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Social Justice

Last updated on September 29, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

Justice in terms of wealth distribution, opportunities, and privileges in society is termed social justice. At its sixty-second session, in November 2007, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 20 February as World Day of Social Justice. Read here to understand social justice.

The World Day of Social Justice Day was observed for the first time on 20 February 2009.

On June 10, 2008, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) endorsed the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for Equitable Globalization. This is the International Labour Conference’s third major declaration of principles and policy since the ILO’s Constitution of 1919.

The observance of the day is intended to contribute to the further consolidation of the efforts of the international community in poverty eradication, promotion of full employment and decent work, gender equity, and access to social well-being and justice for all.

Table of Contents

What is Social Justice?

A fair and equal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges in society is referred to as social justice.

Once a theological idea, it is now more loosely understood to refer to the just arrangement of social structures that provide access to financial advantages. It is also known as distributive justice.

It emphasizes fairness in how society divides its social resources.

Gender inequality, racism, and LGBTQ+ discrimination are frequent subjects of social justice advocacy.

Social justice establishes rights and obligations within societal institutions, allowing everyone to share in the advantages and costs of collaboration.

Taxation, social insurance, public health, public education, public services, labor legislation, and market regulation are common examples of pertinent institutions that help assure equitable opportunity and wealth distribution.

The concept of Social Justice has been in place since the ancient ages when Plato and related philosophers wrote about it.

• Plato wrote in The Republic that it would be an ideal state that “every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted.”
• Plato believed rights existed only between free people, and the law should take “account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality.”
• Socrates (through Plato’s dialogue Crito) is credited with developing the idea of a social contract, whereby people ought to follow the rules of society, and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits.

Significance of Social Justice

Poverty and inequalities within and among countries are on the rise in many parts of the world.

The economic and social crises of recent years have been exacerbated by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic , natural disasters due to accelerating climate change , geopolitical tensions, and armed conflicts.

Beyond the human tragedies associated with them and their impact on the world of work, these crises have highlighted the interlinkages and dependencies of economies and societies around the world and shown the crucial need for concerted action to respond to them, at global, regional, and national levels.

Important global changes have led to growing disruptions in economies linked to globalization and technology, significant demographic transformations, increasing migration flows, and prolonged situations of fragility.

The need of the hour is to curb the growing divide between problems and solutions and call for more inclusive and networked multilateralism, re-embracing global solidarity and renewing the social contract between governments and their people and within societies with a comprehensive approach to human rights.

Social justice makes societies and economies function better and reduces poverty, inequalities, and social tensions.

It plays an important role in attaining more inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development paths and is key for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), especially at a time when the achievement of those goals remains far away.

Hence, social justice must become one of the pillars of the revitalized multilateralism that is needed; it must serve as a unifying ideal as well as a key tool for a more effective multilateral system, maintaining coherence across a variety of policy areas.

World Day of Social Justice

2023 Theme: Overcoming Barriers and Unleashing Opportunities for Social Justice

The 2023 World Day of Social Justice provides an opportunity to foster dialogue with UN Member States, youth, social partners, civil society, UN organizations, and other stakeholders on actions needed to strengthen the social contract that has been fractured by rising inequalities, conflicts, and weakened institutions that are meant to protect the rights of workers.

Despite these multiple crises, there are many opportunities to build a coalition for social justice and to unleash greater investments in decent jobs, with a particular focus on the green, digital, and care economy, and young people.

Social justice in India

The problem of social justice is associated with social equality and the constitution makers were strongly affected by the feeling of social equality and social justice at the time of the independence.

The terms, like Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic, were inserted in the Preamble for the same cause.

Social justice denotes that all people are treated fairly without any social distinction. This ensures that the absence of privilege is limited to every specific segment of society and the conditions of poor classes (SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women are strengthened.

It involves eliminating glaring disparities in wealth, pay, and property. What is referred to as “distributive justice” is a combination of social and economic fairness. All Indians are guaranteed equality of opportunity and status under the Preamble.

Social injustice is a critical problem in Indian society. The analysis of a society’s social stratification based on either caste or class is primarily concerned with the definition of inequality.

The constitution guarantees social justice to the people of the country through articles:

• Article 15(1) forbids discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
• Article 16 (1) ensures equal opportunity for all
• Article 17 states that untouchability has been abolished and prohibits its existence
• Article 19 enshrines the fundamental rights of the country’s people
• Articles 23 and 24 provide for fundamental rights against exploitation.
• Article 38 directs the State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people
• Article 41 entails the Right to work, to education, and public assistance in certain cases

Government initiatives

NGOs Schemes

• Scheme of Grant in Aid to Voluntary Organisations working for Scheduled Castes
• National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction
• Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY)
• Scheme of National Awards for Outstanding Services in the field of Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance (Drug) Abuse
• Implementation Framework of National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction

Educational Schemes

• National Fellowship for OBC Students (NF-OBC)
• Ambedkar Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Educational Loan for Overseas Studies for OBCs & EBCs
• National Overseas Scholarship
• National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste Students
• Free Coaching Scheme for SC and OBC Students
• Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana (BJRCY)
• Pre-Matric Scholarship for OBC Students
• Scholarships for Higher Education for Young Achievers Scheme (SHREYAS) (OBC &Others) – 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• PM young achievers’ scholarship award scheme for vibrant India for OBCs and others (PM -YASASVI)
• Scholarship for PM CARES children

Schemes for Economic Development

• Entrepreneurial Schemes of NBCFDC
• Credit Enhancement Guarantee Scheme for the Scheduled Castes (SCs)
• National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
• National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)
• Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs)
• Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS)
• Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH) Yojana

Schemes for Social Empowerment

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme for implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)
• Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE)
• Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojna (PM-AJAY)

Also read: Children and Armed Conflict

Way forward

To make social justice an effective tool for social advancement, it is vital to guarantee that policies are implemented correctly and fairly.

Liberalism prioritizes freedom, but it is aware that this freedom is meaningless unless it is supported by a sense of security and equality.

A liberal social policy should work to increase opportunity for the most disadvantaged while also building a social safety net that makes it easier for them to handle emergencies.

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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Essay on Judiciary in India and its working

October 18, 2019 by Sandeep

600+ Words Essay on Judiciary in India

The Indian constitution consists of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. The legislature department is involved in preparing policies and law-making concerns. The executive is involved in implementing the laws created by the legislature body.

The judiciary is an independent department not attached with the legislature or the executive. It is an independent judicial body that is vested with judicial powers and can carry on its judicial activities without direct interference from the government.

Judicial activism in Indian democracy

The judiciary in many ways is closest to the citizens or the nation. The many functions of the judiciary ensure legal protection to the citizens of the country.

If we were to settle a family dispute and go to court seeking relief, we would be advised to apply a case and the proceedings of the court would be held at the respective family courts. Thus, the judiciary ensures fair legal protection to every citizen of this nation.

The judiciary carries out many functions under its umbrella. Every citizen is provided with equal and fair justice under law. Whenever a citizen seeks protection under law, he is ensured such protection under relevant laws of the Indian judicial system. Laws are created by the legislature, executed by the executive and applied by the judiciary.

It is like the father creating the rules of the house, the mother creating suitable environment for its execution and the children applying the rules in their lives. Any country needs a legal framework within which it can operate and make decisions for the country. This legal framework and binding is actually curated by the judiciary to uphold the legal decorum of any nation.

Any violation of the fundamental rights of citizens of the country is acted upon seriously by the judicial system. Every citizen is entitled to certain basic rights termed the fundamental rights under our constitution. The constitution needs protection under law and this is taken care of, by our judicial system. Legal decisions pertaining to every single case is taken by respective judges of courts.

Every such legal decision is brought into enforcement by our judiciary. There are numerous times when we find disputes arising between states, termed inter-state conflicts. The judiciary resolves such inter-state disputes and comes up with an amicable resolution to put an end to such conflicts before they take on political colors.

The water dispute arising every year between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu regarding the sharing of Cauvery waters is a good example in this regard. The case is pending in the Supreme Court and the judiciary is trusted to solve such issues amicably to bring in peace and harmony between the two warring states.

Not just interstate disputes, any conflict that may arise between the centre and the state is also solved by the judiciary. Whenever there is any problem in the country where the legal framework gets violated or people act against the legal system of the country, it attracts punishment under various sections of the constitution.

Any such crimes or anti social elements acting against the dignity of our judicial system and the country as a whole is treated as offence and tried under law. Enquiry commissions headed by expert panels of senior lawmakers and judges are usually formed in cases of dispute resolutions.

The enquiry commissions submit a relevant report to the government to let them know of the impending situation and the previous activities thus ensued, thus revoking further action by the government.

Collegium system

This system is also called the judges’ selection system by a panel of judges. The collegium system actually has no mention or place in the Indian constitution. It was not even placed under any amended section of our constitution. This system came into force, thanks to a judgment pronounced by the Supreme Court in the year 1993.

The functions of the collegiums system include identifying most eligible members for posting them as suitable judges of the Supreme Court. This selection and scrutinizing is carried out by the so called ‘collegium system’. It comprises of a body of five senior judges of the Apex court, who are instructed and directed by the CJI to carry on the task successfully.

Many chief justices of high courts are handpicked in a similar manner to be promoted to the Supreme Court after the above explained scrutiny process.

Famous controversies associated with our judiciary

‘master of roster’ controversy.

Suppose there lies a family dispute between two parties ‘A’ and ‘B’ that has not reached the court doors as yet. Let us also assume that both the parties trust a mutual friend ‘C’ who will now be entrusted with the task of solving the matter between A and B. C is like a neutral friend to both A and B. In case C newly discovers that he is a close relative of A, then he might choose to act more favorably towards A.

He might also not blame A in any way in the controversy between A and B and hold B responsible for the dispute and create an imbalanced decision holding B at fault. This selection of the culprit was not at all fair and does not warranty fair execution of laws under our system either. The master of roster controversy can be understood in a similar light.

In April 2018, Shanti Bhushan who happens to be a former law minister questioned the current practice in our legal system where the Chief Justice decides the allocation of various cases available. He extended a PIL in this respect and spoke against the wholesome powers resting with the chief Justice when he decided to allocate a particular case to a particular judge / bench of judges.

