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Corporate Governance Crisis at Startups: The Zilingo Story

The case discusses how Zilingo Pte Ltd (Zilingo), a Singapore-based B2B fashion tech platform, ended up in liquidation after a protracted crisis due to issues that led to corporate governance failure. Founded in 2016 by Ankiti Bose (Bose) and Dhruv Kapoor, Zilingo was an online fashion and beauty startup company that empowered apparel supply chain players to produce, source, and trade efficiently through its technology platform. It was one of Southeast Asia’s vaunted startups...

Amazon's Private Label Brands: An Ethical Perspective

The case “Amazon’s Private Label Brands: An Ethical Perspective” discusses the ethical implications surrounding the promotion of US-based multinational technology company Amazon.com, Inc. (Amazon) of Amazon Private Label (APL) products on its online marketplace. The case starts out with a brief look at– the world's largest e-commerce platform's launch of various APL products from the late 2000s. It then delves into the various controversies surrounding APL products through the years...

Twitter under Elon Musk: Present Tense, Future Perfect?

The case discusses the problems faced by social media platform Twitter and its future under the ownership of Elon Musk. After he acquired Twitter for US$44 billion in October 2022, Musk primarily known for his innovative efforts, introduced a list of controversial policy and feature changes to the platform. These included rebranding Twitter to ‘X’, making policy changes and sweeping layoffs, resorting to cost cutting, reinstating accounts, and introducing paid verification...

Google's Post-Pandemic Multi-Purpose Workplace Design

The case touches upon the early office design initiatives at Google including at its headquarters Googolplex. Next, it describes in detail how Google’s Real Estate and Workplace Services team (REWS) focused on redesigning the existing office spaces in 2022 and creating and testing new multi-purpose offices and private workspaces to enable employees to collaborate effectively across work environments. Google designed Team Pods with chairs, desks, white boards, and storage units on casters that could be shifted based...

Reliance's Foreign Currency Bond

The case study is about Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL)'s foreign currency bond issuance and listing on international stock exchanges. The case starts with a brief history of the company, from the founding of RIL by Dhirubhai Ambani in 1966 to being led by Mukesh Ambani in 2022.The case then moves on to the details of RIL's financials, showcasing how the company has grown over the years, and how efficiently it has raised funds from the global capital market and utilized these funds for expansion. Finally, it delves into the details of foreign currency bonds issued by RIL...

Enbridge: A Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) Leader in the Energy Industry

The case describes the various initiatives taken by Enbridge, a Canadian energy company, to create a diverse and inclusive culture where employees would feel good coming to work, collaborate across teams, and be successful and grow their careers. The case first touches upon the main goals of the D&I strategy put in place at Enbridge. It then describes how Enbridge decided to encourage its employee community through various initiatives that included activities, education, and networking...

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MBA Case Studies - Solved Examples

Need of MBA Case Studies

Case i: chemco case.

• ChemCo is a quality leader in the U.K. car batteries market.
• Customer battery purchases in the automobile market are highly seasonal.
• The fork-lift business was added to utilize idle capacity during periods of inactivity.
• This is a low-growth industry (1% annual growth over the last two years)
• Large customers are sophisticated and buy based on price and quality. Smaller customers buy solely on price.
• There is a Spanish competitor in the market who offers low priced batteries of inferior quality.

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• Established player in car batteries
• Losing heavily in fork-lift truck batteries
• Old fashioned owner resistance to change
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• High quality product, but low end customers care more about price than quality
• Mismanaged product diversification in a price sensitive market
• Alternative 1: Establish an Off-Brand for the fork-lift business
• Alternative 2: Educate the customer market about product quality
• Alternative 3: Exit the fork-lift battery business
• Establishing the firm's quality image
• Increase in market share
• Increase in sales
• Cost of the product
• Protect firm's quality image in the automobile industry
• Redesigned product to reduce the cost of manufacture
• Low price to enable it to compete with Spanish producer
• Make use of the quality leadership in car batteries market
• Offer reliability testing, extended warranties etc. to promote quality image
• Set higher prices to extract surplus from these advantages
• A passive strategy, not proactive
• Recommendations: Alternative 1 is recommended in this case. Since the firm operates in an industry which has low growth, hence it can expand market share and sales only by taking the customers from other players. Hence, it needs to tackle the Spanish competitor head-on by aggressively pricing its product. At the same time, launching a low-priced product under the same brand name erodes the high quality image in the car batteries market. Hence, the best option is to go for an off-brand to target the fork-lift customers who are increasingly becoming price sensitive. This will enable the company to ward off the threat in short-term and build its position strongly in the long-term.

Case II: NAKAMURA LACQUER COMPANY

• The Nakamura Lacquer Company: The Nakamura Lacquer Company based in Kyoto, Japan was one of the many small handicraft shops making lacquerware for the daily table use of the Japanese people.
• Mr. Nakamura- the personality: In 1948, a young Mr. Nakamura took over his family business. He saw an opportunity to cater to a new market of America, i.e. GI's of the Occupation Army who had begun to buy lacquer ware as souvenirs. However, he realized that the traditional handicraft methods were inadequate. He was an innovator and introduced simple methods of processing and inspection using machines. Four years later, when the Occupation Army left in 1952, Nakamura employed several thousand men, and produced 500,000 pieces of lacquers tableware each year for the Japanese mass consumer market. The profit from operations was $250,000.
• The Brand: Nakamura named his brand “Chrysanthemum” after the national flower of Japan, which showed his patriotic fervor. The brand became Japan's best known and best selling brand, being synonymous with good quality, middle class and dependability.
• The Market: The market for lacquerware in Japan seems to have matured, with the production steady at 500,000 pieces a year. Nakamura did practically no business outside of Japan. However, early in 1960, when the American interest in Japanese products began to grow, Nakamura received two offers
• The Rose and Crown offer: The first offer was from Mr. Phil Rose, V.P Marketing at the National China Company. They were the largest manufacturer of good quality dinnerware in the U.S., with their “Rose and Crown” brand accounting for almost 30% of total sales. They were willing to give a firm order for three eyes for annual purchases of 400,000 sets of lacquer dinnerware, delivered in Japan and at 5% more than what the Japanese jobbers paid. However, Nakamura would have to forego the Chrysanthemum trademark to “Rose and Crown” and also undertaken to sell lacquer ware to anyone else the U.S. The offer promised returns of $720,000 over three years (with net returns of $83,000), but with little potential for the U.S. market on the Chrysanthemum brand beyond that period.
• The Semmelback offer: The second offer was from Mr. Walter Sammelback of Sammelback, Sammelback and Whittacker, Chicago, the largest supplier of hotel and restaurant supplies in the U.S. They perceived a U.S. market of 600,000 sets a year, expecting it to go up to 2 million in around 5 years. Since the Japanese government did not allow overseas investment, Sammelback was willing to budget $1.5 million. Although the offer implied negative returns of $467,000 over the first five years, the offer had the potential to give a $1 million profit if sales picked up as anticipated.
• Meeting the order: To meet the numbers requirement of the orders, Nakamura would either have to expand capacity or cut down on the domestic market. If he chose to expand capacity, the danger was of idle capacity in case the U.S. market did not respond. If he cut down on the domestic market, the danger was of losing out on a well-established market. Nakamura could also source part of the supply from other vendors. However, this option would not find favor with either of the American buyers since they had approached only Nakamura, realizing that he was the best person to meet the order.
• Decision problem: Whether to accept any of the two offers and if yes, which one of the two and under what terms of conditions?
• To expand into the U.S. market.
• To maintain and build upon their reputation of the “Chrysanthemum” brand
• To increase profit volumes by tapping the U.S. market and as a result, increasing scale of operations.
• To increase its share in the U.S. lacquerware market.
• Profit Maximization criterion: The most important criterion in the long run is profit maximization.
• Risk criterion: Since the demand in the U.S. market is not as much as in Japan.
• Brand identity criterion: Nakamura has painstakingly built up a brand name in Japan. It is desirable for him to compete in the U.S. market under the same brand name
• Flexibility criterion: The chosen option should offer Nakamura flexibility in maneuvering the terms and conditions to his advantage. Additionally, Nakamura should have bargaining power at the time of renewal of the contract.
• Short term returns: Nakamura should receive some returns on the investment he makes on the new offers. However, this criterion may be compromised in favor of profit maximization in the long run.?
• Reject both: React both the offers and concentrate on the domestic market
• Accept RC offer: Accept the Rose and Crown offer and supply the offer by cutting down on supplies to the domestic market or through capacity expansion or both
• Accept SSW: offer; accept the SSW offer and meet it through cutting down on supply to the domestic market or through capacity expansion or both. Negotiate term of supply.
• Reject both: This option would not meet the primary criterion of profit maximization. Further, the objective of growth would also not be met. Hence, this option is rejected.
• Accept RC offer: The RC offer would assure net returns of $283,000 over the next three yeas. It also assures regular returns of $240,000 per year. However, Nakamura would have no presence in the U.S. with its Chrysanthemum brand name The RC offer would entail capacity expansion, as it would not be possible to siphon of 275,000 pieces from the domestic market over three years without adversely affecting operations there. At the end of three years, Nakamura would have little bargaining power with RC as it would have an excess capacity of 275,000 pieces and excess labor which it would want to utilize. In this sense the offer is risky. Further, the offer is not flexible. Long-term profit maximization is uncertain in this case a condition that can be controlled in the SSW offer. Hence, this offer is rejected.
• Accept SSW offer: The SSW offer does not assure a firm order or any returns for the period of contract. Although, in its present form the offer is risky if the market in the U.S. does not pick up as expected, the offer is flexible. If Nakamura were to exhibit caution initially by supplying only 300,000 instead of the anticipated 600,000 pieces, it could siphon off the 175,000 required from the domestic market. If demand exists in the U.S., the capacity can be expanded. With this offer, risk is minimized. Further, it would be competing on its own brand name. Distribution would be taken care of and long-term profit maximization criterion would be satisfied as this option has the potential of $1 million in profits per year. At the time of renewal of the contract, Nakamura would have immense bargaining power.
• Negotiate terms of offer with SSW: The terms would be that NLC would supply 300,000 pieces in the first year. If market demand exists, NLC should expand capacity to provide the expected demand.
• Action Plan: In the first phase, NLC would supply SSW with 300,000 pieces. 125,000 of these would be obtained by utilizing excess capacity, while the remaining would be obtained from the domestic market. If the expected demand for lacquer ware exists in the U.S., NLC would expand capacity to meet the expected demand. The debt incurred would be paid off by the fifth year.
• Contingency Plan:  In case the demand is not as expected in the first year, NLC should not service the U.S. market and instead concentrate on increasing penetration in the domestic market.

