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Political Instability in Pakistan | Essay for CSS Exams

This research was performed to investigate the role of political parties in Pakistan over the last two decades. This paper also attempts to discuss how parties and their actions affect the democratic culture in the state. I have investigated the roles of the political parties in Pakistan by examining their different functions, which include the responsibility to represent the civil society, to integrate the diverse elements of the society into a political system, and to respond to the demands and needs of the public. The internal politics of political parties in Pakistan and their criteria for recruitment and training leadership are discussed, as well as their effects on the political system of Pakistan.

The data were collected by researching secondary sources that discussed and evaluated the functions of political parties in Pakistan. A content analysis method was used to analyze the data and characterize the contributions of political parties to the political culture of Pakistan and their effects on the democratic system of Pakistan.

In this thesis, I have investigated the roles and mechanism of political parties in Pakistan based on an exploration of the roles of several prominent political parties, including the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz group) (PML (N)), the Pakistan People Party (PPP), the Awami National Party (ANP), and the Mutahida Quami Movement (MQM). During the past two decades, the PPP and PML (N) parties have remained prominent through the formation of alliances with other parties. This research discusses the roles of these parties in representation, integration, aggregation, recruiting, and training leadership during times in which these parties have held both power in government and represented the opposition.

Introduction

The major purpose of this research is to shed light on the problems faced by political parties and their role in the political system of Pakistan. The parties considered in this work are the Pakistan People Party (PPP), the Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz Group (PML (N)), the Awami (public) National Party (ANP), and the Mutahida (united) Quami (national) Movement (MQM). These political parties have held power in Pakistan at different times over the past two decades. This paper also attempts to discuss the functions of these parties, such as representation, integration, recruiting, and training leadership, and the conduct of political parties when they are in power or in opposition.

It has been argued that parties are ―endemic to democracy, an unavoidable part of democracy. In a democratic system, political parties provide the proper mode of functioning for the government so that the majority party or a combination of parties controls the government, while other parties serve as the opposition and attempt to check the abuses of power by the ruling party. Citizens extend their desires, needs, and problems to the government through the political parties. In fact, political parties represent an essential and important tool that acts as a bridge between a society and its government. The existence of a strong and viable opposition keeps the ruling party alert. It is also the duty of political parties to promote policies that will educate the people about how a democratic system functions and offer different policy packages to the electorates. To some extent, political parties allow people to defend their rights, and the support of the people strengthens political parties. Therefore, political parties promote the welfare of the society as a whole. One basic need is to develop the political ideology and democratic roots within a state, which is a fundamental method of political development. The goals and objectives of political development could not be achieved without political parties.

Since independence was achieved in Pakistan on 14 August, 1947, only a small number of civilian governments have completed their constitutional tenure, and most of those who did were under the rule of a dictator. The political system in Pakistan has never functioned efficiently in sixty-four years of independence. During this period, Pakistan’s political system has faced four military interventions, during which the army chiefs overtook political governments and imposed martial law. Pakistan still has not found a stable political equilibrium or clear directions to resolve its fundamental political conflicts. Because of these different types of government, the people of Pakistan are unsure of whether their government should be secular or Islamic and democratic or ruled by a military dictator. The main problems faced by political development are weaknesses among institutions, such as a lack of accountability and the presence of corruption; a lack of focus on people’s needs; and an emphasis on increasing the assets of the leaders of the political parties. As stated by Rasul Bakhsh Rais: ―The history of military dictators is characterized by deceit, institutional decay, political fragmentation, moral and social rot, (that produced polarization), insurgencies and alliances of the state with violent ethnic and religious groups. The occurrence of these incidents and events can only be explained by reviewing the circumstances under which the country was created. When an electoral political regime is in power, it will seek to prolong its control and satisfy key members by awarding them critical positions in important institutions. Furthermore, many internal problems in political parties lead to problems in the political system, such as an undemocratic structure and a lack of political values and practices. These problems decrease the popularity of political parties and reduce the trust of the leaders among the people.

Background of Pakistani Politics

The month of August 1947 brought a major change to the world map with the establishment of the two independent states of Pakistan and India on the 14 and 15 of August, 1947, respectively. Independence marked the end of a long British rule that lasted nearly one hundred and fifty years. It had been decided that the division between Pakistan and India would be made on the basis of the populations of Muslims and Hindus. Muslim-majority cities would be included in Pakistan, and Hindu-majority cities would be included in India. A large number of Muslims in the Indian part of the subcontinent migrated to Pakistan. Approximately two million people were killed due to communal violence and hatred between Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims. The majority of the victims of these victims were Muslims.

Soon after independence, the founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the First Governor General of Pakistan; however, he died in 1948. Quaid-e-Azam was the most influential person in the party (Muslim League), having the total support of the people of Pakistan. He was the only person who could unite all the political leaders and ordinary people under a single national identity, and his death affected the politics of Pakistan badly. His successor, Liaqat Ali Khan, became prime minister and attempted to fill Quaid-e-Azam’s gap, but he was assassinated in October 1951.

The Muslim League is the founding party of Pakistan. ―But after his death Muslim League has never been able to transform itself from a nationalist movement a national party. After Quaid-e-Azam and Liaqat Ali Khan were lost, the Muslim League faced a deficiency of competent leadership in Pakistan. Power-hungry politicians remained representing groups of opportunists who had already opposed the formation of Pakistan8. On the other hand, a struggle began between the Mohajir (refugee) community, the aristocracy, and the religious leadership for gains in political power. All the weakness and incompetency led to a lack of political non-consensus, and bureaucrats resolutely became politicians who assumed power. A former bureaucrat, Ghulam Muhammad, was appointed as prime minster, and he succeeded another bureaucrat with an army background. The ruler never attempted to pay attention to the problems of the common people during the early years. Furthermore, these politicians were not able to finalize a constitution for Pakistan.

