs to address the situation by tackling the underlying causes of child labour through governmental policies and the enforcement of these policies. Only then will India succeed in the fight against child labour. Child Labour

• Fight for their rights
• What can you do
• No Barbie for me; A hacksaw if you please Fight for the rights of children

We fight for our rights at home for almost everything from late nights to going out of station with friends. We chat about human rights with our parents, teachers and friends. But have we ever thought about the children who are forced to work and do not even have basic rights?

India has the largest number of children employed than any other country in the world. According to the statistics provided by The Government of India around 90 million out of 179 million children in the six to 14 age group do not go to school and are engaged in some occupation or other. This means that close to 50 per cent of children are deprived of their right to a free and happy childhood. Unofficially, this figure exceeds 100 million but the fact that a large number of these children work without wages in fields or in cottages alongside their parents, unreported by census, makes it very difficult to estimate accurately.

However, it is estimated that if these working children constituted a country, it would be the 11th largest country in the world. A large number of children work in cottage industries producing carpets, matches, firecrackers, bidis, brassware, diamond, glass, hosiery, hand loomed cloth, embroidery, leather goods, plastic, bangles and sporting goods. The highest number of children are found working in the agricultural sector. Poverty has often been cited as the reason for the child labour problem in India.

While it is true that the poorest, most disadvantaged sectors of Indian society suply the vast majority of child labourers, child labour actually creates an perpetuates poverty as it displaces adults from their jobs and also condemns the child to a life of unskilled badly paid work. Merely passing laws is obviously not the solution, as they need to be enforced, in which our country has a poor track record. What are the causes for child labour? One can attribute it to various factors -- unemployment, low wages, poor standards of living, ignorance and illiteracy, social attitudes, and the like.

Together they culminate in poverty and exploitation. The poor would rather have children who work to supplement the income. There are many cases where the parents sell their children as bonded labour for a petty sum of money. Banning child labour therefore is not the solution, nor is the step by the U. S. and Europe to ban carpets from India. Ignorance is one of the main problems; ignorance on the part of the parents who believe that with the children working, poverty will be eradicated; and ignorance on the part of the children who do not know their rights in this country.

The working conditions of the children are inhuman and the incomes given are also meagre. Eighty per cent of the children work in hazardous conditions. At present, the legislations in India only specifically outlaw child labour in designated hazardous industries and bonded child labour, but both Article 24 of the Indian Constitution and Section 67 of the Factories Act explicitly direct that children below the age of 14 years are not to work in factories. In addition, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 forbids the employment of children in specified hazardous industries.

The Supreme Court ruling of December 10, 1996, in an attempt to fill the loopholes left in previous legislation and to bring in judicial activism to social issues ordered the setting up of a fund for the child workers aimed at controlling and eventually eliminating child labour across the length and breadth of the entire country. While setting out a long list of child labour monitoring obligations of the State Governments, it also prescribes heavy fines for employers caught with children at work. In addition, India has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Laws pertaining to Child Labour:

• Children [Pledging of Labour] Act (1933)
• Employment of Children Act (1938)
• The Bombay Shop and Establishments Act (1948)
• Child Labour -Prohibition and Regulation Act
• The Indian Factories Act (1948) •Plantations Labour Act (1951)
• The Mines Act (1952)
• Merchant Shipping Act (1958)
• The Apprentice Act (1961)
• The Motor Transport Workers Act (1961)
• The Atomic Energy Act (1962)
• Bidi and Cigar Workers (Condition of Employment) Act (1966)
• State Shops and Establishments Act

What you can do - JOIN THE GLOBAL MARCH AGAINST CHILD LABOUR In June 1998, when the International Labour Conference (ILO) will debate a new Convention on Child Labour, a huge motivated and determined group of people will swarm the streets of Geneva. Coming from five continents and marching for five months, they comprise the Global March Against Child Labour. The marchers may have traveled by bus, plane, boat or may have walked some distance. They may have taken over "the torch" from other marchers along the road. They will end up in Geneva to mark the importance of the ILO discussions.

Though the March is spearheaded by a few select organisations working on various issues related to human rights, we think that the real strength lies with you -- the general people. The pith of this movement is the actual junta. Issues of child labour has reached such demonic proportions that until the people at the grassroots are mobilised enough, desired results will remain a far away dream. The Global March is but a fraction of our continuous efforts towards stopping child labour globally, and to make it a success, every sincere offer of help is welcome.

Marching along with the Core Marchers is not the only way to express your concern for this scourge. Every person, individually or collectively, can affect a change if he/she is sensitive and observant to this growing menace. You may be a student or a teacher, a parent or a child, an employee or an employer, each of you can help make the March and its cause reach the cherished goal. What we demand is not impossible, neither is child labour the 'normal' process of a developing economy, as some groups will want you to believe. The use and abuse of these little souls is an unpardonable sin.

Simply blaming the ineffectiveness of the laws and lackadaisical attitude of the lawmakers will not absolve us of our responsibility. The roots of this growing affliction has the capacity and strength to grow deeper and wider unless every heart, every mind and everybody sheds the complacent attitude and makes small but significant steps towards its complete elimination. No Barbie for me; A hacksaw if you please "It's finally happened", the old bearded man in red uttered in sheer disgust. "The world has gone to the dogs," he thought aloud.

Standing alone in the dark night, he looked as vehicles whizzed past him, and through him, with uncaring ferocity. Merriment and festivity filled the air as brightly-lit homes exuded an atmosphere of festivity and opulence. It wasn't as if he hadn't been warned. "There will come a time when no one will be able to see you," his `Father' had told him. (He always referred to God as `Father'). "Why can nobody see me," the old man asked.

"Hadn't I told you earlier that you won't be visible to the wicked, treacherous, liars, backbiters, putrid schemers, thieves, cheaters .....? " asked God. So what? None of the grown ups can see me even now. Its only the children and don't tell me they would turn into such vile creatures," argued the old man. "Okay, don't believe me," God shrugged helplessly, "just wait till they invent television. " He hadn't believed God then. But then, God had that notoriously bad habit of being right. Now he stood there lonely, alone facing the silence that confronted him, nostalgic about the past when he and his `jingle bells' were eagerly awaited.

The children would spell out their wishes and he would grant them their wildest desires. You there old man, move! " A shrill voice commanded him. He turned and faced a dirty-looking kid with a hardened face looking irritatingly at him. The old man was stupefied, "You can actually see me? " he asked. "You crazy or what? " retorted the child. "Just tell me, can you really see me? " The old man was almost shouting now. The kid started to walk away. " Wa... Wait. Stop," the man shouted.

He did not want to lose the only person he could talk with. "Come back. I'm not quite feeling alright now. Could you please talk to me for a while? " he was almost pleading. The boy turned back. I understand," winked the boy knowingly, "You're just BPT, isn't it. " "BPT? " The old man looked perplexed. "Bewda Peeke Tight. Ha! Ha! Ha! ", the child explained and burst into peals of laughter. The laughter sounded strange especially coming from a person who appeared incapable of relishing the finer shades of life. But when he saw the sad look on the face of the old man, the child was filled with shame. "Sorry, uncle", he apologised.

"Whether you drink or not is none of my business. In fact, my father drinks like a fish everyday. " "No need to apologise son. I didn't mind anything you just said. For that matter, I'm not even drunk now," said the old man understandingly. "You don't appear to now, but a while ago you were talking just like my father and walking on the middle of the road. So I thought ....... " The boy paused. "Say, anyway isn't it an odd time to be roaming about, its almost midnight? " queried the old man. "Yes, of course, I'm usually at the factory at this time. They leave us usually at 1 am, but you know because of all these riots, the supervisor left us early," pat came the reply. "You work in a factory ? " The old man was astonished. "Don't you go to school? " "Sure,

I do, thrice a week. Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays. I have to go to the factory on other days, Ramu goes to school on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. " "Who's Ramu ? "asked the old man. "My little brother. He's only this high," the boy touched his knee, palm stretched out and downwards. "and still he can easily pick you up and throw you down.

Of course, he cannot pick me up and throw me down but then he's only this high. "He once more pointed to his knee. Matters were getting complicated for the old man. The rest of the dialogue followed thus -- "Won't your studies suffer? " "What is that ? "Don't you study ? " "No. " "You do not go to school to study? " "No. We go to clean up all the rooms, with all those big black and green slates with cloth and water and take all the kachra and dump it in the street. " "Don't your parents scold you for not going to school? " The boy's eyes being moist. "I want to go to school carrying books and wearing white shirts and blue pants. My father doesn't allow me to.

I asked him once when Shamu started going to school in uniform and with brown books. He beat me up and said that reading books and going to school causes one to lose his God. "But that's idiotic, crazy. I never heard a thing so ridiculous before," the old man shouted. "I know, I guess even father knows it. Its just that we do not have enough money to pay for the school. And then if I go to the school who will go to the factory? ", the boy looked soulfully at the old man. He understands nothing, he thought. He was right. The old man was stupefied, he didn't know how he could bring cheer to the only person who could see him. And it was his job to make the boy happy, if he could. He thought the best way out would be to ask him. "What would you like to have? Just tell me.

See here, in this sack I've just about all the toys in the world. " "But what in the world would I possibly need a toy for? " "Don't tell me you do not like toys. Children love toys, they bring a sparkle to a child's being, everyone wants a toy, everyone needs a toy," the old man declared. "But I don't," the boy replied, "When would I play with them? " "Just look at this sweet little Barbie," the old man continued "and this is a G. I. Joe, here's a He-Man, take your pick.

If you like cars, I've a whole lot of them, battery operated and remote controlled, the latest and the best. I have eroplanes and helicopters and I have a dog that barks, a cat that mews, a donkey that brays and a doll that says 'mama, papa, good day. And a house of cards, chess, carom board, darts, checkers. I also have computer games, TV games, ...... " "Do you have a hacksaw blade? " the boy asked hesitatingly. "What? A hacksaw blade? What's that ? " The old man was bowled. "A blade that's fixed in a hacksaw. You see I broke one today, they will cut my pay for today. So do you have one? " the boy pleaded. The old man rummaged through his sack. It had everything he felt would bring cheer and happiness to a child.

Till now, that is. He looked and looked and finally gave up. "It isn't there, is it? " Seeing the hopeless look on the face of the old man, the boy said: "It's okay. Thanks anyway for trying to help. I'll go now, its getting late. " "Wait," shouted the old man, "look here's a golden sword, a magic lamp, a do-it-yourself kit, WAIT, anything you want, its there. " The boy didn't turn back this time. He was already late for work.

Ten-year-old Sonu sits forlornly on a plastic chair in a ramshackle street food stall in New Delhi, taking a break after serving customers tea.

A ban on child labor in households, restaurants, hotels and resorts came into effect in India on Tuesday but nothing has changed for the tired-looking boy, dressed in scruffy blue jeans and a faded green shirt. Sonu, whose father also works in a food stall, says he'd rather be in school. "But what to do? This is necessary," said the boy, reality teaching him an early and harsh lesson in life. Sonu comes from a poor family from a New Delhi slum and is one of the millions of children who work in roadside food stalls or in the homes of India's upper and middle-class.

Officials hope the new ban, which will apply to children under 14, will protect underage workers from psychological and sexual abuse as well as from strenuous working conditions. On the eve of the ban, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh warned of "firm action" against violators but appealed to Indians to give up the practice voluntarily. Under the country's existing Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986, children under 14 are already banned from working in industries deemed "hazardous" such as fireworks, matchstick-making, auto workshops, or carpet weaving.

ILLEGAL HELP : Babulu, an 11-year-old boy, cleans tea cups outside a road side eating place in New Delhi, earning INR 25 (50 U. S. cents) per day. The government is working on media advertisements to warn people that they could be jailed for employing children under 14 as domestic helps and in roadside eateries. (Raveednran/AFP/Getty Images) Activists say they have their doubts about how authorities will implement the new ban, given their past record. "This ban on child domestic labor is a welcome step, but changes on paper are not enough," Zama Coursen-Neff of New York-based Human Rights Watch said in a statement.

Less than three miles from India's labor ministry, 10-year-old Shehzad is covered with grime and dust as he uses a foot pump to inflate the tire tube of a scooter belonging to a policeman, who watches him impassively. Shehzad does not know that children have been banned for a decade from working in workshops but says it does not make a difference. "I can't go to school as my father can't afford to buy books for me," the son of a rickshaw-puller said, while picking up a plastic container of spare parts. The new ban for children in food stalls and working in homes is aimed at providing legal protection to millions more children.