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Best Case Study Competitions In India In 2021 Are you an MBA student and confused about utilizing the opportunities available to get the best results out of your MBA? Probably would have heard about case study competitions. Surely, a great way to boost your career. Are you confused about which case competitions you can apply for and target to get the best results? Here is the answer for you. This article will list all the Best Case Study Competitions in India In 2021 that too sorted by your eligibility!!

It is that time of the year, probably, when you would have just joined a B-school and would be wondering how to maximize your opportunities. You came to know about case study competitions and want to know what are the best case study competitions in India in 2021 for you to participate in and, hopefully, win.

So, let me share with you, which are the case study competitions which you should be definitely aiming for in the next one year.

What are case study competitions?

Just as you would be required to tackle business problems, case study competitions also invite students/groups of students to come together and solve a business problem within some mentioned rules and regulations. Some competitions also involve pitching new business ideas focusing on entrepreneurial abilities.

Case study competitions require a well-rounded dedication and time from each participant. Reading and comprehending the case study is a vital part of solving the case. Hence, I would also like you to read this article , mentioning how to read case studies quickly.

Benefits of Participating in Case Study Competitions

By now you must be wondering why case study competitions are so hyped in MBA. Are there any benefits of putting so much extra effort into such competitions?

To answer all such questions, I have listed down some of the benefits of participating in case study competitions.

Application of Classroom Learnings

You, as a future marketing leader, would be looking at honing your skills much before you enter the industry. Sure, an internship is a great opportunity. However, how about you get to apply your classroom learnings to the business problems of some of the world’s top brands like HUL, Amazon, Loreal.

Isn’t that exciting?

Case Study competitions provide students the opportunity to apply concepts learned in the classroom and be industry-ready for future prospects.

The Differentiating factor in your CV

During your entire MBA journey, you will come across the term CV Shortlisting very often. Everyone during their stint at B-school fights hard to add that differentiating factor in their resumes, which will ultimately land them in their dream companies. Case study competitions without any doubt is the factor that will make you stand apart from hundreds of resumes.

During my MBA, I witnessed something which will truly inspire you to work towards case studies. I had a close friend who was just about average (academically) but he bagged PPO from one of the top private banks through its case study competition.

And from that day, he didn’t need to spend even a day in worry about his placements.

Corporate case study competitions are an excellent chance for students to grab a job in top companies. This can very help you in landing in your dream company.

Performing well in these interviews is also very important. I would also like you to read this article , describing how to answer interview questions.

Prize Money

With an MBA course already squeezing your pockets, case study competitions provide an excellent opportunity for you to earn lakhs of money and aid your expenses.

Certificates

Couldn’t make it to the national winners? Don’t worry! The top teams always get felicitated by certificates which are valuable in front of recruiters also. Not only to top teams, but some competitions also award certificates to all the participants.

Soft Skills Development

Since each competition requires you to work in a team of at least 2 or 3 members. You would know how difficult it can get to bring a team to consensus, no matter how small the team or the decision is. Thus, meticulous participation in case study competitions helps you improve key skills like teamwork, leadership, critical thinking under pressure, and time management.

But that’s the fun side of participating in case competitions.

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Best Case Study competitions in India in 2021

Hundreds of case study competitions are organized every year by corporates and various B-schools across the country, however, it is very important for you to know which are some of the best case competitions you should be targeting:

In this article, I would list some of the best corporate case study competitions in 2021 organized by both the corporates and the B-schools. In the article, we would be mentioning the best case study competitions you should be targeting depending upon your college tier.

The B-schools in the above tier are also eligible to participate in case study competitions mentioned for lower tiers. Say, a college in tier-1 is also eligible for competitions for tier-2 and tier-3 B-schools.

While we have tried to be accurate, whether your school is a part of that tier is subjective. Hence it is advisable to check the eligibility of your B-school on the competition website.

Best Case Study Competitions In India In 2021 For Tier -1 B-Schools

If you are in one in premier B-schools among IIM A, IIM B, IIM C, IIM L, IIM K, IIM I, ISB Hyderabad, MDI, JBIMS, FMS, IIFT, XLRI Jamshedpur, NITIE Mumbai, SJPIMR, SJMSON then would you have an opportunity to participate in one of the most sought-after case competitions in India.

H.U.L. L.I.M.E.

If you are a marketing aspirant then L.I.M.E. (Lessons in Marketing Excellence) is surely going to be your holy grail. It is among one of the most competitive corporate case study competitions also.

• Cash prize worth INR 10,00,000
• Ticket to the global Unilever case study competition: Unilever Future Leaders' League
• Cash prize of INR 3,00,000 for the 1st runner-up team
• Cash prize of INR 2,00,000 for the 2nd runner-up team
• Cash prize of INR 1,00,000 for the 3rd runner-up team

Marico Over the Wall

OTW is the flagship competition organized by Marico, which involves students participating in real business challenges and coming up with feasible and implementable ideas and solutions to overcome the same.

• Cash prize of INR 500000 to winning team
• PPI opportunity to national winners
• First runners up get prize money of INR 300000 followed by INR 100000 for second runners up

Google Case Study Competition

If you want to get hands-on challenges are faced by one of the best companies in the world, this case study competition is for you. This is a highly stimulating competition incorporating - hardware sales, smart home cases, digital marketing, product growth, and user experience.

• Winners get a cash prize of INR 250000
• PPI opportunity for winners
• Finalists also get a chance to work closely with assigned Google mentors and understand Google's ecosystem better

Mahindra War Room

M.W.R. is a highly competitive case study competition inviting top B-schools from across the globe. The competition requires students to develop innovative and implementable solutions to real-life challenges faced by the Mahindra group.

• The winning team gets a cash prize of INR 500000
• PPI opportunity
• Winners also get an all-expense-paid trip to Formula E-International Race

Flipkart WiRED Campus Case Challenge

Flipkart's WiRED is a case study competition that allows you to gain hands-on experience in tackling real challenges faced by Indian e-commerce. You would have to choose from three domain-specific challenges between business, H.R., and supply chain.

The challenges are designed to test your technical knowledge and logical reasoning and how creatively you can solve a problem.

• National winners get prize money of INR 200000
• PPIs during the campus round

Johnson and Johnson Quest

It is a Business Case Competition where you will have an opportunity to bring a unique perspective and innovative solutions to critical business problems faced by different businesses of Johnson & Johnson.

• Pre-Placement Interviews (PPI's)
• Your recommendations being put into action by the company
• The Campus Champions get an opportunity to present their recommendations to the President's Council of Johnson & Johnson
• The Grand Finale winners will also meet the leadership team of Johnson & Johnson

Colgate Transcend

This is a competition organized by Colgate Palmolive group inviting students to address real situation problems faced by the company.

• Grand Finale Winners fly to Hong Kong to present to Asia Pacific Division Leadership
• A cash prize of Rs 3 Lakhs for Grand Finale Winners & Rs 2 lakhs for Grand Finale Runners-up
• PPIs for Grand Finale Winners & Runners-up
• Kindles & Colgate Gift Hampers for all National Finalists

Best Case Study Competitions In India In 2021 For Tier-2 B-Schools

Don’t feel missed out if you couldn’t participate in the case study competitions mentioned above. You still have a plethora of opportunities with some of the best case study competitions asking you for your participation.

If you are in of the B-schools including IIM Udaipur, IIM Trichy, IIM Raipur, IIM Ranchi, IIM Rohtak, IIM Kashipur, DMS IIT Delhi, DMS IIT Madras, DMS IISc Bangalore, NMIMS, SIBM, SCMHRD, TISS, VGSOM, XIMB, here are some of the exciting case study competitions for you.

Optum Stratethon

For all MBA students who wish to pursue your in the technology and healthcare sector, don’t miss out on this competition. One of its kind, Stratethon is a global competition, thus the value you derive from participating and winning is unmatched.

• $3000 worth cash prize for regional winners
• $1500 cash prize for regional runners-up
• PPI opportunity for all the finalists
• Certificates for campus winners

Nestle 4Ps Challenge

One more opportunity to prove your marketing mettle. This competition gives you a chance to analyze and solve marketing problems for one of the top FMCG companies in the world.

