case study about globalization in the philippines

The Globalisation Experience and Its Challenges for the Philippine Economy

2  citations

1  citations

492  citations

View 3 reference excerpts

"The Globalisation Experience and It..." refers background or result in this paper

... 17 Bourguignon (2004). ...

... According to Bourguignon (2004), both growth and inequality changes play a major role in generating changes in poverty. ...

... According to Bourguignon (2004), both growth and inequality changes play a major role in generating changes in poverty. He explains that, over the medium run, distributional changes may be responsible for sizeable changes in poverty and in some instances, these changes may even offset the favourable effects of growth. This was supported by a study conducted in the Philippines by Reyes and Tabuga (2011), in which they found that, while the rate of growth matters a lot in poverty reduction, the redistribution of income also matters. ...

284  citations

View 1 reference excerpt

"The Globalisation Experience and It..." refers background in this paper

... …has no significant impact on poverty, although OF remittances can help reduce poverty.16 It is worth noting that, while there is evidence that higher rates of growth can reduce poverty (Dollar et al (2013)), if GDP growth is accompanied by an increase in inequality, this could still worsen poverty. ...

54  citations

View 2 reference excerpts

... These OF remittances have also supported the Philippine economy during normal times and crisis situations in the past, and this is expected to continue in the future (Ang et al (2009)). ...

... …to EMEs, which have been increasingly tapping OF services and skills.10 The profile of Filipino migrants has also changed from mostly middle and lower skilled workers (1970s) to professional workers (1990s) as well as services (2000s and 2010s) and production workers (2010s) (Ang et al (2009)). ...

39  citations

"The Globalisation Experience and It..." refers background or methods in this paper

... This attribution is based on three observations of Iakova (2007). ...

... This attribution is based on three observations of Iakova (2007). First, strong international competition constrains businesses from increasing prices when demand rises. ...

38  citations

View 5 reference excerpts

... 16 As in the poverty regression model in Bayangos (2015). 17 Bourguignon (2004). 18 Dudley (2017). 19 BIS (2017b). ...

... 16 As in the poverty regression model in Bayangos (2015). 17 Bourguignon (2004). ...

... 16 As in the poverty regression model in Bayangos (2015). 17 Bourguignon (2004). 18 Dudley (2017). 19 BIS (2017b). Other central banks, however, conclude that trade liberalisation reduced earnings discrepancies, while others stress that skill-biased technological change, and not trade globalisation per se, is responsible for divergence. ...

... In recent years, the BSP and the banks themselves have adopted various measures to encourage OFs to channel remittances through the financial system, following improvements in international money transfer technology (Bayangos (2012)). ...

... 16 As in the poverty regression model in Bayangos (2015). 17 Bourguignon (2004). 18 Dudley (2017). ...

Related Papers (5)

Trending questions (3).

Globalization in the Philippines has positively impacted economic growth and employment. However, its effects on inequality and poverty remain inconclusive, with winners and losers in industries and the labor market.

The provided paper does not specifically discuss the impact of modernization on the economy of the Philippines.

The specific negative effects of foreign artists and films on the local film industry in the Philippines are not mentioned in the provided paper.

Ask Copilot

Related papers

Related topics

The Philippines economy in 2024: Stronger for longer?

The Philippines ended 2023 on a high note, being the fastest growing economy across Southeast Asia with a growth rate of 5.6 percent—just shy of the government's target of 6.0 to 7.0 percent. 1 “National accounts,” Philippine Statistics Authority, January 31, 2024; "Philippine economic updates,” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, November 16, 2023. Should projections hold, the Philippines is expected to, once again, show significant growth in 2024, demonstrating its resilience despite various global economic pressures (Exhibit 1). 2 “Economic forecast 2024,” International Monetary Fund, November 1, 2023; McKinsey analysis.

The growth in the Philippine economy in 2023 was driven by a resumption in commercial activities, public infrastructure spending, and growth in digital financial services. Most sectors grew, with transportation and storage (13 percent), construction (9 percent), and financial services (9 percent), performing the best (Exhibit 2). 3 “National accounts,” Philippine Statistics Authority, January 31, 2024. While the country's trade deficit narrowed in 2023, it remains elevated at $52 billion due to slowing global demand and geopolitical uncertainties. 4 “Highlights of the Philippine export and import statistics,” Philippine Statistics Authority, January 28, 2024. Looking ahead to 2024, the current economic forecast for the Philippines projects a GDP growth of between 5 and 6 percent.