Those found violating the law could face up to two years in jail, a maximum fine of 20,000 rupees ($435), or both The labor ministry says there are 12 million children under 14 years old working in India, but activists say the number could be as high as 60 million. "This is a good tool for us to fight child labor. Now we have a legal instrument to take it on," said Kailash Satyarthi, head of the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement). Authorities say results from the new ban will not come overnight, as many Indians do not see the age-old practice of employing children from impoverished families as a crime.

Activists say the new ban will expose the problems faced by child servants—whose living and working conditions are not exposed to public scrutiny—including loss of childhood and sexual exploitation. "These children are very vulnerable. Their employment is an invisible form of slavery," Satyarthi said. Even though local authorities have been asked to prepare to accommodate thousands of children expected to be freed from raids conducted on homes and restaurants by police, activists say there has been little provision for rehabilitating the freed children.

A WORLD WITHOUT CHILD LABOUR ..... can be a reality if there are adequate rehabilitation mechanisms. The Times of India, 15 Oct 2006,http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/articleshow/2172660. cms October 10 was a benchmark date for the child labourers working in households, and the hospitality sector. On this day, the amended Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act of 1986 came into force, prohibiting households, officers, hotels and guesthouses from employing children aged below 14 years as domestic help.

It is heartening to read news reports that the Labour department has tracked complaints of child labour in hotels and homes, and implemented the Child Labour Abolition Act. But the lack of effective alternatives and inadequate rehabilitation mechanisms makes the implementation of the law a daunting task. Labour minister G Vinod hits the mark when he says, "The task will be difficult. We will have to intrude into the privacy of thousands of households, to check for child labour. The most striking thing about child labour is that it's ubiquitous everywhere, despite multi-pronged crusades by government legislations, non-governmental agencies and awareness programmes through media and literature. The issue might be the pet peeve of middle and upper middle class families in the social sphere, but a child working in the homes of most of them isn't an uncommon sight. Most employers assuage their conscience by the thought that they are offering employment to a child, and in the process, the law gets hoodwinked into selective amnesia.

A case in point is J Arvind, a resident of Sainikpuri, who employed a 14-year-old "to help her family that was in dire need of money for survival". Arvind says, "The earnings of my maid and her mother together is hardly enough to feed two younger ones in their family. A drunkard father makes matters worse for them. If we cease to employ her, what will happen to her family? The child is free to choose whether she should earn or learn. " Subramanyam, secretary of an apartment in West Marredpally that was recently declared child labour free, suggests, "In most cases, kids work because either their parents are alcoholics or sick.

Apart from prohibiting their employment, the government should also counsel parents and ensure that they are fit to work. " While there is a debate on which kind of child labour is exploitative, most people agree that there is an intrinsic link between elimination of child labour, elimination of poverty and retention of children in schools. "Recently, when I had gone to an MLA's house, I was surprised to see a 10-year-old working there. The irony is that the lawmakers themselves break the law. But let us consider that even if the child is sent back to his home, can his family afford to educate and feed him?

In the first place, if they could, they would have never sent him to work," says R Vijayan, a resident of Begumpet. However, Shanta Sinha, founder of MV Foundation that has been actively fighting against child labour, says observes, "People are aware of the law but don't pay much heed to it because the government isn't actively implementing it. " So what are the solutions? While lawmakers chalk out action-plans to mitigate the problem, Shanta says, "The government should treat the situation as an emergency and get cracking on it. If communities come together and cooperate with the government, the problem can be solved in a year or two.

New forums need to be formed to support the cause. The day we feel a sense of shame for making a child work, that would be the end of child labour. " Citizens like Shanta Kumari of Bowenpally opine, "I think the state should build homes where such kids can study and get vocational training. Otherwise, employers could educate them at home. " "Such measures seem like an egalitarian dream in a scenario where even if people are booked for employing children, they bribe their way out or produce fake age certificates showing workers as over 18," concludes Subramanyam.

Fate of Children in our World : Fact sheet Unicef, http://www. unicef. org/voy/explore/sowc06/explore_2463.html

• More than 1 billion children suffer from a lack of proper nutrition, safe drinking water, decent sanitation facilities, health-care services, shelter, education and information.
• Of those orphaned by AIDS, 12. 1 million, or more than 80 per cent, are in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Every day, nearly 1,800 children under 15 are infected with HIV. Children under 15 make up 13 per cent of new global HIV infections and 17 per cent of HIV/AIDS deaths every year. About 30 per cent of rural children in developing countries are out of school, compared with 18 per cent of those living in urban areas, and over 80 per cent of all children who are not in primary school live in rural areas.
• More than 900 million people live in slums; most lack access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation facilities, sufficient living space and decent housing.
• In 2004, an estimated 10. 5 million children died before they reached age five, most from preventable diseases. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause more than 2 million deaths every year. There are some 300 million indigenous peoples in more than 70 countries, around half of whom live in Asia. Many of them face extreme exclusion.
• There are an estimated 150 million children with disabilities in the world, most of whom face discrimination in one form or another.
• An estimated 48 million children in 2003 – 36 per cent of total births that year – were not formally registered.
• At the end of 2004, roughly 48 per cent of all refugees worldwide were children. During the same year, roughly 25 million people were displaced within their own countries by conflict or human rights violations. At the end of 2003, there were an estimated 143 million orphans under the age of 18 living in 93 developing countries.
• The exact number of street children is impossible to count, but estimates are that tens of millions exist across the world.
• More than 1 million children are living in detention (jail) as a result of being in conflict with the law, according to estimates.
• UNICEF estimates that in 2005, 48 per cent of South Asian females aged 15 to 24 will marry before age 18.
• The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 246 million children between 5 and 17 are engaged in child labour.
• Of these, nearly 70 per cent are working in hazardous conditions – in mines, with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture or with dangerous machinery. Some 73 million of them are less than 10 years old.
• Reliable global statistics are impossible to compile, but it is estimated that trafficking affects about 1. 2 million children each year. 23 months ago: Two young Indian labourers load and carry mixed concrete during up-grading work at a railway station in New Delhi, 18 February 2007. India has one of the highest percentages of child labour in the world as it is a source of income for poor families.

The United Nations Children's' Fund says that the sheer volume of children engaged in work world-wide is living proof of the world's failure to protect them. Although India has laws in place to protect children and bans the use of young workers, these laws remain pretty ineffective Day in pictures Babu, a six-year-old Indian boy, works with his grandmother despite a new law prohibiting child labour in India. Child labour is a burning problem in all over the world. In developing countries like India, Srilanka Bangladesh etc is becoming a current issue and government also thinking this issue very seriously and succeeded in some areas .

They are taking support from the public , media ,service organizations and voluntaries. Child labour and the most evil forms of child labour , as defined by international labour organization conventions, damage children’s health, threaten their education and lead to further misuse and abuse. Heavy duty: The pile of tyres seems an overload even for six hands, a sad spectacle caught on camera near Royapettah. When will the shame of child labour end in our country? © The Hindu, January 6, 2008. One thing I find difficult to get used to in India is seeing children at work.

The young boy who rides a bicycle in the mornings delivering milk can’t be over 13. Same with the kids in shorts and bare feet who clear tables and mop floors in restaurants. The rag pickers who roam the streets and rummage through garbage for plastic and other salvageable items are often children. Children are also employed on farms, in hotels, tea shops, and factories. Many young girls work as maids in private homes. Today’s paper reported that over 10. 5 million children work in India, while 60 million children are neither in work or at school.

The law on child labour prohibits the employment of children under 14 in ‘hazardous’ jobs, which includes domestic, hotel and restaurant work, but it is not enforced and children at work, like the image above, continues to be a familiar sight. Not only are they missing out on a childhood and education, but with no one to fend for them, these children are often subject to exploitation and abuse at the hands of their unscrupulous employers. Many of these children’s parents cannot afford to pay for their schooling, and to make ends meet, they send them to work so that they can bring home a little extra income.

The only way to give these children a future is to send them to school. Some employers of domestic staff are willing to pay for the schooling of their employees’ children. There are also many NGOs working to eradicate child labour by putting working children in school and offering support to families so that their children can stay in school. Some of these organisations include the Lovedale Foundation, the MV Foundation and theParikrma Foundation, and there are many others. The cost of sending a child to school for a year is 7090 rupees (123 EUR / 185 CAD / 179 USD).

For many of us, this is a small price to pay for the future of a child, a family, a country. But it’s only through enforcement of the child labour law, responsibility being taken on the part of employers to respect the rights of children, as well as the responsibility of the government to support education for the underprivileged that the ‘sad spectacle’ pictured above will become a less familiar sight. 26 months ago: An Indian streetchild holds a rose at a traffic light as she waits for commuters in New Delhi, 13 November 2006, on the eve of Children's Day.

Universally, Children’s Day is celebrated on 20 November, every year. This date was chosen as it marks the anniversary of the day in 1959, when the Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. However, in India this day has been preponed to 14 November, the date which marks the birth anniversary of independent India’s first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite a ban on children's labour imposed under the 1986 Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act

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Argumentative Essay On Child Labour Should Be Banned