In 1958, Pakistani politics fell into an even worse state when Skandar Mirza took full advantage of the weaknesses of the political parties. At that time, there was only one way to avoid a general election i.e. imposition of martial law. Due to the failure of the political parties, martial law was declared on 7 October, 1958. President Mirza issued a proclamation to cancel the Constitution and declare martial law throughout Pakistan. He abrogated the central and provincial governments by dissolving the national and provincial assemblies. Two weeks later, Mirza was forced to retire, and General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the chief martial law administrator and supreme commander of the armed forces, took his place. During Ayub’s regime, the bureaucracy became empowered increasingly in Pakistan as Ayub Khan depended heavily on the bureaucracy to manage the political setup. General Yahiya Khan, the commander in chief of the army, succeeded Ayub Khan. Yahiya Khan ruled Pakistan for more than two years under the cover of martial law. From 1947–1958, not a single national election was held because most of the politicians knew that the electorate would reject them. Between 1958 and 1968, two indirect elections were held, but neither was conducted on a free and fair basis.

Ayub Khan introduced the first constitution of Pakistan. The presidential form of government was introduced, and all power was vested in the president. A basic democratic system was introduced, and only eighty thousand basic democrats elected the president. The military has ruled Pakistan for more than thirty-four of the sixty-four years of Pakistani independence. The feudal landlords and the capitalist class of people did not aid in the development of democracy in Pakistan. These ―power motivated groups failed in state building and were unable to articulate or aggregate the interests of the people, which is necessary to develop meaningful socio-economic policies for newly born nation. As a result, the poor and the middle class were trapped in a cycle of poverty, and these classes continue to decline today.

The first direct general election was held in 1970, almost twenty-three years after the birth of Pakistan; only two parties participated in these elections: the PPP from West Pakistan and the ANP from East Pakistan. These two parties achieved overwhelming success in these general elections.

The results of the elections indicated that the PPP had emerged as the majority party in Pakistan with a clear majority in Punjab and Sindh. In these elections, Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman ‘s ANP in East Pakistan won an absolute majority of seats in the National Assembly, and this result was not acceptable to Z. A. Bhutto, whose PPP had won a majority of seats in the assembly from West Pakistan. Hence, President Yahiya Khan dismissed the legislature. This suspension led to a cry for independence in East Pakistan, which Yahiya Khan sought to suppress by military repression, and this resulted in a historical disaster: the separation of West Pakistan (presently Bangladesh) from East Pakistan (presently Pakistan).

Z. A. Bhutto was more successful in restoring parliamentary government in Pakistan. He helped to create a new constitution, the nation’s third in twenty-six years, which was adopted in 1973. He established a National Assembly of two hundred and seven members and four provincial assemblies of proportionate size. All representatives were to be elected directly for five-year terms. Under the constitution provision, Bhutto became prime minister of the government, elected by the majority of the National Assembly.

National elections were again held in 1977, and Z. A. Bhutto faced a strong alliance of political parties (Pakistan National Alliance, PNA). Bhutto won the election, and the PNA was able to obtain only thirty-six seats out of two hundred and seven in the Pakistan National Assembly. The opposition declared that the election had been rigged and began to agitate against the PPP’s government. Bhutto called in the army to restore law and order and to negotiate with the PNA.

The army chief of staff Zia ul Haq seized the reins of the government. Hence, a new and long-lasting era of martial law began, which ended in 1988 with the assassination of Zia ul Haq. Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of Z.A. Bhutto came into power with majority votes after the elections of November 1988. But in 1990, her government was dismissed for charges of corruptionby Ghulam Ishaq Khan the existing president of Pakistan at that time. Following the 1990 elections, Nawaz Sharif became prime minister of Pakistan with a majority of the votes, but his government was also dismissed by Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The democratic era (1988–1999) continued to alternate between B. Bhutto and Sharif until 1999, when the general public became fed up with the democratic era and the corruption of the politicians. In 1999, the dictator General Pervaz Musharaf imposed martial law and ruled until 2008 with so-called democracy. At first, the people of Pakistan welcomed this change of government in the hope that the unjust economic, social and political system would be reformed, but after two years, the economy of Pakistan fell into decline.

About the author

Shahzad F. Malik

Shahzad Faisal Malik is the administrator of CSSTimes.pk and is responsible for managing the content, design, and overall direction of the blog. He has a strong background in Competitive Exams and is passionate and sharing information with others. Shahzad Faisal Malik has worked as a Graphic Designer/Content Creator at CSSTimes in the past. In his free time, Shahzad Faisal Malik enjoys watching Cricket, writing blogs for different websites and is always on the lookout for new and interesting content to share with the readers of this website. As the website administrator, Shahzad Faisal Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a welcoming and engaging community for readers. He looks forward to connecting with readers and hearing their thoughts and feedback on the website.

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Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, and PMS

• January 24, 2022
• Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.” Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives. As Democracy is a very popular topic so, here is a complete Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and judiciary examinations.

What is democracy? Essentials of democracy Democracy in Pakistan

A brief history

• The early period from 1947-58
• Period of General Ayub and General Zia
• Political turmoil and General Pervaiz Musharraf

Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan

• Delayed Framing of the Constitution
• Leadership Crisis
• Lack of education
• No independence of the judiciary
• Weak political parties and their infighting
• Delayed elections and rigging
• Corruption and nepotism
• Quasi-Federalism and Conflict between Eastern and Western Wings
• Terrorism and extremism

Pakistani Democracy Vs. Western Democracy

Suggestions

• Effective accountability of the politicians
•  Reforming judiciary
• Abolish feudalism
• Eliminate corruption
• Two parties system on the pattern of the USA, UK
• Amendment in the constitution
• Fair and free election
• Increase the education budget to educate people
• Uninterrupted democratic process
• Strengthening the institutions

Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations

“You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice, and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.” -Muhammad Ali Jinnah,

To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost importance to the citizens of a democracy. – Bertrand Russell

Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development, and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. While there is no specific, universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times. These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.

For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.

Many people use the term “democracy” as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include elements such as political pluralism; equality before the Jaw; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances; due process; civil liberties; human rights ; and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained).

In other cases, “democracy” is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term “democracy” is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are applicable to private organizations and other groups as well.

Democracy in Pakistan

Democracy in its true spirit has never been allowed to take root in Pakistan. Since its independence in 1947, a military-bureaucratic establishment has always governed the country. Army generals usurp power at their own convenience and quit only when they are forced to quit by mass political movements or by sudden unexpected death. When forced by external or internal pressures, democracy is given a chance but in reality, a group of army generals keeps controlling the decision-making.