Inflation rates are expected to temper between 3.2 and 3.6 percent in 2024 after ending 2023 at 6.0 percent, above the 2.0 to 4.0 percent target range set by the government. 5 “Nomura downgrades Philippine 2024 growth forecast,” Nomura, September 11, 2023; “IMF raises Philippine growth rate forecast,” International Monetary Fund, July 16, 2023.

For the purposes of this article, most of the statistics used for our analysis have come from a common thread of sources. These include the Central Bank of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas); the Department of Energy Philippines; the IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP); and the Philippines Statistics Authority.

The state of the Philippine economy across seven major sectors and themes

In the article, we explore the 2024 outlook for seven key sectors and themes, what may affect each of them in the coming year, and what could potentially unlock continued growth.

Financial services

The recovery of the financial services sector appears on track as year-on-year growth rates stabilize. 6 Philippines Statistics Authority, November 2023; McKinsey in partnership with Oxford Economics, November 2023. In 2024, this sector will likely continue to grow, though at a slower pace of about 5 percent.

Financial inclusion and digitalization are contributing to growth in this sector in 2024, even if new challenges emerge. Various factors are expected to impact this sector:

• Inclusive finance: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas continues to invest in financial inclusion initiatives. For example, basic deposit accounts (BDAs) reached $22 million in 2023 and banking penetration improved, with the proportion of adults with formal bank accounts increasing from 29 percent in 2019 to 56 percent in 2021. 7 “Financial inclusion dashboard: First quarter 2023,” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, February 6, 2024.
• Digital adoption: Digital channels are expected to continue to grow, with data showing that 60 percent of adults who have a mobile phone and internet access have done a digital financial transaction. 8 “Financial inclusion dashboard: First quarter 2023,” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, February 6, 2024. Businesses in this sector, however, will need to remain vigilant in navigating cybersecurity and fraud risks.
• Unsecured lending growth: Growth in unsecured lending is expected to continue, but at a slower pace than the past two to three years. For example, unsecured retail lending for the banking system alone grew by 27 percent annually from 2020 to 2022. 9 “Loan accounts: As of first quarter 2023,” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, February 6, 2024; "Global banking pools,” McKinsey, November 2023. Businesses in this field are, however, expected to recalibrate their risk profiling models as segments with high nonperforming loans emerge.
• High interest rates: Key interest rates are expected to decline in the second half of 2024, creating more accommodating borrowing conditions that could boost wholesale and corporate loans.

Supportive frameworks have a pivotal role to play in unlocking growth in this sector to meet the ever-increasing demand from the financially underserved. For example, financial literacy programs and easier-to-access accounts—such as BDAs—are some measures that can help widen market access to financial services. Continued efforts are being made to build an open finance framework that could serve the needs of the unbanked population, as well as a unified credit scoring mechanism to increase the ability of historically under-financed segments, such as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to access formal credit. 10 “BSP launches credit scoring model,” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, April 26, 2023.

Energy and Power

The outlook for the energy sector seems positive, with the potential to grow by 7 percent in 2024 as the country focuses on renewable energy generation. 11 McKinsey analysis based on input from industry experts. Currently, stakeholders are focused on increasing energy security, particularly on importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) to meet power plants’ requirements as production in one of the country’s main sources of natural gas, the Malampaya gas field, declines. 12 Myrna M. Velasco, “Malampaya gas field prod’n declines steeply in 2021,” Manila Bulletin , July 9, 2022. High global inflation and the fact that the Philippines is a net fuel importer are impacting electricity prices and the build-out of planned renewable energy projects. Recent regulatory moves to remove foreign ownership limits on exploration, development, and utilization of renewable energy resources could possibly accelerate growth in the country’s energy and power sector. 13 “RA 11659,” Department of Energy Philippines, June 8, 2023.