• Winners get a cash prize of INR 100000 and a PPI opportunity
• Runners up get a cash prize of INR 60000

4P's being the cornerstone of marketing, it is very important that you understand the 4P concept very diligently. To know about 4P's in-depth, I would like you to go through this article also.

Titan Elevate

Another chance for you to participate in a widely respected group like the TATA group. Titan is one of the most successful brands of the TATA group, places Elevate among the best case study competition in India.

• Cash Prize of INR 1 lakh and live project opportunity for winners
• PPI/PPO opportunity for winners
• Cash prize of INR 75000 and INR 50000 for first and second runners up
• Titan Goodies and certificate for all finalists

Tata Steel-a-thon

Want to work with India’s most trusted and employee-friendly employer? Don’t miss out on this opportunity and participate in this competition asking for solutions from multiple domains including Corporate Strategy, Operations, HR, etc.,

• Cash Prize of INR 250000 and PPO opportunity for National Winners
• Cash Prize of INR 150000 and PPO opportunity for first runners up
• Cash Prize of INR 100000 and PPO opportunity for second runners up
• Cash Prize of INR 30000 and Inspire Internship for all national finalists

“Your chance to Rise Above”, the tagline of this competition indeed justifies itself, providing you with an opportunity to come up a business solution to disrupt the entire industry.

National Finale

• Cash Prize of INR 100000 for winners
• Cash prize of INR 50000 for runners up

Cluster Round

• Winners get Mi Soundbar + 2 Mi Luggage 20 + 2 Redmi Earbuds S+ 2 Mi Smart Band 4 + PPIs
• 2 Mi Smart Band 4 + 2Mi Dual Driver In-ear earphones + 2 Mi Luggage 20 for runners up

Campus Round

• Winners get 2 Mi Casual Backpack + 2 20000mAh Mi Power Bank 2i
• 2 Redmi 10000mAh Power Bank for runners up

Amazon Ace Challenge

A.C.E. (Amazon Customer Excellence) Challenge is organized every year as part of Amazon's vision to encourage innovation and identify the business leaders of tomorrow who devised innovative solutions for real-life complex business challenges.

• Cash prize of INR 200000 to the winning team
• Cash prize of INR 150000 for first runners up and INR 50000 for second runners up
• PPI opportunity for top 3 teams
• Amazon rewards

Best Case Study Competitions In India In 2021 For Tier-3 and other institutes

Don’t think that you are missing out on some of the best case study competitions in India in 2021 just because you are not part of tier-1 and tier-2 colleges. You still have the opportunity to participate in corporate case study competitions organized by some of the best world’s largest and best companies.

Hero campus Challenge

What’s more inspiring than solving the real situations faced by the world’s largest automobile company. Here, is your chance to compete with thousands of MBA students and prove your mettle.

• National Winners get a cash prize of INR 200000 along with a PPI opportunity
• Cash prize worth INR 100000 for runners up

Reliance T.U.P

T.U.P (The Ultimate Pitch) is organized to inspire the entrepreneur in you and pitch your ideas in front of industry stalwarts. If you feel you have a budding entrepreneur inside you, here is your chance to pitch your ideas to top leaders of Reliance industries.

• Cash Prize of INR 500000 for the winners
• Exclusive mentorship opportunity from Reliance JioGenNext Hub
• Pre-Placement Interviews for all National Finalists
• Cash Prize and goodies for campus round winners

Myntra Stylbiz

If you aspire to start your career in e-commerce, Stylbiz is the competition for you to target and get an exciting opportunity to solve problems faced by e-commerce giants like Myntra.

• Winners get a cash prize of INR 60000 and PPIs
• Cash prize of INR 40000 and PPIs for runners up

K.P.M.G. Ideation Challenge

If you have the ambition to become a successful entrepreneur, then the KPMG Ideation challenge is probably the best place for you to show your skills and test your ideas. The competition involves creating a prototype and pitching your ideas to business leaders.

• The winner gets INR4 lakh
• The prestigious title of 'Team India' to participate in international finals with teams from across the globe
• Runner up team in India finals to get INR2 Lakh
• Guaranteed internship with K.P.M.G. in India for top two teams from national finals
• Opportunity to attend a networking event in Delhi/Gurgaon with leaders from start-ups as well as the industry
• Win a cash prize of up to USD6000 (gift cards worth USD1000 per person) for winning the global finals

L'Oréal Brandstorm

To unleash the beauty entrepreneur in you, Brandstorm is an innovation competition organized for students around the world. Students are invited to Invent the Beauty Shopping Experience through Entertainment, exploring the world of retail and e-commerce, mentored by L'Oréal's digital experts.

• The winners get awarded the Intrapreneurship Award,
• A global 3-month internship for International winners in Paris
• Ideas suggested by them get implemented under the mentorship of industry leaders
• PPI opportunity for national winners and select students who performed amazingly in the preliminary rounds.

All the competitions mentioned above are only a few where you can test your skills. Apart from many other B-schools also organizes case competitions which are also worth participating in.

I hope this article helps you to identify the best case study competitions in India in 2021 for you and augment your MBA experience.

Being an MBA student, you would surely want to capitalize on all the opportunities you have during the two-year course. Case-study competitions come with a beautiful opportunity for you to make a mark and stand out from the crowd. The benefits of participating and especially winning a case competition are unmatched with all other things you do during your MBA.

Since many competitions are organized within a year, it is very important for you to identify the best-suited competition for you and dedicate your time with undivided attention.

To apply and know about each case study competition, refer to dare2Compete .

Also read: Highest Paying Jobs for MBA Graduates in India

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A century of MBA case studies: exacting examples from business life

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Andrew Jack

Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.

In 1921, Harvard Business School produced its first, single-page mimeographed case study for students (view here and bottom) , about the practical dilemmas faced by managers at the General Shoe Company. Intended to prompt class discussions, the case method has since been adopted by schools around the world as a core part of teaching.

Today, Harvard , Ivey Business School in Canada and The Case Centre are leaders among 50 producers and distributors of thousands of cases, of which millions of copies are sold annually. They are written by a growing number of institutions, in formats including video, describing challenges on an ever broader range of issues, geographies and protagonists.

Below is an abstract of one of Harvard’s most recent cases, on the African media company EbonyLife.

One unusually quiet morning in Lagos, Nigeria in December 2020, Mosunmola “Mo” Abudu, founder and chief executive of EbonyLife Media and one of Africa’s biggest names in the business, brought her laptop to work on the rooftop patio of EbonyLife Place, the company’s flagship lifestyle and entertainment resort.

Founded by Abudu in 2012 with a mission to bring high-quality African stories to the world, EbonyLife was the company behind many of Nigeria’s biggest movies and television shows. It began with a linear TV channel on the Africa-wide direct broadcast satellite service DStv. By 2020, it had produced more than 5,000 hours of TV content and Nigeria’s top-three highest grossing movies.

With a desire for greater control over production and following the end of its relationship with DStv, EbonyLife launched EbonyLife ON (EL ON), an on-demand streaming service. However, it struggled to grow the number of EL ON subscribers.

Global MBA Ranking 2022

Find out which schools are in our ranking of MBA degrees . Learn how the table was compiled and read the rest of our coverage at  www.ft.com/mba .

Abudu started to think about whether she should continue fighting to grow EL ON. Should EbonyLife focus instead on co-production deals with international media distributors such as Netflix, Sony and AMC? Abudu, who had been in the media business for nearly 20 years, needed to make this significant decision for EbonyLife.

Her interest in the media and entertainment industry emerged from a desire to correct harmful stereotypes about Africa. Born in London to Nigerian parents, she grew up in the UK and Nigeria. Drawn to African stories, she wanted to address the fact that there was so much the world did not know about Africa. “I think somewhere deeply buried in my subconscious was a need to tell Africa’s story,” she says.

Growing up in the UK, she routinely encountered misconceptions about Africa and was surprised by how they persisted when she was an adult. “The same questions I was being asked in England [40 years ago],” she says, “are the same questions my children were being asked when they went to school in England.” Questions like, “Do you guys live in trees?”

In July 2020, following its exit from DStv, EbonyLife publicly announced EL ON, with plans to make the platform its main distribution channel. While EbonyLife had already created extensive programming, “a lot of that content was consumed on a daily basis and had a very minimal shelf life”, Abudu explains.

She began to explore the new opportunity of co-productions with global partners that would eventually be distributed through Nigerian TV channels. She signed a multi-title co-production deal with Netflix to make several movies and TV series. Partnering with such companies reduced the upfront financial risks of production. But it was difficult to assess the size of the global audience “ Nollywood ” (Nigeria’s Hollywood) films gained because of the reluctance of the international platforms to share viewership data. Also, Nollywood producers could not interact directly with these viewers. As a result, it was difficult for them to learn who had viewed the content and what aspects of the stories the audience had enjoyed, and then use this insight to plan their future productions.

Beyond producing content, EbonyLife sought to build its own media and entertainment ecosystem. It helped grow the pipeline of local talent through a creative academy that enabled students to attend classes free of charge, funded by the Lagos state government. Abudu also believed EbonyLife could grow further by investing more in its audience’s experiences. In December 2019 in Lagos, she opened the multi-purpose resort EbonyLife Place, which included two restaurants, a boutique hotel, five movie theatres, meeting rooms and a larger multipurpose function hall.