It was not to be seen as a personal attack against any particular Chief Justice of India (CJI), either in the past or the present, but he only questioned the arbitrary power associated with the CJI in deciding the allocation. Any bench comprising of judges chosen by the CJI could be politically influenced or could take on personal interests and thus may not uphold the sanctity of justice as laid down in the constitution.

The CJI could actually consult top brass and senior judges of the Supreme court and then decide on the allocation was the argument that could be understood from this controversy.

Differences between Chief Justice and senior Supreme Court judges

There have been numerous times when the selection of judges for higher courts have become a matter of controversy for the judiciary. The recent one in January 2018 that comprised CJI Dipak Misra and four senior most judges of the Supreme Court is a good example.

The four senior judges raised the issue of assigning cases to supreme courts, among many other issues against the CJI. This matter was discussed between the Supreme Court and the judges in the court for more than fifteen minutes and the CJI led body failed to come up with a resolution stating that it would entertain the issue only when the apex court registry comes up with a suitable petition for the same.

The judiciary of our nation works to provide citizens the much needed civil liberty and highest protection under law. It is the legal framework of the nation, applied by the judiciary that provides every citizen of the country his right to live with dignity.

Be it property disputes, disputes of succession, registration of will, marriage and divorce issues, higher level cases that affect a larger part of the nation etc, the judiciary is the legal umbrella of the nation.

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John Rawls Theory of Justice

Published in 1971, ‘A Theory of Justice’ is a work on ethical values and political philosophy by John Rawls, the philosopher. The book portrays the attempts made by the author to represent an alternative moral theory to utilitarianism as well as discusses the major challenges and problems of distributive justice.

In this book, John Rawls has presented that his theory of justice is strictly political justice as opposed to the other forms of justices and disciplines. If you wish to read the book, John Rawls Theory of Justice PDF is available online on various websites.

Candidates can get the List of Books and their Authors at the linked article and prepare for the upcoming competitive exams.

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What Is John Rawls Theory of Justice?

In his book, A Theory of Justice, John Rawls brings forth the argument in favor of a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality, which is meant to be the governing force behind the basic structure of an orderly society. This argument is backed by inspiration taken from David Hume. Additionally, John Rawls also believed in the concept of justice as fairness. That means every person should be treated with fairness and recommends equal basic liberties, equal opportunities to similar individuals, and offering the highest possible benefits to the less advantaged members of society.

This theory of justice, as believed by Rawls, helps in the functioning of a just society. This section is crucial in the chapter of John Rawls Theory of Justice UPSC exam .

John Rawls also adds that the modern-day society should be structured well enough that the people are able to enjoy the maximum possible liberty keeping in mind that an individual’s liberty does not harm the liberty or wellbeing of other members of society.

Also, certain inequalities are to be allowed in society if their absence brings more harm than good. Finally, if there are inequalities such as the aforementioned, less fortunate members of society should not suffer solely for their absence of resources to deal with them, and it must be made sure that it’s not hard for them to occupy a position of power.

This is, in a nutshell, John Rawls Theory of Justice summary. Read it thoroughly to have a good understanding of the topic.

Criticism Faced by John Rawls Theory of Justice

After its release, John Rawls’ Theory of Justice has received a lot of criticisms from fellow philosophers and book reviewers.

Various philosophers who are advocates of the theory of strict equality criticized the book by saying that certain inequalities that are to be permitted in the eyes of John Rawls are unacceptable even if they did benefit the least advantaged members of society. They also argued that this approach of allowing certain inequalities upsets the balance of a well-structured society that Rawls spoke about in his book. Lastly, as Rawls primarily used utilitarianism as the main theory for comparing his own theory, philosophers criticized the book for not portraying maximum utility. They protested against the portrayal of the Difference Principle.

While making John Rawls Theory of Justice notes, make sure you include these criticisms as well and study them thoroughly, for this will finalize your position in the list of successful aspirants.

Frequently Asked Questions on John Rawls Theory of Justice?

Who was john rawls.

John Bordley Rawls was an American philosopher who specialized in the field of morality and politics. Heavily influenced by the likes of Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Aristotle, and David Hume, John Rawls has written a lot of books on matters related to political philosophy. His most notable work that is still critically acclaimed around the world is A Theory of Justice, published in 1971. Other notable works include Justice as Fairness, The Law of Peoples, and Political Liberalism. Finally, Rawls has also received the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999.

What are the four different types of justice?

The four types of justice are:

• Distributive: Determining the distribution of resources.
• Procedural: Determining the level of fairness between the members of society.
• Retributive: Looking at the wellbeing of society by implementing punishments for wrongdoings.
• Restorative: Restoring the relations based on rightness.

The various types of justices are to be studied very thoroughly as they are a major part of your UPSC syllabus.

What is Political Philosophy?

Political philosophy is a field of study specializing in the philosophical aspect of the government’s functioning. It also addresses the questions regarding the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and government institutions and the relationship between them to understand the functioning of the government.

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UPSC Essentials| Society and Social Justice — Literacy and associated issues (Part 1)

On international literacy day let's dive deep into the topic of literacy. from basics to advance — pranay aggarwal discusses key issues and probable questions for upsc cse. don't miss his tips on writing good introduction for essays on the topic..

(In UPSC Essentials’ series  ‘ Society & Social Justice’ , which we have started for social issues topics of UPSC CSE, our subject experts will give an overview of the theme from both, static and dynamic points of view. ‘Express Inputs’ and ‘points to ponder’ will widen your horizon on the issue. Our first two topics were ‘Population’ and ‘Urbanisation’. For the month of September, we take up the topic of ‘ Literacy and associated issues’ . In part 1, Manas Srivastava talks to Pranay Aggarwal about the the basic concepts, types of literacy, International Literacy Day’s theme, and more. He also suggests interesting introduction for UPSC essays related to the topic.)

About the Expert:   Pranay Aggarwal   is an educator and mentor for aspirants preparing for UPSC Civil Services examination. With more than 10 years of experience guiding civil service aspirants, he is acknowledged as an expert on civil service exam preparation, especially on subjects like Social Issues and Sociology . He is the India representative on Research Committee on Education for UNESCO’s International Sociological Association and a member of Indian Sociological Society’s committee on social movements. He is also the Convenor of Indian Civil Services Association, a think tank of senior bureaucrats.

Relevance of the topic: According to UNESCO, September 8 is celebrated as International Literacy Day (ILD) around the world “to remind the public of the importance of literacy as a matter of dignity and human rights, and to advance the literacy agenda towards a more literate and sustainable society.” It is an important theme in  GS I (Society), GS II, GS III, Prelims and personality test.  Aspirants will find it relevant for  Essays  as well.

Literacy is not the end of education nor even the beginning.  ~ Mahatma Gandhi Advertisement

Manas: Let’s start with some basic concepts. How is literacy defined? Who is a ‘literate’ and how is literacy different from education?

Pranay Aggarwal: At the most basic level, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. In a broader sense, the concept of literacy encompasses the capacity to comprehend, interpret, and critically engage with various forms of written communication.

A person may be considered literate if they possess the skills to understand and communicate using written language. This implies the ability to decode letters and words and comprehend and analyse textual content. However, the Census of India adopts a more limited definition, as follows-

A person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.

While literacy and education are related concepts, they are distinct from each other. Literacy focuses specifically on the ability to read, write, and communicate through written language. It is a fundamental skill that enables individuals to access, understand, and convey information. On the other hand, education is a broader concept encompassing a wide range of learning experiences and knowledge acquisition. Education includes formal schooling, but it extends beyond the classroom to encompass the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through informal learning processes. Education, thus, encompasses a broader range of cognitive, social, and intellectual development.

Literacy can be seen as a foundational aspect of education , serving as a fundamental tool that enables individuals to access and benefit from educational opportunities.

In summary, literacy pertains to the fundamental skill of understanding and using written language, while education encompasses a wider array of cognitive and personal development that goes beyond mere literacy skills.

Manas: How is illiteracy a big burden to the nation even after so many years of independence?

Pranay Aggarwal: Illiteracy continues to pose a substantial burden on the nation despite several years of independence due to its multifaceted impact on various aspects of society. The literacy rate in the country is overall 74.04 per cent, 82.14 for males and 65.46 for females, as per the 2011 census. While the country has made significant progress in improving literacy over the years, it continues to be home to 313 million illiterate people; 59 per cent of whom are women. It is heartbreaking that 17.8 per cent of males and a staggering 34.5 per cent of females do not have basic literacy even after 75 years of independence.

Reasons why illiteracy persists:

In Indian society, illiteracy has persisted as a formidable challenge due to a combination of historical, socio-economic, and structural factors. Despite strides in various sectors and substantial improvement in literacy rates since gaining independence, the issue of illiteracy remains a significant concern with far-reaching implications.

One key aspect is the sheer size and diversity of the Indian population. India’s vastness, along with its multitude of languages and dialects, poses a unique challenge for addressing illiteracy. The country’s linguistic diversity necessitates the creation of educational materials and resources in multiple languages to ensure effective learning. This challenge becomes more complex when considering that a substantial portion of the population resides in rural and remote areas with limited access to educational infrastructure.

Moreover, the interplay of socio-economic factors exacerbates the issue. Illiteracy is often concentrated in marginalised and economically disadvantaged castes and communities, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and limited educational opportunities. The lack of access to quality education, particularly in rural and economically backward regions, further widens the gap between urban and rural literacy rates.

The issue is not solely about access to education, but also about the quality of education provided. Many regions face a shortage of qualified teachers, outdated teaching methodologies, and inadequate learning resources. This affects the learning outcomes and diminishes the impact of efforts to enhance literacy rates.

Societal impact of the persistence of illiteracy:

The persistence of illiteracy inhibits social, economic, and cultural progress in several ways, highlighting the complex nature of this issue.

From an economic standpoint, illiteracy restricts an individual’s access to a range of opportunities, including formal employment, vocational training, and entrepreneurship. This hampers economic growth as a significant portion of the population remains unable to contribute effectively to the workforce and engage in higher-value economic activities.

Furthermore, illiteracy perpetuates cycles of poverty and social inequality. The inability to read and write limits individuals’ capacity to access information, make informed decisions, and advocate for their rights. This, in turn, affects access to healthcare, legal resources, and other essential services, leading to a vicious cycle of disadvantage that is passed down to subsequent generations.

