communication in aviation essay

Understanding Aviation Communication (and Its Importance)

Aviation communication is an essential part of every aspect of the aviation industry, from pilots to mechanics to traffic control.

The word “communications” might lead many in the non-aviation world to immediately think of marketing, social media posts, or human resources. All of these play a role in the aviation industry however, aviation communication also refers to the unique acronyms, shorthand phrases, specific language .

These expected exchanges of information take place on a constant basis in the world of airplanes and the people who fly, design, service, and separate them. The role of avionics and data transmission is essential in aviation, moreover, here is a look at various forms of aviation communication, as well as the importance of their role in an Aviation Business Administration degree.

Aviation Communication and Air Traffic Control

This is perhaps the most obvious form of aviation communication. Throughout a commercial flight which carries passengers, from sitting in the cockpit to rolling to a stop, the pilot is in regular contact with an air traffic controller. However, while flying with a private certificate under visual flight rules (VFR) in the United States, pilots are not required to speak with air traffic control (ATC) , depending on the class of airspace he or she is flying through. Early aviators had no ATC to coordinate traffic, and sometimes it is not possible to contact a controller. However, it is a good idea to speak to any fellow pilots or nearby ATC professional who might be in the area.

Whether a pilot is speaking frequently to ATC or not at all, communicating professionally is paramount. Controllers are usually in a high-pressure environment with several airplanes demanding attention, and rambling through an unnecessarily long call will complicate not only the controller’s job, but frustrate other pilots who are waiting on the frequency.

The language of air traffic control can seem overwhelming, but even longtime pilots have recourse to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is not legally binding, but it is an invaluable resource when it comes to correctly and efficiently communicating in the air. Practicing with other pilots and listening to live ATC audio feeds are good ways to rehearse and learn more about communicating with air traffic controllers.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)

The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) consists of surveillance technology which constructs an interface between air traffic control systems and the aircraft. It is more precise than radar, and someday might replace it entirely. This system works with an airplane’s location as provided by GPS systems. It also refers to ground speed, altitude, and information transmitted to other ground stations. Data provided by other aircraft also helps to form a profile for pilots and air traffic controllers alike. The goal is better situational awareness. There are two aspects to this: ADS-B in and ADS-B out.

The FAA provides strict guidelines on the performance requirements and use of ADS-B. In short, ADS-B is part of what the FAA calls the NextGen program, which is a multifaceted effort to modernize aircraft communications and systems in the United States. These requirements demand owners install certain avionics and communication devices on all aircraft which they intend to operate in ADS-B airspace . Some ADS-B requirements were controversial within the aviation industry, however, as installing some of the necessary equipment is expensive, and some claim that use of handheld devices such as iPads are assisting pilots with the same tasks achieved by the ADS-B. In addition, concerns have also been raised over the security of the system.

Airport Service Detection Equipment, Model X (ASDE-X)

This futuristic-sounding system combines satellite, radar, and other forms of data transmission to track not only aircraft, but vehicles travelling around an airport. The purpose of ASDE-X is to increase safety on runways and surrounding areas.

Unfortunately, many accidents and near-misses have taken place before an aircraft ever leaves the ground. By tracking the movement of all vehicles in the same space, whether they have wings or not, ASDE-X can combine the information to provide a full picture of what is underway on and around the runways. In this way, even vehicles without transponders (fuel trucks, baggage carts, catering service vehicles) are part of the coverage. Flight plan data from aircraft which are coming and going also provide important information.

Radar and sensors placed in strategic locations throughout the airport and runways will provide a real-time color presentation to air traffic controllers. Data sensors and sources include the control tower, airplanes on the ground, and any aircraft within five miles of the airport. This increased situational awareness is especially useful in low visibility, as during a snow or rainstorm, or at night. Controllers are alerted with both sound and visual alarms which let them know that two vehicles might be dangerously close.

Most major airports, like those in Denver, Orlando, and Washington DC, are equipped with ASDE-X. To date, about 35 of them employ the system. The increased detail provided by these advanced and more comprehensive systems mean that busy airports should become safer and more efficient.

Aviation Communication and Aviation Business Administration

A strong aeronautical university will include aviation communication in an aviation business administration degree. California Aeronautical University understands this, and concentrates an entire section of its Aviation Business Administration degree on aviation communication. In addition, by mixing constantly with students who are pilots, future air traffic controllers, aeronautical engineers, and mechanics, those who attend such a program are well-situated for conducting themselves with investors, marketers, managers, and government contacts throughout aviation.

The aviation communications concentration within the Aviation Business Administration degree is comprehensive, and covers the procedures and operations of national air traffic control systems. In addition, students are made familiar with other major aspects of communication, including satellite systems and various methods of broadcasting between air and ground. Even if the student is not a pilot, having a thorough understanding of these important forms of aviation communication will play an indispensable part in conducting business throughout each aspect of the industry.

Ready to soar in your aviation career?

Mr. Matthew A. Johnston has over 23 years of experience serving various roles in education and is currently serving as the President of California Aeronautical University. He maintains memberships and is a supporting participant with several aviation promoting and advocacy associations including University Aviation Association (UAA), Regional Airline Association (RAA), AOPA, NBAA, and EAA with the Young Eagles program. He is proud of his collaboration with airlines, aviation businesses and individual aviation professionals who are working with him to develop California Aeronautical University as a leader in educating aviation professionals.

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Standard Phraseology

This article is all about the importance of standard phraseology and its role in ensuring effective communication in aviation. Thanks to pilot and consultant Stephen van Houwelingen for this article. As well as the article, watch our Conversation Aviation discussion on this topic (below and on the Together4Safety Youtube or listen to the Podcast).

Introduction

Just a few years after the Wright Brothers made their historic flight at Kitty Hawk, radio was first used for flight communications. It allowed pilots to share information about the weather and flight conditions, their position and much more. The developing aviation community saw radio as a way to improve safety and efficiency in air travel.

It did not take long before they went on experimenting and working on radio technology. The earliest examples of radio in flight communication came from the military. In 1917 morse was replaced by voice, making communication much more effective and quicker. Imagine being able to say what you want instead of translating it into morse, and for the receiver translating it again. A lot of room for error!