This direct or indirect military influence is the greatest impediment to the evolution of a stable governing system in Pakistan. Besides, the army is not solely responsible for this mass but it is our inefficient politicians who provide an opportunity for to army to take over.

A brief history of Democracy in Pakistan

Recalling the last 62 years of Pakistan, democracy is found only as an interval before the next military general comes to the scene. The future of democracy was doomed from the start when Liaquat Ali Khan, the first elected Prime Minister, was shot at a public gathering. Nobody knows to this day who did it and why. From now on, the balance of power was to shift in the favor of the military. A comparison tells us how this shift came up. From 1951-57 India had one Prime Minister and several army chiefs while during the same period Pakistan had one army chief and several Prime ministers.

The same army chief, the Sandhurst-trained general, Ayub Khan was to announce the first martial law in the country in 1958 and then a series of military rules were to follow.

General Ayub Khan could not withstand a popular national movement against him and transferred power to General Yahya Khan in March 1969. Under him, Pakistan lost its half which is now Bangladesh. Power was then transferred to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first civilian martial law administrator. Bhutto pursued an independent policy, which was against what generals and the US wanted, and he had to pay with his life.

Charged for compliance in murder, Bhutto was hanged by the next martial law administrator, General Zia ul Haq. The hanging of an elected Prime Minister was shocking news to the world and Pakistan was to have the effects years later. The general died in a mysterious plane crash.

Then came a ten years gap of experimentation with democracy and every two years each elected government was ousted by the special discretionary powers of the president . An end to this ten-year spell came with a new general coming to power ousting the incumbent elected government of Mian Nawaz Sharif. This time the Prime Minister was charged with conspiring against the state and was ousted from the country.

The immediate and foremost requirement of the Constituent Assembly was to frame a democratic constitution for the country. The constitution had to lay down the form of government, and the role of the judiciary, military, and bureaucracy. It had to decide the basic issues about provincial autonomy, religion and the state, the joint or separate electorate, representation of minorities and women in assemblies, fundamental rights, and civil liberties.

The debate over the representation of eastern and western wings of the country and religion versus secularism were the two main hindrances in the way of framing the constitution. As against India, which was able to frame the constitution of the country within two years of independence in 1949, Pakistan took nine years to finalize the constitution in 1956, which did not work for more than two years and was abrogated.

The second constitution was framed by a military ruler General Ayub in 1962 which could last as long as he was in power. Finally, it was after the separation of East Pakistan and a lapse of more than a quarter of a century (1947-1973) that the elected representatives of the people under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto framed a consensus constitution envisaging a  federal, democratic structure for the country and a parliamentary form of government.

This constitution has survived in spite of the breakdown of democracy twice in 1978 and 1999 and hopefully has come to stay. But the delay in framing the constitution harmed the growth of political democracy, as it allowed the authoritarian rule of the Governor-General to continue for seven long years (1947-56), which set this inglorious tradition in the country.

The second obstacle in the way of democracy is the culture of feudalism. Democracy cannot develop in the suffocating atmosphere of feudalism. The history of feudalism in the subcontinent is not very old. It owes its origin to the war of independence in 1857 when different people were awarded large swathes of land by the British government because of their treacherous cooperation with the latter. Those feudal families joined Muslim League when they saw that Pakistan was going to be a reality and inherited power after the death of the founding father. Feudalism has now become a severe migraine for the nation. Democracy and feudalism are incompatible.

Change of faces at the wheel has not served any purpose. Even these feudal lords occupy more than 70 % of our land leaving the people to lead a miserable life. They are senators, ministers, MPAs, MNAs, and also the owners of major industries in Pakistan. There is a crying need to bring some structural changes in order to strengthen the political system. Industrialization has also played a significant role in the strengthening of democracy across the world. Great Britain is considered the mother of democracies on this planet.

Some analysts are of the view that democracy has its origin in the Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus, etc. But even after these developments very mighty rulers have ruled Great Britain. In fact, the invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution which eradicated the roots of feudalism and the evil of absolute monarchy. All this resulted in the development of democracy. In Pakistan, there is everything from adult franchises to the separation of powers between the three organs of government but no plan for that kind of industrial revolution.

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation and the first Governor-General, died just one year after the establishment of Pakistan on September 11, 1948, and his right-hand lieutenant Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the first Prime Minister, was assassinated on October 16, 1951. About the capability of other leaders of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the party which had successfully piloted the movement for Pakistan, Jinnah had ruefully remarked that “he had false coins in his pocket”.

Consequently, several ministers appointed initially were not politicians and did not have a seat in the Assembly. Similarly, in 1954, there were several members of the Prime Minister’s cabinet without a seat in Parliament. “The cabinet and other high political appointments reflected a paucity of talent among the politicians.”

It is indeed a sad commentary on the elected members of the first Legislature and Constituent Assembly of Pakistan that they could not find a suitable head of state from among their own ranks. Most of them came from the civil bureaucracy or the military. The civil-military bureaucracy did not have a favorable opinion about the competence of political leaders and often took decisions without consulting them. This adversely affected their political training, development, and growth.

The inability to control the Anti-Ahmadiya Movement in Punjab in 1953 was blamed on inept political leadership. This religious movement was spearheaded by the religious Ahrar Party which had opposed the establishment of Pakistan and now wanted again to come into the limelight. They were supported by other religious parties, i.e., Jamaat-i-Islami, JamiatuiUlema-i-Pakistan, and JamiatulUlerna-i-Islam. The movement was exploited by politicians in their own political interests.

But the civil-military bureaucracy was against the religious parties dominating the power structure either in the provinces or the center. To rescue the city of Lahore where Ahmadis were in a “virtual state of siege” and their properties were being “burned or looted”, General Azam Khan, the Area Commander, was ordered by the Defense Secretary, to impose martial law in Lahore. It was met with the general approval of the people.