A year later, Abudu was at EbonyLife Place to plan for its relaunch after the lifting of pandemic restrictions. However, she faced other pressing concerns. She reflected on her options around how EbonyLife would distribute its content. Was it too early to make judgments about EL ON? What changes should EbonyLife make to EL ON? Equally, she considered the alternative: could she realistically build a sustainable media business just on international partnerships with streaming services? Was there a scenario in which she could keep EL ON operational while pursuing these international partnerships? After two decades in the industry, pivots were no longer quick or painless. Abudu wondered which option she should pursue. 

The above is an adapted abstract of Harvard Business School’s teaching case study EbonyLife Media, written by Andy Wu, Feng Zhu, Wale Lawal and Pippa Tubman Armerding

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Creating a Corporate Advantage: The Case of the Tata Group

The Tata group is among the largest diversified business groups in India. The case describes in detail the various mechanisms by which the Tata group attempts to create a corporate or parenting advantage.

IT-Led Business Transformation at Reliance Energy

The case illustrates how Reliance Energy leveraged technology to transform its strategy and operations in order to establish international standards of operational excellence and customer service in the Indian power sector

Balancing the Power Equation: Suzlon Energy Limited

The setting for the case is the global wind power industry, an emerging high-tech industry. The case thus shows that EMNEs are entering and succeeding not only in mature industries but also in newly emerging industries.

Global Footprint of ISB Cases

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Reviving Kamathipura: India Post's Effort Towards Financial Inclusion of Sex Workers

The case is set in August 2022 and traces the transformation of the post office (PO) in Kamathipura, Mumbai. Kamathipura is one of the largest and oldest red-light districts in India. Swati Pandey, a bureaucrat working for India Post-an Indian-government-run postal service under the Ministry of Communications-was the Postmaster General (PMG) of the Mumbai region and was responsible for the over 200 POs spread across the city, including the Kamathipura PO. The commercial sex workers (CSWs) living in Kamathipura faced relentless discrimination due to the stigma around their occupation. Apart from this, most of the women residing in this area had been either forced into this profession or trafficked; therefore, many of them lacked official identity documents and did not understand financial tools. When they did approach banks and other financial institutions to get started, they were shooed away or leered at by the male staff. They had been alienated by the ecosystem of financial inclusion and excluded from it. Pandey was deeply moved by the dire social and financial circumstances of the CSWs, and wanted to transform the Kamathipura PO into a safe space for them, only find solace and support, but also gain education about financial planning.

Learning Objectives

This case will help the students

• identify effective strategies for implementing policies at a large scale, in order to bring a major transformation in the socioeconomic status of a community;
• learn how to negotiate effectively with multiple stakeholders and align them toward achieving a larger goal;
• learn how to protect human rights that would result in the social and economic growth of a community.
• learn how to respond to rare situations where there is no rulebook to follow;

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All You Need to Know About Doing an MBA in India

The Master of Business Administration, or MBA, is perhaps one of the most coveted postgraduate study programs globally, and due to the large number of popular MBA colleges in India, the country is an attractive place to do it .

Whether you're an early-career professional looking to ramp up your business acumen after your bachelor's degree, a mid-career professional looking to switch function, industry or location, or you have entrepreneurial ambitions, the MBA syllabus will have something for you.

Here’s everything you need to know about applying to MBA courses in India, including the top MBA colleges to consider, a breakdown of eligibility criteria and types of MBA entrance exams, and details of the MBA admission process.

What is an MBA?

The MBA course was originally conceived in the United States, where Harvard Business School launched the first Master of Business Administration in 1908.

It was first devised to be a generalist degree, designed to equip business professionals with the skills for business management across many industries. However, much has changed since the early 20th century. Now, B schools all over the world offer the program.

MBA Course Overview

Some MBA colleges offer specialized courses  in which students can tailor the MBA curriculum toward a particular goal, for instance, International Business . However, most MBA courses aim to equip students with a broad range of skills.

Core courses on the usual MBA syllabus include:

• Finance and accounting
• Leadership and organizational behavior
• Business ethics

Students can also supplement these MBA courses with elective modules on topics like entrepreneurship, FinTech, big data, and more.

As we move into a new business landscape post-Covid-19, an MBA is a great way to gain the necessary business skills for functioning in the future of business.

MBA Teaching

At most MBA colleges, courses are usually taught through a mix of classroom and field study, with group discussion of case studies and work experience placements designed to help you test your leadership skills.

While the United States and Europe remain popular destinations for MBA applicants, countries in the East have witnessed tremendous economic growth and improvement in academic standards in recent years, with India leading the pack. Given this scenario, doing an MBA degree in India has become an attractive option for anyone with high career ambitions.

MBA Eligibility Criteria: Who is eligible for MBA courses?

What adds to the popularity of the MBA degree is that a student can come from any academic background – be it engineering, medicine, commerce, law, or arts – to pursue an MBA and benefit from the theoretical, practical, and peer learning that the program offers.

While most MBA programs don’t stipulate a desired bachelor's degree, most B schools around the world will require that students have at least 2-3 years of experience in the workforce before applying. This prompts many early-career professionals to consider a Master’s in Management instead.

However, the eligibility criteria are slightly different in India. To explain this, it’s worth running through the different types  of MBA courses available in India.

MBA in India: What types of programs are there?

Types of mba colleges in india.

Although most prominent business schools outside India have a university affiliation and offer an MBA degree, things are slightly different at MBA colleges in India. The more than 4,000 B schools in the country fall under one of five categories.

• Those affiliated with public or private universities and falling under the University Grants Committee's (UGC) remit. This is the biggest group at over 3,600.
• Independent institutes approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), of which there are more than 300
• Over 30 institutions governed by the Ministry of Education (MHRD)
• Institutes promoted by individual ministries
• A few autonomous institutes

Types of MBA in India

Based on the five categories above, the B schools in India offer different kinds of certification at the end of the MBA program. There are three main types:

• MBA degrees
• Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM)
• Post Graduate Program (PGP) certification

One distinctive feature of doing an MBA course in India is that recent bachelor's degree graduates with minimal work experience can enrol in MBA or PGDM programs. Almost all B schools admit such students, with only a handful of schools, like the Indian School of Business (ISB), requiring candidates to have a minimum of 2 to 3 years of experience.

This is in stark contrast to MBA programs abroad, where all candidates are expected to meet a minimum experience requirement before enrolling.

Which business schools in India award MBA degrees?

All UGC-approved schools confer students with an MBA degree, as do a select few overseen by the MHRD.

The list of MBA-conferring business schools includes the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, the Faculty of Management Studies (FMT), and the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) Delhi.

Other MHRD schools and all AICTE-managed schools give students PGDM. The PGDM/PGP is offered by a majority of the top MBA colleges in India: select Indian Institute of Management (IIM) schools, Indian Schools of Business (ISB), Xavier School of Management (XLRI), and Management Development Institutes (MDI), among others.

Some schools, like Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), offer both kinds of programs, while autonomous institutes, such as the  Indian School of Business  (ISB), offer a PGP certification.

What’s Better: An MBA Degree or Another Business Certificate?

The answer to this question  depends on where you are in your career and what your overall career development goals are.

What Other Business Administration Degrees Are There?

An MBA degree is not your only option: there are other business administration degrees  out there.

An MBA might not be the best choice if you are already advanced in your career and want to gain higher-level training in business administration while still working part-time.

In this case, it might be better to study an Executive MBA , as Executive MBA programs cater to higher-level managers and are usually taught in evenings and at weekends.

Likewise, if you are unable to commit to a full-time MBA course, you might consider online MBA courses instead. Online MBA courses offer the same business administration training as in-person programs, and you can earn them from many top MBA colleges, but they do not require in-person attendance .

MBA vs. PGDM/PGP?

A more difficult decision is whether to pursue an MBA degree or an equivalent qualification, such as PGDM or PGP.

Academically, PGDM/PGP programs are considered more practical and industry-focused when compared to MBA programs, which are usually more theoretical and technical.

However, when it comes to industry recognition and the job market, both an MBA and a PGDM/PGP are equal in the eyes of employers in India. What matters more is the reputation of the business school.

One place that an MBA degree may have an edge over its competitors is that MBA qualifications are recognized around the world. Particularly if you study at one of the top MBA colleges in India, your qualification is likely to improve your chances of career success around the world.

So, what are the top MBA colleges in India you should consider for your MBA course?

What are the top MBA colleges in India?

India has long been renowned for producing some of the world's best talents, especially in technical fields like engineering and medicine. Business education has also followed suit, with Indian schools rising in global prominence.

The Financial Times Global MBA Ranking

The  Financial Times Global MBA Ranking , long considered the holy grail of MBA rankings, featured five Indian MBA courses in 2021. ISB ranked highest, taking the 23rd spot, followed by  IIM Bangalore  in 35th and  IIM Calcutta  in 44th.  IIM Ahmedabad  and  IIM Indore  round out the Indian presence in the top 100.

The ranking accounts for factors such as quality of faculty, career prospects, and student body, highlighting how an MBA course in India stands on par with the programs offered at global elite business schools. 

MBA Accreditations

The rise of Indian B schools is also captured in their growing number of accreditations, which indicate the quality of management education on offer at management institutes.