Instead of learning morse code to communicate everyone followed the course radio telephony. This is basically English in an abbreviated format focussed specifically on aviation terms to ensure clear and efficient communication that everyone can understand. As a new pilot you start by feeling nervous talking on the radio but quickly it becomes a basic skill like your native language.

However, as a basic skill it’s important to come back to regularly to make sure we don’t drift into doing things differently that might prevent others from understanding it.

What we learn about radio telephony skills?

So what compels a student pilot to learn this basic skils? At a basic level, the EASA regulation for Aircrew in FCL.055 says this about language proficiency:

Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship pilots required to use the radio telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either English or the language used for radio communications involved in the flight.

The applicant for the endorsement shall demonstrate the ability to:

Communicate effectively in voice-only and face to face situations.
Communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity.
Use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context.
Handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and
Use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community

The minimum level you need is the operational level (level 4), If you have level 4, it is valid for 4 years, then you need to be endorsed again, for level 5 (extended level), you have 6 years of validity. However when you have level 6 (expert level) you are home free and will be proficient for the rest of your life..

The importance of standard phraseology and how things change

Aviation communication is done using a certain format that has been agreed at global level and everyone who communicates in the air and on the ground learn that format. It is vital so that everyone knows what’s going on. But over time there is often drift from the standard phraseology. Sometimes this can be local and sometimes this can be due to the change in language in the wider world. If we start developing (and accepting) a dialect or slang or however you want to call it, the risk increases for miscommunications. Some examples I have heard include:

When a controller informs there is traffic on final or gives wind information the pilot replies “That is copied”. (I myself made that mistake until a colleague pointed it out, it should have been “ROGER”. Remember you can be unaware of your own errors).
When a controller informs you about traffic and the pilot informs “WE HAVE ON IT ON TCAS”. Although it is a great technological feature, the correct way should be “TRAFFIC IN SIGHT”, which means you have visual contact and this relieves the controller from his responsibility to maintain a certain separation.
At Amsterdam airport “SCHIPHOL GROUND” is called “GROND”. The Dutch word for ground. This raises the question how far do you go at your local airport? I would say a hello or goodbye is the limit. The rest should be in the agreed language.
A controller separating messages between two aircraft by using “BREAK”. This has a different meaning. The correct one is “BREAK BREAK”. It is completely logical that in a busy environment a controller tends to say it only once, and pilots accept it. But what is next to accept?

These are just some examples, but there is much more to consider. Is one of the communicators tired, at the end of their shift, maybe distracted by colleagues when you are transmitting your information. Remember there are numerous ways to interfere with the transmission. This is why the confirmation is so important. This is something I have experienced that controllers or pilots do not always correct a wrong read back.

For example: ATC clears aircraft X to FL 310, Aircraft Y blocks out aircraft X and reads back this clearance. Because ATC can see what FL pilots select, ATC corrects aircraft Y later on. However, this should have been corrected straight away. Another: ATC clears aircraft X on a certain departure with a specific exit point. The pilot does not readback the exit point. ATC does not confirm.

Mistakes are made easily and unintentionally. In pilots and controllers you need to be on top of your game all the time. If we start accepting slang, dialect, wrong or incomplete readbacks safety could be compromised, what is certain is that risk will increase. It is important to keep each other sharp, like my colleague who pointed out my error. There is no shame in making errors, there is shame however if we do not point those errors out when we see them.

The importance of continually thinking about the words we use and how we say it

I discussed already that if you have EXPERT LEVEL 6, you are home free and will never have to do any refresher training on language proficiency. However, as you will see from the earlier article on the challenges that native English speakers can bring into our communications, what we say and how we say it is something everyone needs to think about and continually work on.

Here at Safewings, we have refresher courses available for everyone and we encourage everyone to refresh themselves in this important topic. The same is true also for controllers and people working on the ramp who need to communicate using standard phraseology.

Standard phraseology

Now is a great time to revisit the key parts of standard phraseology from the ICAO manual on radio telephony. The good thing to know is that there is a standard, but in some cases (non-standard emergency) you need to revert to plain language. Remember you are required to be able to C ommunicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity.

It’s important to note, the phrase “GO AHEAD” has been deleted, in its place the use of the calling aeronautical station’s call sign followed by the answering aeronautical station’s call sign shall be considered the invitation to proceed with transmission by the station calling.

(or in other words, If you want to start a communication without immediately stating your intentions you say “CONTROLLER123, PILOT123” and the controller replies by saying "CONTROLLER 123, PILOT123”.

Threats that come with non-standard phraseology

What is the most probable thing that can happen? It is miscommunication that needs to be corrected. We all know the communication “HAVE THEY CLEARED YOU INTO RAMP”. I think I don’t have to say more, if you don’t know, here is the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShdkQGGyBWg

This correction is time consuming and may be annoying for the one who is trying to send the message. Miscommunication happens a lot and normally does not pose an immediate threat. Usually it is solved in less than 10 seconds. Which is not the case with the example above.. Hence the annoyed controller.

Another threat is midair collision. If you think you are cleared to a certain flight level but you are not, you may have increased risk on midair collision.

With runway incursion, there are multiple examples of aircraft that misunderstood their clearance, and miscommunication plays a major role. An example of that is in this case: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI2rJhdvguc In this case DAL300 did not read back to hold short, they only read back their gate number. So two errors here: DAL300 did not read back the complete clearance and ATC did not correct them after not reading back the complete clearance. Another example is non-standard phraseology. The receiver may misunderstand or not understand at all what you are trying to communicate.

Using different languages

A last threat I want to mention is use of different languages. If the common language is English and controllers and pilots start to speak a local language, the other pilots in that area who do not speak that language will lose part of their mental picture they have of the traffic around them. It may be considered a low risk but it can be annoying to for the ones who do not speak that language. Imagine you are at dinner having a conversation and some of the people start talking in a different language you don’t understand. Not very nice to do, so why do we do it in the air?

Key points to take away

Use/know standard phraseology.
As airline consider refresher courses / material for standard radio communication.
Think about the other one when there is miscommunication, before becoming angry, try to understand why the message does not come across.
Verify the message is understood.
If you hear an error being made, point it out to your colleague. There is no shame in making errors, but there is in accepting them.