Gas, renewables, and transmission are potential growth drivers for the sector. Upgrading power grids so that they become more flexible and better able to cope with the intermittent electricity supply that comes with renewables will be critical as the sector pivots toward renewable energy. A recent coal moratorium may position natural gas as a transition fuel—this could stimulate exploration and production investments for new, indigenous natural gas fields, gas pipeline infrastructure, and LNG import terminal projects. 14 Philippine energy plan 2020–2040, Department of Energy Philippines, June 10, 2022; Power development plan 2020–2040 , Department of Energy Philippines, 2021. The increasing momentum of green energy auctions could facilitate the development of renewables at scale, as the country targets 35 percent share of renewables by 2030. 15 Power development plan 2020–2040 , 2022.

Growth in the healthcare industry may slow to 2.8 percent in 2024, while pharmaceuticals manufacturing is expected to rebound with 5.2 percent growth in 2024. 16 McKinsey analysis in partnership with Oxford Economics.

Healthcare demand could grow, although the quality of care may be strained as the health worker shortage is projected to increase over the next five years. 17 McKinsey analysis. The supply-and-demand gap in nursing alone is forecast to reach a shortage of approximately 90,000 nurses by 2028. 18 McKinsey analysis. Another compounding factor straining healthcare is the higher than anticipated benefit utilization and rising healthcare costs, which, while helping to meet people's healthcare budgets, may continue to drive down profitability for health insurers.

Meanwhile, pharmaceutical companies are feeling varying effects of people becoming increasingly health conscious. Consumers are using more over the counter (OTC) medication and placing more beneficial value on organic health products, such as vitamins and supplements made from natural ingredients, which could impact demand for prescription drugs. 19 “Consumer health in the Philippines 2023,” Euromonitor, October 2023.

Businesses operating in this field may end up benefiting from universal healthcare policies. If initiatives are implemented that integrate healthcare systems, rationalize copayments, attract and retain talent, and incentivize investments, they could potentially help to strengthen healthcare provision and quality.

Businesses may also need to navigate an increasingly complex landscape of diverse health needs, digitization, and price controls. Digital and data transformations are being seen to facilitate improvements in healthcare delivery and access, with leading digital health apps getting more than one million downloads. 20 Google Play Store, September 27, 2023. Digitization may create an opportunity to develop healthcare ecosystems that unify touchpoints along the patient journey and provide offline-to-online care, as well as potentially realizing cost efficiencies.

Consumer and retail

Growth in the retail and wholesale trade and consumer goods sectors is projected to remain stable in 2024, at 4 percent and 5 percent, respectively.

Inflation, however, continues to put consumers under pressure. While inflation rates may fall—predicted to reach 4 percent in 2024—commodity prices may still remain elevated in the near term, a top concern for Filipinos. 21 “IMF raises Philippine growth forecast,” July 26, 2023; “Nomura downgrades Philippines 2024 growth forecast,” September 11, 2023. In response to challenging economic conditions, 92 percent of consumers have changed their shopping behaviors, and approximately 50 percent indicate that they are switching brands or retail providers in seek of promotions and better prices. 22 “Philippines consumer pulse survey, 2023,” McKinsey, November 2023.

Online shopping has become entrenched in Filipino consumers, as they find that they get access to a wider range of products, can compare prices more easily, and can shop with more convenience. For example, a McKinsey Philippines consumer sentiment survey in 2023 found that 80 percent of respondents, on average, use online and omnichannel to purchase footwear, toys, baby supplies, apparel, and accessories. To capture the opportunity that this shift in Filipino consumer preferences brings and to unlock growth in this sector, retail organizations could turn to omnichannel strategies to seamlessly integrate online and offline channels. Businesses may need to explore investments that increase resilience across the supply chain, alongside researching and developing new products that serve emerging consumer preferences, such as that for natural ingredients and sustainable sources.

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is a key contributor to the Philippine economy, contributing approximately 19 percent of GDP in 2022, employing about 7 percent of the country’s labor force, and growing in line with GDP at approximately 6 percent between 2023 and 2024. 23 McKinsey analysis based on input from industry experts.