It was demonstrated that the civil-military bureaucracy “would not let politicians or religious ideologues lead the country to anarchy”. This also laid down the foundations of the supremacy of the military and orchestrated the initial rehearsal for the recurring imposition of Martial Law in the country and its acceptance by the people.

Lack of education has remained an important impediment to the democratization of countries. This is not just a problem for Pakistan but of the whole Third world. Laski, a famous political thinker said that education is the backbone of democracy. Democracy is a system of governance in which the people choose their representatives through elections. Their strength lies in the ballot box. If people are not vigilant and educated enough to make a better choice, democracy will not flourish in that country.

This is the main reason that even in the countries apparently practicing democracy but the majority of uneducated people are among the under-developed nations. Masses in Pakistan have not found ways of compelling their rulers to be mindful of their duty. Their failures in this regard result from insufficiency of experience and training in operating modem democratic politics. Democracy puts the highest premium on constitutionalism, which is possible only with the predominant majority of people. Pakistan’s democracy can neither improve nor become viable as long as the majority of the population remains uneducated.

Judiciary is one of the most important pillars of a state and in a country where the judiciary is not imparting justice , democracy cannot develop. During the Second World War, someone asked British Prime Minister Winston Churchill whether the British would win the war. The Prime Minister laughed and replied that if the British courts were dispensing justice, no one would trounce the United Kingdom. In Pakistan since 1954 judiciary has remained docile to the wishes of the executive. As Shelley says, “If the winter comes; can spring be far behind”.

In fact, since its birth, Pakistan has been governed by bureaucratic, military, and political elites. The bureaucratic elite generally became more assertive, steadily increasing their power at the expense of the political elite. Ayub’s term of office (1958-69) was the golden era for the bureaucracy, which exercised its powers, unbridled by any political interference. The weakness of political elites can be demonstrated by the fact that during seven years from 1951 to 1958, as many as seven Prime Ministers had been changed.

From 1988 to 1999, four democratically elected governments were replaced on charges of corruption, inefficiency, security risk, etc. The civil-military bureaucracy has dominated governance owing to the inherent weakness of the political parties and their incompetent leadership, resulting in the derailment of democracy thrice in the history of Pakistan, i.e., in 1958, 1977, and 1999.

Pakistan was not created as a theocracy but as a place where an economically marginalized minority could operate a democracy independently. It was to save the people from religious discrimination and domination by an overwhelming religious majority. Moreover, it emerged as a territorial state in the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent. But the religious and secular groups soon started making conflicting demands while formulating the constitution of Pakistan.

The speech of Mr. Jinnah on August 11, 1947, addressed to the first legislative and constituent assembly of Pakistan, advocated political pluralism and declared that the “religion or caste or creed has nothing to do with the business of the State”. This has not adhered to the Objectives Resolution passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, which pacified the demands of Muslim religious parties and elements but was not supported by religious minorities.

The compromise solution attempted to balance the values and the spirit of Islam with the requirements of secularism. Due to a lack of competent and visionary political leadership , and the fact that Muslims constituted 98 percent of the population, the conservative religious leaders, partly due to their conviction and partly owing to their parochial interests, advocated and preached the establishment of a religiopolitical system based on Al-Quran and Sunnah.

They were skeptical of the politico-social development of modem times and western political institutions and forms of government. Their dogmatic theology clashed with the democratic culture envisioned by the founding fathers. Another adverse impact of the adoption of religion as a guiding principle in the constitution, was the promotion of religious sectarianism, especially between the two major sects inhabiting Pakistan, i.e., Sunnis and Shi’as. Some sections of these sects, instead of peaceful negotiations to overcome their differences, often resort to violence, which is against the spirit of both Islam and democracy. These rivalries fostered reliance on the security forces for the maintenance of law and order, which eroded the hold of democratic institutions in governance.

For any healthy constitutional and political system to function smoothly, strong and well-entrenched political parties are essential. Unfortunately, political parties in Pakistan have failed to develop into strong vehicles of national political will. The main responsibility for safeguarding democracy in a country falls on political parties. Pakistan, since its inception, was lacking well-organized and well-established political parties that could carry the representative system of governance forward.

The All-India Muslim League, which had piloted the movement of Pakistan from 1940 to 47, was not a well-organized political party, but it was primarily a movement. Leading a movement and organizing a political party are two different things. Most of its leaders belonged to areas that became part of the Indian Union and their majority did not come to Pakistan. Those who were in Pakistan, barring a few exceptions, belonged to feudal and landowning classes that in their nature were in conflict with the democratic dispensation. In fact “the leadership of the Pakistan movement had few roots in the land that became Pakistan.”

Their incompetence and constant wrangling for power in the initial nine years (1947-1956) were also responsible for the delay in constitution-making. Instead of cooperation and mutual accommodation, there was ceaseless infighting. For instance, as early as 1953, a clash between the leadership of Punjab and the central government led to intense communal riots and the imposition of Martial Law in Lahore, the provincial capital. Even as late as the decade 1988-99 of civil supremacy, the fight between the PML and the PPP led to the repeated dissolution of national and provincial assemblies and the dismissal of prime ministers and their cabinets. Finally, it ended with the military takeover in 1999.

The representative character of the civilian parliamentary government during the first decade of Pakistan’s existence was eroded because the country was governed under the Government of India Act of 1935. The purpose of the Act was “to make the appointed governor-general exert dominance over the elected prime minister.” The Act introduced a representative and centralized system of bureaucratic governance, which was an imperative requirement of the colonial government but not of democratic governance. The first general elections in the country should have been held in 1951, i.e., five years after the previous elections in 1946, but this could not happen till 1970.

The reasons for the delay were that the ruling elite, i.e., civil bureaucrats, migrant political leadership, and weak political parties, had few roots in the masses. As a consequence, general elections could not be held for 23 years (1947-1970) of the country’s initial history. On the expiry of the five years term of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1972-1977), the second general elections on the basis of the adult franchise were held on March 7, 1977, which the PPP won with a vast majority.

The opposition parties alleged that the elections had been “rigged on a massive scale”. It has been commented: Elections in Pakistan had been rigged before, notably the presidential election in 1965 and the Provincial Assembly,y elections in the early 1950s, but rigging in these instances did not arouse the mass uprising as it did in 1977. The people of Pakistan were evidently not of the same mind now as they were in those earlier periods.