“Stephen OUT”

(or “OVER” if you want to give feedback)

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Communication in Aviation Essay

Communication always played an extremely important role. In the course of time, human relations grew more complicated and so did the process of communication. Gradually, communication became vitally important, especially in such fields as aviation. At the same time, it should be said that the effectiveness of communication influences not only on the safety of flights but also on the quality of services. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the functioning of the airplane engine repair center, in which the effective communication is one of the basic conditions of reliable work of all units of the organization.

First of all, it should be said that one of the strategic goals of the airplane engine repair center is the organization of the effective communication which is supposed to flow freely but directly delivering the important messages directly to receivers without bothering any other employees of the center. Practically, it means that customers primarily send the information to the manager who is responsible for the communication with customers. At this stage, it is extremely important that customer has managed to deliver the message to the manager without any losses, i.e. the manager should fully realize the problem the customer has and what should be done to solve the problem of the customer, i.e. the manager should guarantee an effective repair. On receiving the information and order from the customer, the manager circulates this information within the company informing the administration about the order and conveying the essential commands to employees.

In this respect, it is worthy of mention that there exist a strict hierarchy of communication. On the lowest level are employees who simply receive orders from the head of the department and actually repair engines and fix other technical problems.

On the second level, there is a manager who is actually equal in the communication hierarchy to customers with whom he directly communicates, i.e. receives essential information, order, etc. it should be said that employees are supposed to communicate directly to the head of the particular department only, while customers occupying the next level in the communicational hierarchy can communicate with the manager only. The manager, in his turn, along with the communication with customers, can and must communicate with the head of the department which deals with the technological problems the center is supposed to repair.

As the head of the department receives the information and order from the manager he analyses this information, assess the cost, time, volume of repair and informs the director of the centre about the order that has been received. In such a way, the director turns to be on the highest level of the hierarchy since the head of department is controlled by the director and it is the director who takes strategic decisions while heads of departments simply deal with technological side of orders conveying the information and orders to employees and controlling the fulfillment of the orders.

Furthermore, it should be said that basically there are three modes of communication applied in the aviation engine repair center. The first is the linear communication between heads of departments and employees when the message is simply delivered to employees, i.e. the head of the department gives the order to the employees. The second mode of communication is non-linear and involves the manager and customers and the manager and the head of the department. In this mode, a sender and a receiver do not simple send a message linearly but also send and receive feedback. Finally on the highest level of the communication hierarchy, notably in the communication between the head of the department and the director, the audience-centered mode is used when a message changes a receiver’s knowledge, attitude, and behavior. For instance, the head of department analyzes the information received, i.e. order, delivers it to the director, and, on receiving the feedback, he can change his behavior.

Naturally, the aviation engine repair center sometimes faces certain problems in communications. Basically, there are several barriers in communication among which may be named the lack of knowledge of customers about the problems he/she has. For instance, customers cannot always explain what exactly has to be fixed and the manager cannot directly send the order but needs to consult the head of the department first who can clarify the situation. Also, barriers in communication can appear when are unable or unwilling to effectively communicate with the head of the department. In such a situation they can hardly appeal to the director directly and, thus, the misunderstanding between them and the head of the department grow. Finally, barriers may be developed in the communication between the head of the department and the director if they interpret the message in different ways and, consequently, have different views on the fulfillment of an order, for instance.

In such a way, the communication in the aviation engine repair center is strictly structured, different modes are applied that make communication more effective and contribute to the overcoming possible barriers in communication.

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Verbal communication is the use of words and vocal noises to give and receive information. It can be considered as any communication where a message is given verbally and received audibly, regardless of any coding, decoding and transmission medium used in between. It can be face-to-face (e.g. caterer to cabin crew), remote (e.g. air-ground radio), or somewhere in between (e.g. ramp worker using the radio and also hand signals to a pilot), or even two pilots (or controllers) sitting side-by-side but both concentrating on instruments. Verbal communication can be enhanced with supporting non-verbal communication such as body language, deliberate signals (hands, lights, signs), and written communication (e.g. anti-icing code ). Likewise it can also become ambiguous and confusing with inappropriate use of non-verbal communication.

Verbal Communication in Aviation

Despite the increased use of hand-held and integrated data-link communication and computer interfaces that use non-verbal inputs, verbal communication remains a vital part of ensuring aviation safety. This is not just between air traffic control and pilots, but between a complex team of players including ramp workers, ground-handlers, cabin crew, aerodrome operators, construction workers, airline staff, security, other specialists and members of the public.

Not all verbal communication occurs face-to-face; indeed, in aviation much verbal communication (perhaps the most critical) occurs remotely via radio systems. For example, post events of 11 September 2001 in New York, the mandatory use of reinforced flight deck doors has also relegated more communications between cabin crew and pilots to the intercom system, thereby removing visual cues and the possibility of written communication . Remote communication is distinct from face-to-face interpersonal communication where, for instance, eyesight and body language feature quite highly to either enhance or confuse [1] .

However, in some situations, modern technology is being used to enhance, and sometimes replace, verbal communication i.e. Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) , and message boards at de-icing facilities.

The Internationally accepted language for aviation is English and pilots and air traffic controllers now have to meet English Language Proficiency Requirements established by ICAO . Furthermore, some States (including EASA ) require a common language be in use for communication within the aircraft cabin and between the cabin and flight deck.

The risk presented by ineffective verbal communication is relatively high. Consequences can be severe, and the frequency with which communication errors are referenced as causal factors in accidents, incidents and occurrences is substantial.

When air-ground verbal communications go wrong, then the consequences can be serious: e.g. loss of separation , altitude deviation , or, runway incursion . Similar consequences can occur when they go wrong on the Ramp: e.g. incorrect loading of cargo; failure to electrically “ground” or “bond” aircraft and refuelling vehicle; or, unsafe approach to rotating engine/propeller. Annually there are around 240,000 injuries on the Ramp and over $5 billion worth of damage [2]

A pilot failing to communicate a need to “go-around” , or a cabin crewmember failing to describe the severity of ice contamination on a wing can lead to catastrophe.

Probability

Make a search of NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) for human factors occurrences on the Ramp, and it will show that 37% of occurrences involve communication breakdown.

Analysis of level bust events, within Europe, occurring in the first half of 2005 showed that four out of the top five causal factors involved a breakdown in communications, including incorrect read-back by the correct aircraft and pilot read-back by the incorrect aircraft, which is often the result of call sign confusion [3] .