In terms of social and cultural development, illiteracy hinders the spread of knowledge, inhibiting the transmission of cultural heritage, scientific advancements, and social innovations. This can result in a lack of awareness about critical issues such as health, sanitation, and sustainable practices, impeding the nation’s progress toward development goals.

Addressing the challenge of illiteracy:

It’s worth noting that addressing illiteracy requires more than just improving literacy rates; it involves a comprehensive approach that includes ensuring quality education, promoting lifelong learning, and addressing socio-economic gaps and regional disparities. A holistic effort is necessary to break the cycle of illiteracy and fully unleash the nation’s potential for growth and development in the modern era. Addressing illiteracy in India requires tailored strategies and sustained efforts that acknowledge and respect the linguistic and cultural diversity of the nation.

In conclusion, the burden of illiteracy in India post-independence is a complex challenge deeply intertwined with linguistic diversity, socio-economic disparities, and the quality of education. Addressing this challenge demands a multi-pronged approach that encompasses equitable access to education, focused efforts on quality enhancement, and proactive engagement with marginalized communities. By tackling illiteracy comprehensively, India can unlock its full potential and accelerate its journey toward inclusive and sustainable development.

Manas: What are the different kinds of literacy that students need for the 21st century?

Pranay Aggarwal: Today, the notion of literacy has evolved far beyond the basic ability to read and write. In fact, in the 21st century, students require a diverse set of literacies to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world. Beyond traditional reading and writing skills, these literacies enable individuals to thrive in various contexts and effectively engage with modern challenges. Here are some essential types of literacy:

1. Functional Literacy: It equips individuals with basic reading, writing, and numerical skills necessary for day-to-day life. It enables them to understand and respond to practical information, forms, and instructions, fostering independence and self-sufficiency.

2. Financial Literacy: It empowers individuals to manage their personal finances wisely. It involves understanding concepts like budgeting, saving, investing, and making informed decisions about loans and credit. Financial literacy promotes economic well-being and prevents financial vulnerabilities.

3. Digital Literacy: It encompasses the ability to use digital tools, navigate online platforms, critically evaluate digital content, and safeguard personal information. In an increasingly digital world, this literacy is crucial for communication, learning, and participation in the digital economy.

4. Linguistic Literacy: This involves proficiency in multiple languages. As globalization connects diverse cultures and languages, being able to communicate effectively across linguistic boundaries enhances cultural understanding and global collaboration.

5. Reading and Writing Literacy: Traditional literacy remains fundamental. Being able to comprehend complex texts, communicate ideas persuasively in writing, and engage with diverse genres of literature fosters critical thinking and effective expression.

6. Numerical Literacy: This goes beyond basic math skills. It includes understanding and interpreting data, making informed decisions based on quantitative information, and applying mathematical concepts in real-world scenarios.

7. Spatial Literacy: It involves understanding and interpreting visual information, maps, and diagrams. It’s crucial for comprehending spatial relationships, geographical concepts, and even interpreting data through graphs and charts.

8. Cultural Literacy: This involves understanding cultural norms, values, and historical contexts. It fosters empathy, cross-cultural communication, and a deeper appreciation for diverse perspectives in a globalised world.

9. Media Literacy: It equips individuals to critically evaluate and interpret media messages, including news, advertisements, and digital content. It enables them to discern bias, misinformation, and make informed judgments.

10. Health and Medical Literacy: Health literacy empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. Medical literacy extends to understanding medical information, treatment options, and being an active participant in healthcare decisions.

11. Environmental Literacy: Environmental literacy involves understanding ecological systems, climate change, and sustainable practices. It empowers individuals to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for environmental protection.

In a rapidly changing world, these various literacies are interconnected and essential for holistic development. They equip students with the skills and knowledge to thrive, contribute positively to society, and address complex challenges in a meaningful and informed manner.

Manas: As the India representative in UNESCO’s International Sociological Association Research Committee on Education; you have closely worked in strengthening UNESCO’s educational research activities in India. Please tell us about this year’s theme of UNESCO; “Promoting literacy for a world in transition, building the foundation for sustainable and peaceful solutions”.

Pranay Aggarwal: UNESCO celebrates International Literacy Day (ILD) on September 8. This year’s theme — “Promoting Literacy for a World in Transition: Building the Foundation for Sustainable and Peaceful Solutions”– reflects the critical role that literacy plays in navigating the complex challenges of our rapidly changing world. The theme underscores the idea that literacy is not just a fundamental skill, but also a catalyst for positive transformation and the establishment of sustainable and peaceful societies.

Promoting Literacy for Transition: As the world undergoes rapid technological, economic, and social changes, literacy becomes an essential tool for individuals to adapt, innovate, and thrive. Literate individuals are better equipped to comprehend and embrace new ideas, technologies, and ways of thinking. They can navigate the digital landscape, critically evaluate information, and engage meaningfully in discussions about the transformations occurring around them.

Foundation for Sustainable Solutions: Literacy serves as the bedrock for sustainable development. A literate population is more capable of understanding and advocating for environmentally conscious practices, health and hygiene, and responsible citizenship. Literacy equips individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and inequality.

Contributing to Peaceful Solutions: Literacy is a powerful tool for fostering understanding, empathy, and communication. It enables individuals to express themselves, share experiences, and engage in constructive dialogue. In a world grappling with conflicts and divisions, literate individuals are more likely to seek peaceful resolutions, respect diversity, and contribute to social cohesion.

Empowerment and Inclusivity: Promoting literacy also empowers marginalised communities and ensures inclusivity. When everyone has access to education and literacy, it reduces disparities and contributes to a more equitable society. Empowering women and underserved groups through literacy creates a foundation for their active participation in decision-making and social progress.

In summary, this year’s UNESCO theme emphasises that literacy is not merely a means to an end, but a transformative force that empowers individuals and societies to navigate transitions, contribute to sustainable development, and work towards peaceful solutions. As the world faces numerous challenges and opportunities, literacy remains a crucial cornerstone for building a brighter future for all.

Manas: Can you suggest some attractive introductions for an essay on literacy and education?

Pranay Aggarwal: The introduction of an essay should aim to capture the reader’s attention, evoke curiosity, and set the stage for an engaging exploration of the essay topic. In the UPSC exam, the essay paper is one of the low hanging fruits. A good score of 125+ marks can be attained in the Essay paper if one approaches essay preparation and writing in the right way.

In the essay, it is crucial to begin on the right note. After all, well begun is half done.

The essay introduction should be brief, simple and relevant. It should be engaging and powerful. Here are some different ways to begin essays on literacy and education:

1. Painting a Vivid Scene: “In the early morning light, a village comes to life with the sound of children’s laughter echoing through the air. They gather under the shade of a tree, eager faces aglow with anticipation, ready to embark on the journey of education – a voyage that begins with the first step into the realm of literacy.”

2. Setting a Historical Context: ” Throughout the annals of history, the journey of civilization has been guided by the ink-stained pages of literature. From ancient scrolls to digital tablets, the torch of enlightenment has been passed down through the generations.”

3. Opening with a Simple yet Thought-Provoking Question: “Imagine a world without letters, storybooks, pens and pencils. Will it also be a world with less magic, wonder, and adventure?”

4. Highlighting the Value of Learning: “In an era where information flows ceaselessly, where innovation reshapes industries overnight, and where the world evolves at a relentless pace, education emerges as the compass that guides us through the uncharted waters of knowledge and empowers us to navigate an ever-changing landscape.”

5. Foreground Education as a Lifelong Pursuit: “Education is not confined to the walls of a classroom or the span of a college degree; it is an enduring journey that accompanies us from cradle to grave. It is the lifelong pursuit of wisdom, the never-ending adventure of the mind.”

6. Starting with a Quotation: “The progress of any society depends on the progress of education in that society.” – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar or “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” – Nelson Mandela . These quotes encapsulate the essence of education as a catalyst for individual growth and societal advancement.

7. Using an Anecdote: “In the heart of a bustling city, a young child sat in awe, captivated by the spellbinding world hidden within the pages of a book. He is ready to embark on the magical journey of education, transcending boundaries and opening up new horizons.”

8. Invoking Curiosity: “Imagine a world where every mind is a fertile ground for ideas, every heart resonates with stories, and every voice is empowered to articulate thoughts. This is the world that education creates, a canvas of endless possibilities waiting to be explored.”

9. Call attention to a Contradiction: “In an age where information flows abundantly, it is paradoxical that millions around the world are still barred from accessing the treasures of knowledge.”

10. Underscore Global Relevance: ” From bustling metropolises to remotest hamlets, from the physical classroom to the virtual realm, the pursuit of education unites people in a common endeavor – the quest for knowledge, growth, and a brighter future.”

11. Embracing Diversity: “In languages whispered across deserts and spoken amidst the clamor of cities, education weaves a tapestry that bridges cultures, transcends borders, and celebrates the rich diversity of human expression.”

In the IAS exam Essay paper, candidates must ensure that the essay introduction captures the overall theme or conveys the essence of the essay concisely. Aspirants must ensure that their introduction is relevant viz. a viz. the essay topic and engages the evaluator, leaving him yearning for more.

In the upcoming parts on literacy we shall focus on questions such as:

— What is the power of literacy?

— How COVID 19 pandemic highlighted the peril of illiteracy?

— How adult illiteracy and child illiteracy differ in terms of challenges?

— What is the impact of this digital divide on education in India?

— What are India’s various initiatives towards increasing literacy rate, including education policies?

and many more points to ponder…

Previous topics on Society and Social Justice:

UPSC Essentials: Society & Social Justice | Population and associated issues (Part 1)

UPSC Essentials: Society & Social Justice | Population and associated issues (Part 2)

UPSC Essentials| Society & Social Justice — Urbanisation and associated issues (Part 1)

UPSC Essentials | Society & Social Justice : Urbanisation and associated issues (Part 2)

UPSC Essentials | Society & Social Justice : Urbanisation and associated issues (Part 3)

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Share your views, answers and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@ indianexpress.com . You can also post your doubts, questions, and suggest themes on topics related to  Society and Social Justice .

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Social justice without economic prosperity | Essay | UPSC | IAS | K. Siddhartha Sir

Home » Video Gallery » Essay Bank for IAS » Social justice without economic prosperity | Essay | UPSC | IAS | K. Siddhartha Sir

There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless.