Corruption in bureaucracy and among political leaders poses a grave threat to good democratic governance. Quaid-i-Azam had termed corruption as “poison” and asked to put that down with an “iron hand”. Now that the international Reconciliation Ordinance, .vnich had withdrawn from prosecution any person “falsely involved for political reasons or through political victimization” between 1986 and 1999, has lapsed on November 28, 2009, the concerned individuals should get themselves cleared in a court of law in a transparent manner. The tribal nature of society in Pakistan is susceptible to nepotism. As an antidote, accountability and transparency are necessary. It is a challenge to the people to reject those leaders and political parties which indulge in corruption and nepotism.

One of the main bottlenecks in constitutional development in Pakistan was that its two wings were separated by about 1000 miles of hostile territory. The eastern wing consisted of one province but was more populous’ than the western wing which was much larger in the area and had as many as four provinces.

The western wing was not prepared to concede majority representation to the eastern wing in the parliament. After a confrontation of nine years between the two wings, the solution was evolved in the l956 constitution in the shape of parity of representation in a quasi-federal structure, neutralizing the majority of the eastern wing and paving the way for the manipulated domination of the western wing.

The domination of the western wing in governance led to an insurgency in the eastern wing which culminated in the separation and independence of Bangladesh in 1971. In post-1971 Pakistan, it came to be realized that ideological moorings alone could not easily overcome ethnic and economic differences. Yet the anti-ethnic attitude and anti-modem thinking prevalent in certain segments of society lean toward a unitary or quasi-federal state as against a true federation.

The latest threat is emanating from extremism and terrorism, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). This is the spillover effect of the conflict in Afghanistan and is spreading to Pakistan. It is likely to continue as long as there is no peace and stability in that country. However, the military enjoying the support of the nation is successfully combating the extremists and terrorists under the supremacy of the civilian democratic government. It is hoped that the process would continue to its logical conclusion.

Due to the migration of literate Hindus and Sikhs to India, the literacy rate in Pakistan sharply declined. There was about 95 percent illiteracy in Pakistan in 1947, which acted as a hindrance to the growth of civil and democratic society. Feudalism and economic constraint did not permit any Pakistani government to launch a “crash course to expand literacy and grow higher standards.

The national economy has gone bankrupt and the national budget has become all foreign aid-dependent. Islam was the ideology that gave life to the Pakistan movement and later Pakistan itself but is now infested with sectarianism. Military policies gifted the country with cross-border terrorism and three million internally displaced people. Despite having the largest chunk of the national budget and being the seventh-largest army in the world, the Pakistan army is now in a mess of its own creation with little of its hard-earned prestige left to its credit.

The distorted face of the national system as a whole and the failure of the judiciary to guard the constitution of Pakistan are the major factors contributing to the change in the national mindset. The events of the last two years have clearly shown the preference of the people of Pakistan. The masses want democracy as a political and governing system for the country and a judiciary that guard the rights of the people. The military would be respected more if it stays in the barracks or guarded the national borders. The murder of Benazir Bhutto has taught new lessons.

If one compares Pakistani democracy with Western democracy it is said that for over 50 years, Pakistan remains occupied by three major interest groups in the time, opportunities, and resources of the besieged nation. The army, civil service, and the neo-colonial appointed landlords. If there was any rational tolerance scale, the Pakistani nation would certainly secure high marks on its standard of tolerance and survival under most unfavorable circumstances.

One of the pivotal factors supporting the notion of Western liberal democracies is that it provides opportunities for participation to ordinary citizens, right or wrong to culminate a sense of legitimacy for the election exercise and chose people of their interest to manage public affairs for a specified term. But the principles and standards for evil and good vary between the West and the Islamic world . Strange as is, in Pakistan, those who come to occupy the political offices never intend to quit the political power on their own except implication of military force through a coup.

Comparatively, on occasions, western democracies do” encourage educated and competent citizens to strive for their high ideas and ideals and come to the front stage and demonstrate their intentions and will power to seek the goal of ideal public service agendas. E.H. Carr defines the teaching-learning role of history and its value must not be ignored but preserved. Recall the Pakistani military dictators for the last forty-plus years, they each consumed a decade or more to relinquish power, that was not theirs in any systematic and logical context. Ayub Khan was ousted by Yahya Khan.

General Yahya with the complacency of Z.A. Bhutto surrendered East Pakistan to India (now Bangladesh) to share power with Bhutto but was put under house arrest as Bhutto assumed the power that did not belong to him based on the verdict of the people. Rightfully, it was Sheikh MujiburRehman, leader of the East Pakistan Awami League who should have been sworn in as the new leader of united Pakistan but it was treacherously undone by Yahya and Bhutto.

Both should have been tried as traitors in a court of law and punished. Not so, they were rewarded and Bhutto became the first civilian martial law administrator and self-made president of defeated Pakistan in December 1971. Dr.Ishtiaq Qureshi, editor of the Urdu Digest recorded for the history (“Sukoot-e-Dacca seyPurdhautha Hay”- Facts are revealed after the Dacca Surrender) that “in the quest for its survival Pakistan lost its destiny. Yahya and Mujib stabbed the body of Pakistan with one dagger and Bhutto will stab Pakistan with another dagger.”

Suggestions for Democracy in Pakistan

Fo1lowing are the suggestions for improving democracy in Pakistan:

An impartial system of accountability enhances public trust in the political system. It provides enormous strength to the democratic process. Moreover, it compels thousand who are charged with governance, to transparently discharge their official responsibilities. It ensures good governance and strengthens the political setup. In spite of facing innumerable challenges and showing unsatisfactory performance, Pakistanis have the capability to emerge as a democratic and progressive nation. Pakistan can road to democracy with the dedication, determination, commitment, courage, and patriotism of its political leaders.

Reforming the judiciary and incorporating Islamic laws can also soothe the deprived and poor masses who have been manipulated by the extremists due to the sheer negligence of the elected governments and ruling elite. This natura11y causes bitterness toward the present form of political setup.