Factors Affecting

One of the reasons why poor communication is cited as a causal factor in occurrences is the vast number of other factors that directly impact on the quality and frequency of communication. The diagram below lists only the factors that affect air-ground radio communications, but many are relevant for all types of verbal communication [4] .

Manner of Speech

The manner of speech used, when verbally communicating, directly influences the meaning given to the message by the “receiver”. This applies to the objective and subjective messages.

Effective verbal communication relies on a shared understanding of a common language , and also a shared understanding of a common Vocabulary, or Glossary. That is, words have specific meaning within the context of aircraft, aerodrome and air traffic operations. Therefore standardised phraseologies have evolved to ensure “meaning” is conveyed without need for long explanations.

Aviation professionals are usually trained in using radios for remote verbal communication, and following instructors’ advice and by experience, they will adopt a “different” character of speech. Anyone who has used High Frequency (HF) radios to transmit position reports or gather weather reports will recognise their own adoption of an “HF voice and pattern of speech”. This, of course, is an attempt to make oneself understood by speaking slower, pronouncing more clearly, neutralising accent, modulating tone and volume, and emphasising (stressing) certain words.

Non-verbal communication, such as body language, will “add to” any verbal communication when face-to-face and this will convey a subjective message (sometimes obvious and sometimes subtle) that may contradict the objective message: i.e. nodding our head “yes” whilst saying “no”. Otherwise known as incongruence. NB: beware cultural differences in body language though, as the example given would not be incongruent in some parts of Southern Asia . Subjective messages can also be transmitted during remote communication in the manner of speech; it is possible to detect unease, lack of attention or care, uncertainty, and even over-confidence in another’s voice.

Communication Responsibilities

It takes more than one person to communicate: the meaning of any communication is the response you get [5] . Ultimately the receiver’s reaction must be monitored for feedback to the transmitter. In aviation scenarios it is expected that both parties have an understanding of the importance of effective communication and both will adopt the responsibility to ensure that the communication is effective; although never assume this!

The transmitter must:

know what they want to communicate (i.e. know what response they want from the intended receiver),
be clear (use their manner of speech objectively and subjectively to make it so), and
test understanding (either by direct observable feedback, or through questioning).

The receiver must:

“actively” listen,
test meaning, and
demonstrate their understanding.

Failure of Verbal Communication

Summarising the above article, we can list numerous verbal communication errors and contributing factors:

use of uncommon language and/or phraseology
physiological reasons (speech and/or hearing)
poor use of volume to suit the environment
use of uncommon accent
poor use of pace and tone
lack of emphasis of importance and/or urgency
environmental aspects (noise, distractions, stress)
technical factors (equipment and transmission medium)
failure to plan clear communication of message
failure to test meaning (receiver) or understanding (transmitter)
failure to listen
failure to demonstrate understanding (receiver)
incongruence between verbal and no-verbal communication.

Enhancing Verbal Communication

It therefore follows that we can highlight some factors that will contribute to effective verbal communication:

agree use of common language and phraseology
test and agree assumptions
neutralise accents
control volume, pitch, tone, and pace of speech
stress urgency and importance
choose the correct time and place of communication if possible to counter the effects of personal stress and environmental factors i.e. to enhance listening opportunity
maintain communication equipment
plan what you want to say
actively listen (receiver and transmitter)
test meaning (receiver)
test understanding (transmitter)
complete feedback: receiver demonstrates understanding and transmitter observes the effects of the communication on the receiver
if face-to-face, use non-verbal means of communication to enhance the message – be congruent.

Air-Ground Communication
Air-Ground Voice Communications
Communication Failure: Guidance for Controllers
Interpersonal Communication in ATCO Training
English Language Proficiency Requirements
Physiological Aspects of Communications
Standard Phraseology

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International Symposium on Electric Aircraft and Autonomous Systems

ISEAS 2021: Advances in Electric Aviation pp 131–138 Cite as

Misunderstandings in Aviation Communication

Omar Alharasees 10 ,
Abeer Jazzar 10 &
Utku Kale 10
Conference paper
First Online: 22 August 2023

194 Accesses

Part of the book series: Sustainable Aviation ((SA))

The consequences of ineffective communication can be life-threatening and dramatic. Communication misunderstandings are often cited as the cause of paranormal events in aviation which could lead to accidents/incidents. As a result, the risk of lack of communication is relatively high. Many factors that directly or indirectly influence the rate of misunderstandings in communication, such as language barriers, non-standardized phraseology, ambiguous communication, regional differences, and premature communication, are the causes of communication errors in flight. The study focuses on distinguishing and emphasizing various perspectives of communication and making suggestions to operators to reduce misunderstandings in aviation communications. The study is based on a survey highlighting the important communication loads such as flight training, standard expressions, operator’s native language, and cultural background. The survey collected 110 responses from pilots and ATCOs, from various countries, with approximately 20% being ATCOs and 75% being pilots. Some suggestions concluded based on the results of this study are (i) improving aviation training by further focusing on radiotelephony communications and (ii) familiarizing and permanently updating standard used phraseology among operators.

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Abbreviations

Air Traffic Controllers

International Civil Aviation Organisation

International Air Transport Association

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Omar Alharasees, Abeer Jazzar & Utku Kale

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Alharasees, O., Jazzar, A., Kale, U. (2023). Misunderstandings in Aviation Communication. In: Karakoc, T.H., Usanmaz, Ö., Rajamani, R., Oktal, H., Dalkiran, A., Ercan, A.H. (eds) Advances in Electric Aviation. ISEAS 2021. Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32639-4_18

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Essay: The role of communication in aviation