Some changes could be seen in 2024 that might affect the sector moving forward. The focus toward building resilient supply chains and increasing self-sufficiency is growing. The Philippines also is likely to benefit from increasing regional trade, as well as the emerging trend of nearshoring or onshoring as countries seek to make their supply chains more resilient. With semiconductors driving approximately 45 percent of Philippine exports, the transfer of knowledge and technology, as well as the development of STEM capabilities, could help attract investments into the sector and increase the relevance of the country as a manufacturing hub. 24 McKinsey analysis based on input from industry experts.

To secure growth, public and private sector support could bolster investments in R&D and upskill the labor force. In addition, strategies to attract investment may be integral to the further development of supply chain infrastructure and manufacturing bases. Government programs to enable digital transformation and R&D, along with a strategic approach to upskilling the labor force, could help boost industry innovation in line with Industry 4.0 demand. 25 Industry 4.0 is also referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Priority products to which manufacturing industries could pivot include more complex, higher value chain electronic components in the semiconductor segment; generic OTC drugs and nature-based pharmaceuticals in the pharmaceutical sector; and, for green industries, products such as EVs, batteries, solar panels, and biomass production.

Information technology business process outsourcing

The information technology business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) sector is on track to reach its long-term targets, with $38 billion in forecast revenues in 2024. 26 Khriscielle Yalao, “WHF flexibility key to achieving growth targets—IBPAP,” Manila Bulletin , January 23, 2024. Emerging innovations in service delivery and work models are being observed, which could drive further growth in the sector.

The industry continues to outperform headcount and revenue targets, shaping its position as a country leader for employment and services. 27 McKinsey analysis based in input from industry experts. Demand from global companies for offshoring is expected to increase, due to cost containment strategies and preference for Philippine IT-BPO providers. New work setups continue to emerge, ranging from remote-first to office-first, which could translate to potential net benefits. These include a 10 to 30 percent increase in employee retention; a three- to four-hour reduction in commute times; an increase in enabled talent of 350,000; and a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 1.4 to 1.5 million tons of CO 2 per year. 28 McKinsey analysis based in input from industry experts. It is becoming increasingly more important that the IT-BPO sector adapts to new technologies as businesses begin to harness automation and generative AI (gen AI) to unlock productivity.

Talent and technology are clear areas where growth in this sector can be unlocked. The growing complexity of offshoring requirements necessitates building a proper talent hub to help bridge employee gaps and better match local talent to employers’ needs. Businesses in the industry could explore developing facilities and digital infrastructure to enable industry expansion outside the metros, especially in future “digital cities” nationwide. Introducing new service areas could capture latent demand from existing clients with evolving needs as well as unserved clients. BPO centers could explore the potential of offering higher-value services by cultivating technology-focused capabilities, such as using gen AI to unlock revenue, deliver sales excellence, and reduce general administrative costs.

Sustainability

The Philippines is considered to be the fourth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world as, due to its geographic location, the country has a higher risk of exposure to natural disasters, such as rising sea levels. 29 “The Philippines has been ranked the fourth most vulnerable country to climate change,” Global Climate Risk Index, January 2021. Approximately $3.2 billion, on average, in economic loss could occur annually because of natural disasters over the next five decades, translating to up to 7 to 8 percent of the country’s nominal GDP. 30 “The Philippines has been ranked the fourth most vulnerable country to climate change,” Global Climate Risk Index, January 2021.

The Philippines could capitalize on five green growth opportunities to operate in global value chains and catalyze growth for the nation:

• Renewable energy: The country could aim to generate 50 percent of its energy from renewables by 2040, building on its high renewable energy potential and the declining cost of producing renewable energy.
• Solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing: More than a twofold increase in annual output from 2023 to 2030 could be achieved, enabled by lower production costs.
• Battery production: The Philippines could aim for a $1.5 billion domestic market by 2030, capitalizing on its vast nickel reserves (the second largest globally). 31 “MineSpans,” McKinsey, November 2023.
• Electric mobility: Electric vehicles could account for 15 percent of the country’s vehicle sales by 2030 (from less than 1 percent currently), driven by incentives, local distribution, and charging infrastructure. 32 McKinsey analysis based on input from industry experts.
• Nature-based solutions: The country’s largely untapped total abatement potential could reach up to 200 to 300 metric tons of CO 2 , enabled by its biodiversity and strong demand.