Moving on, corruption and selfish attitudes are eating away at the institutional structure of our country and such practices never allow democracy to flourish. There is also a need for mature political leadership, which can think above its own gains. All this can only emerge after the formulation and implementation of strict accountability.

On the contrary, weak public institutions can be made strong and productive if the power and authority seep down. The example of many European countries is in front of us, where institutions are powerful and not politicians. Democracy in actuality can only be achieved through such measures.

Our constitution has been a source of constant controversy. Be it the realization of Islamic laws or the concentration of power in the head of the state, the constitution has served as a tool for the legitimization of alien changes and policies. Keeping the constitution intact has been long overdue. No one in power should be allowed to change it for prolongation of rule or appeasing any particular section. The Pakistani movement envisaged a democratic country with a federal structure.

In all Constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962, and 1973) the objectives of governance, in the words of Dr. Ainslie T. Embree, Professor Emeritus of Columbia University, are democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by Islam, giving Muslims freedom to live their lives in accordance with the teachings of Islam, but with minorities having full freedom to profess their own religions.

Islam lays emphasis on the concept of Shura, i.e., consultation among people, which is the essence of democratic culture. Quaid-i-Azam, the founder of Pakistan had stated:

“We leamed democracy 1300 years ago. Democracy is i11 our blood. It is ill our marrows. Dilly centuries of adverse circumstances have made the circulation of that blood cold. It has got frozen, and our arteries are not functioning. But thank God, the blood is circulating again, thanks to the Muslim League’s efforts. It will be a People’s government. Culturally, ill the region of Pakistan, there is a concept of Jirga or Panchayat, i.e., an assembly of elders, to settle issues and disputes involving two or more two persons. This system has, been prevalent for ages, much before the advent of Islam. Thus, both religion and age-old tradition advocate the concept of consultation in decision-making through all assembly of people, which is the essence of democracy.”

During the period of British supremacy in the subcontinent, the practice of elections to assemblies (local, provincial and central) was introduced through various enactments. Finally, it was the Government of India Act 1935 under which the dominions of India and Pakistan functioned after independence till they framed their own constitutions. These enactments provided the groundwork for democratic governance. It may be of interest to note that even when the democratic rule was suspended by the armed forces, the military rulers always came with the promise to restore democratic governance .

For instance, in 1970, General Yahya Khan is credited with organizing the first-ever general elections in the country, which led to the establishment of democratic governments both in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Besides holding general elections in 2002 and 2007, General Musharraf’s introduction of a local government system introduced in 2001 is considered a “laudable model of governance” because of its principle that whatever can be done at the local level should not be done at a higher tier of governance.

The country is on the path to achieving full literacy and progress towards a higher standard of education in important disciplines. This is strengthening the civil society in ensuring the prevalence of democratic culture at the lower and higher level of governance. Secondly, the print and electronic media in Pakistan are vibrant and independent. A responsible media educates the masses, raises political consciousness, and thus promotes democratic values, norms, and culture. In addition, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an active role in the field of education and contributing to the growth of a vibrant civil society and good governance.

The essential step seems to stop interruption in the democratic process so that we may see more than promos. To judge something, it has to be allowed a chance to survive and act. The elected government must be allowed to complete its tenure in any case. The military has to play a positive role here and not interfere in the smooth democratic process.

As mentioned before, a part of the population wants greater Islamic character in the Govt. and laws. If we analyze this demand, it will be apparent that the enforcement of Sharia is more related to lawmaking. Therefore, what is immediately required is a change in the judicial setup, which has been unable to gain the trust of people until recently. Encouraging steps have already started in this case, but much more needs to be done.

Sadly, the same corrupted pool of thought keeps appearing with new faces and the deceived masses blindly follow them. This is due to the absence of any kind of accountability. Political compromises enhance this trend. Such practices are against moral, democratic as well as Islamic principles and should end immediately.

Next, the all-powerful bureaucracy and feudal politicians should be stripped of their unwarranted authority. It has been a slow evil that has weakened the country like nothing else. They are elected for serving people not to control them. The criteria of merit; the right to freedom and equal progress for common people have become a joke due to such an autocratic setup.

The people of Pakistan in general lack political psyche and consciousness. This is largely due to poor literacy and a never-ending feudalistic rule over 60% of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the masses and make them aware of their political rights. This can begin with greater political socialization by political parties and media.

In a democratic state, media has rightly been called the fourth pillar of the state. It can play a most important role in the present age for creating awareness. Our media has risen from the ashes like a phoenix. It, however, needs to play a positive constructive role and not become another compromised institution as well.

Finally, the strategic position and now the war against terror call forth unwanted attention from the international community sometimes. In the past, military rule has been covertly or openly supported by many countries to gain their own benefits in this region. The international powers must stop interfering in the democratic process and for that to happen, our own government, people and media need to be equally strong.

Politicians may have learned lessons from their past mistakes and are more mature politically. Consensus politics seem to be emerging in the country. In the past, the constant infighting amongst political parties had often led to interference and take-over by the armed forces.

Now a culture of reconciliation, accommodation, and dialogue is emerging. The ideological polarization is diminishing. After the general elections of February 2008, four major political parties, i.e., Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), PML – Nawaz (PML-N), Awami National Party (ANP), Jamiat-ulUlema-i-Islam – Fazalur Rahman (JUI-Fl and MuttahidaQaumi Movement (MQM) have joined hands to govern the country and re-establish the supremacy of the Parliament in accordance with the Constitution of 1973.

Our youth constitute 30% of the society they are representative of a new generation. Their participation may ensure structural improvements in the national paradigm. It has been witnessed that during the Pakistan movement youth played a vital role in opinion formation and mass awareness and so is the time now. There is a need to guide our youth to take responsibility for our tomorrow.

To sum up, it is the political leadership that can ensure the permanence of democratic governance. The prospects are, however, not as dismal as sometimes portrayed. Already, the literacy rate in Pakistan has increased to more than fifty-five percent. Efforts are afoot to improve the standard of higher education. Economic growth and industrialization have given birth to a vocal urban society and middle class, which is growing. and gradually lessening the influence of the feudal class.