Meaning of economic prosperity, components of economic prosperity economic prosperity.

• Distribution
• Sustainability
• Enlargement of Choice

Spiritual Component

Why to keep anyone unhappy

Meaning of Social Justice

“Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. “Social justice encompasses economic justice.

Social justice is the relation of balance between individuals and society measured by comparing distribution of wealth differences, from personal liberties to fair privilege opportunities. It is often referred to as the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society.

Social justice is fairness as it manifests in society. That includes fairness in healthcare, employment, housing, and more. Discrimination and social justice are not compatible. While “social justice” as a term sees widespread use these days, it’s not new.

Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The relevant institutions often include taxation, social insurance, public health, public school, public services, labor law and regulation of markets, opportunity encashment, undescriminated administration, flexibility of institutions and growth, career transitioning choices and an increasing ability to adjust to newly emerging Gig economy along with a will and an ability to ensure fair distribution of wealth, and equal opportunity.

Social justice also refers to an individual’s ability to reform an existing system, ability to bring the society back from disorder, and being a participant along with other policy makers in shaping the future of the country that he envisions, and that there is no obstructing to it.

Social justice is the ability to carve a niche for one’s identify based on one’s ability, talent and will.

Social justice also doesn’t stipulate giving money to people of the society, and make them cash rich, rather it is to empower them to use this money. And more importantly it is about creating opportunities for all the people of the society so that they can utilize their talent and human resource to build an identity.

Social justice encompasses economic justice. Social justice is the virtue which guides us in creating those organized human interactions we call institutions. In turn, social institutions, when justly organized, provide us with access to what is good for the person, both individually and in our associations with others. Social justice also imposes on each of us a personal responsibility to work with others to design and continually perfect our institutions as tools for personal and social development.”

Social Justice is justice oriented not subject to scrutiny, not open to question/s.

Social justice at the same time is :

• Equality not sameness
• Equality of opportunity, e.g., Not being able to realize potential for want of finance and investment.
• Absence of monopolism, duopolies.

Purpose of Economic Prosperity

Economic prosperity is conceptualized it in very narrow terms. Prosperity is considered synonymous to money. Having money is no doubt a critical aspect of prosperity, but it is just that—one aspect.

if its only oriented towards making more money, if its only for increasing the GDP its worthless as every crime that takes place increases the GDP, all pollutants and its subsequent management increases the GDP, all health problems created increases the GDP but all affect the people and the masses in a very negative manner, and who are all the people who get affected-it’s those who are at the receiving end of economic prosperity. That means if it’s completely capitalistic, it’s no prosperity

Economic Prosperity is essential for serving people, aiding people, improving their lives, by cleansing the systems, reforming situations, finding solutions. Only when such a prosperity exists, social justice is also ensured. Without an ability to serve people, without an ability and willingness to improve the lives and make their thinking progressively better and better, economic prosperity has no meaning at all.

If Economic prosperity gets confined to few hands, If economic prosperity exists only for the sake of some individuals, it’s no prosperity, if economic prosperity gets confined to few houses, few families, few influences, few class or categories of people, it’s no social justice.

The dangers related to economic prosperity is that it is taken advantage of it is made misuse of possibly by some people who are able to wield influence, able to have a policy intervention.

Thus, if economic prosperity exists but exists without social justice then it will be worthless, it will be meaningless

Why economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless

It is not economic prosperity, rather the confinement of wealth in the hands of few people.  A wide disparity will ensue Disparities will mean that prosperity can be sustained.

What is the purpose of prosperity if people are not served, if the prosperity doesn’t permeate to the people, if prosperity doesn’t make the lives better, living conditions better.

There are other aspects of prosperity which without social justice cannot work, and these include

• robust job market where employment is available and opportunities for advancement abound, This can be best provided by building community training and allowing people to work for as social capital if financial capital is not available.
• an employment environment where upward mobility is based on hard work and on the acquisition of formal and informal education and training, This will require a competitive and motivating environment
• a society where invention is encouraged. In a prosperous economy, individuals are able to innovate, creating new and better products, services, and ways of doing things. This requires an aspirational milieu, where identity of the citizens are respected and cared
• Without social justice, we cannot bring the best from the people, as we cannot create motivating environment for them, an aspirational milieu for them.
• Economic prosperity must not forget that people always work for themselves for their identity for their aspirations for getting the best of themselves, prosperity must aim at providing these best to the people.
• A prosperous society also extends far beyond the working world. It includes an aspirational education system where children are taught not only the basics and critical thinking, but given the tools and confidence to aspire and dream.
• Without social justice, we cannot manage talent and aspirations of the people, we cannot manage creative pursuits that cause are instrumental in bringing true prosperity.
• It includes a health care system that responds to the needs of the sick but also acts to prevent illness so as to achieve a healthy and productive society. This will require helping each other in an environment where people treated each other as equal
• It includes a clean and sustainable environment, which can never be an individual effort and will require an equal feeling for the environment, an equal concern
• It includes and encourages empathy by its citizens to care for the less fortunate and those in need using the most effective means available. This will definitely require a caring attitudeand an attitude where everyone considers others as equal and human beings.
• In short, our view of a prosperous society is one that affords opportunities to everyone for personal and professional fulfilment, and this cannot take place without people’s participation, without the feelings of people directed towards their environment, their society their country and this can happen only by taking them all together taking them all in same spirit, Any feeling that some are left out of the scope of economic growth and its opportunity will destroy the notion of social justice.

Without social justice, we cannot ensure all round development

Prosperity is not to be kept in lockers, not to be showcased, not to be flaunted, and even if it is to be flaunted it has to be by making the people prosperous.

Social Justice distributed over people, in their satisfaction, in their contribution in their happiness happens to be the best indicator.

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Essay on Justice | India | Political Science

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Here is an essay on ‘Justice’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Justice’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Justice

1. essay on the introduction to justice in indian constitution:.

Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy aim at the fulfillment of aspirations, ideals and objectives of the constitutional fathers enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution. The Preamble of the Constitution promises the Indian people social, economic and political justice, liberty to thought, expression, belief, faith and worship and the equality of status and opportunity.

Fundamental Rights mainly guarantee ‘Equality’ and ‘Freedom’ to the Indian citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy aim at establishing a social system in which they may get social, economic and political justice. The ultimate aim of both is to achieve the ideas of justice, liberty and equality fixed by the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Justice :

Justice is an essential condition for the all-round development of the personality of an individual. According to Salmond, “Justice means to distribute the due share to everybody.” Provisions have been made for the attainment of social, political and economic justice for Indian people after the political independence of the country in 1947.

2. Essay on the Social Justice :

Social justice means to abolish social inequalities and to provide equal opportunities to everybody in social life. Before 1947, there were so many social inequalities in India. The framers of the Indian Constitution were determined to end all such inequalities. In order to put an end to social inequalities following provisions have been made in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

(a) Equality before Law :

In order to provide social justice, it is essential that those who live in the society should be equal before law. Article 14 of Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall not deny to any person equality before law or equal protection of a law within the territory of India. It means that in India, laws do not discriminate between rich and poor, high and low.

(b) Prohibition of Discrimination :

It is essential for social justice that in the society all discriminations should end and there should be no privileged class. Article 15 of the Indian Constitution provides for a ban on discrimination based on caste, color, race, religion, sex etc. Every individual has been given the right to freely visit all shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainments, wells, tanks, public bath, roads and other places of public utility.

(c) Equality of Opportunity in Public Appointments :

In order to establish social justice, it is essential that there should equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to appointment to any office. Article 16 of the Fundamental Rights provides for equal opportunities to all the Indian citizens in the matter of public appointments. The government will not discriminate against the Indian people in the matter of public appointments on the basis of caste, color, race, religion, sex and place of birth etc. But the State can keep some seats reserved for the members of scheduled and backward classes in the matter of public appointments.

(d) Abolition of Untouchability :

Article 17 of Fundamental Rights provides for the abolition of centuries old social evil of untouchability. Untouchability has been declared as a punishable offence under the laws.

(e) Abolition of Titles :

In order to bring about social justice, under Article 18 of the Fundamental Rights, the State has been restrained from conferring any title, except military and academic titles.

(f) Prohibition of Exploitation :

Social justice demands that there should be no exploitation of man by man. Article 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution provides for the abolition of all sort of exploitation. Article 23 provides for a ban of human trade, ‘Begar’ or work without any wages and getting work done against the will of the individual. Similarly Article 24 provides for a ban on dangerous work being got done by children below the age of 14 years. The aim of these Articles and provisions is to end slavery and bonded labor.

(g) Promotion of the Interests of Backward and Weaker Section of Society :

Through the provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, the State has been given directions for the protection of the interests of backward and weaker sections of the Indian society. It is the sacred duty of the State to protect the people from exploitation and social injustice.

(h) Protection of the Interests of Minorities :

In order to protect the interest of minorities and to save them from the exploitation of majority community. Article 24 of the Indian Constitution gives the right to protect and preserve the language, script and culture to the people living in any part of the country. According to Article 30, the minorities have been given the right to establish and administer their own educational institutions.

(i) Special Facilities for Weaker Sections of Society :

Social justice demands that special facilities should be provided by the State to improve the conditions of weak and backward classes of society. There is provision both in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy that the State shall promote the educational and economic interests of weaker sections, especially of backward classes, scheduled costs and scheduled tribes and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

In short it can be concluded that with the provision of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy almost all the arrangements have been made for the establishment of social justice in the country.

3. Essay on the Economic Justice :

Economic justice means that the individual is provided with the bare necessities of food, clothes and shelter, the abolition of the unequal distribution of wealth and the provision of equal and appropriate opportunities for the earning of his livelihood. The provision of economic justice is essential for the attainment of social justice and the success of democracy. The chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy make the following provisions for the attainment of economic justice in the country.

(a) Right to Property is made Legal Right :

According to the 44th Constitutional Amendment, the Right to Property has been made merely a legal right. For the fulfillment of this objective Article 300 (A) has been inserted into the Constitution. The aim of this amendment was to remove the obstacles in the path of the establishment of economic justice.