The Philippine economy: Three scenarios for growth

Having grown faster than other economies in Southeast Asia in 2023 to end the year with 5.6 percent growth, the Philippines can expect a similarly healthy growth outlook for 2024. Based on our analysis, there are three potential scenarios for the country’s growth. 33 McKinsey analysis in partnership with Oxford Economics.

Slower growth: The first scenario projects GDP growth of 4.8 percent if there are challenging conditions—such as declining trade and accelerated inflation—which could keep key policy rates high at about 6.5 percent and dampen private consumption, leading to slower long-term growth.

Soft landing: The second scenario projects GDP growth of 5.2 percent if inflation moderates and global conditions turn out to be largely favorable due to a stable investment environment and regional trade demand.

Accelerated growth: In the third scenario, GDP growth is projected to reach 6.1 percent if inflation slows and public policies accommodate aspects such as loosening key policy rates and offering incentive programs to boost productivity.

Focusing on factors that could unlock growth in its seven critical sectors and themes, while adapting to the macro-economic scenario that plays out, would allow the Philippines to materialize its growth potential in 2024 and take steps towards achieving longer-term, sustainable economic growth.

Jon Canto is a partner in McKinsey’s Manila office, where Frauke Renz is an associate partner, and Vicah Villanueva is a consultant.

The authors wish to thank Charlene Chua, Charlie del Rosario, Ryan delos Reyes, Debadrita Dhara, Evelyn C. Fong, Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Frances Lee, Aaron Ong, and Liane Tan for their contributions to this article.

Explore a career with us

Related articles.

The Philippines Growth Dialogues

What does 2023 hold for the Philippines’ economy?

On the verge of a digital banking revolution in the Philippines

The State and the Globalisation of Care: The Philippines and the Export of Nurses

Cite this chapter.

• Jean Encinas-Franco  

3150 Accesses

Nurse migration, particularly from the Philippines, has attracted significant attention in the literature, which largely discusses the issues of brain-drain, rights violations, human agency, structural determinants and impact of the exodus. This essay argues that the Philippine state, in coping with neo-liberal restructuring, has been vigorously promoting this exodus through the policies and legal framework it engenders, thereby leading to the globalisation of care work. The empirical accounts that this essay presents bring into sharp focus the need to understand processes and dynamics at the state level in addressing the consequences of nurse migration.

Download to read the full chapter text

Chapter PDF

Similar content being viewed by others.

Caribbean nurse migration—a scoping review

Shamel Rolle Sands, Kenchera Ingraham & Bukola Oladunni Salami

International Organizations, Care and Migration: The Case of Migrant Health Care Workers

Global Migration of Nurses from Sub-Saharan Africa: Human Capital Development and Neocolonial Perspectives — Forging an Ethical Framework

Abella, Manolo, 1992: “Contemporary Labour Migration from Asia: Policies and Perspectives of Sending Countries”, in: Kritz, Mary M./Lim, Lin Lean/Zlotnik, Hania (eds.): International Migration Systems: A Global Approach , Oxford, p. 263–278.

Google Scholar  

Abella, Manolo/Duscanes, Geoffrey, 2009: The Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Asian Migrant Workers and Governments’ Responses , Paper Presented at the International Labour Organization Conference “Responding to the Economic Crisis – Coherent Policies for Growth, Employment and Decent Work in Asia and Pacific“. Manila, Philippines, 18–20 February 2009, available at http://www.age-of-migration.com/uk/financialcrisis/updates/1d.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Agunias, Dovelyn Rannveig, 2008: “Managing Temporary Migration: Lessons from the Philippine Model”, Migration Policy Institute Insight , October 2008, available at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Insight_POEA_Oct07.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Asian Development Bank/Canadian International Development Agency/European Commission/ National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women/United Nations Children’s Fund/United Nations Development Fund for Women/United Nations Population Fund, 2008: “Chapter 4: Labour Migration”, in: Asian Development Bank et al. (eds.): Paradox and Promise in the Philippines: A Joint Country Gender Assessment , Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines, p. 41–47, available at http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-phi-2008.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Bach, Jonathan/Solomon, M. Scott, 2008: “Labours of Globalization: Emergent State Responses“, New Global Studies 2(2) 2008, p. 1–19, available at http://www.bepress.com/ngs/vol2/iss2/art1 (accessed 28.07.2009).