The vibrant electronic and print media is playing an effective role in constructive criticism of the government and in educating the masses. Elections are being held regularly, representative political leadership and political parties are getting stronger and a peaceful mode of transfer of power is becoming the norm. The bureaucracy (both civil and military), though still powerful, may retreat gradually and submit to the people’s power and will and concede to democratic governance. The democratic process is progressing and, hopefully, will be obstructed and derailed, as in the past.

Expected question about this Essay:

• Why has democracy failed in Pakistan?
• What practical measures do you suggest for strengthening democracy in Pakistan?

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essay on political instability in pakistan

Political instability refers to a situation in which the government of a country is unable to effectively govern and maintain control over its citizens and territory. This can be due to a variety of factors, including internal conflict, civil unrest, economic instability, and international pressures. Political instability can have serious consequences for a country, including economic decline, social upheaval, and security risks.

Historical Overview of Political Instability in Pakistan

Pakistan has a long history of political instability, dating back to its founding as an independent country in 1947. Throughout its history, Pakistan has experienced numerous periods of military rule, political unrest, and economic crisis, and has struggled to establish a stable and effective democratic system.

One of the main reasons for political instability in Pakistan has been the tension between the military and the civilian government. The military has intervened in politics several times, leading to periods of military rule, and has often been accused of interfering in the political process. Additionally, ethnic and religious tensions have also contributed to political instability in the country.

Causes of Political Instability in Pakistan

There are a number of factors that contribute to political instability in Pakistan, including:

• Weak Democratic Institutions: Despite being a democratic country, Pakistan’s democratic institutions are weak, and there has been a lack of political will to strengthen them. This has led to a lack of accountability and has contributed to political instability.
• Corruption: Corruption is a serious problem in Pakistan, and it undermines the rule of law, the public trust in government, and the stability of the political system.
• Tensions between the Military and Civilian Government: As mentioned earlier, tensions between the military and the civilian government have been a major source of political instability in Pakistan. The military has intervened in politics several times, leading to periods of military rule, and has often been accused of interfering in the political process.
• Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Pakistan is a culturally diverse country, and tensions between different ethnic and religious groups have been a major source of political instability. These tensions have led to conflict, civil unrest, and a breakdown of social order.
• Economic Instability: Economic instability can be a major contributing factor to political instability. In Pakistan, high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inflation have contributed to social unrest and have weakened the government’s ability to govern effectively.

Consequences of Political Instability in Pakistan

Political instability in Pakistan has serious consequences for the country and its citizens, including:

• Economic Decline: Political instability can undermine the economy , as investors become wary of investing in a country that is politically unstable. This can lead to economic decline, with negative effects on the standard of living for citizens.
• Social Unrest: Political instability can lead to social unrest, as citizens become disillusioned with the government and take to the streets to protest. This can lead to violence and conflict, with serious consequences for the safety and security of citizens.
• Security Risks: Political instability can also increase security risks, as the government may be unable to maintain law and order, and as extremist groups may take advantage of the situation to further their own goals.

Addressing Political Instability in Pakistan

To address political instability in Pakistan, it is important to address the underlying causes, including:

• Strengthening Democratic Institutions: This can be done by promoting transparency, accountability, and the rule of law, and by ensuring that democratic institutions are able to function effectively.
• Combating Corruption: Corruption undermines the stability of the political system, and it is important to take steps to combat corruption and ensure that those who engage in corrupt practices are held accountable. This can be done through the implementation of anti-corruption laws, the establishment of independent anti-corruption agencies, and by promoting transparency and accountability in government institutions.
• Addressing Tensions between the Military and Civilian Government: The military and civilian government must work together to establish a stable and effective democratic system. This can be done through the establishment of clear lines of authority and by ensuring that the military remains under civilian control.
• Promoting Ethnic and Religious Tolerance: To address ethnic and religious tensions in Pakistan, it is important to promote tolerance and understanding between different groups. This can be done through education and public awareness campaigns, and by ensuring that the government is responsive to the needs of all citizens, regardless of their ethnicity or religion.
• Addressing Economic Instability: To address economic instability in Pakistan, it is important to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and create jobs. This can be done through investment in infrastructure and human capital, and by promoting a business-friendly environment that encourages private sector investment.

In conclusion, political instability in Pakistan is a complex and multi-faceted issue, and addressing it will require a comprehensive and integrated approach. By addressing the underlying causes, strengthening democratic institutions, promoting ethnic and religious tolerance, and addressing economic instability, Pakistan can work towards establishing a stable and effective democratic system, and a brighter future for its citizens.

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Pakistan’s Economic Crisis: Its Issues, Repercussions, and Way Forward

• December 15, 2023
• Css Essays , CSS Solved Essays

Sara Khan , a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS essay “Pakistan’s Economic Crisis: Its Issues, Repercussions, and Way Forward” on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay, and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. In this article, we will discuss Pakistan Economic Crisis Issues and the essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

1-Introduction 

2-Economic profile of Pakistan

• ✓ The economy of Pakistan is referred to as the 24th largest concerning the GDP
• ✓ In the 2023 index of economic freedom, Pakistan stands at 33rd position in the Asia-pacific region
• The agriculture sector’s share in the country’s GDP is around 22.25 per cent

3-Economic crisis in Pakistan: A critical overview 

4-Unmasking the impacts of the economic crisis on Pakistan

• ✓ Increasing balance of payment crisis
• Case in point:  According to the World Bank, “Pakistan is facing a trade deficit, and it has had 23 arrangements with the IMF over the past few decades.” 
• ✓ Ballooning foreign debts
• Case in point:  As per the reports of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), “External debt of Pakistan has reached 125.7 billion US dollars in March 2023.”
• ✓ Rising political instability   
• Case in point:  2022 political unrest in Pakistan followed by the vote of no-confidence motion

5-Unveiling the primary reasons leading to the economic crisis in Pakistan 

• ✓ Excessive imports with less exports
• Case in point:  During the current fiscal year 2022-2023, Pakistan’s imports have shown an increase of 2.38 per cent compared to last year’s corresponding period.
• ✓ Lack of human capital and resource
• Case in point:  According to the World Bank, “Pakistan’s Human Capital Index (HCI) value of 0.41 is low in absolute terms.”
• ✓ Absence of the efficient governance system
• Case in point:  Corruption, the implementation of unfair policies, and poor economic growth are examples of bad governance in the country.