(b) Adequate Means of Livelihood :

In order to give economic justice, it is essential to fulfill the basic needs of the public. Article 39 (a) of the Directive Principles says that the State shall direct its economic policy in such a way that all citizens have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. According to Article 41, the State shall within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make provision for work to all citizens.

(c) To Check the Concentration of Wealth and Means of Production :

For the establishment of economic justice it is essential to check the concentration of wealth and the means of production in fewer hands. The Indian Constitution makes a provision for the acquisition of property of the people by the State for the furtherance of the public interest. Article 39 (b) provides that the ownership and control over the material resources would be conducted in such a manner as to do public welfare. According to Article 39 (c), the economic organisation in the country would be controlled in such a manner that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of fewer people and the means of production are not used against the interests of Indian people.

(d) Equal Pay for Equal Work :

Economic justice requires that men and women should get equal pay for equal work. Article 39 (d) of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall endeavor to secure equal pay for men and women for equal work.

(e) Protection against Economic Exploitation :

For the establishment of economic justice, it is essential that there is no economic exploitation of one class by another class. Under Article 23 of the Fundamental Rights, traffic of human beings, beggar and bonded labor are prohibited. Besides, in Article 39 (e) of the Directive Principles of State Policy, it has been provided that the State shall see that health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused. The workers will not be forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age or strength.

(f) Social Security :

Economic justice demands that arrangements should be made to give economic assistance to those who are unemployed, old age and sick. Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State working within its resources and the limits of its progress and development, shall made available public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age and sickness.

(g) Participation of Workers in the Management of Industries :

Workers participation in the management of industries ensures economic justice. Article 43A of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall take steps by suitable legislation or in any other way to secure participation of workers in the management of industries.

4. Essay on the Political Justice :

By the term political justice it is implied that the citizens equally share the use of political power in the State so that they may be able to associate themselves with the administration and also fully enjoy all types of political freedom. Article 326 of the Indian Constitution entitles every Indian citizen above the age of 18 years to exercise his right to vote to elect his representatives without any sort of discrimination or limitations. In addition to this, the following provisions have been made for the attainment of political justice through the operation of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

(a) Right to Hold Public Office :

Political justice can be established if all the people are given equal rights to occupy public offices. Article 16 of the Constitution provides that there should be equality of opportunities for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall be discriminated against on ground of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.

(b) Right to Criticise the Government :

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution empowers the citizens of India with the freedom to express his views. In this way every Indian citizen gets the right to criticise the Government and thus plays his role in making the government a responsible one.

(c) Right to form Political Organisations :

According to Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the Indian citizens are empowered to form political organisations for the protection of their interests.

(d) Right to Protest :

The Indian citizens have also been given the right to protest. They can demonstrate their protest against the government by means of observing strikes, processions, rallies and public meetings etc.

(e) Protection of Rights :

In order to get political justice it is essential that the rights of all citizens should be equally protected. Article 32 of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution clearly states that citizens can appeal to the High Courts and the Supreme Court for the protection of their Fundamental Rights. The Courts can issue writs for the protection of fundamental rights.

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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

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Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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The UPSC essay paper is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. With this, the scores obtained in the UPSC essay topics will also be considered in the merit list. Hence, it is important to cover all the aspects of the UPSC essay syllabus .

In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. Moreover, they are required to choose one IAS essay topic out of the four options in each section i.e. A and B.

The UPSC essay paper is conducted for 250 marks with one essay UPSC paper for 125 marks. Therefore, aspirants should use the best books and strategies to excel in this section.

In this article, we have compiled all the details of the UPSC IAS essay for the candidates aspiring for the upcoming civil services exam.

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Structure

• As per the UPSC exam pattern , the essay paper is one of the nine subjects in the civil services main exam. In this paper, aspirants need to write essays on assigned UPSC essay topics .
• Candidates should practice writing essays on multiple topics in order to learn how to arrange their ideas and execute the same in the proper order.
• Furthermore, the UPSC essay paper will carry 250 marks with an exam duration of 3 hours.

UPSC Essay Previous Year Papers

The previous year’s UPSC essay paper is one of the finest resources to prepare well for this section. This will strengthen their vocabulary and writing skills and also provide them insights into the type of essay topics UPSC asked over the years.

Hence, we have compiled below the official UPSC essay previous paper PDF link for 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, and 2018 for the reference of the candidates.

Best Strategy for UPSC Essay Writing

UPSC essays must be well-formatted and presented in a manner that the readers can easily understand without any obstacles. Above all, it must include the ideas about the issue mentioned in the question.

Candidates must note that the general essay papers also play an important role in compensating for the less scores in general studies and optional papers. Hence, it is advisable to focus on improving the vocabulary and writing skills from the first leg of the preparation.

Let’s look at the best strategy to score high marks in the UPSC essay topics in the main exam.

• Go through the entire UPSC essay syllabus to cover all the aspects of the section.
• Build a habit of reading newspaper editorials and journals every day. Going by the trend analysis, it is found that many essay questions were asked directly from current affairs in the past few years.
• Next, note down relevant quotes from the books/magazines/journal and implement them whenever required in the essay writing.
• Focus on IAS essay topics related to democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc as questions can be asked from these topics.
• Pick the essay topic very carefully. Also, it is advised to take some time to think about the topic and collect ideas and thoughts.
• One should make sure that the essay comprises sections like introduction, main body, theme, and conclusion.
• Moreover, aspirants can also reach out to their mentors, experts, seniors, or teachers for feedback on their essay writing. This will allow them to recognize their mistakes and focus more on their weak points for effective preparation.

Read More: How to write an essay for UPSC here!

Best Books for UPSC Essay Writing

Along with the best UPSC essay strategy , aspirants should also choose the finest books that comprise multiple essay topics UPSC for the exam. Here, we have shared below the best books and resources to strengthen the preparation of the general essay section:

• Monthly Current Affairs Magazines by OnlyIAS
• Only IAS Yogana Magazine
• Only IAS Praarambh Post-Independence India
• Only IAS Kurukshetra Magazine
• Only IAS Praarmabh Indian Society
• The Hindu (editorial articles)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. How to score 150 in UPSC essay?

Ans. One can score 150 marks on the UPSC essay paper by managing time effectively throughout the exam and avoiding any kind of deviation from the topic.

Q2. What are the topics for UPSC essay?

Ans. Some of the important IAS essay topics include democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc

Q3. What is essay paper 1 in UPSC?

Ans. The UPSC essay paper 1 is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. The maximum mark is 250 with a duration of 3 hours.

Q4. Is UPSC essay tough?

Ans. Yes, the UPSC essay paper is moderately tough as per the past year’s exam analysis. However, it also depends on the aspirant knowledge of the topic.

Q5. How many pages is 1,000 words in UPSC?

Ans. 2 pages single-spaced or 4 pages double-spaced is about 1000 words in UPSC.

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Uniform Civil Code in India: Suggestions, Challenges and Essay for UPSC Notes

The Uniform Civil Code is based on the idea of one country, one code that applies to all faith groups. Part 4, Article 44 of the Indian Constitution specifically mentions the term “Uniform Civil Code.”

Since the first petition was submitted in 2019 to demand the creation of a UCC to promote national integration and gender equality,  justice, and dignity of women, it has become a hotly disputed topic in India. Questions from it can be asked in the IAS Exam in GS-II (Governance), Mains GS-1 (Indian Society), Prelims, and also Essay papers.

This article will give you all the important notes and information about the uniform civil commission in India. The law commission reports behind the uniform code, when it was formed and why it was formed, all the data will be provided here.

Uniform Civil Code in India: UPSC Essay Introduction Paragraph

A Uniform Civil Code indicates that all members regardless of faith, society, will be treated equally under a national civil code that will be applied similarly to all.

They address topics such as inheritance, divorce, adoption, marriage, child support, and property succession. It is founded on the assumption that in modern culture, there is no link between law and religion.

Also Read: Uniform Civil Code: The Complete Guide to Important UPSC Notes  

Features Of Uniform Civil Code of Goa

# In Goa, the Uniform Civil commission is a progressive statute that allows for an equitable distribution of income and property between husband and wife, as well as children (regardless of gender).

# Every birth, marriage, and death must be legally recorded. There are numerous provisions for divorce.

# Polygamy and triple talaq are not permitted for Muslims whose marriages are registered in Goa.

# During the course of a marriage, the couple shares all of the property and wealth that each spouse owns or acquires.

# In the event of a divorce, each spouse is entitled to half of the property, and in the event of death, the surviving member’s ownership is halved.

# Parents cannot completely disinherit their offspring. A minimum of half of their assets must be passed on to the children. This inherited property must be divided among the children equally.

Also Read: How to Write an Essay? 9 Tips To Score Better in UPSC Essay Paper

Suggestions for Bringing Up a Uniform Civil Code

The following suggestions must be considered immediately in order to achieve the DPSP’s goals and maintain legal uniformity

# People should be encouraged to have a progressive and open-minded mindset in order to grasp the spirit of the UCC. Education, sensitization and awareness programmes must be implemented to achieve this.

# The Uniform Civil commission should be written with the greatest interests of all religions in mind.

# To maintain uniformity, a committee of distinguished jurists should be formed, and care must be taken not to offend the feelings of any particular group.

# Given the sensitivity of the subject, it is always preferable if the initiative comes from the religious groups involved.

Uniform Civil Code: Historical Perspective (Second Paragraph)

The perspective of the commission comes from the history of colonial times.

Pre-Independence: Colonial Era

# The October 1840 Lex Loci Report emphasised the need and necessity of uniformity in the codification of Indian law, particularly in the areas of crimes, proof, and contract. However, it was also recommended that Muslim and Hindu personal laws be left out of such codification.

# The Proclamation of the Queen of 1859 pledged complete non-interference in religious affairs.

Post-Colonial Era

Famous leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar campaigned for a standard civil code during the constitution’s development.

However, because of religious fundamentalist opposition and a lack of public understanding at the time, they included the UCC in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP, Article 44).

The Hindu Code Bill

Dr B R Ambedkar drafted the bill to modify Hindu laws that legalised divorce, prohibited polygamy, and provided daughters inheritance rights. Despite fierce opposition, a reduced form of the code was passed through four different statutes.

Succession Act

Originally, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 did not grant daughters any inheritance rights in the family property. They could only beg for a right to food from a Hindu family that lived together. However, on September 9, 2005, an amendment to the Act was passed, which eliminated the difference.