Ball, Rochelle, 1997: “The Role of the State in the Globalisation of Labour Markets: The Case of the Philippines”, Environment and Planning A. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29(9) 1997, p. 1603–1628.

Ball, Rochelle, 2004: “Divergent Development, Racialised Rights: Globalised Labour Markets and the Trade of Nurses – The Case of the Philippines”, Women’s Studies International Forum 27(2) 2004, p. 119–133.

Article   Google Scholar  

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2009: Overseas Filipinos’ Remittances, available at http://www.bsp.gov.ph (accessed 07.04.2010).

Basch, Linda Green/Schiller, Nina Glick/Szanton Blanc, Cristina, 1994: Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States , London/New York.

Castles, Stephen/Miller, Mark, 2003: The Age of Migration , New York.

Choy, Catherine Ceniza, 2003: Empire of Care , Quezon City, Philippines. DOLE [Department of Labor and Employment], 2009: Nurses Assigned in Rural Service (NARS). Brochure, available at http://www.nars.dole.gov.ph/download/NARS_Brochure.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Ehrenreich, Barbara/Hochschild, Arlie Russell (eds.), 2003: Global Woman Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy , New York.

Encinas-Franco, Jean, 2007: “The Gender Dimension of Health Professional Migration from the Philippines”, in: ASEAN Secretariat (ed.): Third Report on the Advancement of Women in ASEAN. Gender Dimensions of Globalisation and Regional Integration , Jakarta, p. 73–102.

Galvez Tan, Jaime, 2005: Philippines: The Challenge of Managing Migration, Retention and Return of Health Professionals , Paper presented at the AcademyHealth Conference “Health in Foreign Policy Forum: Migration and the Global Shortage of Health Care Professionals“, February 8, 2006, Washington, DC.

Gonzalez, Joaquin, 1998: Philippine Labour Migration: Critical Dimensions of Public Policy , Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Goss, Jon/Lindquist, Bruce, 1995: “Conceptualizing International Migration: A Structuration Perspective”, International Migration Review 29(2) 1995, p. 317–351.

Guevarra, Anna Romina, 2006: The ‘New Aristocrats’: Filipino Nurses, Cultural Capital, and the Nurse Shortage , Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, Montreal Convention Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 10, 2006, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p104975_index.html (accessed 07.04.2010).

Hollifield, James, 2008: The Politics of Immigration Control: A Comparative and Historical Perspective , Paper Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, California, March 26, 2008, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p253665_index.html (accessed 07.04.2010).

Inamarga, Rudolf N., 2004: “Aspirations, Identities and Strategies: Migration and Career Trajectories of Filipino Nurses”, MINDAyawan Journal of Culture and Society 1(1) 2004, p. 74–96.

International Labour Organization, 2009: The Fallout in Asia: Assessing Labour Market Impacts and National Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis , Bangkok: ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_101730.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010)

International Organization for Migration, 2009: “The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Migrants and Migration“, IOM Policy Brief March 2009, available at http://iom.ch/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/policy_documents/policy_brief_gfc.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Kingma, Mireille, 2006: Nurses on the Move: Migration and the Global Health Care Economy , New York.

Lorenzo, Fely Marilyn E./Galvez Tan, Jaime/Icamina, Kriselle/Javier, Lara, 2007: “Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study”, Health Service Research 42(3p2) 2007, p. 1406–1418.

McGrew, Andrew, 2008: “Globalization and Global Politics”, in: Baylis, John et al. (eds.): Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations , 4th Edition, New York, p. 14–35.

Misra, Joya/Woodring, Jonathan/Merz, Sabine N., 2006: “The Globalization of Care Work: Neoliberal Economic Restructuring and Migration Policy”, Globalizations 3(3) 2006, p. 317–332.

Morales, Izah, 2009: “‘Take initiative’ – Nursing topnotcher”, Inquirer Global Nation , 20 February 2009, available at http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090220-190094/Take-initiativeNursing-topnotcher (accessed on 07.04.2010).

