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Article Contents

• Expression of Concern: Dynamics of Communicator and Audience Power: The Persuasiveness of Competence versus Warmth
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Expression of Concern: Dynamics of Communicator and Audience Power: The Persuasiveness of Competence versus Warmth, Journal of Consumer Research , 2024;, ucae011, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucae011

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This is an expression of concern regarding: David Dubois, Derek D. Rucker, Adam D. Galinsky, Dynamics of Communicator and Audience Power: The Persuasiveness of Competence versus Warmth, Journal of Consumer Research , Volume 43, Issue 1, June 2016, Pages 68–85, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw006

Outlined below are the six key claims assessed by the Investigative Committee (IC) and the IC’s evaluation of each. These are the points the IC determined readers should be aware of when drawing inferences from the article.

Issue #1: Dyads do not match

The anonymous report noted that two different files contain data regarding the dyads studied in Experiment 1. The calculated statistics from the “manipulation check” data (one row per participant) match the results given in the paper. In contrast, the calculated statistics from the “recipient” data (one row per dyad) do not match the results given in the paper. The first author proposed that the critical variable in the “manipulation check” data (representing the within-dyad difference score) was calculated using the wrong formula and that the “recipient” data are correct. Under that reconciliation, the calculated test statistics differ from those reported in the article, but the IC did not find evidence that conclusions vary substantively.

IC evaluation : This issue warrants a correction, given that the reported statistics are incorrect. This issue was addressed in the October 29 th correction ( https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad056 ).

Issue #2: Unexpectedly strong correlation within dyads

The anonymous report noted that in Experiment 1, two cells (representing the conditions in which the communicator and audience either were both given the low-power prime or were both given the high-power prime) have unexpectedly strong correlations in measures of power between members of a dyad (r = 0.83; the other two cells had no such correlations, r = −0.08). These correlations between-individuals within-dyad are as strong as the within-individuals between-item correlations. The first author’s explanation is detailed in Issue #3.

IC evaluation : This issue warrants an expression of concern. The magnitude of these correlations is surprising, as is its occurrence in two conditions but not two other conditions. This pattern is not present in subsequent experiments. The first author’s explanation raises independent concerns (see Issue #3). Moreover, if this revised description of the experimental procedure is accurate, it would still be very surprising for it to elicit this difference between conditions. Although this is anomalous, concerning, and caused the IC to substantially discount the results of experiment 1, in the absence of access to the original data, the IC was “unable to conclude that this is definitive evidence of intentional misconduct or fabrication.”

Issue #3: Dyads were not independently randomized.

The first author’s explanation of how the pattern of results in Issue #2 could have arisen is that randomization to matched vs. mismatched dyads was at the level of the day , not the level of the dyad . Both the article text and the author’s response are sufficiently imprecise that one could argue that the description is technically accurate. However, the IC expects that a reader would naturally expect the randomization to be at the level of the dyad.

IC evaluation : This issue was addressed in the October 29 th correction. However, the IC contended that this issue also warrants an expression of concern. It viewed the mischaracterization of the randomization unit as sufficiently important that if experiment 1 were the only study in the paper, the major conclusions of the article would change and the error would warrant retraction.

Issue #4: Studies and manipulation checks were separated by other studies

The first author noted that in some cases, the manipulation and main dependent measures may have occurred first, followed by other experiments—which could have included other power-related tasks, with the manipulation check at the end of the session following subsequent studies.

IC Evaluation : This is described in the third bullet of the article’s correction. Additionally, the IC contended that this warrants an expression of concern. It may be important to note that such procedures may have been more common in the years around the time of “False Positive Psychology” (Simmons et al., 2011) and “Questionable Research Practices” (John et al., 2012). This does not suggest the practice is acceptable but could suggest that norms at the time could have led the authors to view this as a commonly-adopted practice of efficient reporting. As important context for Issue #5 below, there is a lack of evidence regarding how the experiment proceeded, and it was noted that the manipulation check measures could reflect multiple power-related tasks conducted during the session.