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• 1. Argumentative Essay On Child Labour Should Be Banned 1. Step To get started, you must first create an account on site HelpWriting.net. The registration process is quick and simple, taking just a few moments. During this process, you will need to provide a password and a valid email address. 2. Step In order to create a "Write My Paper For Me" request, simply complete the 10-minute order form. Provide the necessary instructions, preferred sources, and deadline. If you want the writer to imitate your writing style, attach a sample of your previous work. 3. Step When seeking assignment writing help fromHelpWriting.net, our platform utilizes a bidding system. Review bids from our writers for your request, choose one of them based on qualifications, order history, and feedback, then place a deposit to start the assignment writing. 4. Step After receiving your paper, take a few moments to ensure it meets your expectations. If you're pleased with the result, authorize payment for the writer. Don't forget that we provide free revisions for our writing services. 5. Step When you opt to write an assignment online with us, you can request multiple revisions to ensure your satisfaction. We stand by our promise to provide original, high-quality content - if plagiarized, we offer a full refund. Choose us confidently, knowing that your needs will be fully met. Argumentative Essay On Child Labour Should Be Banned Argumentative Essay On Child Labour Should Be Banned
• 2. Stay Active During Pregnancy Research Nobody likes working out in general, and if you do, you can t say you did not like it when you first began. You start liking it after you started to see results. But how is it any different for pregnant woman? Is there any difference with them? Well of course not, they have a human being growing inside them, but you can definitely improve yourself in other areas. And it will only be easier to look better even after birth. To stay active during a pregnancy, it is very important on having a healthy pregnancy. You want to stay active during pregnancy and keep yourself busy by not being lazy all day so that the extra weight you re gaining, so it doesn t stick with you after giving birth. Doing daily walks to keep excessive fat from accumulating helps for postpartum, another type of exercise is Plie; it helps keep balance throughout the pregnancy. When being pregnant there is people who have a harder time trying to keep balance, they become clumsy . Side lying exercises help with the inner and outer thigh, keeping the muscles working during pregnancy help reduce stretch marks. This and many other exercises. Planking is another way of exercises, is also easier only if you ve been doing planks before being pregnant, know that it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... You do not want to do anything that can place the baby in any type of harm. You want to stay healthy, stay away from dangerous stunts, and not workout more than you are supposed to. How much is too much? Well when you are lifting you do not want to lift more than what you are supposed to, which is 25lbs and occasionally 50lbs. Making sure you BPM is under 140. Not only in exercises is where you have to be careful when pregnant, sudden movements like moving side to side can be dangerous, another workout that is effective but also dangerous is stretching hamstring and touching toes, keep in mind that pregnancy causes joints to be looser so muscles injuries are highly risky during ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 3. Non-Traditional Women In Chaucer s Canterbury Tales Non Traditional Women in Medieval Marriages In Chaucer s Canterbury Tales there are sections that are purely based on marriage, and in these stories a couple of the women are portrayed as being non traditional wives in their marriages. A marriage in medieval England is not like what marriage is today. The wives in both The Wifeof Bath s Tale and The Merchant s Tale are what today s society would expect from a woman or wife. A non traditional wife is someone who wants authority, is outspoken, and sexually active prior to marriage or during marriage; Chaucer s wives do not portray all of these traits. The comparison between these two wives is the result of Chaucer s view on marriageable women. The theme seems to be, starting with The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Through out the whole tale, she was tested by her husband to show if her loyalties were only with him if he take their children away, her love nor patience for him did not falter. The tale ends with her love was still intact even after he revealed his schemes. Chaucer wrote this as a response to the Wife of Bath s Tale , to show a woman that is completely submissive to her husband. Griselda is the traditional medieval wife, she is almost impossible to compete with. Jill Mann, author of Feminizing Chaucer, believes that she the ideal wife as a doormat, a creature without will or feeling of her ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 4. Analysis Of Meditation 17 By John Donne Meditation 17 is a poem by John Donne that reveals his thoughts and beliefs on the world altogether. We see a lot of religion cited in this poem and then we also see a kind of dark side of that which would be death. In this poem, John Donne elevates this poem by the way he structures it as well as the language and situation. The language is so important to understand because it can convey a message that is deeper than just the words. We see a lot of words that very common in this poem however, they are placed in a unique way that most likely someone will have to go back and reread to grasp what is being said. There are many metaphors, analogies and personification used throughout the poem. I believe John Donne does this so that the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... I see John Donne doing the same thing in this poem, the tone is somewhat straight forward and serious, with the narrator having a down speaking tone and somewhat apathetic to the things being conveyed in this poem. And when she buries a man, that action concerns me this is an indicator of the tone being used once again. It is clear that the line is speaking about death, it is pretty common that death is taking seriously and in which we would be serious when speaking on it. John Donne also uses alliterations throughout this poem along with repetition. congregation to come , the church is catholic , are examples of alliteration he used. the action concerns me , for whom this bell tolls are used as repetition. All of these examples are used to help remind the reader what exactly they are reading and gathering from the poem. I think that these all lighten the mood of the poem so it s not total darkness. The structure stands out to me mainly in the fact that there are no stanzas nor paragraph indentions. The poem is a single paragraph, I believe he kept it this way because he states that all mankind is of one author and is one volume . Also, this single paragraph poem could be seen as an essay. When I think of an essay, they have ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 5. The Consequence Of Events In An Earthquake Questions I want to ask: What is an earthquake? The sequence of events in an earthquake. What are the effects earthquakes have on land and people? What is an Earthquake? An earthquake is when the ground violently shakes causing damage and harm to objects, people and infrastructure around it. An earthquake occurs because our earth s crust is divided into big sections called tectonic plates. The gaps separating different plates are called fault lines and plate boundaries and this is where earthquakes are more likely to occur as well as existing plate fractures. A convergent plate boundary often creates earthquakes. During the converging, two plates move towards each other until they collide. When an oceanic plate and a continental plate collide with each other they create a subduction zone. This is because the thinner, dense oceanic plate is over ruled by the continental plate so it slides underneath and creates subduction. This means that a deep sea trench appears near shore and a mountain range can begin to form due to the earth being pushed backwards and building up. An example of subduction between continental and oceanic crust. When two oceanic plates collide a similar thing happens. The older plate will subduct to create a trench of deeper water. The plate begins to melt as it lowers further into the higher temperature. This leads to magma craters which can eventually find their way to surface and appear as a volcanic cone. This plate boundary tends to ignite deeper ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 6. The Lovely Bones Movie Vs Book The book The Lovely Bones is written by Alice Sebold and it is about 14 year old Susie Salmon s murder in December of 1973. The book/movie takes place in Pennsylvania in the early to mid 70 s. One day after school, Susie was walking and decided to take a shortcut through a cornfield to get home quicker. Mid way through the cornfield her quiet, creepy neighbor George Harvey appears out of nowhere and starts talking to Susie about this fort that he made under the cornfield. He wants her to come and see it so Susie and Mr. Harvey go down the ladder and into the underground structure, eventually Mr. Harvey won t let her leave and then he kills her. No one thinks it s him because he tries to stay low most of the time and not talk to anyone. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 7. Rite Of Passage ( 1983 ) Duc Tran ENGL 111 10/7/2015 Rite of Passage (1983) Sharon Olds As the guests arrive at my son s partythey gather in the living room short men, men in first grade with smooth jaws and chins. Hands in pockets, they stand around jostling, jockeying for place, small fights breaking out and calming. One says to another How old are you? Six. I m seven. So? They eye each other, seeing themselves tiny in the other s pupils. They clear their throats a lot, a room of small bankers, they fold their arms and frown. I could beat you up, a seven says to a six, the dark cake, round and heavy as a turret, behind them on the table. My son, freckles like specks of nutmeg on his cheeks, chest narrow as the balsa keel of a model boat, long handscool and thin as the day they guided him out of me, speaks up as a host for the sake of the group. We could easily kill a two year old, he says in his clear voice. The other men agree, they clear their throats like Generals, they relax and get down to playing war, celebrating my son s life. .Introduction/Overview In Sharon Olds Rite of Passage , talk about how the rite of passage, a ceremony of whose definition are a significant transition or an important event or achievement, is seen as having great meaning in lives of individuals; but portrayed by the lives of a mother and son in a twisted and dark way when these events lies on the negative side of society. The poem become darker and more disturbing as it progresses, and the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 8. Joan And The Salic Law Around January 6th, 1412, a girl named Joan was born in a small peasant village. Although her family lived a peasant life they lived comfortably until one day, at the age of 13, Joan started hearing voices in her head that was said to be from saints . The saints urged her to go to the dauphin (the oldest son of the king) and ask permission to lead the fight to go save France from the English that had been fighting for around 60 years before her birth. This war is known as the hundred year war. This war was started because Charles IV of France died without any children so Charles the 8th thought he should be king but Henry the 6th thought he should be the king because of the Salic law. Joan attempted to persuade the dauphin multiple times to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 9. Rhetorical Analysis Walden True to Yourself Henry David Thoreau, an alumni of Harvard University, is considered one of the greatest authors from the 1800s. Although he worked a variety of professions, writing seemed to be the one he enjoyed best. Thoreau even isolated himself in the woods for two years and wrote about it in Walden, which is a text reflecting on simple living. In an excerpt of Walden called Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Thoreau argues that every individual should follow the beat of their own drum. In the beginning of paragraph seven Thoreau believes we should spend one day as deliberately as nature (280). To emphasize his point, Thoreau uses anaphora throughout paragraph seven, repeating the word let several times. Let, a verb, means to not prevent or forbid; allow. By repeating the verb, Thoreau puts great emphasis on the phrases following let . Thoreau wants people to know that they are allowed to live life simply. They are allowed to wake and fast or breakfast, they are allowed to let company come and go, they are allowed to let the bells ring and the children cry. People should ignore what other people think, or want and focus on what they think, or want. Thoreau wants people to elude the little things and focus on the bigger, simpler picture for themselves. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... He uses rhetorical questions to highlight this. If the bell rings, why should we run with the crowd? (280). If people went with the crowd, like birds flying south for the winter, they may never discover what they want, just what the crowd wants. Running with the crowd, a person will never reach their individual goals. To believe in your own thought, to believe in your goals, to believe in yourself, that is going against the crowd. Unable to reach someone else s goals, they need to strive for their own goals. Swimming against the stream, Thoreau isolated himself from society, simplified his life, and discovered ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 10. The Effect of Standard of Beauty toward Pecola in The... The Bluest Eye is taking place around 1940 in Lorain, Ohio. During the year of 1940, discrimination, especially toward African Americans, was still a serious problem. People believe that whiteness is the standard of beauty. The main character, Pecola, who was a nine years old African American, was influenced by how people view beauty. Pecola suffered and felt that she is inferior to others. Pecola believed that having a pair of blue eyes would made people think she is pretty, and would be the key resolving all the problems. What is beautiful? How do people define beauty? People view differently. Usually, we judge people, first, from his or her appearance then to their inherence. It is a common fact that appearance has an indirect... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This concept affected Pecola how she views beauty. Pecola evaluated herself ugly, and wanted to have a pair of blue eyes so that every problem could be solved. Pecola was an African American and lived in a family with problems. Her father ran away because of crime, her brother left because of their fighting parents, and was discriminated simply because she has dark skin. Pecola is a passive person. She is almost destroyed because of her violent father, Cholly Breedlove, who raped her own daughter after drinking. Because of this, Pecola kept thinking about her goal to reach the standard of beauty. However, she was never satisfied with it. Pecola believed once she become beautiful, fighting between her parents would no longer happen, her brother would come back, and her father would no long be a rapist. No problem would exist anymore. Besides the inherent self confident issue, the outside voice from community is also affecting Pecola s view. For example, in the accident when Pecola went into Junior s house, Junior killed the cat and impute to Pecola. His mother, Geraldine, saw Pecola was holding the dead cat. Without any thought and didn t even ask for the truth, Geraldine simply called Pecola a nastylittle black bitch. This event, again, reinforces Pecola s view of what beauty means. Tonis Morrison slightly defined the value of beauty and demonstrated Pecola s desire to be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 11. Periodontal Disease Case Study Based on this patient s history, how would you educate this patient about periodontal disease and the factors contributing to the disease (identify the factors that are contributing to the disease process). Mr. Tosis, after looking at your radiographs and evaluating results of your periodontal evaluation, I concluded that you have gum inflammation and significant bone loss around your teeth. This condition has been going on for many years and it is a slow process. It also explains the gum bleeding that you experience during flossing and also explains the tooth mobility on certain teeth. Unfortunately, this periodontal condition not only effect your mouth but it has negative consequences throughout the whole body. If left untreated, the risks could be loosing your natural teeth and also makes the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Diabetes affects the periodontal condition by feeding harmful bacteria that thrives under your gums with sugars from your blood circulation. With more bacteria attacking your body, your immune system must fight much harder and has less energy to work on other issues like diabetes. Another risk of having this bacteria living in your mouth is that these bacteria enter the blood system and attach to the inner walls of the blood vessels forcing the immune system building a barrier around them and slowly closing up the arteries. When the arteries getting narrower the heart must work harder to pump the blood through and this cause increase in blood pressure. You must be aware of the affect of smoking that cause systemic and oral problems as well. Nicotin from the cigarettes cause constriction in the blood vessels that also increase blood pressure and result in less blood flowing through the gum tissue. When this happens, the immune cells have no access to the harmful bacteria that cause the inflammation in the gums to protect your tissue, and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 12. Child and Youth Development in Canada Background This initiative aimed to teach the parents about the importance of nutrition in child development and ways to improve lunches and long term negative effects on unhealthy eating as proper nutrition is an important part of healthy child development. Newcomers to Canada are faced with numerous challenges, and by targeting the low income immigrant parents we hoped to provide some benefit from the additional information. The initiative was completed through the suggestion of the principal as he reported seeing a growing number of students bringing unhealthy lunches to school with no signs of improvement. With the increased consumption of junk food, the principal mentioned that some behavioural issues such as hyperactivity and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Being a positive role model, the children will be able to develop personal skills, an action that is used in Ottawa charter, and develop social skills and self esteem skills to be emotionally resilient, cope with individual stressful events, and [enable themselves]to avoid risk taking behaviours (Licence, 2004, p.631). As well in the planning phase, my intention on introducing the importance of annual check ups during the developmental stages of life was to enable the parents and let them understand that it is their decision to enhance life skills for themselves and their children. I think we were successful in doing so as we were able to use reorienting health services, part of the Ottawa charter, to reorient and meet the needs of children by addressing the health promotion needs and provide education as a school based intervention (Licence,2004, p.631).With the suggestion from the principal, a sugar demonstration was utilized where we showed how much sugar a can of pop contains. In the implementation and evaluation phase this was deemed popular as this provided the parents with a reminder that they need to be more conscious about what they are buying and feeding their families. Even though the community we worked with was smaller, I believe that we were able to have some impact on strengthening community action, a crucial ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 13. Client And Agency Variables And Contest For Work 1. Client and Agency Variables and Contest for Work a. What is the client s demographic information? Sam Winchester is a 30 year old, middle class, heterosexual, white male. He has his high school diploma, a four year degree from SUNY Oneonta, and has a year and a half worth of law school from SUNY Albany. Mr. Winchester is not married and does not have any children. Sam is currently single and has no potential partners in his life. Mr. Winchester is also an atheist. He has decided to reach out for grief counseling on his own. Before coming into the agency Sam was living out of his car and traveling the country. During the counseling process he was living with a close family friend named Bobby Singer in Norwich, New York. Bobby currently owns a small farmhouse, in the middle of the woods. The nearest neighbor is a mile down the road. Sam refused to call Bobby s house his home, and he still refers to himself as homeless. Sam has no living blood family members at this time that he is aware of. b. What are the agency s mission and your role with the client in the agency? I work for a privately owned agency that was started by a close friend, Tiffany Carr. The agency s name is Viviano Carr Counseling Center. At the Viviano Carr Counseling Center we feel it is our responsibility to engage in grief counseling and any problems that may arise as a result of said grief. Throughout our work with clients we utilize empowerment and strengths based approaches to remind the client that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 14. Impact Of Florence Nightingale On Nursing Florence Nightingale s Impact on Medicine a.Vignette of a hospital pre Nightingale era Imagine a room in a hospital; you are lying on a bed, with linens since your admission, the room is very cold and dark at the same time, without proper ventilation. The bathroom you have does not have proper drainage; outside environment is as noisy as having a construction site as a neighbor. Health care providers come in just for the job and merely not care about you; their hands are not even clean and washed. Imagine these kinds of situation, what kind of environment are you having? Do you a place to heal or a place to die? Since the beginning of Modern Nursing, these scenes are commonly practiced and are usual in a way that it is considered a normal place to rest and be taken care of. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Nursing has been around since the times of the ancient civilizations of Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Nursing today is considered as one of the noblest profession one can have. Who is this lady that helped changed the face of Medicine and whose works continue to serve as practices for the modern times. The woman who transformed and improved the caring profession and created notes and the fundamentals of what Nursing is and what Nursing is not. Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. The Lady with the Lamp is her utmost and chief nickname of all. She was born to William and Frances Nightingale, a wealthy Upper class English family on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. She was named after the city where she was born. She died on August 13, 1910, at the great age of 90. While most people know that Nightingale was influential in the field of nursing, they might not know how much she truly impacted ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 15. Dr. Jenny Crisp s English 98 Class I observed Dr. Jenny Crisp s English 98 class on January 19, 2016. The class began at 12:15 PM and lasted until 1:20 PM. The room that the class met in was on the third floor of the Liberal Arts building, and the room had individual computers for each of the students to work on. The class was divided into two sections on this day because Dr. Crisp had scheduled an introductory visit to the writinglab, which began at 12:45. Prior to the visit to the writing lab, Dr. Crisp guided the class in a discussion on the topic of revision in regards to the first paper that the class had submitted. The stages of revision were discussed and the students were shown where additional help could be found within the book. Dr. Crisp told the students that the reason that their grades on the essays were significantly lower was because the essays were lacking in detail and had Type One errors. She stated that revision is important and that could help bring up the grades on the essays. The students had mixed reactions regarding the subject of revision. Some of the students engaged with Dr. Crisp and began asking questions about how she graded their papers in order to better understand what she was looking for within the essay. The majority of the students in the class were more concerned with Facebook and other programs on their computers than in getting assistance on interpreting the grades received. Dr. Crisp struggled to bring those students into the discussion. Within the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 16. Improving Quality Of Video Content Service Abstract With the rapid growth of technological advancements globally in the field of Cloud computing, there s been a tremendous change in the number of customers accessing the cloud. At this point of time the question which arises is the quality of service i.e. streaming performance provided by cloud service providers which is a factor of bandwidth. The streaming performance is degraded whenever we download video content from the cloud because downloading a high quality or popular video requires large number of peers to combine and then produce the video, for this method the amount of bandwidth is also too high and costly. This paper mainly concentrates on improving the quality of video content service by studying the obstacles faced by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Many of gadgets are totally dependent on cloud for file transfer and storage of data. Not only has it stored the data it also provides the security for the data present in cloud with less cost. The services provided by cloud are Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS), Software as a service (SaaS), Saas users use an application software and databases, the Saas services include Google, YouTube, drives etc(1). The main purpose of this research is the concern we are having towards improving the efficiency of the video content traffic because of its majority contribution in internet traffic. Presently, File downloading based on automotive mode switch (AMS) algorithm, this approach is an effective but video content downloading does not always give good performance (3). When AMS method is used the internet buffering is less but the bandwidth is high and costly (3). Moreover AMS algorithm uses peers in order to provide the requested video by users (3), if the video is so long then it would take more peers in order to provide video, when there are more peers there is no proper scheduling of peers due to which when we want to get some unpopular video the peers provide a low quality video. By using our proposed method we are going to solve the problem of bandwidth and cost because agents provide their bandwidth resources constantly at a much lesser price. With Content Delivery Network (CDN) though ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 17. Barbara Kingsolver s The Bean Trees The Bean Trees, by Barbara Kingsolver, is her first novel, published in 1988. It is a novel that tells the story of a young girl who leaves her hometown to create a new life for herself. Along her journey, she finds a group of friends who offer endless love and support, allowing her to fulfill a happy life. Although she is presented with many obstacles, she is determined to continue her journey, in which she is faced with a lift changing decision. Taylor Greer, the protagonist in the novel, must take on the challenges of motherhood and accept her newfound responsibilities. In the novel, The Bean Trees, the author uses the key literary elements of setting, character development, and theme to create interest in a young woman s journey through life.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The location originates in her hometown of Pittman, Kentucky, in the nineteen eighties. Although this city is non existent in reality, the Kingsolver states, Pittman, Kentucky, the starting point of The Bean Trees, resembles any number of small towns in east central Kentucky where I grew up. I didn t invent its weathered looks, its party line phones, it s inclination to rally around good gossip or a neighbor in need. Those things I described from experience in a real place (Kingsolver, About Writing). Kingsolver weaves her personal experiences into her novel, possibly allowing her to relive past memories. From the city of Pittman, Taylor leaves to create a new life for herself. Taylor s car breaks down, leaving her stranded and helpless in Oklahoma city. While stuck in the city, Taylor feels lonesome, as the city has no signs of any human activity. Taylor states The sight of it filled me with despair. I had never imagined that any part of a round earth could be so flat (13). The setting Taylor experiences is very plain, with nothing in the area. Taylor manages to get her car fixed and continues on her ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 18. Childhood Obesity Is Becoming A Major Public Health Crisis... Introduction Childhood obesity is becoming a major public health crisis in both children and adults. The American Heritage dictionary simply defines obesity as a condition of increased body weight that is due to excessive build up of fat in the body. The CDC (Center for Disease Control), use the BMI (Basal Metabolic Index) and CDC growth charts to determine obesity and overweight in adolescents and children. The BMI for age percentile is determined by plotting the BMI value. Using this chart, obesity is defined as a BMI value that is at or above the 95th percentile for children who are of the same sex and age. Overweight is described as a BMI value at or above the 85th percentile but lower than the 95th percentile. Between the year 2003 and 2006, a National Health and Nutrition study indicated that at least 31.9 percent of both children and adolescents were overweight, and 16.3 percent were obese (Lossing, 2010). The number of obesity has increased significantly over the years causing it to be designated as a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998(Jadavji 2006). Cases of childhood obesity are highest in developed countries. However, there is a steady increase in its prevalence in developing countries also. Interestingly, there are proportionately more overweight girls than boys, especially among adolescents. Childhood obesity has significant consequences on both the psychological and physical health of a child. These consequences include; abnormal ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 19. Progressivism, The And, And The Stock Market Crash In America s pastime, there were many conflicts that continued to help shape America. Citizens were becoming more aware and concerned about how America was managed, as conflict was becoming a regular misfortune for the country. Events such as progressivism, the roaring twenties, and the stock market crash may have seemed like a negative time in the United Statesat face value, but the overall impacts and effects helped establish innovations that still positively influence the lives of citizens today. Progressivism can be loosely defined as a way to progress towards better conditions, which is what many people aspired to do for their country during the Gilded Age. This ideal came about when people began to see poverty become more popular throughout the country, and many blamed the government. Americans believed the solution was to have the government fixed before it could fix other problems. Muckrakers were the first people to articulate progressive ideas by uncovering corruption, targeting government and social problems, and raising awareness through journalism and literature. Herbert Spencer was one man who tested the idea of natural selection through his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Spencer strongly reinforced individualism by applying the theory of evolution and natural selection to human society. He believed society became better because only the fittest survived and those who didn t gradually died. Some industrial leaders began to use ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 20. A Man Told Me The Story Of His Life By Grace Paley Summary A Man Who Never Regret Every people has their own destiny. in the A man told me the story of his life, Grace Paley shows the life journey of Vicente. The character of Vicente has explained trough his behavior. He has to face many things to get his dream. Therefore, Vicente is a smart and good boy who cannot achieve his dream to be a doctor. Vicente was a straightforward boy. Vicente has a dream to be a doctor. He was a seventeen years old boy who being honest to his self and other people. He did not deny that he wants to be a doctor. He also told other people about his dream: Vicente said: I wanted to be a doctor. I wanted to be a doctor with my whole heart. (131). Moreover, he has no intention to conceal that he wants to be a doctor. He was a smart and hardworking. Vicente was kind of boy who tries to do something to achieve his dream. He learned hard to increase his knowledge: I learned every bone, every organ in the body. (131). Moreover, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Vicente cannot achieve his dream. Instead of being a doctor, he cooks for the army and he called his job as a good job: Now you see me. I have a good job. I have three children. This is my wife, Consuela. Did you know I saved her life? (132). he is kind of person who did not regret what he was doing. He was really wants to be a doctor. He used his knowledge to diagnose his wife disease. That is how he can save his wife. He was learned that for something. Because of that, he does not need to regret the fact that he dreamed to be a doctor. He now has a good job in his opinion, that was enough for Vicente to have such a happy life with his family. In conclusion, the writer Grace Paley tell us the story A ManTold Me The Story of His Life to know a man named Vicente who has a dream and capable of reaching it, but he fails to achieve his goals. Vicente was a smart, hardworking, and straightforward. He also becomes a grateful man who never regretting his ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 21. Jason Spezza Essay With training camp a little more than three weeks away, some Dallas Stars players are starting to trickle back into town. Among the early arrivals is veteran center Jason Spezza. The last few weeks of the summer I am always antsy to get back with the guys, Spezza said. I am happy to be in town, trying to get settled and getting ready to go for camp. Spezza described his summer as pretty uneventful. He spent most of it in the Toronto area, relaxing and focusing on family. I ve got the kids, so I like to spend a lot of time at home, stay low key and spend time with them, he said. Enjoy the time away from the game a little bit. He spent time tracking another game baseball and the Toronto Blue Jays, who are pushing to make Major League Baseball s postseason for the first time since they won back to back World Series in 1992 and 1993. I have watched a lot of games on TV this year, Spezza said. We went... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... You sacrifice a month of your time off to go there, Spezza said. Jim did a great job of putting the team together; Todd [McLellan] did a great job of coaching. We just came together as a group; everybody had roles, and we executed. When you win the way we won and the way we played, it was fun to be a part of. I think it is just a great experience when you can go there with your teammates. We know what we did well over there. Everybody had different roles and played in different positions. I think it was a great experience for our three guys because we all contributed in different ways. Spezza is one of a small group of players back in town starting to skate on their own in preparation for training camp, which gets underway next month in Cedar Park. The comfort level is higher than one year ago when Spezza was still settling in after being acquired from Ottawa where he had spent his entire NHL career. And Spezza expects that comfort level to pay off as ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 22. Professional Learning Community Essay A professional learning community (PLC) is a group collaborating together to improve teacher instruction, teacher learning, and student achievement. This improves the quality of living within the community that the members of the PLC work and live in. A PLC has 5 components: Shared Beliefs, Values, and Vision Shared and Supportive Leadership Collective Learning and Its Application Supportive Conditions Shared Personal Practice Theoretically, PLC s cover many topics needed to improve the academic arena as we know it. A PLC can focus attention of a whole group toward accomplishing monumental tasks. They foster collaboration among administrators, teachers, and community stakeholders to achieve a common agreed upon set of goals. The sharing of power between administrators and teachers ensures that everyone has a vested interest in the final outcome of the PLC. The theory behind the PLC allows other stakeholders, such as the community, to decide what the students will learn, how they will learn it, and to what depth they will learn it. Structural factors will determine things like time of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Everyone has to buy into the concept of the PLC. Stakeholders will need to correctly learn and understand the components that are within a PLC. I have witnessed teachers not even wanting to try another fad. These teachers didn t want to learn a new trick because they believe this too would pass. An administrator will need to use academic psychology to garner total support for the PLC. Teachers that are on board will need to have discussions with teachers and community stakeholders that are doubtful with regards to operating a successful PLC. After successful implementation, the members of the PLC will have to consistently meet and adhere to the procedures to guarantee the continual progression of the PLC. This isn t something that one wants to just be a flash in the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 23. David Sheerst Center Case Study Dear Cheri and the West Midwest Grants Committee: I would like to take this opportunity to introduce myself as the new Development and Communications Director for the Br. David Darst Center. I am humbled but excited to assume this leadership role that allows me the chance to help advance the both the mission of the Center as well as the legacy of our namesake, Br. David Darst. As such, I am thrilled that one of my first responsibilities is to extend to you, on behalf of the Darst Center, a most sincere thank you for the years of wonderful support the Sisters of Mercy have given to us. Our organization would not be the vibrant ministry it is today without the critical work we have done together. Your assistance has truly made it possible for us to educate thousands of young people on issues of social justice while encouraging them to see it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This a crucial time for our partnership as the Darst Center continues to balance the growing demands for our programming with the toll it has taken on our available resources particularly that of space and staffing. Although we have a solid plan in place that will allow us to meet this demands, we recognize that we will not be able to move forward without the continued support that organizations like the Sisters of Mercy has so generously provided. It is our hope that the Sisters of Mercy West Midwest Community will continue collaborating with us to provide this important ministry to those who participate in the Darst Center programs. With this letter, you will also find the Darst Center s application materials. Should you have any questions, or if you would like to schedule a visit to the Darst Center, please feel free to contact me at 312.225.3099 or via email at [email protected] Thank you for your ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 24. Emily Dickinson Essay example Emily Dickinson, recognized as one of the greatest American poets of the nineteenth century, was born December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts (Benfey, 1). Dickinson s greatness and accomplishments were not always recognized. In her time, women were not recognized as serious writers and her talents were often ignored. Only seven of her 1800 poems were ever published. Dickinsons life was relatively simple, but behind the scenes she worked as a creative and talented poet. Her work was influenced by poets of the seventeenth centuryin England, and by her puritan upbringing. Dickinson was an obsessively private writer. Dickinson withdrew herself from the social contractaround the age of thirty and devoted herself, in secret, to writing.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Only five poems can be dated prior to 1858, the year in which she began gathering her work into hand written copies bound loosely with thread to make small packets called ?????. She sent these fives early poems to friends in letters or as valentines. One of them was published anonymously without her permission in the Springfield Republican in 1852 ( ). This was the first time any of Emily s writings were published. After 1858, she apparently convinced herself that she had a genuine talent, because now, the packets were carefully stored in an ebony box probably awaiting discovery by future readers or publishers. Perhaps Emily knew that her writing was too far advanced for her time and that her accomplishments would be recognized and given the recognition that they deserved in the future. Publication remained a considerable conflict throughout her writing. A publisher for her writing was never easily arranged. She befriended Samuel Bowles, the editor of the Republican and for four years sent him poems and letters for publication. Because Bowles did not comprehend Dickinson s poems only two were published, and even those were published anonymously. Both poems were heavily edited and given titles that she had not given or was not aware of. Only five other poems were published in her lifetime, each altered by editors. In 1862 Dickinson turned to the literary critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson for advice about her poems. She had known him only through his essays in the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 25. Communication In Aviation Essay Topic: Discuss the importance of communication in aviation and explain how misunderstandings in communication have caused aircraft accidents As the years progress, airplanes have been regarded as the handiest method to experience all the foreign nations since the 1950s. There is no denying that the impact on aviation on human history is vital. Hence, the public anticipates that the industry is approximately perfect. Nevertheless, with the collisions of the past aircraft, it is evident that misapprehending the communication between the air traffic controllers and pilots account for mortal accidents. Consequently, I am going to compare two aircraft accidents in the past and analyze how the tragedy resulted from. The Linate Airport disaster happened on October 8, 2001, miscommunication and Air Traffic Control s unawareness were the major reasons that accounted for the collision at Linate Airport which is one of the busiest airports in Milan, Italy. The runway was surrounded by dense fog, which made the visibility condensed to approximately 656 feet (200 meters). Furthermore, the meteorological condition may also have contributed to the tragedy, combined with factors such as high traffic volume. The Cessna 525A CitationJet 2, D IEVX, arrived at Milan following a flight from Cologne (KГ¶ln). Cessna 525A was to carry out a return flight to Paris Le Bourget, carrying two pilots, a Cessna s sales manager and a prospective customer. The plane arrived at 06:59 and was ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 26. The Motif Manliness In Macbeth By William Shakespeare In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare the motif manliness is expressed in many different ways throughout the play. Manliness is not seen as gender but rather your characteristics and how you act. A man is someone who is courageous, and not afraid of things. They will battle to the death and when something is tough you ll never see them cry. But I must also feel it like a man (4.3.260). In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth wants to get rid of her feminine looks so people will treat her more like a man. She doesn t want to be known as frail and gentle because that s not who she is. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here (1.5.47 48). Lady Macbeth doesn t want to be seen as a specific genderwith specific qualities because as ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 27. What Does Ambiguity Mean In The Things They Carried When a word, phrase, or statement is ambiguous, it contains multiple meanings that can be interpreted in at least two different ways. The use of ambiguity may confuse the reader on understanding the author s viewpoint. However, it can also be used to convey the author s multiple viewpoints through single word, phrase, or statement, thus, allowing the reader to understand the literature in deeper sense of meaning. In the fictional novel, The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien, the word carried carries multiple meanings to each characters based on their cultural and religious background. The term carry throughout the chapter, The Things They Carried, introduces physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual burdens that O Brien s characters had to confront. In the beginning of the novel, O Brien introduces his first character,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... O Brien describes Lt. Jimmy Cross and his other characters to convey the literary meaning of the term carry , then transfers the term into its figurative meaning. In literary meaning, the word carry means to take or support from one place to another, to wear, to hold, to have around, to contain or to be capable of containing, to serve as an agent for transmission, and many more. After the introductory paragraph, O Brien wrote, The things they carried were largely determined by necessity . . . P 38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy, cigarettes, salt tablets, packets of Kool Aid, lighters, matches, sewing kits, Military Payment Certificates, C rations, and two or three canteens of water. Together, these items weighed between 12 and 18 pounds, (2). The military supplies that O Brien lists with estimated weight expresses the physical meaning of the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 28. Essay On Why I Decided To Re-Enlist To fulfill is to bring something to an end;i want to live and with other soldiers and fulfill this war. Soldiers are surprisingly healthy. In February 1778 they had about 8,000 soldiers. I have decided to re enlist for three reasons which are, some soldiers are healthy, more honor, and they needed more soldiers. In the background information it says that at Trenton and Princeton we won. Soldiers used to desert their army and now they need more people. Huts that were at their camping place were only homes for 6 months. Washington also built a village at valley forge. To desert is to leave without telling or asking and nobody knows it. One reason I will re enlist is because some soldiers are healthy. These are times that try men s... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Five Congress Committee was there to help the sick and healthy. At the encampment in February on the 1st of 1778 3,989 were sick. My army needed more healthy soldiers and I will re enlist to help out. My reason is causing me to re enlist because they need more healthy soldiers. On the other hand, some soldiers say they are not re enlisting because it was cold at night. Their point of view makes sense because of no meat, no meat (dr. waldo). However i m re enlisting because some soldiers are healthy; I want to also be honored and they need more men to help with the war. Therefore there are more reasons to re enlist, they are, that some soldiers are still healthy there is more honor, and they need more men. I have decided to re enlist for three reasons which are healthy soldiers, more honor, and more men. Not all, but some soldiers are sick meaning they need more men and I will get more honor. As a reader, you should put yourself in this place and be willing to help others by ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 29. Mamosynthesis Vs Mammography The careers I chose to compare and interview people for were mammography and ultrasound. Mammography is the screening of the breasts to check for diseases/breast cancer. An ultrasound is an exam to check the fetus of pregnant women, they can also check for many different kinds of diseases even breast cancers. Mammography is a type of x ray that uses radiation, the form of radiation used is light or radio waves.There have been three recent advances in mammography, which include digital mammography, computer aided detection, and breast tomosynthesis. I interviewed Kim Eplee for mammography, and I asked, because of the new advances, what is digital mammography? How is it different from conventional (film) mammography? she told me digital mammography ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It uses ultrasonic waves, which is not radiation, and unlike with an x ray or CT scan, there is no ionizing radiation exposure with this test. I interviewed Sharron Luckadoo for ultrasound and since there are many things you can diagnose with using ultrasound I asked, how many different types of ultrasound are there? Is there a limitation to how many types of ultrasounds you can preform or can you be qualified to do all of them? She answered by saying there are many different types of ultrasound. Examples are: fetal ultrasound, abdomen, aorta, breast, pelvic, vascular structures, echos (image of the heart), thyroid, and many more , and No limitations. The more you know and have experience in the better ultrasound technician you are . There are different scans too, so I asked what an ultrasound scan, doppler scan, and what transvaginal scans are, she said An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside your body. It uses sound waves and not radiation , Doppler scans are used to visualize blood or fluids flowing through the body. The sound waves reflect off of moving objects like blood cells and measure their speed as they flow through the body , A transvaginal scan is where the ultrasound probe is actually inserted into the vagina. We use this to evaluate the uterus, ovaries, and pelvic area. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 30. The Pros And Cons Of The Declaration Of Independence What were Thomas Jeffereson s, Alexander Hamilton s, John Jay s, and James Madison s reasons behind the most historical documents? Durning the time period of the Founding Father s the American colonies were barely starting to form a government and it had its flaws and they still had to deal with gaining their independence from Great Britain. In the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jeffereson writes it to give reasons to why the American colonies are going to seperate from Great Britain. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison write the Federalists Papers to try and convince the people of the American colonies to ratify the new constitution. In the Declaration of Independence Jefferson gives logical reasoning and also emtional reasoning through the type of words he uses and in the Federalists Papers they use logical reasoning and their creditbilty to convince the people. When Thomas Jeffersonwirtes the Declaration of Independence he wirtes it to explain why the American colonies will be seperating from Great Britian. He does that by using logos. For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: . This passage explains some of the reasons why they seperate from Great Britain, Jefferson uses actual facts so that Great Britain can t deny it. Through out the entire declaration he uses logos to back up why the American colonies leave. He doesn t want people to think they are leaving just for no reason. In the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 31. Margery Williams When we hear the word, literature, the first thing that comes to mind is Shakespeare, lectures, and books as thick as your face. However, why is it that only works labeled as serious or complex are truly considered as literature? It is safe to say there are other works with just as much literary value as the pieces regularly flung at us on our ever changing day to day basis. The literary canon is a reflection of cultural origin, constantly evolving as a result of political and social changes (Abcarian, Klotz, and Cohen 4). Literature has no concrete format and is the most dynamic part of society; to try and define literature could be quite vexing. It is difficult, not only for the language teacher, but for even the most widely read literary... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Abcarian, Klotz, and Cohen claim theme to be, an underlying idea, a statement that a work makes about its subject. (10) There are two central universal concepts the theme centers in on: the love in a friendship and accepting who you are whilst being proud. In The Velveteen Rabbit, the rabbit befriends two characters: the Skin Horse and the Boy. The Skin Horse explains to the rabbit about the concept of becoming real in the nursery. He treats the rabbit with respect and dignity but not because they were both simple toys; because it is the way you should treat everyone. As for the boy, he and the rabbit become inseparable. Even as the rabbit begins to look worn out, the boy never once looked at the superficial. The boy loved the Rabbit; the rabbit s company to the boy was all that mattered, even when he became ill. Their friendship was so strong that even after the Rabbit became real, he left the woods and he visited the boy one last time. The development of friendship in the story promotes the message that you can overcome anything with the love and support those around you truly give ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 32. Robert Burns Auld Lang Syne Robert Burns covered a large variety of topics in his poems and friendship was no exception to that. Robert Burns talked about being reunited with an old friend of his who had not been near him for a very long time so it was a special occasion. Robert Burns wrote Auld Lang Syne to make a point about how we should make an effort to keep old friendships intact. Robert Burns had a friend who had moved or grown distant with which is something that happens to just about everyone. His message was that we should honor that friend and the good timed that we had with them. In the poem, the two buddies go out for a drink to reminisce the good old times that they once shared. This can be seen in line 7, We ll take a cup o kindness (Burns). So, they ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 33. Phases, Steps, Techniques, And Deliverables 1) Compare and contrast phases, steps, techniques, and deliverables. PHASES: It is a process of a development or a part of the change in the particular cycle. STEPS: It is a part of particular phase which helps to accomplish the particular task. TECHNIQUES: A way of executing or performing a particular task in a cycle. DELIVERABLES: These are the specific documents and files that provide understanding about the project in the development process. Example: When you apply for visa for a certain country, there are several phases that everyone need to go through: collecting documents, applying, and acceptence of visa. Every phase has steps collecting documents includes steps like apply for passport, requesting government documents, . people then use techniques (e.g., surfing websites) those are the different steps (e.g., requesting government documents) to create deliverables (e.g., scheduling and giving a visa interveiw.) 2) Describe the principal steps in the planning phase. What are the major deliverables? The principal steps in the planning phase are, Project Initiation It identifies the value of a particular buisness system. Project Management It creates a work plan, Manages staffing, controls and the procedures defined. The major deliverables are, Requesting a particular task from the system. Checking for a problem and acquiring statement. Giving a buisness case scenario on which the coders have to work on. Checking wheather with all the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 34. Cashier Research Paper My Cashier Career I really enjoy working at Dairy Queen. I complete many tasks throughout my shifts. We cashiers are able to take orders, make ice cream, clean up, and make sure that the customer area stays clean. When I get to work, I clock in first and wash my hands at the hand washing sink. Next, I sign my name in the Red Book and look at the daily chores that need to be completed. Before I start on the chores, I check the screen to make sure that no ice cream needs to be made. If I go straight to doing the chores, I check the ice, make sure the candies are stocked, clean the customer area, and make sure that the condiment station is stocked. Then, during my shift, I take orders and make ice cream. I also work drive thru sometimes, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 35. Native American Art Of Navajo Blanket Weaving Essay Native American Art of the Navajo Blanket Weaving Ingrid Anderson Governors State University Native American Art of the Navajo Blanket Weaving Native Americans are the indigenous people of the North American continent and the cultural traditions and art forms are unique to these regional groups. The people in these groups have several names and the first adopted name Indian by Spanish explorers proved erroneous, however, now accepted names include either American Indian or Native American. I will refer to these groups as Native Americans or by their tribal affiliation. There are diverse tribal groups original to North America who lived on the Great Plains, in the Woodlands, on the Northwest coast, and in the Southeast or the Southwest regions. Various Native American tribes created art forms such as the Apache, Cherokee, Pueblo, and Hopi communities. In my research, I found that the Navajo also contributed in many ways to Native American art through making jewelry, beading, drawing, painting, sculpting, carving, and weaving. These art works provided their tribe notoriety with countless years of experience through their creativity and sense of design , lending to an astonishing volume and variety of artwork which has created a lasting legacy , per NativeAmerican Art.com (2010). Understandably, art comes in various forms and from various cultures, but the Native American Navajo tribe contributed vastly and merits mention for its beautiful contributions. Therefore, I ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 36. Reasons For The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen plan was made started in 1894 by the German Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen in the request of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Von Schlieffen continued making the plan until 1903, then the plan was revised in 1903 later being carried out in 1906, 12 years after he started creating the Schlieffen plan, knowing that he would be attacked from two sides of Germany, Russia attacking from the East and France attacking from the West. Von Schlieffen Created the Schlieffen Plan in 1905 when he was German Chief of Staff. Germany wanted to take out France in the west before Russia could mobilise their troops to attack the east side of Germany, they did this because they were scared that they would be attack from both sides of Germany and be taken off the world map. So they attack France because they felt they were more of a threat as they could mobilise their troops quickly, then Germany would transport their troops through railway tracks to the east to attack the Russian soldiers, therefore having conquered France and defended against the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In doing this Belgium used many techniques to fight off the germans as well as slowing them down. One of the methods was by opening the water gate and trying to drown the Germans out.The Germans were not expecting any resistance from Belgium, but the Belgian army fought the Germans. Members of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) arrived to help, and the Germans were held up at Mons. The Belgians later prevented the Germans from taking the French channel ports by flooding much of their land. UK got involved because Belgium and Britain had a strong alliance dating back to August 3, 1839 when Britain and Belgium signed a treaty of war. If there was no treaty between the two countries Britain wouldn t have gone into the war for most likely a couple more week, or not at ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 37. Holocaust Migration Research Paper Migration: Communist Cleanse World War II: Yet another instance of mass relocation and genocide of an ethnic group. But what about after the Holocaust? In December 1944, Prime Minister Winston Churchill stood on the world s stage and announced the largest forced population transfer in human history the ethnic cleansing of post war Germany (Douglas). Up until the 1970 s or so, resources written in English on this particular involuntary migration were nonexistent; even in Europe, the subject is considered taboo. British, American, and Russian governments officialized the controversial decision to expel between 12 15 million Germans from both their homeland and surrounding countries at the Potsdam Conference in 1945. The allied nations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Most began championing right wing politics, which value tradition... survival of the fittest, and... economic freedom (Nicklin). Others began working peacefully towards the reconstruction of post war Germany and recognizing those displaced all around Europe (specifically Poland). At about the same time the Cold War was getting cold, an increasing number of German expellees began to speak up about their forgotten holocaust. Many created organizations that demanded compensation for their suffering, especially in West Germany. Still, the Allies kept the discussions to a mum; some (such as Czechoslovakia) continued to justify the cleansing as a fit punishment for Nazi crimes and refused to acknowledge the atrocity as anything more. After the fall of the U.S.S.R. and the reconciliation of East and West Germany, the subject became a slightly more open topic. After the Nuremberg Trials in 1945 concluded that forced immigration was a crime against humanity, the issue could no longer be ignored... or so it seemed. Today ethnic cleansing is considered a crime against international law, although some consider the forced expulsion of Germans after WWII to have been a legal procedure at the time (seeing as such crimes were not addressed by the UN Declaration of Human Rights nor the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950). The expulsion continues to make appearances in modern politics, especially in Europe; for instance, a declaration in 1997 by the Czech Republic has effectively closed the topic and attempted to restrict legal claims made by German descendants ( Germans Expelled ). Still, these immigrants, along with their children, continue to try and demand the property confiscated from them during the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 38. Essay About Economic Crisis The current state of the world came to the point when going through the daily news became overwhelming. It is no longer shocking to hear of conflicts and economic crises all around the world. Over the past decade, the world suffered Syrian civil war, Iraqi civil war, Greek government debt crisis, Ukrainian crisis and many other devastating moments. [Dear Reader: Do the examples provided in the end seem redundant? Add more of them to better support the point? ] As human beings, we strive for harmony and balance in life. The chaotic world we live in today significantly impacts us in the ways we may not fully comprehend. For example, according to a researched conducted in 2017, In the USA, figures published in April 2016 showed a suicide... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Since harmony and balance in life grant, the ground for mental stability current world s state stress levels are too high and need to be dealt with. One of the ways to make sure that people keep their mental health in check is to provide an opportunity to have a therapy session at least once a year. Even though nowadays people are more open and understanding towards psychologist services, a certain stigma that prevents many to seek professional help still exists. If such services were required to attend those who needed help or simple consultation would receive it regularly. On the contrary, some may argue that health and especially mental health are individual s personal concerns and they should remain the way. However, from the Golberstein s study, it is clear that not many of the adults especially older adults seek help on their own which results in tragic consequences such as high levels of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and comorbid mood and anxiety disorder (2). As it has been stated in the Bhagavad Gita, [Krishna says] Without discipline, he has no understanding or inner power, without inner power, he has no peace, and without peace where is joy? (Miller 28) In other words, one must find a way to take control of their mind in order to find harmony and live a fuller life. [Dear Reader: What do you think about this paragraph s flow? Does it work with the main idea? Some of the claims ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 39. Disadvantages Of Examination Malpractice Examination has been identified as the most objective method of assessing an individual s capability and achievements and the effectiveness of educational programs. It is also used to determine the effectiveness of a teacher or that of a teaching method. It is therefore a very important aspect of the educational enterprise. It is because of the importance attached to it that people get test anxietywhen there is any doubt regarding the outcome of examination. Covenant University has been faced with a problem which is examination malpractice. The principle goal of university education is to prepare students to get the essential information and abilities to empower them to contribute successfully to national development (National Policy on Education, 2004) This preparation requires occasional assessment and evaluation in form of examinations to determine the level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In the pre examination form, examination questions are obtained before the time of the examination. malpractice consist of impersonation, cheating while examination is happening, giraffe, imitation of results slips, making use of unapproved materials in examination rooms, and outer help by people (invigilators, supervisors, staff and other employed individuals). Post examination malpractice, are those traceable to the staff. Basic structures at this stage include: Re bundling of scripts to incorporate those written outside examination rooms in a joint effort with invigilators/supervisors, giving of money to examiners for a few favors, including re writing the examination, dishonest practices of computer administrators in examination bodies who get money from students to change grades/scores, general sorting , especially with officials of examination bodies and markers to post grades that they never earned or justified. (Joshua, 2008; Ojerinde, in Obo, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 40. Factors That Impact On The Lives Of Children And Young People 1.1A description of the social, economical and cultural factors that will impact on the lives of children and young people. There are many social, economical and cultural factors that impact on the lives of children and young people. In my role as a Young Carer s Support Worker, I work with a number of families living with the consequences of these factors. Every Child Matters (ECM) aims to improve the outcomes and life chances of every child and young person, therefore, it is important we understand and do all we can to help them achieve the 5 outcomes of the ECM, stay safe, be healthy, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, and, achieve economic well being. Personal choice Some families decide not to live or act in a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Poverty A child may be living in a household with a very low income and their family may not be able to afford to provide for their children as they ad hoped. They may struggle to buy enough food, especially health food, to eat, buy clothes to wear or even to provide heating and electric. This can affect their physical and mental health due to poor hygiene and diet. Some children may suffer with low self esteem and low self respect because of the stigma attached to poverty, this can affect them in later life also. Ethnic/cultural beliefs and customs Whilst children and young people should feel proud of their ethnicity, some may experience racism which can have an impact on their self esteem, what they would like to do and their outlook. This factor may affect how they dress, their dietary requirements and socialising. They may encounter discrimination an insufficient equality that can effect their opportunities in life. All settings and staff should show awareness and understanding of their needs. Bereavement and loss The loss of a loved one such as a parent, sibling, grandparent or friend can turn a child s world upside down. Grief can bring all sorts of emotions, upset, sadness, hurt and anger because they are gone and, fear because the child may be afraid of other loved ones dying too. A child can be affected by grief for a long period of time, and this may impact on their emotional and physical ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 41. Critical Analysis Of Throwaway People By Liliana Segura In the article Throwaway People by Liliana Segura, the author talks about a young girl named Trina Garnett who was a victim of many things such as; neglect, abuse, starvation, and even cruel and unusual punishment. There were a couple boys Trina wanted to hang out with (thirteen year old Brian Harvey and six year old Derrick Harvey), but the boy s mom (Sylvia Harvey) would not allow it. Out of anger, Trina had started a firein the boy s house when she was around fourteen years of age. That fire had gotten out of control and ended up killing the two young boys Trina so desperately wanted to hang out with. Trina ended up in the court system charged with murder. The court was a slow and horrific process, especially with the lack of support Trina had, her lawyer did not have any intentions of fighting for her rights and safety. Trina ended up being sentenced to two life terms plus forty years, that is a total of ninety years. The events that happen in our lives have so many effects on our view of the world. While I was reading the article Throwaway People by Liliana Segura, I had many emotions running through my mind, such as anger, sadness, disgust, and hope. The reason I felt this way is because of the things and events that have shaped my view of life and the world. To give you some examples, my father and I didn t have the best relationship he was very strict and old school, I lived a sort of prison /military life. Anytime I would get into trouble or do something impulsive, my father would preach to me about walking away, or thinking before you act. At first, this was very hard, I had no patience and I was very impulsive, but with time I learned and overcame. My father passed away around seven years ago, but still to this day what he taught me and told me sticks in my mind. I became very observant and started to sit back and absorb as much knowledgeabout the situations I was in. It made me realize you need to look at the whole picture of what your viewing, whether it be an article or a person walking down the street. It comes back to that old saying don t judge a book by its cover. My relationship with my father had shaped all my experiences with my friends, family, school and even careers. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 42. Photographic Essay On Remembrance Day Outline My goal for this photographic essay is to capture the emotion and historical significance surrounding Remembrance Day. I intend on attending a number of events this week, including the Ghost Soliders Platoon, Sappers and Shrapnel Art Exhibition, Field of Remembrance and the main ceremony featuring the last post. At these events I will take a large amount of photos from different angles, in an effort to capture the grave feeling of this event in a single picture. I will use a close up shot to reveal the details in the face of a soldier, a low angle shot to uncover the shape of a well known statue and a combination of wide and high angle shots overlooking the poppies at both the field out the front of Pulteney and North Terrace. Through a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... And just like the cliche, it does truly feel like he was a baby only yesterday. What I cannot even begin to imagine is his life if he were at war or was directly affected by it. The title of this piece is called Lost in the woods , and you only need one glance at the baby camouflage jumpsuit to feel your heart pang. This photo didn t need any special lighting or filters. And despite the dark meaning hidden in the khaki bassinet sheet, this image is perfect the way it is, centre third, close medium shot. Picture (last) We Will Remember Them Every year, on the 11th day of the 11th Month at 11 am we pay our respects. We do not mock those who returned with disabilities, we won t turn away from those suffering now, and we will never, nor will we ever forget those who are gone. Unlike the previous photos, this image isn t positioned in any particular way or with any kind of purposeful lighting. It is instead as raw as it gets, a picture of a shrapnel barrel with 4 very significant words, that provide everything you need to know about the aftermath of war. With this image I leave you with one thought; We Will Remember. Australian War Memorial ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 43. Strategy and Eden Bay Please read the TOWN of EDEN BAY case study on pages 91 92 of your textbook and answer the 4 questions listed at the end of page 92. Make sure to properly justify your answers. 