Minority and Guardianship Act

The Hindu Marriage Act

Adoptions and Maintenance Act

Special Marriage Act

It was passed in 1954 and allows legal marriages to take place outside of any religious personal law.

Also Read: What Is the UAPA Act? Here’s All You Need to Know about the Act for the UPSC Exam

Law Commission Report: Uniform Civil Code in India (Third Paragraph)

According to the Law Commission study, the way forward may not be a Uniform Civil commission, but rather the codification of all personal laws so that stereotypes and prejudices in each one can be exposed and tested against the Constitution’s Fundamental Rights.

Merits of Uniform Civil Code

Given below are the merits of the law commission of the UCC or the Uniform Civil Code. The UCC has many advantages because it is a commission for equality, liberty and franchise.

National Integration

A single commission is essential for the protection of India’s most vulnerable citizens (religious minorities and women), as well as the development of solidarity and national unity.

Simplification of Laws

# There are numerous personal laws, such as the Sharia Law, Hindu Code Bill, and others.

# The existence of so many laws leads to complexity, confusion, and inconsistency in the adjudication of personal matters, which can result in delayed or no justice.

# This overlapping of laws will be eliminated by the UCC.

Simplification of the System

UCC will lead to a decrease in litigation originating from numerous personal laws.

Establishing a Secular Nation

# UCC will separate law from religion, which is a very desirable goal in a socialist and secular society.

# Furthermore, it complies with Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which is a constitutional duty.

Gender Justice

# Women’s rights are frequently restricted under patriarchal rhetoric by religious regulations.

# UCC will free women from patriarchal oppression and grant them the right to liberty and equality that they deserve.

# UCC would lead to the defeat of divisionist and communal movements in the long run.

Way Forward UCC (Conclusion)

India has a unique mix of Parsi, Muslim, Christian and Hindu personal laws codified. There is no single family-related law for all Indians in a single statute book that is acceptable to all religious faiths that coexist in India. However, the majority of them agree that UCC is unquestionably desirable and would contribute significantly to the building and consolidation of Indian nationhood.

Furthermore, although the United States Constitution endorses the cause of a uniform civil code in Article 44, it should not be misinterpreted as a “common law.”

The term “uniform” refers to the fact that all communities must be governed by the same gender and human equity principles.

Each personal law will be humanised and modernised as a result.

It would imply different personal rules founded on ideals of liberty, fairness, and equality, rather than common law.

Practice Questions for Uniform Civil Code for UPSC

Here are some questions which are asked in the previous papers of UPSC

# What are your thoughts on the Uniform Civil Code? Examine its applicability in a secular country like India, as well as the obstacles to its implementation. (maximum 250 words)

# Examine the elements that may prevent India from implementing a unified civil commission for its inhabitants, as required by the directive principles of state policy.

# On the one hand, there is no necessary link between religion and personal laws, while civil and personal laws are distinct on the other. Discuss the need for a consistent civil commission and the various issues that come with it in this setting.

# Essay Question: In a secular India, a Uniform Civil Code is Required.

Also Read: UPSC Test Question with Answers: Practice Set for UPSC Current Affairs

This article is an essay on the uniform civil code of India and talks about the challenges, suggestions and also the arguments. The aspirants should take down these as important notes, and also form revision notes as bullet points as uniform civil code is a very crucial topic in the UPSC.

It can be asked in current affairs, general studies papers and even as an essay topic. There are many videos that talk about this topic and many debates which give you the perfect idea of what this topic is all about.

Hopefully , this article helped you with all the data and information that you were looking for. What is your opinion on the Uniform Civil Code of India? Drop your explanation in the comments section below.

Also Read: What is Section 66A of the IT Act? Here is All the Information for UPSC Preparation

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ESSAY STRATEGY By Anudeep Durishetty, UPSC Civil Services Exam Topper, All India Rank – 1 CSE-2017 – How to write a good Essay in UPSC Mains, Explained 

Essay strategy.

How to write a good Essay in UPSC Mains, Explained 

By Anudeep Durishetty

UPSC Civil Services Exam Topper, All India Rank – 1 CSE-2017

Novelist Stephen King put it beautifully when he said, “I write to find out what I think.” 

Writing is a window to your thought process. What you write on paper will tell the reader how you think, how you argue and the way you substantiate your viewpoint. This is why for most competitive examinations and academic entrance tests, essay is mandatory. 

In the Civil Services Exam too, we have a paper worth 250 marks, equivalent to a General Studies paper. Despite its importance, essay paper often does not get the attention it deserves from aspirants. First timers think they will write an excellent essay in the final exam itself, whereas experienced aspirants believe that since they had already studied a ton for GS, it will alone be enough to write a good essay. This is a fatal miscalculation. 

I was one of those who made these errors in the past, and it is not a coincidence that I scored only 100 in CSE 2015. But in 2017, I devoted adequate time to this paper. I collected useful quotes, prepared notes and even made rough essay drafts for frequently asked topics. All this effort in essay paper helped me score 155. 

What follows is an elaborate post on how you should tackle the Essay paper. I’ve organised the content as follows: 

What UPSC says about the essay paper 

• How and from where to prepare? 

Improving language and expression 

• On subheadings and rough drafts 
• What you must avoid 
• How to write a powerful introduction? 
• Developing the content of an Essay 

Substantiating your arguments 

• How to conclude an Essay 
• My notes, quote collection and sample essays 

“Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to  keep closely to the subject of the essay,   to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion, and to write concisely . Credit will be given for  effective and exact expression .”  

Essay distinguishes itself from GS in the sense that in GS, marks will be awarded purely for content. But in essay, examiners will pay special attention to not just the content, but also the language, coherence and the way you organise your write-up. 

So you must take adequate care to arrange your ideas properly and not commit any fundamental spelling or grammatical errors. 

How and from where to prepare?  

Most of the content you write in Essay will come from your GS preparation. Apart from this, the following sources will help: 

• Reading non-fiction  helps you develop a matured thought process. Apart from imparting knowledge, they will also let you come across good figures of speech, art of argumentation, powerful rhetoric and unique content etc. For example, in an essay on Artificial Intelligence, I took arguments from Yuval Harari’s  Homo Deus  to argue that AI is an imminent threat to humanity. Or if you read  Why Nations Fail,  a book replete with examples, you will understand the importance of innovation, political and economic freedoms in propelling a nation forward. So my suggestion is, apart from UPSC related material, develop the hobby of reading non-fiction books. I do not mean to suggest that you should start reading one  non-fiction book per topic to get good scores in Essay, but reading them occasionally in your free time will benefit you in the long run. 
• Referring to specific magazines:  For certain topics, you can refer to specific issues of Yojana/EPW/Economic Survey etc. Example: for an essay on tribal issues or public health, you can go through specific issues of these magazines for getting the latest statistics (IMR, MMR, malnutrition levels etc) and also about the positives and criticisms of govt schemes in that sector. 
• Collecting good stories/anecdotes and quotes  Anecdotes, quotes and real life stories you see in newspapers and books which can be used in essay should be noted down. In most of my essays, I used to start with a relevant story or an anecdote that has the essay topic as its underlying theme. Apart from these, I also used a couple of quotes of eminent persons. 

         List of quotes, anecdotes I collected are available in the link at the end of this article.  

Language in essay must be simple and clear with as little jargon as possible. If you want to use complex definitional terms such as, say, ‘Constitutionalism’ or ‘Sanskritisation’ please define it in sentence just before you use it. Examiner will also understand clearly what you want to convey. Clear writing is clear thinking. And that is what any reader looks for. 

Keep your sentences short and powerful. Long, winding sentences makes it difficult to read and understand. If you tack on one clause after another through conjunctions, what you get is a bad sentence sprawl.   

Example of a bad sentence sprawl: 

At the end of World War 2, on the one hand, while capitalism was successfully championed by the nations in North America and Europe, on the other hand, it was USSR that put Communism at the forefront due to which there was an ideological clash between the  the  two superpowers which had led to proxy wars in various parts of the globe, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of the security of the world.  

(By the time readers finish reading it, they will lose their breath and the point of the sentence) 

So I had a simple rule: If you run out of your breath while  reading a sentence, then probably you will have to break it into two. 

Rewriting the aforementioned example after breaking it into two (which makes it much easier to read and comprehend): 

After World War 2, while the North American and European nations championed capitalism, USSR put communism at the forefront. This ideological clash between the superpowers led to several proxy wars, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of world security.  

Vocabulary   

There is no need to memorise complex words for writing a good essay. But an occasional use of a powerful word, or a good phrase definitely gives your write-up an edge. 

Also, I believe that learning numerous words by rote will not make them stick in your brain for long. The best way to build your vocabulary is by reading non-fiction and English newspapers. While reading these, if you come across a good turn of phrase, or a word that you don’t recognise, please note it down in a book, find its meaning and understand the context in which the word was used. This helps in long term memory. Having a dictionary app on your phone also helps. 

Building vocabulary is a slow process, but with consistency, anyone can become better at using an expansive set of words. 

Subheadings & Rough Drafts 

We can be a little innovative in our subheadings. Instead of bland subheadings such as ‘ Benefits of Nuclear Energy’  we can use “ Nuclear Energy: Promise or Peril?’  Similarly, for the essay on Social Media, instead of writing ‘ Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media ’, I wrote  “Social Media: A Double Edged Sword”  

You can find my collection of a few such subheadings in the link to my notes, given at the end of the article. 

I also prepared a rough draft for a few essay topics (link given at the end). You may need to modify the structure as per the demand of the question. 