Issue #5: The dependent variable is affected by the power manipulation but does not correlate within condition with measured power

Typically, one would expect that the effect of the manipulation on the dependent variable should be stronger for participants who respond to the manipulation check in a way that is consistent with the manipulation. Yet, in these studies, the effect of the power manipulation appears entirely independent of the manipulation check measure of power.

For experiment 1, the first author responded that participants from the same dyads may have completed the manipulation check measures side-by-side, possibly exchanging information. For experiments 2 and 3, the first author responded that the previously unreported separation of the main study and the manipulation check measures (as outlined in Issue #4 above) could explain the findings.

Furthermore, the anonymous report also compares this analysis to the analyses for the mood-related variables in experiment 1, which are uncorrelated within-dyad in each condition. The first author responded that the mood measures were assessed at the beginning of each session after the power manipulations and not at the same time as the reported power manipulation check, which was collected at the end of the session. The procedures reported in experiment 1 implied that mood measures were collected at the end of the session after the manipulation check measures.

IC evaluation : The anonymous report’s assumption that manipulation check and mood measures were collected at the same time at the end of the study is reasonable, given how the paper was written. This issue was addressed in the third bullet of the article’s October 29 th correction. Furthermore, the IC contended that this issue warrants an expression of concern. This lack of correlation is surprising, and readers should be alerted to these concerns when reading the paper, both because of the procedural oddities of assessing a manipulation check potentially after multiple manipulations of power and the omissions of this critical information in the original submission.

Issue #6: Correlations among ratings of stimuli

The second author noted surprising patterns in the ratings of individual items as reported in the Experiment 3 pretest. In particular:

Correlations among items were generally extremely high.

Correlations among reverse-coded items were particularly high (after reverse-coding).

Ratings between Warmth and Persuasiveness and between Competence and Persuasiveness were surprisingly low.

Correlations within-person across items regarding persuasiveness were low.

These findings were surprising in isolation. The second author conducted three online replications, finding lower correlations, especially for reverse-coded items, higher correlations between Warmth/Persuasiveness and Competence/Persuasiveness, and higher correlations across within-person items.

IC Evaluation : While this issue did not merit a correction, the IC contended that this issue warrants an expression of concern.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

The interactive effect between economic uncertainty and life history strategy on corrupt intentions: a life history theory approach.

• 1 Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
• 2 Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Why do some people show more corruption when facing uncertain environment?The present study aimed to give a plausible answer from an evolutionary perspective: this might be rooted in people's different life history strategies (slow vs. fast). The present study measured the participants' corrupt intentions by a hypothetical scenario and primed the feeling of economic environmental uncertainty by requiring the participants to read economic uncertainty (vs. neutral) materials. It is revealed that the participants with fast life history strategies had stronger corrupt intentions after reading materials about economic uncertainty than reading neutral materials. In addition, the desire for power mediated the interactive effect between life history strategy and economic uncertainty on corrupt intentions for fast life history strategists. This finding was discussed for its theoretical and practical implications from the perspective of life history theory.

Keywords: Economic uncertainty, life history strategy, Desire for power, corrupt intentions, evolutionary psychology perspective

Received: 25 Dec 2023; Accepted: 11 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Sai and Zhu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Lei Zhu, Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Warren Thompson Publishes Article in the Journal of Anthropological Research

Professor Warren Thompson publishes, “Being Seen is Believing: Evidence and Authority in the Ache Mission Encounter," in the  Journal of Anthropological Research.

Like many other lowland South American groups described in the literature, Ache give a higher epistemic value to visually experiencing events, a sensibility that some have argued has impeded lasting conversions by Amerindians to Christianity given that the evidentiary practices of the latter can only be expressed through language. In this article, I qualify this idea by showing how the Ache acceptance of the idea of “being seen” by an omnipresent Christian God was able to reconfigure Ache evidentiary practices regarding vision and visual experience. Through a series of Ache conversion narratives recorded in the late 1970s, I show the importance of “being seen” in Ache conversion and how it eventually provided resources for lasting engagements with Christianity—both with and without the surveilling practices of missionaries from the New Tribes Mission.

Read the article in  Journal of Anthropological Research

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Volume 30, Number 5—May 2024

Research letter, reemergence of bordetella parapertussis , united states, 2019–2023.

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