1. Upon investigation, you learn that the town does not have a strategic plan or mission statement. in your view, does this affect the current situation? Why or why not? * In my point of view, I think yes without a strategic plan this might affect their current situation; because having a spreadsheet this make their work more difficult for them. Having a strategic plan is very important because it helps them to provide direction and focus for all employees. Also, to have a strategic plan you can follow it in order to achieve the goal that you plans for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... * The threats of Town of EdenBay could be the other private companies that might effect on them. 3. Describe the specific steps you will follow during a preliminary investigation, including any fact finding techniques you will use. Be sure to include the tools mentioned in this chapter. (Hints: For Question 3, Refer to the general steps of preliminary investigation (listed in figure 2 17, page 72) and the discussion that follows.) One of the first steps involved in carrying out a preliminary investigation include understanding the problem or opportunity in sight. The analyst must first identify which department, users and business processes the system request is involved in to evaluate and assess the causes and effects related in the proposed system. Defining the project scope and constraints is the second step. With clear indications of the projects boundaries or extent the project scope is determined, while the requirements or conditions the system must confer to or achieve determine the projects constraints. The third step in a preliminary investigation consists of fact finding techniques, that involve the analyses of charts, interviews with users, managers and review of documents , observing operations and finally user surveys. Followed by the fourth step that includes the process of evaluating feasibility. This step consists of evaluating the feasibility of the proposed projects operational, technical, economical and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 44. Differences Between Wine from Burgundy and That from Bordeaux Differences between Wine from Burgundy and that from Bordeaux These two types of wine come from France. Red wines are very popular in European countries. In the article History of Red Wine , Coffey discuss the history of Red Wine. In the early decades, European explorers travel around the World with their own winebecause they really love red wine. Since then, the history of red wine infiltrates the history of many European countries. Today, red wines are worth in its healthiness and popularity that brings to us. In 6000BC places between Europe and Asia, are famous for the production of red wine. Grapes that used to make red wines are brewed by Egyptians and Romans and make their wine to 25 years old. The wines are shipped from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... For Bordeaux Wine, the best dishes would be Oysters, Pauillac Lamb and Duck with mushrooms. (terrior 2013). When talking about the Burgundy wine, we should explore the history of it. Like Bordeaux blend wine, the history is also related to Ancient Rome. In the Ancient Rome, people from Augustodunum travelled a very long distance to plant vine along the south slope of the Saone River Valley. (Cogan 2012) People started to develop skills and technique in making wine and the way to marketing it. Moreover, this continuing development has built up an international reputation in the 19th century. A few of the most exciting wines in the world come from Burgundy. The region produces two of the most popular wines in France: Beaujolais and Chablis. (Cogan 2012) As we can see that the Burgundy Wine is also a very famous type of wine. The region of Burgundy cap in both red and white wine. Burgundy wine grape is grown in a mixture of limestone and clay. There are two major grapes that make Burgundy wine, they are Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Like Bordeaux wine, Burgundy is also known as the king of French Wine The tasting of Burgundy wine is so much different from the Bordeaux. When tasting the Burgundy, people can feel the perseverance and power, which is much different from very soft feelings. (Burgundy 2011) When doing comparison with Bordeaux wine, Burgundy wine is not as famous as Bordeaux wine. The reason for that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 45. Biblical Allegory In William Golding s Lord Of The Flies William Golding, author of Lord of the Flies, once said, man produces evil as a bee produces honey. While humans are capable of being good and bad, Golding believes that a human s natural instinct is evil. No matter how good someone will try to be, falling to evil is easier than it is to be good. In Lord of the Flies, Golding explores this idea of good versus evil by depicting a group of boys stranded on an unknown island. Ralph, a boy elected as chief, tries to maintain a sense of civilization on the island. Jack, the novel s antagonist, leans towards the idea of savagery and the worst of human would behave in survival. Through this novel William Golding shows that a humans natural response is cruelty. William Golding s Lord of the Flies can be interpreted as a multifaceted biblical allegory that is meant to show, through the depiction of the island and its characters, the sinfulness of humankind. More specifically, the story can be seen as an allegory for Adam and Eve, Jesus and the devil s temptations, and the Biblical end of times. Lord of the Flies is a microcosm representation for the Garden of Eden in the Bible. In the beginning of the novel, the boys describe the island as a beautiful place saying, It was clear to the bottom and bright with efflorescence of tropical weed and coral (Golding 12). This part of the novel is similar to the story in the Bible of Adam and Eve. Many characters represent an important part of the story of Adam and Eve. In the Bible, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The island represents the Garden of Eden, the fire at the end of the novel represents God s promise to bring fire back on the world, and the book shows that a human s natural impulse is evil. William Golding believes that humans are naturally bad people and shows this ideology throughout his novel. The island shows that there can be evil in something ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 46. William Gibson s Neuromancer, And The Matrix William Gibson s Neuromancer, and The Matrix by The Wachowskis both depict a society in which humans are under constant manipulation by indispensable machines. In Neuromancer, the protagonist Case is indirectly manipulated by a powerful Artificial Intelligence named Wintermute. In The Matrix, majority of the human population lives within a computer simulated world, run by machines. However, both storylines ultimately depict the fact that manipulation takes origin within the individual rather than another entity, as both protagonists are frequently manipulated due to flaws in their own character. These character flaws are not individual, rather, they are representative of all humans. Thus, Neuromancer and The Matrixboth demonstrate the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In both instances, the audience is intentionally lead by false interpretations, as to prove that individuals are constantly being manipulated unbeknownst to them. Neuromancer demonstrates this omnipresence of manipulation, as the audience is controlled by the author himself. Throughout the novel, Gibson s distinct word choice not only encapsulates the audience, but also forces the novel to be read from a certain perspective. For example, Gibson describes the atmosphere of Ninsei, by saying By day, the bars down Ninsei were shuttered and featureless, the neon dead, the holograms inert, waiting, under the poisoned silver sky (Gibson 7). Gibson could simply have stated that the street was dark, and the sky was cloudy. However, he makes the conscious effort of wording the sentence with metaphors, and analogies in order to convey the cynical perspective from which the audience is to observe the story. The impact of word choice is shown again in The Matrix, as an agent justifies its horrific intentions by saying Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet. You are a plague, and we are the cure (The Matrix). The agent is able to rationalize its intent, through the use of euphemisms. Similar to the characters of both the novel and the movie, the audience is manipulated, by the author, because they are unaware. Manipulation is a result of human ignorance; individuals who are unaware of their society, are prone to manipulation. In Neuromancer, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 47. Functionalism In New York City New York City can be described as an infrastructural flux, a back and forth conflict between its modern day technological advancements and its architectural remnants. Its modern day infrastructure a fusion that bridges together different eras of technological innovations plays an important role as a physical record, or contextualization, of how New York Citydeveloped into the iconic metropolis it is today. Kate Ascher s The Works: Anatomy of a City uses the idea of functionalism to explain the complexity and intrinsic design of New York City s infrastructure, especially the function of streets as the foundation for the rest of the city s buildings and infrastructure and protection for underground facilities, such as New York City s plumbing and electrical systems, and the subway system. An inconspicuous, but crucial infrastructure that supports everyday life in New York City is its simplistic, grid pattern streets. Streets not only provide a clear separation for pedestrian traffic, or sidewalks, and the rest of the city s traffic, or roads, but they also, through the Grid Plan, create a systemized map of New York City. With each street and avenue numbered or named, the distinction between streets allows traveling from one location to another to not only be convenient, but also highly systemized to reduce confusion. For example, walking northward, or in the direction of increasing street number, on University Place can take you directly from NYU s campus to Union ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 48. Reflection Paper On Golf Carts As a teenager, hearing our parents tell us no to doing something enjoyable due to it being unsafe is a huge heartbreaker . We seem to think we are invincible and that our parents know absolutely nothing. January 1st of 2015, I learned that maybe, just maybe, our parents are actually looking out for us. We should probably listen to them when they tell us to not ride a golf cart at 1 A.M. on a freezing cold winter night. My day started off just as it usually does, I wake up and go straight to the kitchen for my morning cup of hot chocolate. I knew that this day was going to be fun, it was New Year s eve. My grandparents were having a familyparty that night. I have a very close relationship with all of my family so seeing everyone together again was extremely exciting. We got to my grandparents house around 7 P.M. Most of my family arrived earlier so, I went off to see what my cousins were doing. I found them in the backyard driving rampant on my grandfather s new golf cart. I probably should have taken this as a sign to not get on, but everyone else was doing it so I decided I should just do it too. Our parents eventually told us it was getting too late and to come inside. After watching the ball drop, My cousins and I decided to take my grandfather s golf cart for one more ride. Our parents told us that it was too late, too cold, and we shouldn t be going. We had the bright ideato go against what our parents had just told us and told them we were going outside to play basketball. We got outside to find that the keys were still in the ignition from the excitement we experienced earlier that day. My cousins, Blake and Hannah, got in the front seat while I got in the backseat along with my other cousin Hillary. We started our ride off with a trip down the driveway and quickly picked up speed, way faster than we expected. As we got towards the end of the driveway, Blake decided it would be a good idea to make a sharp left turn. This caused the golf cart to flip. As we were flipping, I could see Blake and Hillary jump off while Hannah and I were somehow thrown under the golf cart. Hannah ended up getting lucky, only her ankle was caught under a metal bar and she was able to easily get out. On the other hand, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 49. A Brief Note On The And The Legacy Of The Crusades SOLDIERS OF THE CROSS: THE LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES William Q. McCardle Liberty University Online CHHI 301 B05 October 6, 2014 On a late November day, in the year 1095, the leader of the Holy Roman Catholic Church delivered a sermon that would forever change the face of Europe. Pope Urban II roused those in attendance at the Council of Clermont to take up arms and fight for a noble and just cause. I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ s heralds to publish this everywhere and to persВ¬e all people of whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it . When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out It is the will of God! It is the will of God! . When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them. Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 50. The City Of Greater Shepparton City of Greater Shepparton is situated 191 km away from Melbourne and in Northern Victoria it is a large city. The population is about 230,000 with major industry, hence providing employment and service. Therefore agriculture is a favourable and major production area. It is forecasted agriculture will play a significant role in the development and growth of northern Victoria. Recent years the region was affected with a range of challenge in drought, flood, and implementation of Murray Darling Basin Plan. Although the region has faced difficulties there has been continues growth across all major industries. As it is located in the centrally location, with affordable real estate, extensive business opportunity. It has been one of the exponentially growing region. An outstanding opportunity to reform Greater Shepparton into Central Business district (CBD) into a modern, lively and desirable for everyone to lie. For achieve Greater Shepparton City Council has recommended a coordinated program of improvements known as the Shepparton CBD Revitalisation Project. The Shepparton CBD Revitalisation Project has three key infrastructure projects as follows: 1. Vaughan Street and Maud Street Redevelopment There are four sub projects in Vaughan Street and Maude Street Redevelopment. In December 2013 the first sub project was completed. It mainly concentrated on the Vaughan Street Corio Street to Maude Street Improvements. The other ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 51. Essay on Ambiguity in Reason in Orlando Furioso Ambiguity in Reason in Orlando Furioso Ariosto addresses an underlying battle between reason and lust in Orlando Furioso, similar to the clash between duty and desires in Vergil s Aeneid, yet opposite in interpretation. Vergil presents the message that duty overpowers desires, while Ariosto shows the opposite effect when he equates reason, rules, and authority with duty, and love, passion, and lust with desire. The mettlesome charger represents Lust that will not stop fighting to obtain its goals and cannot be gently coerced from its direction. Reason rarely overcomes Lust after it is set into action; once it is tasted it cannot be forgotten. Bradamant is torn between lust and reason when she must choose between her desires ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Later, Rinaldo can no longer keep his promise to Ruggiero, and he blames Aymon for this failure. He denounces his father and shuns filial respect. Aymon ignores Rinaldo s pleas and [means] to dispose of his daughter as he [pleases] (44.75). Clearly, Aymon sees Bradamant as a piece of property. He wants to gain money and a good name to honor his family through Bradamant s marriage. He does not care whether or not love kindles between his daughter and the man she will spend her life with; he only seeks control over his daughter and the situation. Even though Rinaldo is acting against his father, therefore defying his duties and authority, his innocent intentions justify his action while Aymon s actions display his self centered motives. Beatrice hates Rinaldo s actions even more than Aymon does and declares her son arrogant. She openly stands against a union between Bradamant and Ruggiero and tries to use her power to get what she wants, a marriage between Bradamant and Leo. She assumes that Bradamant s ambitions match her own and encourages her child to choose death over a penniless knight (44.38). If Bradamant acts otherwise and follows Rinaldo s plan, Beatrice [will] never more own her for a daughter (44.38). Beatrice s reasoning is based solely on greed; she wants Bradamant to submit to her own desires and ideas and focuses on gaining wealth when choosing Bradamant s husband. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 52. Natives and Self-government Essay Natives and Self government From the moment of organized European appearances in North America, negotiation has been a central characteristic of relationships between aboriginal residents and newcomers. It is a characteristic that has been evident in treaty making throughout Canada for more than three hundred years and it continues to be the order of the day in modern treaties, claims and agreements being negotiated with First Nations, Inuit, and MГ©tis across in Canada. 1 One of the central issues in the negotiations over the past three decades has been the question of aboriginal self government, which has taken second place only to comprehensive land claims negotiations in areas where no treaties have been signed to date. VIEWS OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Among academics, political leaders, and government representatives differences of opinion and concern abound: differences about the most beneficial structure of self government, about who controls what, about when self government should be implemented, about whether or not a true form self government can ever be achieved. Those who are critical of current forms of aboriginal self government view them as little more than convenient arrangements that allow aboriginal people administrative responsibility for services which are ultimately controlled by the federal or provincial government.3 They argue that self government is essentially glorified municipal government; arrangements which are far from the ideal of a third level of government equal in legislative and financial authority to the federal and provincial governments.4 Self government proposals also have their critics among the very people for whom it is intended. For example, Inuit women have objected to many parts of the Nunavut agreement mainly because of concerns about an emphasis on conventional southern Canadian notions of resource management. They also had concerns and about an emphasis on the economic, social and political roles and issues for men at the expense of those of women in Nunavut (Inuit Women‰s Association, 1993). In ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 53. U.s. Foreign Policy During The Middle East For over the last two decades the Middle East has gradually gathered attention and has come to the forefront of U.S. foreign policy. The focus on this region began primarily after the attacks on the two World Trade Center s in New York City on September 11th, 2001. Iraq was the initial target in the response to the devastating tragedy. This response involved an indefinite occupation with the intention of eliminating weapons of mass destruction , with intelligence under the Bush Administration allegedly confirming their existence. As this undeclared war on Iraqtook place, U.S. foreign policy was initiated. It consisted of bringing down an authoritarian regime and establishing democracy within the state of Iraq, along with decimating any potential threats to the U.S. homeland. The major threat lying with terrorist organizations in the region such as Al Qaeda, who were to blame for the 9/11 attacks on U.S. soil. Eventually the deployment of troops into Iraq was left without any particular cause, due to the revelation that Saddam Hussein s regime had no possession of any nuclear weapons. And as U.S. troops struggled to figure out exactly what they were fighting for, an insurgency began to emerge. Is the U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East the cause of insurgency in the region along with the eventual formation of militant groups such as ISIS? The policies carried out by the United Statesconsisted of establishing order and democracy in a state while also preventing any ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 54. King Louis Xvi Research Paper King Louis XVI was born in the castle of Versailles on August 23, 1754. His Real name was Louis Auguste de France. He was the third son of Louis his Father. His mother was the daughter of the king of Poland Frederick Augustus II. Louis Grew up strong, and healthy. With him being a healthy young man, he enjoyed physical activities like hunting and wrestling. He was also tutored by French noblemen. It is said that Louis took courses in astronomy, geography, Latin, and history. As a young man locksmithing became a life long hobby for him. He could speak the Italian and English language very well. In 1765 at the age 11 Louis father passed away due to tuberculosis. 3 years later Louis mother had passed away due to tuberculosis also. 5 years later, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 55. Lou Gehrig Biography There are some people who are fortunate enough to hit a home run in their game of life. But in his usual fashion, Lou Gehrig hit a huge grand slam in his. And to this day, number 4 in pinstripes is one of the most influential baseball players to ever play the game. Lou Gehrig was the son of German immigrants. He grew up as a very shy momma s boy in the Upper East Side of New York city. His mother, Christina Gehrig, was extremely hard working and wanting the best for her family. She had a passion to ensure Lou had an education so perhaps he could become an engineer. She wanted him to get out of the series of poverty the she and her husband lived through. She always insisted that hard work was the answer to success in America. Lou followed in his mom s footsteps, and became a very hard working individual. In school, for instance, he was so proud of his perfect attendance that he wouldn t allow any sickness to cause him to miss school. He was born big, uncoordinated, and not a natural baseball player. (Lou Gehrig UXL Biographies) Lou Gehrig is a noteworthy subject because he was a great role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... After his career ended, the Yankees decided to retire his number. In 1939 Gehrig was unanimously voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame and skipped the mandatory waiting period. Before his last game he delivered a farewell speech that people still quote today. In his words: I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. And I might have been given a bad break, but I ve got an awful lot to live for. Lou was always thankful for what he had. And his statistics never really showed who he was. It s the human being that showed the real him. David Noonan of Sports Illustrated wrote, Lou Gehrig one of the greatest baseball players who ever lived, is best known for the way he died. (Lou Gehrig Encyclopedia of World ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Child Labour Should Be Banned Essay