What you must avoid in Essay 

• Do not focus excessively only on one point, or one dimension (such as the historical or political aspect) Your essay needs to be expansive and multi-dimensional. 
• During preparation, we read a lot and it’s understandable that we feel strongly about certain topics. And since essay offers freedom to write, it’s very easy to get carried away with such a topic. But make sure that you write what is asked, not what you know or feel like. No  mann   ki   baat . Always stick to the subject of the topic. It helps to read the question in the midst of your essay to ensure that you are not steering away from the topic. 
• If you are not comfortable writing about abstract philosophical topics (I am terrible at writing them), avoid such questions. Your choice of topic has no bearing on the marks and that is why, selecting an unpopular topic just for the sake of it is unwise. Also, if there’s a technical term in the question, be doubly sure that you understand it correctly. For instance, in 2014, there was a question on ‘standard tests’, which is a technical term. I misunderstood it and wrote a generic essay. I got 112. 
• When you take a final stand on an issue, it’s best to avoid extreme or highly unpopular opinions. We are free to have any opinion in the privacy of our minds, but in UPSC essay why take that risk? For instance, in an essay on Capital Punishment, in the main body content, you should present a case for both abolition and retention. But when you take a stance, it’s best to be an abolitionist. 
• No ranting. You might be a great fan of Karl Marx, but if there’s a question on Capitalism, do not rant or rail against it  You must present both the positives and negatives of Capitalism and end the essay on a balanced note. 
• Do not dedicate disproportionate amount of time for the first essay and scamper through the second. Both carry equal marks, so please invest equal time. 

How to transition smoothly from one para to the next 

This can be done in three ways. 

Through a link sentence at the end of a para:  

Here, at the end of a para, you write a sentence that signals to the examiner what’s coming next. For example, let’s say you have just written a para about the threat posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to jobs. At the end of that para you can write a link sentence—   “Further, we must be mindful of the fact that Artificial Intelligence poses a major challenge not just economically, but also ethically.”  And in the next para, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI. 

Through a question:    

Instead of a link sentence, you can also add a question at the end of a para so that examiner’s attention is helplessly carried to the next. To take the similar example as above, the question can be something like—   “Thus we have examined the threat posed by AI to our economy, but what about the challenges brought by AI to our ethics and morals?”  And in the next para, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI. 

Signalling the shift at the start of next paragraph: 

Here you can simply add a word or two at the beginning of a para that signals a shift in your subtopic. For example in an essay on  Globalisation , let’s say you have just written a para about its historical evolution and impact. You can start the next para with something like—  “Politically too, globalisation has had a tremendous impact……” This way examiner immediately knows what to expect. 

These steps will ensure that the transition between paragraphs is not abrupt. 

How to write a good Introduction to your Essay? 

Essay introduction can be: 

a fictitious incident or story (where you introduce a character);  a real life anecdote;  a quote; or  a simple definition of the words in the question (not recommended in Essay) 

In GS, definitional approach is a great way to introduce your answers. But in essay, they are rather stale, lacking in any human element. I always believe that a good way to start your essay is to have that touch of humanity and warmth in your introduction. 

In my Mains exam, this was my introduction to the essay ‘Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classroom’ 

“The year was 1945. Towards the end of a gruesome world war, the world powers decided to carve up the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel.  

“Before partition, North and South Korea might have been homogeneous in every respect, but after the division, they steered onto different paths. While schools in the North chose to ‘educate’ their children in the worship of a cult leader, ideological indoctrination and servility, its southern counterpart focused on liberal education, innovation and economic growth.  

“Today, almost seven decades later, the difference in the fates of these people and the trajectories of both these nations cannot be more stark. One is known for gross violation of human rights, while the other a champion of liberal democracy. One is known for gut-wrenching poverty, while the other unbridled prosperity.  

“This only proves the age old adage that the destiny of a nation is indeed shaped in its classrooms.”  

Similarly, for the Social Media essay, my introduction sought to bring to the fore the paradox of Social Media. I wrote on how social media was leveraged to crowdsource help and rescue during Chennai floods in 2015. At the same time, I mentioned how it was used nefariously in 2012 to cause mass exodus of northeast people from Bangalore. And taking cue from this introduction, in the main body, I discussed about the inherent selfishness and altruism associated with social media. 

These real life stories, anecdotes and incidents are everywhere in our books and newspapers. So when you come across them, note down and ponder as to how you can use them in your essay.   

Developing the Main Content from the Topic 

This is like spinning the web from a thread. Depending on the topic, you can choose among the following options that fits best. 

• Temporal : Past, present and future 
• Sectoral :  Media, Science & Tech, Business, Sports, Religion, Politics, Administration etc 
• Walks of Life : Individual, Family, Professional workplace, Society, Community, National, Global 
• Problem & Solution:  Concept (historical evolution+status), benefits, problems, solutions 
• Standard : Social, Political, Economical, Administrative, International, Environmental, Historical, Scientific, Security/Defence, Legal 

Example: for a topic like  “Has  Globalisation  delivered on its promise?”  I find the problem & solution method an apt way to develop your narrative. So choose as per the question. 

In the main body of the essay, each para must have an argument or an idea and a reasoning to back that argument. You can substantiate it through a real life example, a statistic, an authentic committee or organisational report etc. 

For example, if you are arguing that Capital punishment is an expensive form of justice, you should be able to given an example or a statistic or Law Commission’s opinion as to how the subjects of death penalty are overwhelmingly from poor communities. 

Statistics, examples, expert opinions and constitutional provisions are crucial and they make your arguments authoritative. 

Concluding an Essay 

Conclusion needs to be on  a futuristic, optimistic note. You need to summarise the complete essay in 3-4 sentences, after which you can write your vision for future. 

You can source some useful terms from the speeches of PM Modi. Phrases like  Sabka   saath   sabka   vikas ,  Reform-Perform-Transform, Building A New India  etc can come handy.  Rhetoric, lofty expressions, constitutional ideals, sanskrit slokas and quotes are a good way to conclude your essay. 

But suppose in your introduction, if you had written about a fictitious character, then it’s always advisable to end your write-up with a reference to that character. It gives a sense of completeness to the essay. 

Readers should keep in mind that these notes are written rather haphazardly (I mean who makes notes thinking that in future, they might have to upload them publicly :D)  

They are fragmented in certain pages, so you may not be able to comprehend them completely, but nevertheless I hope you take home something useful.  

Link to handwritten notes: 

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jmVMGOzAk2d9B5Y0HQ9XpVF5Mh2IXGku  

Quote collection:  

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jk71jLao60hHwJoTuGYaIDgJWccxa5Xn  

List of Topics one needs to prepare:  

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1q0W0PeH-80EKt6ucJTFOVPUlmXvCIzd-  

Sample Essay:    

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jqfUi1FXdG0icBdJpdQvwH1wlAizCMvo  

https://anudeepdurishetty.in/my-upsc-marksheet/

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Guest Essay

100 Days of Javier Milei

By Uki Goñi

Mr. Goñi is an Argentine author, essayist and journalist based in Buenos Aires, where he wrote this essay.

Argentina’s new president, Javier Milei, has been in office for just over 100 days. Since his inauguration on Dec. 10, Mr. Milei, a far-right libertarian, has been on a mission to end what he has described as “an orgy of public spending” by previous administrations that left him with “the worst inheritance” of any government in Argentina’s history.

The extreme libertarian program that Mr. Milei says will make Argentina great again — along with his unruly hair and tongue — has attracted countless comparisons to Donald Trump and won him high praise from Mr. Trump and other powerful admirers. Elon Musk indicated that Mr. Milei’s speech at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, this year was “so hot” that it distracted from the act of sex.

But this political outsider is having a harder time convincing his fellow Argentines of his vision. A self-proclaimed “ anarcho-capitalist ,” Mr. Milei won the presidential race in November on promises to end Argentina’s sky-high inflation through a free-market transformation of the state. So far, he’s failed to deliver: Inflation doubled during his first month in office, though it has slowed down recently. Poverty rates have shot up; retail sales have plummeted . Mr. Milei has both faced widespread protests on the streets and hit a wall in Congress, which has twice so far rejected the plans he says will transform Argentina into “a world power once again.”

All of these headwinds have left a troubling question hanging over his new administration: Who is the real Javier Milei? Is he the economic visionary who won over voters and prompted Mr. Musk to predict that “ prosperity is ahead for Argentina ”? Or is he the power-hungry villain that tens of thousands of Argentines now march against on the streets, chanting “The country is not for sale!”

This much is certain: Mr. Milei is no Donald Trump. While his anti-establishment persona and inflammatory rhetoric invite easy comparisons to the former president, Mr. Milei is a product of a long South American history in which authoritarianism has been the norm and democracy the exception. Although he embraces some elements of the Trump populism flowing from North to South America — including the “Don’t Tread on Me” Gadsden flags he likes to pose with — Mr. Milei is more archetypal South American caudillo, or strongman, than Trump aspirer.

Mr. Milei, like the Venezuelan strongman Hugo Chávez, his ideological opposite, is seeking extraordinary powers in the name of saving his country. For decades, Argentina has been held up by free-market economists as one of the world’s pre-eminent examples of how progressive economic policies can lead to disaster. The argument goes that while Argentina was ruled by conservatives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was among the world’s top economies, before left-leaning governments came to power and bloated spending with unaffordable social welfare programs, generating Argentina’s chronic inflation problem. In his Dec. 10 inaugural speech , Mr. Milei waxed nostalgic for this long-ago time, boasting with undisguised exaggeration that Argentina was “the richest country in the world ” and “a beacon of light of the West.”

But Argentina was no paradise back then. A single political party clung to power through electoral fraud between 1874 and 1916. Although Argentina did become an agricultural powerhouse, the period was also marked by endemic corruption, excessive international borrowing, recurrent financial crises and empty state coffers that the government tried to fill the same way Mr. Milei wants to today — by privatizing state companies.

Argentina’s current democratic period, which started in 1983, has been the longest in its 208-year history. But the economy has proved nearly unfixable for both dictators and democratically elected leaders — left and right — since the country’s independence from Spain in 1816, marred by inflation, foreign debt defaults and various convertibility schemes.

Mr. Milei won over voters last year with the promise to end this long economic agony by attacking what he has identified as a root cause: “the aberration of social justice.” Many of his economic policies are inspired by the works of Murray Rothbard, a 20th-century American libertarian economist who befriended Holocaust deniers and whom critics accused of supporting racial segregation . Rothbard dogma were key tenets of Mr. Milei’s presidential campaign, including his “Taxation is theft” slogan and his pledge to eliminate the country’s central bank.

He blames progressive governments such as that of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was in power from 2007 until 2015, for the country’s many ills. As a cure, Mr. Milei has already started dismantling Argentina’s welfare programs and removing the government from the business of education and health care.