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) is one of the premier accreditation bodies in the world and has recognized 14 management colleges from India for their commitment to high-quality and innovative teaching practices. Schools that made the list include the likes of:

• IIM Lucknow
• S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research (SPJIMR)
• Institute of Management Technology (IMT) Ghaziabad

Apart from this, five Indian schools are accredited by EQUIS and 12 are accredited by the Association of MBAs (AMBA).

ISB, IIM Calcutta and IIM Indore are accredited by all three, thus giving them the coveted status of “triple accreditation,” an honor reserved for only 1 percent of the world's business schools.

Once you’ve received a qualification from one of these institutions, what impact can you expect to see on your career?

What are career prospects like after an MBA in India?

The MBA admission process is challenging: from studying for one or more MBA entrance exams to preparing for interviews at top MBA colleges, it takes time and dedication.

The main motivator for professionals to get through the admission process is the promise of great career opportunities once you graduate  with an MBA degree.

But what effect can studying on one of the top MBA programs in India have on your career?

Increased Opportunities

Such is the popularity and relevance of having an MBA in India that the degree has become a basic requirement for all top employers, who use it as a benchmark for professional acumen and managerial capability.

Boasting one of the largest consumer markets in the world, a strong services sector, and a booming technology industry, India is poised to offer a wealth of opportunities for aspiring professionals in the near and long-term future.

Consulting and financial services firms continue to be the largest recruiters for MBAs, though India has also seen a rise in Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies such as ABInBev, Hindustan Unilever, P&G and Coca Cola.

Industrial conglomerates such as Reliance, Tata, and Aditya Birla Group, are also hiring MBAs from top MBA colleges in India for their general management roles and leadership development programs.

MBA Careers in Big Tech

Another industry that has become an attractive recruiter for MBA graduates in India is the technology sector. Big Tech players like Amazon, Google and Facebook offer a wealth of exciting opportunities, while a multitude of young companies and startups, ranging from Flipkart to Udaan, have emerged as sought-after destinations for MBA students.

Those are the career prospects you can expect if you decide to stay in India post-MBA. However, the career opportunities available aren’t just limited to roles in India. MBA students from the country are also in high demand in the Middle East, South East Asia, and even Europe.

Is an MBA in India worth it?

Any talk of an MBA is bound to be accompanied by discussions of whether the career opportunities post-MBA justify the expense . This is where management colleges in India hold a clear edge over their foreign counterparts.

MBA tuition costs

Let’s start with MBA tuition costs . Tuition fees at top MBA colleges around the world are very high:

• The Kellogg School of Management MBA costs ₹1.12 crores
• The NYU Stern MBA costs ₹1.14 crores
• The Carnegie Mellon Tepper MBA  costs ₹1.05 crores
• The INSEAD MBA  costs ₹75 lakh
• The London Business School MBA  costs ₹84 lakh
• The HEC Paris MBA costs ₹61 lakh

In addition to these program costs, students will also have to foot the bill for their living costs and travel expenses, which will be significant additions to these figures.

Compare this to the much lower cost of tuition at an Indian business school:

• Tuition at ISB costs ₹37 lakh
• IIM Ahmedabad costs ₹23 lakh
• IIM Bangalore costs ₹23 lakh
• NMIMS costs ₹20 lakh
• SPJIMR costs ₹17 lakh

Other MBA programs will come in even lower, and the living costs in India are also significantly lower than doing an MBA abroad. All these numbers indicate how much more cost-effective it is to pursue an MBA in India .

MBA salaries in India

Of course, how much you spend on your MBA degree is only one part of calculating your return on investment.

You also need to consider your career opportunities post-MBA – particularly when it comes to MBA salaries .

Fortunately, a comparison of weighted average salaries (adjusted for purchasing power) of MBA graduates from all these top schools shows Indian programs in a positive light too.

The salary of an MBA graduate from Kellogg and INSEAD is ₹1.4 crores while from LBS and Stern is ₹1.3 crores.

On the other hand, the average salary of an MBA degree holder from ISB is ₹1.2 crores; at IIM Ahmedabad is ₹1.4 crores, and at IIM Bangalore it's ₹1.3 crores. This shows that when it comes to purchasing power, MBA graduates from Indian business schools can easily compete with international students.

Analyzing all these figures, it is evident that doing a regular MBA course in India offers a much better  return on investment  than doing an MBA abroad.

Requirements for MBA in India

Now that you know the benefits of completing one, how do you apply for an MBA program in India?

The MBA admission process in India is mostly similar to that of global business schools: you appear for a graduate management aptitude test, followed by a second round of screening consisting of a group discussion and/or a personal interview.

The key difference in the admission process in India is in the MBA entrance exams you are expected to complete. Let’s break down the different MBA admission tests required by MBA colleges in India.

Which exam is required for MBA in India?

When you're researching applying for an MBA abroad, you'll find that almost all international business schools accept scores from one or both of the following MBA entrance exams:

• The Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT
• The Graduate Record Examination (GRE)

MBA colleges in India may also require applicants to sit these entrance exams, but there is more diversity in the types of MBA entrance exams required.

In India, different MBA colleges accept different test scores.

The Indian Institute of Management schools hold the Common Admission Test (CAT), which is also used by other prominent schools like the Faculty of Management Studies (FMS) and MDI.

Some programs ask students to complete their own admissions test. XLRI organizes the Xavier Aptitude Test (XAT) for the admission process, which is accepted by XIMB and IMT Ghaziabad too, among others.

Which MBA admission test should I take?

Prepping for MBA entrance exams is one of the most time-consuming parts of the MBA admission process.

Particularly if you’re juggling admission test preparation alongside a full-time job, you should be strategic and choose a common admission test that is accepted by more than one of your target MBA colleges.

The GMAT is one of the most popular MBA entrance exams because it is accepted by more than 100 business schools in India as well as those abroad. The MBA colleges in India that accept GMAT scores include prominent names such as ISB, SPJIMR, IIFT, and Goa Institute of Management.

The Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), which administers the GMAT Exam, also offers another dedicated admission test for India, the  NMAT .

What is the NMAT exam?  The NMAT is very similar to the GMAT. It's a shorter exam, only taking two hours to complete, and is used by over 40 schools, including NMIMS, SDA Bocconi Asia Center, and K. J. Somaiya Institute of Management (KJSIMSR).

It is available in GMAC-approved test centers or can be taken online at home, which offers added convenience and flexibility for those juggling MBA entrance exams with full-time work.

Study an MBA in India for strong return on investment

Now you know everything you need to know about applying for an MBA in India, including:

• The eligibility criteria for MBA programs
• The top MBA colleges in India
• Which MBA entrance exams you should consider
• The benefits an MBA degree can have for your career
• The return on investment you can expect from an MBA course at an Indian school

You know you will get a quality education and emerge with a graduate degree that will set you up for future opportunities. You can read more in our complete guide for Indian graduate business school applicants .

The only thing left to do is choose your course and book your NMAT!

Sample Cases

Explore raw case studies for free from the school of management.

All of the cases listed here are from our series on Design and Social Enterprise, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation through a grant to William Drenttel and Winterhouse Institute.

Perspectives: Customer/Marketing, Innovation & Design, Social Enterprise, State & Society, Sustainability

Harish Hande and the company he founded, SELCO, provide solar electricity for lighting and power to India's poor. For his company's work, he has received numerous recognitions and is frequently cited as one of the top social entrepreneurs in India and an example for the entire developing world. But the road to SELCO’s success has not always been smooth...

Design at Mayo

Perspectives: healthcare, innovation & design, leadership & teamwork, social enterprise.

In the early 2000s, Mayo Clinic physician Nicholas LaRusso began asking himself a question: if we can test new drugs in clinical trials, can we also test new kinds of doctor-patient interactions. Although over the last 50 years there had been enormous advances in diagnosing and treating disease, the health care experience had become increasingly complex...

Perspectives: Entrepreneurship, Healthcare, Innovation & Design, Social Enterprise

When Krista Dong and Zinhle Thabethe came to the 2006 PopTech conference in Camden, Maine, they hoped to expand their fight against HIV/AIDS, one of South Africa’s greatest problems. They were the founders of iTEACH, an HIV/AIDS and TB prevention and treatment program in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Impressed by their story, conference organizers and Robert Fabricant of frog design came together with iTEACH to address these real-world challenges through the conference’s vision - accelerating social innovation...

Teach for All

Perspectives: education management, innovation & design, social enterprise.

By their November 2011 annual conference in Mumbai India, Teach For All’s network consisted of 23 national partner organizations. Network members came from all over the globe. From tiny Estonia with near universal literacy, to India with over 900 times more people and only 75% literacy, from China with single-party authoritarian rule, to England with hundreds of years of multi-party democracy. Uniting the network, though, was a commitment to building an organization similar to Teach For America in their respective countries. Teach For America was the brainchild of Wendy Kopp...

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Selecting the Case Competition

The strategy, in my opinion, to participate in case competitions should be based on what is the domain of the challenge, which firm is organizing it, how many slides/video submission is required at different stages, what is the prize money/ PPI offerings on clearing different rounds, how many teams are going to be shortlisted at campus / national level, etc.

These factors become important because there are numerous case competitions that will come your way and it may not be possible to attempt all of them. Clearly, you would want to put your efforts into the ones where your interests lie and where the chances of success are high.

Wish you all the best in your journey of cracking the case competitions!

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It has come to notice that several persons/consultants are claiming that they are the agents of IBS (ICFAI Business School) and assuring guaranteed admission in IBS Hyderabad Campus on payment of nominal amount as registration fees.