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Communication is an integral component in any organisational activity and yields success in any endeavours, including the aviation industry. (Reference) It provides a pathway for successful operations and acts as a prerequisite to safety. However, communication has long been proven to be a critical concern in the aviation industry and has resulted in many catastrophic incidents, which has shaped the rules and regulations that determine how we fly today. This essay will be based on examinations of two case studies from past incidents: The 1990, Avianca flight -52 disaster involving Boeing 707 aircraft; 1977, Tenerife disaster of involving a KLM Boeing 747 and Pan American Boeing 747 aircrafts. These incidents demonstrate and emphasise the importance of communication in aviation and how misinterpretations have resulted in calamitous outcomes. An analysis of errors due to human factors will be discussed and how the actions made by those involved influenced the outcomes of such disasters. In conjunctions, with supporting articles and aircraft incident reports will be utilised to enable the reader to understand the devastating influenced that communication errors have had on the industry and various concepts of communication will be assessed, and recommendations for future will be provided for successful operations of air transportation. The nature of communication is defined as the act of exchanging or delivering information’s (Reference) In the diverse aviation sector, the concept of communication branches out to a broad spectrum, but is generalised to verbal and non-verbal Interactions. Examples of such activates are frequently perceived in everyday aviation environment. Interactions between Aircrew, passengers and other operational organisations draw a fine model of verbal communication, but Significantly, In-cockpit interactions between the pilots and air traffic controllers demonstrate a core need for communication in aviation. It is primarily delivered through the means of radio transmissions. Verbal communication is regarded as an enormous part of aircraft operations, therefore the quality and delivery of verbal gestures must be efficient and effective, as it is prone to a direct effect to safety. Non-verbal communications extend towards the form of written aids such as checklists and flight operational manuals. Visual communication…Nevertheless, each form of delivery method presents its own benefits, limitations and capabilities, however Reports from ICAO propose that majority of aviation related disasters have been escalated from major contributing factors of verbal communication via radio interactions between Air traffic control and pilots (Reference). Evidence of this statement can be correlated from the two case studies that will be discussed and comparatively analysed. Case Study 1 The role of communication in aviation is significant and can be emphasised from the 1990 incident of Avianca flight -52 disaster involving a Boeing 707 aircraft. On January 25th of 1990, Avianca flight 052 En-route from Bogota, Columbia to John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in Newyork, crash landed 24km from the airport due to starvation of fuel. The flight was conducting a normal charter operation and upon arrival of JKF airspace the conditions of climate were degrading as time went by, therefore as procedural orders, the aircraft was required to enter three different holding pattern for a duration of 77 minutes to create separation between other traffics. However, upon the third holding point the crew informed Air Traffic Control they will not be able to hold for no more that 5 minutes and will not have sufficient fuel to land at the alternate airport in Boston. Therefore, Avianca 052 continued its flight towards JFK, however upon an Instrument landing system (ILS) descend, the crew could not maintain a stabilised approach or profile due to the strong wind shear. Visibility was a great concern too and as a result, a go ground was required. Upon second attempt on approach about 32km from the airport, flight 052 crew had realised that they were closer to the end of their reserve fuels, immediately a radio call was made to Air traffic Controllers advised that “ We’re running out of fuel, sir”, however tower requested in reply to climb. Momentary after the radio call, all four engines flamed out and electrical power was lost and the aircraft descended down rapidly into the vicinity of a small wealthy village, 24km from the Airfield and crashed, with no fire. 73 passengers and crew died with 85 injured. (Reference) Case study 2 “The worst Aviation Disaster” The Tenerife tragedy, of 1977 involving two 747 jumbo aircrafts is a fine example in elaborating how misinterpretation in communication resulted to such catastrophic Outcomes. On March 27th of 1977 during a standard charter operation, the Aircrafts of Pan American Boeing 747 and a KLM Boeing 747 En-route to Las Palmas were requested to divert by Air traffic control towards Tenerife Airport. Due to a temporary closure from an unexpected bomb threat. Tenerife airfield being small had considerable challenges in accommodating the surge of in arrivals and departures as the airfield had only one runway and one main taxi way, hence congestion was presented as primary problem. Movement of aircrafts within the airfield was a great challenge due to the confided movement areas, therefore the runway had to be used to transfer aircrafts to taxi ways. Little understanding and gradual build-up of small challenges, the Air traffic controllers were positioned under immense pressure to deliver. Fast-forward to the events of incident. Since, The KLM aircraft arrived ahead of PamAm, The captain of KLM decided to save time and refuel to avoid anymore further delays when airport reopens. Within hours’ information of reopening of Las Palmas were broadcasted and all aircrafts were advised to prepare back for operations. KLM aircraft having pre-flight and refuelling completed, were granted Priority clearance to procced for take-off first, with Instructional aids of taxi conversed towards the pilot by