Show More According to UNICEF, about 158 million children aged 5 to 14 were engaged in child labour, 2015, 60% of these being in South Asia. In India, one out of every 7 children are can be classified as a child labourer, according to the UN. There are different kinds of child labour, the most common form is within the household with children assisting with household chores and in agriculture. But it is also common with children working in factories, on the street or as domestic staff. In Russia and central Asia, many children work on the street; washing cars, polishing shoes, selling flowers, gum or newspaper. In India, Pakistan or Nepal, child labour is more common in factories producing fabric, clothes and shoes. Child labour could include working …show more content… For example, some people don’t have any income whatsoever, so for their children to work will be their only option, and way to survive. An example of this is the book “Behind the beautiful forevers”, where the main character, Abdul, who is about 15 years old, is the main income of the household, and without the possibility of him working, the entire family of 11 people wouldn’t make it. His brother is able to go to school , and possibly get a real job later. Banning child labor would negatively affect most companies that use child labor, which would decrease the number of exports that the country makes, which could negatively affect the country’s economy. This is because being able to hire children means that the costs are lower, so more people can be hired and more products can be produced, which means more products can be exported. Also, children have certain characteristics that may be necessary for certain jobs, for example they have small hands so they can reach into small spaces. So if child labor is legal for a while longer, it could benefit the country’s economy, which could benefit the people in the long …show more content… Of course all children in the world should have the right to a real childhood , good education and safe upbringing. But the reality is much more complex than that. With no income, little or no family and a daily survival on top of the list, it’s easy to understand why a job is better than nothing. At the same time, if all children in the world were given the same status, regardless of where they were born and live, we would not see children as “available workers” only today but instead a “valuable future resource” for each country. With well educated, safe and ambitious young people as a resource, any country in the world would be able to develop and thrive. The short term thinking that permeates the exploitation of children is also the one that is stopping many countries from long term sustainable development. In my personal opinion, the fact that people are even discussing whether brutal forms of child labour is good or not is very sad. I think that it goes without saying that innocent children don’t deserve to be harmed in this