In this regard, we wish to bring to prospective students attention that ICFAI Business School does not have any agents.  The admission to ICFAI Business Schools is based only on merit (past academic record, performance in Group Discussion and Personal Interview). Canvassing in any form will lead to disqualification.

This notice is to advise you not to fall into the trap of the unscrupulous agents.

For any clarification, please visit any IBS Information Office/ICFAI Business School campuses or contact Tollfree No. 1800 425 556677/board no. 040 23440963.

The case study method is a key component of the academic program at all IBS campuses, which is one of the few institutions in India that has made case studies a critical component of its curriculum.

Almost all the courses in the IBS program are designed keeping in mind the advantages of the case method. Some courses are even taught entirely through case studies – the case studies being tailor-made to the requirements of different subject areas and topics. Student evaluation is based on individual/team presentations, written reports and class participation. Cases encourage in-depth analysis by gathering supporting information – either through published sources or by directly interacting with the companies involved. IBS has a huge repertoire of case studies for almost all the functional areas in management.

IBS has dedicated research and content development centres for producing case studies and supporting material. Manned by teams of knowledge workers with many years of academic and corporate experience, these centres develop contemporary and thought-provoking case studies which provide great learning value to the students.

IBS® Case Development Centre

Asia-Pacific’s Largest Repository of Management Case Studies

IBSCDC, over 2700 case studies, 877 structured assignments and 1130 teaching notes, is Asia Pacific’s largest repository of business management case studies. All these case studies are developed for MBA programs, Executive MBA programs, Executive Development Programs, and other management-related programs and allied disciplines. While quite a few of these case studies are best selling case studies, few others are included in some of the best selling international text books. All these case studies, having been tested in the most demanding classrooms at MBA, Executive MBA and Ph.D level, come with a clear concept focus and decision dilemmas. Added to this is extraordinary rigor. Over 1,20,000 copies have been bought by leading universities, business schools and corporate clients across the world.

Learn more about IBS CDC at www.icmrindia.org

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A Center of Excellence at IBS Hyderabad

ICMR is a premier case development center developing high-quality teaching cases in Management. At ICMR, a dedicated and dynamic team works towards fulfilling the institution’s mission of developing high quality case studies. The case studies are written by a team comprising Faculty members and Research Associates. It not only ensures that IBS has a regular supply of case studies, but also caters to the increasing demand for quality case studies from other B-schools in India and abroad. Our cases have found extensive usage around the world. More than 200,000 individual copies of our case studies have been purchased by leading B-schools and universities around the world and over 10 million copies of our cases have been printed in international and Indian textbooks and casebooks. ICMR’s cases consistently win awards in several global case writing competitions.

Learn more about ICMR at www.icmrindia.org

Besides IBS, these case studies are being used by a large number of business schools, universities and companies across the world. Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Co., British Telecom, Cadbury Schweppes, Coca-Cola, Goldman Sachs, Hewlett Packard, Johnson & Johnson, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Procter & Gamble, and Siemens AG are some of the major business organizations that use IBS case studies. Universities and business schools that use IBS cases include University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of Helsinki, London Business School, INSEAD, IMD, University of Michigan, etc.

IBS cases have also been published in several leading management textbooks published in Europe, the US and the UK. They have won recognition at international case writing competitions organized by institutions such as the Management Development Centre of Hong Kong, EFMD, The John Molson School of Business, and other institutions.

Learning through the globally accepted and popular case method of learning, students are able to hone their comprehension, analytical and decision-making skills and become better team players and managers.

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Case Studies

The institute works closely with ISB’s Centre for Learning and Management Practice (CLMP) in developing case studies from the healthcare sector that document real business scenario. This allows our faculty in delivering management lessons in tune with the latest in the industry. These case studies are also disseminated to global classrooms through the HBS network. 

Listed below are select published healthcare cases which include those supported by MIHM as well independent work by ISB faculty members.

Scaling Niramai: Disrupting Breast Cancer Detection Using Artificial Intelligence

Authors:  Sukanya Roy,  Raj Krishnan Shankar,  D.V.R. Seshadri,  Venkat Ramana Sudigali,  Rajesh Pandit

The case describes the relentless efforts of Dr. Geetha Manjunath, the founder of Niramai, to improve early-stage breast cancer detection in women. India was plagued by a lack of medical facilities, poor access to early-stage cancer screening programs, and a lack of awareness of breast cancer in rural areas. These were the primary causes of the high rate of death due to cancer among women, of which breast cancer was a major contributor. The case study explores the different stages of Niramai's journey and poses the key question of what Niramai should do to scale its innovative and crucial offering for marketplace success. Manjunath, a healthcare research scientist, developed an innovative thermal-analytics-based solution to detect early-stage breast cancer. Niramai's innovative product received global recognition; it was the only Indian start-up to be listed on the global business data intelligence platform CB Insights. She had the noble vision of providing an affordable early-stage breast cancer solution to women, especially the underprivileged in the hinterland of the country. Manjunath considered her start-up to be much more than merely a business. The company raised US$7 million from investors for business expansion and growth. Given the potential upside, the opportunities to raise funds and scale globally created a plethora of dilemmas and challenges for Niramai's senior management team.

Hopes Critical Care: Scale-up of a Tele-Intensive Care Solution

Authors:  Vijaya Sunder M,  Meghna Raman,  D.V.R. Seshadri

The case is set in 2021 and follows the journey of Dr. Shailesh Jhawar, an intensivist trained in the United Kingdom, who returned to India to join his father, Dr. Shiv Bhagwan Jhawar, at Apex Hospitals in Jaipur, Rajasthan, which his father had founded in 1994. The case describes Jhawar's efforts to improve patient outcomes in critical care with the tele-intensive care unit (tele-ICU) model. It takes the reader through Jhawar's journey from the time he discovered the need for tele-ICU and understood the various facets of its implementation to the establishment of Hopes Critical Care (HCC) as a tele-ICU provider and the induction of the first few "spoke" hospitals into the tele-ICU network.

Project Ashray: Planning a Time-Constrained Project

Authors:  Vijaya Sunder M,  Sarang Deo,  Siddhartha Modukuri

In response to the uncontrollable second wave of Covid-19 in the south Indian state of Telangana in April 2021, a few like-minded social activists in the capital city of Hyderabad came together to establish a 100-bed medical care center to treat Covid-19 patients. The project was named Ashray. Dr. Chinnababu Sunkavalli (popularly known as Chinna) was the project manager of Project Ashray. In addition to the inherent inadequacy of hospital beds to accommodate the growing number of Covid- 19 patients till March 2021, the city faced a sudden spike of infections in April that worsened the situation. Consequently, the occupancy in government and private hospitals in Hyderabad increased by 485% and 311%, respectively, from March to April. According to a prediction model, Chinna knew that hospital beds would be exhausted in several parts of the city in the next few days. The Project Ashray team was concerned about the situation. The team met on April 26, 2021, to schedule the project to establish the medical care center within the next 10 days.

Health-Tech Strategy at KG Hospital Part B: Tech Strategy Design and Implementation

Authors: Vijaya Sunder M, Meghna Raman

The objective of this case study (in two parts, A and B) is to provide a systematic methodology for capturing metrics crucial for patient experience and hospital performance, defining a framework to design an enterprise technology strategy map, and examining the readiness, deployment, and sustainability of technology solutions to help achieve superior patient satisfaction. Part B (Tech Strategy Design and Implementation ) of this two-part case study is a follow-up to Part A, and it takes the reader through Avantika Raghu's journey of solving the problems identified in Part A. Part B of the case study describes her efforts to address prioritized metrics by identifying technology solutions (both in-house and external vendors).

Health-Tech Strategy at KG Hospital Part A: Identification and prioritization of key focus areas

The objective of this case study (in two parts, A and B) is to provide a systematic methodology for capturing metrics crucial for patient experience and hospital performance, defining a framework to design an enterprise technology strategy map, and examining the readiness, deployment, and sustainability of technology solutions to help achieve superior patient satisfaction. Part A (Identification and Prioritization of Key Focus Areas) of this two-part case study takes the reader through the exploration of Avantika Raghu, Chief Experience and Technology Officer at the KG hospital, where she uncovers various pain points. It describes Raghu's observations during her Gemba walks covering key departments at the hospital, learnings from her focus group meetings with stakeholders, and insights from examining the hospital's quality and performance parameters. The case concludes with Raghu identifying patient satisfaction as a core challenge in the current setup and considering technological solutions that can help improve patient satisfaction while enabling hospital expansion to meet the goals of Vision 2025.

Transforming maternal and newborn healthcare in India through midwifery: The Fernandez Foundation Initiative

Authors: Swati Sisodia, D V R Seshadri

The case explores the promises and challenges of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the Indian Healthcare system. India has a high maternal mortality rate, poor doctor-to-patient ratio, rising C-section rates, absence of last-mile access to quality maternal healthcare. In this context, Dr. Fernandez, a veteran in maternal healthcare, believes that midwifery is a workable solution to these widespread problems. However, to have an impact both in terms of and financial sustainability, government support is essential. Dr. Fernandez thinks that a PPP may be the best way to create many well-trained and professional midwives in the country. However, given India's complex healthcare structure, it is not easy to get acceptance and commitment from all the states for government schemes. Problems such as frequent changes in the bureaucratic leadership often disrupt the implementation of schemes. Another challenge is the mindset of birthing mothers, the obstetric community, and family members who view the medicalization of birthing as acceptable. Dr. Fernandez has to overcome multiple challenges. She has to address obstetricians' pushback while changing birthing mothers' mindsets and continually motivate the midwives her team had trained. Regarding the PPP, she has to evolve a plan to fast-track the rollout of the PPP model, ensure that the complex PPP involving multiple stakeholders works effectively, she has to address the roadblocks to the implementation of the PPP initiative, and design mechanisms to monitor progress.