tower, with the following instructions: “taxi towards the end of the runway threshold and complete a 180 degree turn to position ready for take-off” . The tower requested for an acknowledgement for the clearance, however no response provided. Unexpectedly a sudden change in weather brought the clouds to low-level and thick fog was evident, causing the reduction in visibility. In the meantime, Pan American flight were given instructions to taxi via same runway and exit at number three taxi way. Slowly abiding orders, the captain beings to roll forwards. Momentarily, The tower provides the KLM aircraft’s with specified departure route and instructions after take-off via radio call. The KLM aircraft’s co-pilot responds with “ we are now at take-off” to which the Air traffic Control tower responds with “OK”. Therefore, KLM assumed clearance was approved and began to roll towards the runway tarmac. In fact the tower presumed, The KLM aircraft was at take-off position and was awaiting final clearance. The tower declared another radio call to KLM “stand by for take-off, I will call you” however this message was not heard by KLM pilots due to malfunction and interference in radio signals. Within blink of eye, the co-pilot of Pan American flight gazing out through windows shielded by the misty fog, sees rays of light getting closer and closer, suddenly realizing its another aircraft, with immanent fear shouts to the captain to “Get-off, Get-off”. Unfortunately, the Pan American flight tried to veer off the runway. Abruptly, everything ended in seconds. (Reference) Comparative Analysis  Comparative analysis will provide evaluative links between each incidences, and will be used to discuss the need for communication in aviation and how misinterpretations have led to devastations. Case study 1 is directed and depicts the importance of communication in aviation through the incidence of Avianca flight 052. The emphasis on portraying the criticality of a situation is unbearably crucial. When the flight 052 was conducting its procedural orders of holding point after being advised by Air Traffic Control. A holding point, defined by the International Virtual Aviation Organisation (IVAI) is a manoeuvre conducted by aircrafts to create separation and reduce traffic, it must be a premediated request from Air traffic control. (IVAO HQ training department 2015, p. 1) In the case of Avianca flight 052 it was forced to conduct three holding point patterns due to the weather. However, it was at full consideration that pilots in command were subject to monitor their times and fuel plan. Yet in regards to the first communication between ATC and Pilots of Flight 052, the pilots initially subjected with a statement saying, they will not make it to their alternate route and can only hold for 5 mins in duration in the holding pattern. – However, if the pilots of flight were in-depth in conveying, for example; how much fuel the flight had and how much range they will get. The Air Traffic Control would have had some understanding on the importance. Nonetheless, As the flight continued towards approach, visual communication remained a distressing factor as low cloud base with heavy rain and night skies, the pilots were reliant up on verbal communication via radio transmissions. During the initial missed approach, the pilots communicated proficiently by advising tower; “Avianca 052 going around, missed approach”, However the events which unravelled after going around procedures is what led towards the down fall of Avianca 052. When the flight was going around and about 32km from the airport the co-pilot transmitted a radio call advising “ we’re running out of fuel”. This statement portrayed no sense of situational emphasis and no acknowledgement of distress was interpreted by Air Traffic Controls. If the word “EMERGENCY” was used in the situation. Both communicative parties would have had similar understanding of sense of urgency to the situation. Upon analysis of the recorded cockpit data by Helmreich (1994, p.275) concluded his findings with the comment “The total communication within the cockpit was very low”. This comment can be a supporting evidence to link to the Swiss model. As interactions between the crew were minimal, in particularly the captain. Organisational influence can be considered the triggering cause of the tragedy. Due to a lack of Proactive influence by the captain, failure to maintain efficiency of flight and ability converse can be the possible contingencies that signifies “ a Lack of leadership”. Similarly, misunderstanding of phraseology is evident in the Tenerife Tragedy too. In case study 2, misinterpretation of communication is evident during KLM aircraft crew were ready upon take-off, and advised tower “we are now at take-off”, however the Air traffic controllers misinterpreted the message and presumed the crew are at take-off and are waiting for clearance, hence tower replied with “OK”. Therefore, with assumption of hearing “Ok” the crew began to increase power and roll on. However, in refers to AIP ENR 1.1 para 5.4 (ATC AU-702 para 1.4.4) “The Pilot in command of an aircraft, he/she must not commence a take-off unless you have received and acknowledge a specific clearance to do so”. This is a clear evidence of how miscommunication proved to be a pivotal factor. Nonetheless, In both scenarios degrading weather conditions can be considered as an enhancing factor which led onto Threat and Error management. It was an unexpected, external and environmental Threat (TEM). Additionally, The TEM can be considered a link to Communication. As all visual communication outside were restricted due to the bad weather, the pilots in command had to fully rely upon verbal communication via radio and use diagrams and charts. In the event of Tenerife, The pan American airlines crew were heavily reliant upon the use of Non-verbal method of communication using charts and diagram of the Airfield to navigate. In core relations of human factors, Stress and fatigue are a major contributing factors drawn from the incident reports, as effective communication was degraded due to the metal stability of pilots of both crew.