So far, Mr. Milei does not seem averse to putting democracy on the rack as his vision of a libertarian paradise has hit political resistance. On March 14, the Senate overturned a presidential decree in which Mr. Milei conferred upon himself the power to plow ahead with cost-cutting reforms without congressional approval. (The decree remains in force, however, unless the lower house, where the president faces better odds, also strikes it down.) Last month, congressional opposition also forced him to withdraw the free-market omnibus bill that was the cornerstone of his economic plan and would have permitted him to privatize state companies and deregulate vast areas of the economy, including environmental controls and the labor market.

Mr. Milei, according to one report , said that he was going to “piss” on the governors who refused to back the economic bill and added that he could close Congress. He called the legislators who voted against the bill “parasites.”

It is an open question whether Mr. Milei has misread his voters on how far they, too, are willing to go to turn Argentina’s economy around. Mr. Milei may be testing the limits of Argentina’s on-and-off-again democracy to fulfill his dream of transforming it from a soft, populist, welfare- and social-rights-driven nation into a libertarian utopia where the fittest can realize their full potential unshackled from the weight of sharing their bounty Even if Mr. Milei’s policies do eventually tame the price of basic goods, Argentines may not embrace being denied public health policies that generations have enjoyed — or having their elected leader threaten to shut down the legislature.

Argentina is, after all, not the unmitigated economic disaster Mr. Milei and like-minded critics make it out to be. It has a diversified industrial base and is a major agricultural exporter. It has the second-highest human development index in Latin America and is its third-largest economy, with a highly educated population and a still strong, if battered, middle class that knows how to fight for its rights.

In January, soon after he took office, Mr. Milei went to Davos with a message for the world’s business people. “Let no one tell you that your ambition is immoral,” he said . “You are the true protagonists of this story and rest assured that as from today, Argentina is your staunch and unconditional ally.”

As the enthusiastic responses from Mr. Musk and others show, his message has been well received by the wealthy. But Mr. Milei will have to make an equally convincing appeal to the real protagonists in this story: the people on the streets and byways of Argentina whose patience may start wearing thin more quickly than expected if Mr. Milei does not soon slay the beast of inflation, which has seldom been tamed in our country’s long history.

If he fails, he will be remembered not as the libertarian genius that Mr. Trump and Mr. Musk make him out to be, but as just another in a long line of South American would-be caudillos who failed to deliver on their promises — and made life miserable for millions along the way.

Uki Goñi is an Argentine author, essayist and journalist whose work has appeared in the New York Review of Books, the Guardian and the New York Times. His book The Real Odessa: How Nazi War Criminals Escaped Europe was republished in an augmented edition in November 2022 by Granta Books.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Even the Supreme Court’s Conservatives Are Fed Up With the Garbage Coming Out of the 5th Circuit

What happens when a lawless judge and a terrible appeals court embrace the dopiest First Amendment claim you’ve ever heard out of pure spite toward a Democratic president? That would be Murthy v. Missouri , a brain-meltingly dumb case that the Supreme Court was unfortunate enough to hear oral arguments in on Monday. Murthy poses a question so asinine that to ask it is to answer it: Can government officials encourage social media companies to moderate certain content that they deem harmful—most importantly, disinformation about COVID-19 in the middle of the pandemic?

Yes, of course they can: The First Amendment does not gag public officials from urging Facebook or the Washington Post or anyone else to publish or not publish certain information, especially when it contains dangerous lies about a once-in-a-century pandemic that could exacerbate the crisis. The First Amendment bars government censorship, not government persuasion, and the Biden administration planted itself on the latter side of that bright line. At least six justices grasped this basic constitutional principle on Monday. Several of them used arguments to highlight how this inane case illustrates so much of what’s wrong with the judiciary today, and hinted at the dangers it could pose to American democracy in the future. That we should pay attention to. The rest was an unfortunate sideshow.

Like so many Supreme Court cases these days, Murthy is built atop a heap of fake facts. The case began when Missouri and Louisiana sued agencies and officials across the Biden administration, falsely accusing them of coercing social media companies into censoring their residents’ free speech. (These states later added a handful of fringe anti-vaxxers to the suit.) They filed their complaint in the Monroe Division of the Western District of Louisiana, where—surprise!—they were guaranteed to draw a Trump appointee, Terry Doughty, the one judge hearing cases in that division. Judge Doughty has a record of issuing nationwide injunctions against the Biden administration on the basis of dubious legal and factual analysis. Most notably, he issued a nationwide bar against Biden’s vaccine mandate for health care workers in an opinion riddled with anti-vax nonsense (which the Supreme Court reversed ).

Doughty, in other words, was certain to rule against Biden in the social media case. Even still, the opinion he handed down on July 4, 2023, was a humiliating mess of contradictions, fabrications , and (ironically) misinformation . Doughty adopted the plaintiffs’ theory that the administration “coerced” social media companies into removing “conservative” speech about COVID, including posts promoting hydroxychloroquine and rejecting the efficacy of vaccines. He accused government officials of launching a “coordinated campaign” to silence conservatives by forcing private companies to take down anti-vax content, as well as false claims about election fraud. And he issued one of the most sweeping injunctions in the history of the American legal system, prohibiting any employee—including Homeland Security, the State Department, the Department of Justice, and the FBI—from “engaging in any communication of any kind with social-media companies” encouraging content moderation.

Doughty, it turns out, grievously butchered the record to reach his conclusion. An exhaustive analysis by Mike Masnick proves that Doughty consistently misrepresented testimony and other evidence in the record to construct a conspiracy theory with zero basis in reality. He distorted emails and other exchanges to make them look coercive when they were nothing of the sort, cherry-picking and rearranging quotations to put them in a censorious light. Yet the hard-right U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5 th Circuit, where law goes to die , affirmed Doughty’s conclusions and upheld much of his injunction (while narrowing it in part). That move sent the administration racing to the Supreme Court for an emergency stay, which it granted in October, over the dissents of Justices Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Clarence Thomas. Monday’s arguments confirmed that a majority is prepared to side with Biden on the merits.

The justices did not sound happy to have the case before them. Justice Sonia Sotomayor scolded Louisiana Solicitor General Benjamin Aguiñaga (a former Alito clerk) for his lack of candor. “I have such a problem with your brief,” she told him. “You omit information that changes the context of some of your claims. You attribute things to people who it didn’t happen to.” Aguiñaga was unable to defend Doughty’s more extreme deceptions. So he had to fall back on what Justice Elena Kagan called an “extremely expansive” argument: the notion that “encouraging people to suppress their own speech” violates the First Amendment, even if it isn’t coercive. Kagan drew upon her past work in the executive branch to explain that, actually, government officials do this all the time . “I’ve had some experience encouraging press to suppress their own speech,” Kagan told Aguiñaga. Example: “You just wrote a bad editorial. Here are the five reasons you shouldn’t write another one.” Is that really unconstitutional?

Justice Brett Kavanaugh, a former White House staff secretary, also provided a real-world perspective after Alito fumed that officials had been too mean to the platforms and would never treat the traditional press so sharply. Kavanaugh gave Alito a reality check: “I’d assumed, thought, [and] experienced government press people throughout the federal government who regularly call up the media and berate them,” he told Deputy Solicitor General Brian Fletcher, who defended the administration. “You said the anger was unusual. I wasn’t entirely clear on that from my own experience.” Translation: Government employees yell at members of the media all the time. The media can accept or reject their requests. That is how it works .

But did Biden officials berate social media employees? Only on a few rare occasions. Here’s what really happened: The platforms in question, most prominently Facebook and Twitter, invited the government to help them identify and remove the most toxic disinformation. At the time, as Fletcher explained, these companies were eager to present themselves as “partners” with the administration in its push for COVID vaccination. Officials could “flag” questionable content, but the platforms made their own judgment calls, without any demonstrable fear of retaliation. Everyone agrees that the government violates free speech when it explicitly coerces companies into censoring expression under the threat of punishment. But, Fletcher persuasively argued, no such thing happened here.

That left Aguiñaga to lean on the theory that the government contravenes the First Amendment when it merely “encourages” specific content moderation. Justice Amy Coney Barrett, a stickler for legible rules, sounded borderline aghast at this baggy, boundless standard; she lobbed a series of hypotheticals at Aguiñaga that showed he was pushing a meaningless and impracticable test. Chief Justice John Roberts tried to help Aguiñaga understand that multiple agencies with competing agendas may pressure platforms in contradictory directions; doesn’t that “dilute the concept of coercion significantly?” (Aguiñaga just sounded confused.) Kavanaugh pointed out that the plaintiffs’ position could prevent officials from urging the press to safeguard national security by, for instance, asserting that a forthcoming article might imperil the troops.

Even Gorsuch, who started out sympathetic to Aguiñaga, was exasperated by the end, complaining that Doughty’s “universal injunction” was part of the “epidemic” that had to be stopped. Only Alito and Thomas sounded like surefire votes for the plaintiffs after nearly two hours of arguments, and Thomas’ heart was not fully in it. Alito stood alone in his increasingly uncontrolled and seething aggrievement .

The pandemic may be over, but Murthy remains a hugely relevant case. Perhaps most obviously, it is a cautionary tale about the extremism of Trump judges like Doughty, who keep issuing these lawless injunctions at the behest of red-state politicians, and the 5 th Circuit, which keeps upholding them. A disproportionate number of the Supreme Court’s cases this term emerge from the 5 th Circuit, which keeps appeasing the Trump-appointed zealots attempting to seize unimaginable amounts of power from the democratic branches. The chief justice is attempting to crack down on the kind of judge-shopping that occurred here, but the fight is just beginning. The evident frustration of Roberts, Kavanaugh, Barrett, and even Gorsuch on Monday suggests that a majority of the court is fed up with this political manipulation of the judiciary by rogue judges with undisguised partisan loyalties.

So, yes, SCOTUS is likely to reach the right result in Murthy . Alarmingly, though, so much damage has already been done. In light of Doughty’s injunction, the federal government shut down all of its efforts to combat disinformation, fearful of judicial sanctions. Bad actors have exploited this development to flood the internet with lies about the upcoming 2024 election. If foreign entities attempt to interfere with the election via social media, the Biden administration will have few tools left to fight them. It is just too late to revive the various task forces that worked with platforms before Doughty disbanded them last year. For the Murthy plaintiffs, then, a Supreme Court defeat may not matter much. They have already done immense damage to truth and transparency on the internet. And at this late date, the worst of it cannot be undone.