Technology decision-making in a semi-urban ICU: An intensivist's dilemma

Authors: Vijaya Sunder M, Sarang Deo

Set in April 2017, this case centers around the digital technology dilemma facing the protagonist Dr. Vimohan, the chief intensivist of Prashant Hospital. The case describes the critical challenges afflicting the intensive care unit (ICU) of the hospital. It then follows Dr. Vimohan as he visits the Bengaluru headquarters of Cloudphysician Healthcare, a Tele-ICU provider. The visit leaves Dr. Vimohan wondering whether he can leverage the Tele-ICU solution to overcome the challenges at Prashant Hospital. He instinctively knew that he would need to use a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis to resolve this dilemma.

L. V. Prasad Eye Institute: Innovating the business of eye care

Authors: Shlomo Maital, D V R Seshadri, Swati Sisodia

The case delineates the journey of L.V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI), which evolved to become the biggest rural eyecare network, and it is amongst the most well-known eyecare providers in the world. Established in the year 1987 in the city of Hyderabad, India, LVPEI had been known internationally for its quality of eye care. As part of its vision, it treats half of its patients free of cost by adopting the cross-subsidization model. It developed the unique 'Pyramid Model' to serve the last mile population. The subject of Strategy and Innovation is riddled with paradoxes. A paradox is typically a pair of opposites, that have to be creatively reconciled, ensuring that both the opposites are simultaneously true. The case is set in the year 2018, and the key highlight of the case is to showcase how LVPEI has reconciled the hierarchy of paradoxes, i.e., strategy paradoxes, and innovation paradoxes during its 30 years journey and achieved excellence in eye care. The vital question of how LVPEI can sustain continued innovative excellence has emerged now. The senior management of LVPEI has to chart their way forward for the coming 30 years, reconciling the hierarchy of paradoxes. These paradoxes are elusively described in the case. Students would need to identify the paradoxes and think through LVPEI's journey ahead by reconciling them.

Cloudphysician: A collaboration between man and machine to save lives

Authors: Rajesh Pandit, D V R Seshadri

Set in 2019, the case traces the journey of Cloudphysician, a four-year old healthcare start-up offering comprehensive remote monitoring and advisory solutions to intensive care units (ICUs) of hospitals in India. The primary beneficiaries of the start-up's services were hospitals in tier-2 and tier-3 cities and towns across India, particularly smaller hospitals, which did not have emergency care in their ICUs, which resulted in high mortality rates. Cloudphysician team built a solution that significantly increased the capacity and capabilities of doctors in charge of ICUs at these hospitals. Cloudphysician developed a sophisticated technology using a combination of new age technologies such as computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and analytics. More than a dozen paying hospitals were reaping the benefits of Cloudphysician as its customers. Having demonstrated the proof of concept, its founders hoped to rapidly scale up the number of hospitals adopting its solution. The case tells the story of the start-up and its founders, starting from the origin of the idea. The founders were facing several dilemmas about scaling the business, expanding the scope and scale of technology-enabled solutions, potential scaling issues, an uncertain regulatory landscape, and probable competitors. This case could be used in courses on strategy, entrepreneurship or technology disruption in the healthcare industry in both MBA and executive education programs. While the case has relevance in both developed and developing world contexts, what is unique about it is that the business concept of the firm arose out of a resource-constrained environment characteristic of emerging markets. The Teaching Note provides a framework for the instructor to navigate the case discussion in an effective manner in a typical 90-minute session.

Basic Healthcare Services: An innovative model for primary healthcare delivery in rural India

Authors: Devendra Tayade, D V R Seshadri

Set in the year 2019, this case looks at the development of Basic Healthcare Services (BHS), a primary healthcare organization in India based out of Udaipur, Rajasthan, and its efforts to achieve sustainability. This case sheds light on the state of primary healthcare in India and, in doing so, unravels the underlying challenges of setting up and running a privately-led primary healthcare delivery organization in rural India catering to people at the bottom of the pyramid. It shows how building physical infrastructure alone is not enough to provide last-mile primary healthcare coverage to people living in the rural hinterlands. BHS, under the leadership of its Founder-Director Dr. Pavitra Mohan, engaged with rural communities to build their trust in allopathic healthcare and wean them away from pseudo-practitioners, and created systems that would address their health needs. This case gives readers a glimpse of Mohan's formative years and the many challenges he had to overcome to realize his vision of providing affordable and accessible last-mile healthcare. One of BHS's successful strategies was to engage with the communities it served and forge meaningful collaborations. A small but dedicated team of healthcare professionals and community workers delivered compassionate care and conducted outreach in poor rural communities. It relied on grant aid to finance its operations. The primary issue confronting BHS in 2019 was how to achieve financial viability and catalyze the growth of the organization.

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Case Study Methodology

• Master of Business Administration...

The course pedagogy stresses on learning with extensive Case Study discussions and presentations. It is a unique way of observing any natural phenomenon which exists in a set of data. Case Studies, used for analyzing and solving practical business problems and building and testing business theories are designed and conducted with scientific rigor.

Professors compile their selected case studies and readings into a course outline, which is distributed as course compendium at the start of each term. The case studies are either developed in house, or procured through renowned case houses like Ivey, Harvard Business School etc. Usually the class is divided into study groups who jointly solve and present a case, analyzing the complete real life situation, associated questions and accompanying business decisions dilemmas. Taking the student through solving hundreds of such decision dilemmas improve their decision making skills keeping in mind diverse perspectives. Overall, case studies create an interactive learning environment within the classrooms.

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MBA students from IIMB win Air India SOAR Case Competition

Ruby Catharin A, Ralpha Josephine Crency C and Santhosh S, all second-year PGP students at IIMB, competed with 12 teams from 27 B-schools across the country to win the top prize

23 OCTOBER, 2023: Team Trilogy, comprising Ruby Catharin A, Ralpha Josephine Crency C and Santhosh S, all second-year MBA students at IIM Bangalore, has won the AIR India SOAR Case Competition 2023. They bested 12 teams from 27 B-schools across the country to win the top prize which includes a cash prize of INR 1.5 lakh, a round trip to London/Paris and vouchers.

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Home » Managerial Economics » Case Study: Inflation in India

Case Study: Inflation in India

Knowing Inflation

By inflation one generally means rise in prices. To be more correct inflation is persistent rise in the general price level rather than a once-for-all rise in it, while deflation is persistent falling price. A situation is described as inflationary when either the prices or the supply of money are rising, but in practice both will rise together. These days economies of all countries whether underdeveloped, developing as well developed suffers from inflation. Inflation or persistent rising prices are major problem today in world. Because of many reasons, first, the rate of inflation these years are much high than experienced earlier periods. Second, Inflation in these years coexists with high rate of unemployment, which is a new phenomenon and made it difficult to control inflation.

An inflationary situation is where there is ‘too much money chasing too few goods’. As products/services are scarce in relation to the money available in the hands of buyers, prices of the products/services rise to adjust for the larger quantum of money chasing them.

Read More: Definition of inflation and it’s types

Inflation is no stranger to the Indian economy. The Indian economy has been registering stupendous growth after the liberalization of Indian economy. In fact, till the early nineties Indians were used to ignore inflation. But, since the mid-nineties controlling inflation has become a priority. The natural fallout of this has been that we, as a nation, have become virtually intolerant to inflation. The opening up of the Indian economy in the early 1990s had increased India’s industrial output and consequently has raised the India Inflation Rate. While inflation was primarily caused by domestic factors (supply usually was unable to meet demand, resulting in the classical definition of inflation of too much money chasing too few goods), today the situation has changed significantly.

Inflation today is caused more by global rather than by domestic factors. Naturally, as the Indian economy undergoes structural changes, the causes of domestic inflation too have undergone tectonic changes. The main cause of rise in the rate of inflation rate in India is the pricing disparity of agricultural products between the producer and consumers in the Indian market. Moreover, the sky-rocketing of prices of food products, manufacturing products, and essential commodities have also catapulted the inflation rate in India. Furthermore, the unstable international crude oil prices have worsened the situation.

Defining causes of Inflation

What exactly is the nature of this inflation which has the nation in its grip? The different causes of inflation which are experienced in Indian economy in a large proportion would be:-

• Demand-pull inflation: This is basically when the aggregate demand in an economy exceeds the aggregate supply. It is also defined as `too much money chasing too few goods’. Bare-boned, it means that a country is capable of producing only 100 items but the demand is for 105 items. It’s a very simple demand-supply issue. The more demand there is, the costlier it becomes. Much the same as the way real estate in the country is rising.
• Cost-push inflation: This is caused when there is a supply shock. This represents the condition where, even though there is no increase in Aggregate Demand, prices may still rise. I.e. non availability of a commodity would lead to increase in prices. This may happen if the costs of especially wage cost rise.
• Imported Inflation: This is inflation due to increases in the prices of imports. Increases in the prices of imported final products directly affect any expenditure-based measure of inflation. They play an important role in driving the rise in domestic prices. The rise in the global prices of crude oil and agricultural commodities, including food grains, and industrial products, and setbacks to global economy resulting from sub-prime mortgage disaster and US recession have contributed to India’s inflation.