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Physical Security Approaches in Aviation However, the multi-layered security system the dominant approach to airport security is nowadays being criticised as consuming an excessive amount of money and resources; an alternative has been proposed in the form of a risk-based, […]
Aviation Security Legislation: Cyber Attacks The first step in improving the level of protection against cyber attacks in the aviation industry is related to developing a clear understanding of the potential threats that the aviation is faced with and that […]
Dubai Aviation Engineering Projects: Corporate Management Within the framework of the current research, the author is going to address the most important points regarding the strategic and corporate management and conduct a literature review of the approaches that are characteristic of […]
Aviation and Aerospace Issues of Information Security Information Sharing and Analysis Centers are a significant part of the information sharing strategy in the U. There is such a center responsible for the aerospace industry, and its goals are the sharing of threat […]
Issues of Information Security in Aviation Various rules and regulations established by agencies such as the FAA support the adoption of best practices that foster the implementation of data communications in the aviation sector.
Deployment Models in the Aviation Cyberspace Hence, it is crucial to examine the importance of cloud computing while using examples to illustrate the application of private and hybrid deployment methods in aviation cyberspace.
Mergers and Sustainability in Indian Aviation Industry For instance, in the case of the Benz and Chrysler merger, both firms benefited from the expanded market in luxury vehicles and improved efficiency in the cost of production.
Abu Dhabi Aviation: Strategic Management Principles The understanding of the specific forces and factors in the industry and sector where the company operates is essential to the development of effective strategies.
Freeways Aviation Parts Inc.’s Joint Ventures The company has become a major supplier of aircraft parts to major airlines in the GCC countries for the past four decades, and as a result, it has created a brand of quality for itself […]
Risk-Based vs. Traditional Aviation Security Models On the whole, it is hypothesised that the implementation of the risk-based, outcomes-focused approach to aviation security will allow for attaining a considerable advantage in comparison to the traditional, prescriptive aviation security model.
Personal Protection Equipment in Aviation Airline workers are habitually exposed to numerous hazards, the significance of which can vary from minor to immediately dangerous to life and health. It is worth remembering that eye PPE can limit the field of […]
Aviation Training Efficiency and Evaluation The literature review reveals that plenty of research studies on the topic of aviation training are directed at the provision of security and safety to both the crew and the passengers.
Employees’ Safety and International Civil Aviation Acts The effective operation of organizations in the aviation sector calls for the safety of employees. They are meant to uphold the safety of the employees both on the runway and in the aircraft.
American Airlines as a Leader in the Aviation Industry In addition to that, the alteration of the pricing model was needed because of increased flight demand. All in all, the airline is expected to set prices, focusing on the way the value of services […]
American Aviation Colleges Tuition Fee In this research, I intend to find out the average tuition cost for a four-year aviation management course in the American Aviation Colleges.
Human Factors in Aviation Accidents This fatal accident led to the death of all the passengers and members of the crew. The second framework that can be used to analyze the role of human factors in aviation accidents is the […]
Procurement Trends in the Aviation Industry Elements of performance-based contracting that have changed the procurement trends in the aviation industry include the need to achieve maximum levels of quality during delivery, and the provision that remuneration applies only to goods and […]
Aviation Impact on Air Quality and Global Warming The United Kingdom’s aviation sector is the largest, most mature, yet the fastest expanding source of CO2 emissions compared to any other industry in the country.
Aviation Safety and Australian Corporate Plan The usage of the Australian Corporate Plan related to aviation safety and security could also contribute to the reconsideration of the existing approach to airport operations and help outline the spheres of change that should […]
Graduate Employees Recruitment in Aviation Industry The current study is limited to the review of the selection and recruitment of graduates in the aviation industry. Employers in the aviation sector adopt a number of strategies to select and recruit graduates.
Biometrics and Body Scanner in Aviation Security In particular, regulation number 300/2008, issued and approved by the European Parliament and Council, outlines a set of common standards and rules affecting the procedures involved in aviation security matters; to be more precise, the […]
Aviation Industry’s Risk Management Numerous international and regional organisations such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation, the European Aviation Safety Agency, the Arab Civil Aviation Commission, the African Civil Aviation Commission, and the Latin American Civil Aviation Commission oversee […]
Aviation: Security Risk Management Moreover, the rise of terrorism and its spread throughout the globe has also contributed to the great importance of security measures that must be explored to guarantee the security and safety of passengers and personnel […]
Acquisition of Landmark by BBA Aviation Despite the fact that the provisional estimates for the total number of UK-related domestic and foreign mergers and acquisitions for the first quarter of 2017 were lower than that for the last quarter of the […]
The Role of Social Media in Aviation Crisis Management Therefore, this paper considers the general role that social media might play in a crisis or emergency in the airline industry and describes methods that could be used to deal with the potential adverse outcomes […]
Mensa Aviation and Abu Atal Project Management According to Portny, project execution refers to the process of implementing the strategies in order to achieve the intended project aim. In this project, the focus is to ensure that the construction of the hotel […]
Aviation Safety: Ground Accidents and Their Prevention To understand the difference and worth of direct and indirect costs, it is possible to imagine the iceberg because of which the Titanic sank.
John Glenn, a Historical Aviation Personality John Glenn’s trip to space in the Friendship 7 capsule in 1962 was a major accomplishment for the American space program.
US and UAE Aviation Regulations Comparison
Risk-Based Approach to Aviation Security
Canadian Aviation Electronics Corporate Governance
Edward Rickenbacker: An American Aviation Hero
Aviation’s Environmental Impact and Pollution
Abu Dhabi Aviation Corporate Governance
Human Error and Information Processing in Aviation
Galaxy Aviation Palm Beach Company Research
Improving Aviation Safety in Africa
Federal Aviation Administration’s Vision for 2025
Aviation Industry: Safety and Security
National Transportation Safety Board and Aviation Industry
Weather and Aviation Accidents – Air Transportation
Space Exploration Aviation Safety: Challenger and Columbia
Accidents and Ramp Damage – Aviation
Aviation Security Operations
Safety Management Systems in the Aviation Industry
General Aviation Security Liabilities
General Aviation Industry and Air Traffic Control Towers
International Civil Aviation Agencies
Aviation: The Black Hornet Nano Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Competitive Advantage of Universal Weather and Aviation Asia Pacific Company
Response to Aviation Accidents
Safety Culture in Aviation
Threat to Civil Aviation-Hijacking
Algae Derived Fuels in the Aviation Industry
The Key Organizational Elements of the Aviation Industry
British Airways: Aviation Industry in the UK
The History of Aviation Industry in the USA
Aspects of American Aviation Industry
Aviation Industry and Its Prominent Inventions
Impact of Boeing 707, the Bell X-1 and the NASA Mercury Capsule on Modern Aviation
Hypoxia in Pilots at Higher Altitudes
Safeguarding Civil Aviation: Airport Security
Meteorological Hazards in Aviation
Regional Airlines: SkyWest Airlines
Impact of Environmental Issues and Laws in the Aviation Industry
Analysis of the article “Emergency Response Framework for Aviation XML Services on MANET”
Fitness and Performance in Aviation
What Is Aviation in Simple Words?
What Is the Best Aviation Career?
What Is the Difference Between Aviation Safety and Security?
What Is a Doctor of Aviation Medicine?
What Is Supply Chain in Aviation?
What Is Called Aviation?
What Is an Aviation Unit in the Army?
How Does Private Aviation Work?
What Are Ethics in Aviation?
What Is International General Aviation?
What Are Examples of Aviation?
Who Gets Highest Salary in Aviation?
What Is the Sound of Aeroplane Called?
Is Aviation and Aerospace Same?
What Are the Types of Aviation Noise?
What Is the Difference Between Aviation and Airlines?
What Does a Aviation Do?
What Is Civil Aviation Airport?
Is Aviation an Engineer?
Why Is Aviation Medicine Important?
Who Is Father of Aviation?
What Is History of Aviation Law in India?
What Is the Meaning of Aviation Industry?
Is Aviation Maintenance a Major?
What Is Aviation Course Salary?
What Are the Main Sectors of Aviation?
What Is Aircraft Aviation?
What Type of Skills Are Required to Develop Future Aviation Leaders?
What Are the Main International Aviation Organizations?
What Are the Three Types of Aviation?
Chicago (A-D)
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The importance of communication in aviation
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Communication Importance in the Aviation Industry
(PDF) SELECTED ASPECTS OF AVIATION COMMUNICATION
Importance of Communication in Aviation by joseph Kahenga
Understanding Aircraft's Communication System