Morelos, Miko, 2009: “Filipinos Found in Every Country in the World”, Philippine Daily Inquirer , 12 April 2009.

Natividad, Joselito N., 2009: Globalization, Labour Migration and FTAs , Paper Presented at the Asia-Pacific Roundtable on the ASEAN Labour Migration and Free-Trade Agreements: A Regional Workshop co-sponsored by Asia-Pacific Mission for Migrants (APMM) and Asia-Pacific Research Network (APRN) in the Philippines from September 19–20, 2009, http://eiler.ph/wp-content/downloads/ASEAN%20FTAs%20and%20Migration.pdf (accessed 22.04.2009).

Oishi, Nana, 2005: Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labour Migration in Asia , Stanford, California.

PNA [Philippine Nurses Association], 2008: Many Filipino Nurses Now Underemployed and Unemployed , Press Release of July 8, 2008, available at http://www.pna-ph.org > Press Releases (accessed 07.04.2010).

PNA [Philippine Nurses Association] 2008. Nurses Cry Over Long Overdue Salary Increase , Press Release of July 24, 2008, available at http://www.pna-ph.org/press_download.asp?file=20080724.pdf (accessed 18.04.2010).

PNA [Philippine Nurses Association], 2009 Position Statement on the JPEPA , 10/29/ 2009, available at http://www.pna-ph.org>PositionPapers (accessed 07.04.2010).

POEA [Philippine Overseas Employment Administration], 2009: Overseas Employment Statistics, available at http://www.poea.gov.ph/html/statistics.html (accessed 08.12. 2009).

Rodriguez, Robyn, 2003: Globalization and State “Experimentalism”: International Migration and the “Labour Brokering” Philippine State , Paper Presented at the Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, Georgia, August 16, 2003, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p107193_index.html (accessed 07.04.2010).

Ruiz, Neal, 2006: Extending the Arms of the State: Overseas Filipinos and Homeland Development , Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, California, USA, March 22, 2006, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p100636_index.html (accessed 07.04.2010).

Ruiz, Neal, 2008: “Managing Migration: Lessons from the Philippines“, Migration and Development Brief 6 (2008), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRO SPECTS/Resources/334934-1110315015165/MD_Brief6.pdf (accessed 07.04. 2010).

Samaco-Paquiz, Leah Primitiva (n.d.): Position Statement on the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA): Why Our Nurses are Against JPEPA , available at http://japan.pinoy-abroad.net/pna_statement.pdf (accessed 10.03.2010).

Tan, Edita, 2005: “Policies and Institutions for Training and Skills Development of Migrant Labour”, in: International Organization for Migration (ed.): Labour Migration in Asia: Protection of Migrant Workers, Support Services and Enhancing Development Benefits , Geneva, p. 219–268.

Tigno, Jorge, 2003: Governance and Public Policy in the Philippines: Republic Act 8042 and the Deregulation of the Overseas Employment Sector . Unpublished PhD Dissertation. College of Social Science and Philosophy. University of the Philippines, Diliman.

Tyner, James, 1999: “The Global Context of Gendered Labor Migration from the Philippines to the United States”, American Behavioral Scientist 42(4) 1999, p. 671–689.

Tyner, James, 2008: The Philippines: Mobilities, Identities, Globalization , New York.

World Bank, 2009: Battling the Forces of Global Recession”, East Asia and Pacific Update April 2009, Washington DC, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPHALFYEARLYUPDATE/Resources/550192-1238574864269/5976918-1239010682147/update_april09_fullreport.pdf (accessed 07.04.2010).

Download references

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Editor information

Rights and permissions.

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH

About this chapter

Encinas-Franco, J. (2010). The State and the Globalisation of Care: The Philippines and the Export of Nurses. In: Scheiwe, K., Krawietz, J. (eds) Transnationale Sorgearbeit. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92516-5_13

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92516-5_13

Publisher Name : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften

Print ISBN : 978-3-531-17265-1

Online ISBN : 978-3-531-92516-5

eBook Packages : Humanities, Social Science (German Language)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research