Other Causes:

• When the government of a country print money in excess, prices increase to keep up with the increase in currency, leading to inflation.
• Increase in production and labor costs, have a direct impact on the price of the final product, resulting in inflation.
• When countries borrow money, they have to cope with the interest burden. This interest burden results in inflation.
• High taxes on consumer products, can also lead to inflation. An increase in indirect taxes can also lead to increased production costs.
• Inflation can artificially be created through a circular increase in wage earners demands and then the subsequent increase in producer costs which will drive up the prices of their goods and services.   This will then translate back into higher prices for the wage earners or consumers.   As demands go higher from each side, inflation will continue to rise.
• Debt, war and other issues that cause a drastic financial blunder can also cause the inflation.

Measuring Inflation

Inflation in India is mainly estimated on the basis of fluctuations in the wholesale price index (WPI). The wholesale price index comprises of the following indices:

• Domestic Wholesale Price Index (DWPI)
• Export Price Index (EPI)
• Import Price Index (IPI)
• Overall Wholesale Price Index (OWPI)

The WPI consists of about 435 items and has three broad categories. They are:-

• Primary Articles (weight of 22.0253) — 22% Index
• Fuel, Power, Light, and Lubricants (weight of 14.2262) –   14% Index
• Manufactured Products (weight of 63.7485) — 64% Index

The base year of the WPI is 1993-94. The base year usually chosen is one where there has been fairly less volatility. The Indian WPI figure is released weekly on every Thursday. But recently the government has approved the proposal to release a wholesale price based inflation data on a monthly basis, instead of every week. The new series of WPI based inflation with 2004-05 as the base year would be launched soon. The move is aimed at improving the accuracy of the inflation data.

The monthly release of WPI is a widely-followed international practice. And, it is expected to improve the quality of data. Collection of price data of manufactured products will, accordingly, have a monthly frequency consistent with the practice of release of WPI. The new series of WPI based inflation with 2004-05 as the base year would be launched soon. However, the government will continue to release a weekly index for primary articles, and commodities in the fuel, power, light and lubricants groups. The weekly index will facilitate monitoring of prices of agricultural commodities and petroleum products, which are sensitive in nature.

Problems of Inflation

It has been reported that the manufacturing capacity in India is running around 95 per cent, which usually means it is running at full capacity. Therefore, when the price of manufactured products is increasing, it means that demand is usually higher than supply and that is a clear case of demand-pull inflation.

On the primary goods front, which consists of fruits, vegetables, food-grains etc, it is not that straight-forward. It has certainly been all over the news that the prices of fruits and vegetables are increasing and a trip to the supermarket or local grocery shop will testify to that. Although it is a clear case of demand-pull inflation, on the other, it is also a bit of a supply shock when one considers the fact that there is an abnormally high percentage of fruits and vegetables that goes to waste because of the lack of cold-storage facilities. Some estimates say 50 per cent of produce goes to waste and that is a conservative number.

The fuel price hike is a straight example of cost push inflation. When OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) was formed, it squeezed the supply of oil and this caused oil prices to rise, contributing to higher inflation. Since oil is used in every industry, a sharp rise in the price of oil leads to an increase in the prices of all commodities.

The in depth problems due to inflation would be:

• When the balance between supply and demand goes out of control, consumers could change their buying habits, forcing manufacturers to cut down production.
• Inflation can create major problems in the economy. Price increase can worsen the poverty affecting low income household.
• Inflation creates economic uncertainty and is a dampener to the investment climate slowing growth and finally it reduce savings and thereby consumption.
• The producers would not be able to control the cost of raw material and labor and hence the price of the final product. This could result in less profit or in some extreme case no profit, forcing them out of business.
• Manufacturers would not have an incentive to invest in new equipment and new technology.
• Uncertainty would force people to withdraw money from the bank and convert it into product with long lasting value like gold, artifacts.

The imbalances inflation has created in the Indian economy:-

• It has created a new rich class in social and political lives who are corrupt themselves and also corrupt the overall society.
• The increased prices reduced the capacity to save and people preferred present consumption to future consumption.
• It has provided protection and subsides to industries which bred inefficiency.
• It has lead to misallocation of resources due to distortion of relative prices and finally a redistribution of wealth from the poor to the rich.
• It disturbs balance of payments.

Curbing Inflation

There are several reasons why we should worry about the spike in the inflation rate. Inflation is a tax on the poor and long-term lenders. Inflation is already too high, though it is definitely not at economy-wrecking levels. But it’s best to be serious about the threat it poses. Inflation has emerged as the biggest risk to the global outlook, having risen to very high levels across the world, levels that have not been generally seen for a couple of decades.

Currently, in India, we go through boom-and-bust cycles; sometimes GDP growth rates are very high and sometimes GDP growth rates drop sharply. This boom-and-bust cycle is unpleasant for every household. There is a powerful international consensus that stabilizing inflation reduces this boom-and-bust cycle of GDP growth.

India is facing the problem of inflationary pressure because of the increase in Aggregate Demand while Aggregate Supply is respectively constant. The inflationary pressure faced by Indian Economy is due to Demand-Pull inflation i.e. Aggregate Demand > Aggregate Supply. Thus to curb inflation need to fill the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. For this either we need to increase Aggregate Supply or decrease Aggregate Demand that can hamper economic development. To increase Aggregate Supply either there is a need to increase production capacity of all current production units or to build new production plants.

But as quoted in a survey done by RBI that all the production plants are running at their full production capacity thus all resources are full employed. The other way is to build new plant but to do this will take at least 18months to 2years. Thus meanwhile we need to decrease Money Supply, which is opted by RBI. Increasing production of useful goods and services is what India should focus on.

As in the short run it is not possible to meet the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply thus RBI is planning to decrease liquidity by reducing Money Supply from the market. RBI planned that Liquidity from the market can be drained by decreasing money supply and to do so it is increasing CRR, repo rate, reverse repo rate and taking other measure like that.

CRR i.e. Cash Reserve Ratio (Liquidity Ratio) is the percentage of deposit that a commercial bank needs to keep with RBI by which RBI control liquidity in the market and create Money Supply. Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI lends money to other commercial Banks.

The Reserve Bank said that such decisions had been taken to curb inflation in India. RBI is taking positive steps to reduce the inflation since inflations rates are going up week by week. By raising the reserve rate, a deflationary pressure can be put on the economy, since the money multiplier has been reduced. People will therefore save more. But in this hike, there is negative impact in terms of higher interest rates and personal loans, vehicle loans and other loans become costly. RBI may hike the rate to reduce the money circulation in the country but it also decreased the sales of all loan items and further it reduces the manufacturing activity of many industries. Now the public and private sector banks may raise the interest rate at which they lend money to borrowers.

Produce more exports than imports than another country, then your money deflates with respect to that currency. Exporting becomes a problem cause buyers from outside feel that the goods are expensive so they prefer buying some other country’s goods with cheaper rate. Thus money does not come in. in the same way, when public has more money they buy foreign goods, thus money goes out which is bad. There is a need to encourage people to purchase goods produced within the country.

It is important for policymakers to make credible announcements and degrade interest rates. Private agents must believe that these announcements will reflect actual future policy. If an announcement about low-level inflation targets is made but not believed by private agents, wage-setting will anticipate high-level inflation and so wages will be higher and inflation will rise. A high wage will increase a consumer’s demand (demand pull inflation) and a firm’s costs (cost push inflation), so inflation rises. Hence, if a policymaker’s announcements regarding monetary policy are not credible, policy will not have the desired effect.

Keynesians emphasize reducing demand in general, often through fiscal policy, using increased taxation or reduced government spending to reduce demand as well as by using monetary policy. Supply-side economists advocate fighting inflation by fixing the exchange rate between the currency and some reference currency such as gold. This would be a return to the gold standard. All of these policies are achieved in practice through a process of open market operations.

As individuals what can we do to stop Inflation?

Firstly save!!! As much of your money as possible should be saved. This will reduce the demand on the economy and hopefully reduce inflation. Do not overuse daily essentials like cooking gas, electricity etc. Cut down on inessentials when buying groceries. Look for cheaper alternatives to products that you normally buy.

Keep roads, highways, sidewalks, etc., beautified to help attract tourism and bring additional monetary into a growing economy. Stop illegal immigration. Illegal activities reap the benefits of the country but don’t pay taxes. Government-backed investment schemes such as Post Office Savings Schemes, Public Provident Funds (PPF) and National Savings Certificates (NSC) are best to invest in when inflation is slowly inching up and you are only looking at safety, not returns. Invest in short term deposits and funds, commodities and property. This will help you to slowly reach your financial goals while safeguarding your hard-earned money.

Read More: Treasury bills and inflation control

Related Posts:

• Deflation - Meaning, Effects and Modes of Control
• Correction of Balance of Payments (BoP) Deficit
• Effects of Inflation on Different Groups of Society
• Factors determining spot exchange rates in Forex Markets
• Effects of Black Money on Economy
• Role of Fiscal Policy in Economic Development
• Keynesian and Classical Economists Views about Disequilibrium
• National Income Statistics: Meaning and Uses
• The Stages of Inflation
• Causes and Effects of Inflation

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