VIDEO

At the Airport Conversations: Mastering Airport Vocabulary and Phrases
Why Your Essay Matters
English Language Proficiency for Aeronautical Communication / ELPAC Paper 2
Aviation Communication 1
Lack of Cockpit Communication Results in 747 Crash
My First Flight In A Plane Essay For High School Students in English// Essay Writing

COMMENTS

PDF Communication in Aviation Safety: Lessons Learned and Lessons ...
aviation safety and possible topics and methods of communication training for improved aviation safety. Kanki and Palmer (1993) highlight the importance of communication in aviation safety when they state that ". . . we would like to underscore the importance of communication for efficiency and safety in aviation . . ." (p. 99).
Communication In Aviation Essay
Communication In Aviation Essay. 968 Words4 Pages. The principle of this report is to inform the audience of the importance of communication in aviation through the analyses of genres, interview and research that I have learned in the last few weeks. Introduction and Objectives Communication within the aviation industry is essential.
The importance of communication in aviation
Essay Writing Service. Firstly. The importance of communication is that when the aircraft is service it needs to be guided step by step on every single movement or changes it goes through on its journey, if there is no one to guide the aircraft when it is in air then it is good as a flightless bird. During this journey of the aircraft from one ...
Aviation communication
Background. Aviation communication is the means by which aircraft crews connect with other aircraft and people on the ground to relay information. Aviation communication is a crucial component pertaining to the successful functionality of aircraft movement both on the ground and in the air. Increased communication reduces the risk of an accident.
Understanding Aviation Communication (and Its Importance)
The role of avionics and data transmission is essential in aviation, moreover, here is a look at various forms of aviation communication, as well as the importance of their role in an Aviation Business Administration degree. Aviation Communication and Air Traffic Control . This is perhaps the most obvious form of aviation communication.
Communication In Aviation Essay
Communication Essay. Communication embodies the ability for one to convey a message through the use of verbals (words) and non-verbals (behaviours) in a process to compare, transmit and interpret messages. Garside and Kleiner (2007) portrays communication as sharing thoughts and feelings with other people.
Standard Phraseology
This article is all about the importance of standard phraseology and its role in ensuring effective communication in aviation. Thanks to pilot and consultant Stephen van Houwelingen for this article. As well as the article, watch our Conversation Aviation discussion on this topic (below and on the Together4Safety Youtube or listen to the Podcast).
Cross-Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication in Aviation
and controllers, dispatchers and maintenance personnel on the ground. Aviation is a. challenging field for analysis of discourse because much communication is highly. Cross-Cultural Communication ...
Communication in Aviation Essay
Communication in Aviation Essay. Communication always played an extremely important role. In the course of time, human relations grew more complicated and so did the process of communication. Gradually, communication became vitally important, especially in such fields as aviation. At the same time, it should be said that the effectiveness of ...
(PDF) SELECTED ASPECTS OF AVIATION COMMUNICATION
Communication is a form of exchanging information, thoughts and feelings. It can be job related, inter-team coordination, or used by mission control to manage the performance of crew members [4 ...
PDF Effective Communication in The Aviation Environment: Work in Progress
Effective communication is a basic human requirement and in the aviation environment an essential pre-requisite to safety.So why do we continue to get it so wrong? - and we do get it wrong about 30% of the time.In a recent radio telephony survey it was found that 80% of RTF transmissions by pilots were incorrect in some way. However
The Role Of Communication In The Aviation Industry
In Aviation industry, the role of communication is vital. For the exchange of some crucial and essential information, and commands between cabin crew and Air traffic controller (ATC), there is a need. Get Access. Free Essay: INTRODUCTION COMMUNICATION:-Communication is the process of exchanging of information and common understanding each other.
Verbal Communication
Aviation Research and Analysis Report B2006/0053. EUROCONTROL. 2004. Air-Ground Communication Safety Study: an analysis of pilot-controller occurrences. EATMP. EUROCONTROL. 1997. Interpersonal Communication. Human Factors Module. EATCHIP Reference Material. Isaac, A. 2007. Effective Communication in the Aviation Environment: work in progress.
Aviation Communication: Effective Communication in Preventing Accidents
This research paper, "Aviation Communication: Effective Communication in Preventing Accidents" is published exclusively on IvyPanda's free essay examples database. You can use it for research and reference purposes to write your own paper.
Misunderstandings in Aviation Communication
Communication misunderstandings are often cited as the cause of paranormal events in aviation which could lead to accidents/incidents. As a result, the risk of lack of communication is relatively high. Many factors that directly or indirectly influence the rate of misunderstandings in communication, such as language barriers, non-standardized ...
(PDF) Communication in Civil Aviation: Linguistic Analysis for
Effective communication is a basic human requirement and in the aviation environment an essential prerequisite to safety. English is the designated language of communication between air traffic ...
Essay: The role of communication in aviation
Case Study 1. The role of communication in aviation is significant and can be emphasised from the 1990 incident of Avianca flight -52 disaster involving a Boeing 707 aircraft. On January 25th of 1990, Avianca flight 052 En-route from Bogota, Columbia to John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in Newyork, crash landed 24km from the airport ...
Aircraft Communication
Aircraft Instruments. W.B. Ribbens, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003 II Aircraft Communication Systems. Aircraft communication systems function for the sole purpose of providing a communication link between each individual airplane and the appropriate ATC authority. The appropriate control authority is a function of the phase of the flight and the nature ...
Communication Importance in the Aviation Industry
This essay elaborates how essential the communication is in the aviation industry and how we should pay close attention to its purpose. effective communication. ... The major importance of communication in aviation is to increase the level of safety and reduce accidents that could be prevented. When aviation was still in its early stages, the ...
Subjective measures of communication errors between pilots and air
2.1. Factors affecting pilot-controller communication errors. Miscommunication in aviation remains a serious threat to safety. Factors such as pilot workload, the quality of the audio signal, the pilot or ATCO's accent, the operator's English proficiency, and failure to use standard phraseology can all contribute to communication errors (Molesworth and Estival, 2015).
(PDF) Communicational Problems in Aviation Operation
Studies have found that in 70% to 80% of the aviation incidents, communicational problems were a contributing factor. These findings suggest that communication plays a large role in the safety of ...
Cyber security challenges in aviation communication, navigation, and
Number of publications with keywords, such as aviation, security, communication, navigation, surveillance and threat, in its title or abstract. ... He also has authored many reputed SCI journal/conference papers and book chapters. Ilsun You (SM'13) received the MS and PhD degrees in computer science from Dankook University, Seoul, Korea, in ...
213 Aviation Essay Topics to Research & Write about
Air Traffic Controller Shiftwork and Aviation Safety. The purpose of the research is to study the impacts of shiftwork on overall safety in airports. This study is related to the issue of fatigue development in air traffic controllers. Methods of Non-Destructive Crack Detection in the Aviation Industry.
Jetblue Airways Corporations Business Strategy
Essay Example: In the dynamic world of aviation, every flight carries its own set of stories, challenges, and learnings. Among these, JetBlue Flight 2826 stands out not for the drama it encountered but for the exemplary manner in which the situation was managed, offering insightful lessons on ... Through transparent communication, exceptional ...