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Child Labour Should Be Banned

Essay by fiona_jones ,  Junior High, 9th grade ,  January 2007

download word file , 3 pages download word file , 3 pages 4.4 7 votes 4 reviews

For many of us it is hard to imagine what it would be like growing up, having to work from the age of five and not being able to go to school. 'Child Labour' is defined by the United States Department of Labour (DOL) as 'the employment of boys and girls when they are too young to work for hire; or when they are employed at jobs unsuitable or unsafe for children of their ages' It is not something we are too familiar with ourselves, living in a wealthy country, but the fact is that there are many Third World countries out there where the economy and living conditions are so bad that children have to work in unsuitable and unsafe situations. There are certain charities that help, but that it is. Not enough is being done to stop child labour. It is very wrong and should be banned thought out the world and looked at as a disgrace.

Figures from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) show that 218 million children aged between five and seventeen are involved in child labour worldwide. That means globally one in six children work. This is an extremely large number. Around 150 million of the 218 million are involved in what is know as 'worst forms' of child labour, which include work such as forced labour, slavery and sexual exploitation. Many are forced to work without access to the toilet or drinking facilities - this is against human rights.

Child labour of course is different through out the world. Financial it may be necessary for a family to send their children to work to then be able to get food. Sometimes it can even be a situation of life and death if a child in a family does not work. Other times it may...

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Reviews of: "Child Labour Should Be Banned" :

Makes sense.

The essay certainly makes sense. I most certainly did learn more about child labour =D

1 out of 1 people found this comment useful.

Pretty Good

Was a pretty good article considering the grade level. A few minor errors however content of subject matter was good.

Thought Provoking

This essay is indeed thought provoking. Very often children in our countries have their basic needs and many people look over the phenomenon of Child Labour that occurs in poor coutries.

Very Informative

Very Informative essay some good facts and figures and well referenced.

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Child Marriage — Protecting Childhood: Child Marriage Should Be Banned

Protecting Childhood: Child Marriage Should Be Banned

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Child labor

In many countries young children are forced to work to help ensure their families' survival. Experts say child labor should not be banned in general because it always depends on the circumstances.

Recently, German newspaper headlines read: "Politicians demand 35 hour work week for children and youths". Students shouldn't work more hours than adults, Martin Patzelt and other Christian Democratic politicians warned.

His comments came in the wake of a debate on the fact that children and youtng people today often spend as much time with school-related work as adults in full-time jobs. A 2012 opinion poll conducted by Germany's Children's Aid Organization and Unicef found that students spent about 38.5 hours per week with school-related issues, a figure that rose to 45 hours in grades 9 to 13.

The German debate may seem odd in many countries worldwide, where children work to make a living and not to further their education.

According to the UN's International Labor Organization (ILO), 168 million boys and girls worldwide work on a regular basis. 85 million children are employed in "hazardous work" toiling in dangerous places, such as quarries or commercial plantations, and they often work long hours, at night, or are treated like slaves.

Good child labor, bad child labor

Child labor is particularly widespread in Asia, Africa and Latin America – wherever great poverty prevails. Aid organizations, like Terre des Hommes, are committed to child and family welfare, but surprisingly enough, they say banning child labor altogether is not helpful. They argue that it is important with child labor to differentiate between exploitation and non-exploitation.

"We try to strengthen and support children who work under non-exploitative conditions so they can improve their own marketing and make more money more quickly, which in turn gives them more time for school or leisure," says Barbara Küppers, head of the children's rights department at Terre des Hommes.

Küppers points out that there are regions all over the world where children don't suffer from helping provide for their families, for instance in rural areas. In that case, work means slowly learning how to pitch in, learning how plants grow, how to harvest them and how to achieve a goal in cooperation with others, she says. "Those are very positive aspects of work," she says adding, however, that such work must be accompanied by a school education all the same.

Young farm hands

Manfred Liebel, a political scientist at Berlin's Technical University and adviser to the Union of Boy and Girl Workers of Bolivia (UNATSBO), has a ready example. "Indio traditions play a large role in Bolivia and includes making children participate in work at a young age," the expert explains, adding that harvesting and fishing play a significant role.

In Germany, too, children routinely help out during harvest time. The fall break in the school calendar is actually called "potato break" in many regions because students had to help their families harvest the potatoes.

However, Barbara Küppers warns of romanticizing child labor. You can't condone exploitation because of how things were always done in certain cultures, she says. "You must speak to the children and find out what you can do with and for them."

Modern slavery

In India, the so-called sumangali system is a modern form of slavery deeply entrenched in society. Young girls – usually members of the lowest caste – are employed as apprentices with a contract over several years in spinning mills and manufacturing shops. The contracts are often not signed with the actual textile company but with intermediaries who recruit the girls from the surrounding villages. The parents receive a sum of money they put aside for their daughters' future dowry, which they owe the groom's family. The girls work for a pittance in the factories, and without any contact to the outside world.

Exploitation and modern forms of slavery don't only affect children, however. They can be found wherever a need forces people to accept even the worst forms of employment. The negative aspects of child labor can only be prevented effectively if exploitative work in general is challenged, Barbara Küppers says.

Consumers should consider

"Many things offered for sale in Germany were produced by exploiting people - adults and children alike," Küppers says, adding that consumers bear part of the responsibility. "Obviously consumers can pay attention to buying fair trade products wherever possible."

Both the three-euro T-shirt and the trendy but expensive smart phone are usually the result of work under degrading conditions. "Many people are surprised to learn that there is a massive amount of slave labor in the cell phone industry," Küppers says.

But there are positive developments, too. According to the ILO, child labor has declined by one third since 2000, and the trend continues.

The next steps are no secret, says ILO Director-General Guy Ryder.

"Social protection, along with universal compulsory, formal, quality education up to at least the minimum age for work, decent work for adults and youth of working age, effective laws and strong social dialogue - all this together provides the right response to child labor."

Explore more

South asia is home to highest number of child brides, unicef: governments must do more to protect the rights of children, ilo: 'child labor in decline, but worst forms persist'.