6-Empirical measures required to tackle the issue of economic crisis for good in Pakistan

• ✓ By reforming energy-mix to improve industrial growth and exports
• Case in point:  Currently, Pakistan has a 70% reliance on coal and oil, as per the Ministry of Finance; hence, a sustainable and affordable energy supply is required.
• ✓ By building human capital and training the young labour force
• Case in point:  As per the World Bank, “China, at all the levels of government, currently spends about 2.5% of its GDP on investment in schooling.”
• ✓ By upgrading the governance system and filling the loopholes
• Case in point:  South Korea, Switzerland, and Denmark have the best governance system in the whole world, according to the World Bank statistics. 

7-Critical analysis 

8-Conclusion

A sustainable economy and a robust international standing are the top-notch bullets in a country’s wish list. Nonetheless, a crisis can occur if a government fails to focus on these on a priority basis, leaving the country with a few hopes to upraise. As a developing country, Pakistan has inundated itself with severe crises, and the economic crisis is the major one. The country has faced multiple economic ups and downs since its inception. Now, its economy has been crippled;  the World Bank report in this regard says that the economy of Pakistan is expected to grow only by 0.4 per cent in the current fiscal year.  Talking about the impacts of the economic crisis on the country, ballooning foreign debts, and balance of payment crisis are the considerable ones. Moreover, political instability is another repercussion for which the country’s infrastructure can fall to the ground. In addition, excessive imports than exports, ineffective economic policies, and bad governance are the reasons that can prove to be backbreaking for the country’s economy. However, adopting empirical measures, such as increasing exports, ensuring the implementation of coherent and effective economic policies, and filling the loopholes in the governance system may help the country shake off the difficulty. The essay sheds light on the impacts of the economic crisis on Pakistan, its reasons, and suggestions to overcome them. 

     Overviewing the country’s economic profile, the economy of Pakistan, a developing and struggling economy, is the  24th largest concerning the GDP.  In the 2023 index of economic freedom,  Pakistan ranks 33rd out of 39 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, which shows its overall score is below the world and regional averages.  Being an agrarian economy, the agriculture sector, the central pillar of the country’s economy, shares around  22.25% of the country’s GDP . Besides, the manufacturing sector includes the largest and most significant textile industry – petroleum and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the government has imported products higher than the country’s exports. As per the World Bank, two thousand seven hundred sixty-one products are exported to 199 countries, and 4,011 products are imported from 211 countries. 

      Looking at the current economic crisis in Pakistan is crucial. At present, Pakistan’s economy is full of upheavals, as the country has faced challenges in meeting its goal of sustainable growth. Specifically, after the COVID-19 pandemic, things have gotten worse, and the country’s economic growth is estimated to shrink in the current fiscal year 2023.  As per the World Bank, The actual gross domestic product (GDP) is deemed to have declined by 0.6 per cent in the recent year.  Moreover, the balance of payment crisis has added fuel to the fire, and the country still lags in meeting its goal of a structured economy. In summary, if the government of Pakistan focuses on overcoming the existing and prevailing issues in its economic infrastructure, the situation can be changed, and the country can touch the sky with an efficient and progressive economy. 

      Jumping on the impacts of Pakistan’s economic plight, the balance of payment crisis holds the first position.  As the country faces a trade deficit, it has had 23 arrangements with the IMF over the past few decades, per the International Monetary Fund (IMF) data.  The current program with the lender was agreed to in 2019 when the country faced another balance-of-payment crisis. Therefore, the balance of payment crisis has proven to be the country’s worst consequence due to the economic catastrophe.  

      Second, foreign debt also results from the economic downturn in the country. Various factors are under consideration, such as internal and circular debts. The country’s government is submerged in circular debts, unable to pay the money to Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Further, with a few reserves, the country borrows money from International Organizations, leaving it in a debt crisis.  As per the reports of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the External debt of Pakistan has reached 125.7 billion US dollars in March 2023.  The existing debt would rise if the situation continues, making the country dance to the tune of foreign donors. Moreover, there is a chance the country may default, leading to severe consequences. Therefore, ballooning foreign debts is another primary outcome of the economic crisis. 

      Third, the economic crisis brings about political instability in the country. Political slope can worsen the situation, weakening investors’ confidence in the country. Recently, Pakistan has been confronted with a series of political crisis. In  2022, political unrest followed by the vote of no-confidence motion against the then-Prime Minister was also the result of economic instability in the country.  Moreover, it shortens the horizons of policymakers, resulting in short-term policies or frequent switches of policies. Due to this, the country faces a negative effect on its overall performance. In short, the economic slope can lead the country towards continuous downturns in its political regimes. 

      Turning to the reasons that have proved a stop signal for the country’s economy, low export is the major problem. The country’s imports are way higher than its exports. To illustrate,  during the current fiscal year 2022-2023, Pakistan’s imports have shown an increase of 2.38 per cent compared to last year.  Moreover, the country depends on imported goods due to the increased popular demand. Therefore, having less domestic production and high imports are the problems that impede the country’s economy. 

      Next, the lack of human resources and capital is another hurdle to sustainable economic growth. It has been the issue since the beginning, as the country has failed to produce creative human capital, cognitive abilities, and critical thinking.  The World Bank indicates that Pakistan’s Human Capital Index (HCI) value is 0.41, lower than the South Asia average of 0.48.  Moreover, the country’s human capital challenges are worse, with over 20 million school-age children out of school, low empowerment of women, and high levels of child malnutrition. The country would face severe consequences if it could not meet human capital requirements. Hence, the lack of human capital is another reason for the withering of the country’s economy. 

      In addition, ineffective or harmful governance is indeed an important reason. Undoubtedly, governance is an indispensable foundation of a country’s economic standing; however, the country faces awful implications if left unaddressed. The same is valid with Pakistan, as its governance system has repeatedly failed to prove its might. To elaborate,  implementing unfair policies, corruption, and poor economic growth are examples of bad governance in the country.  The economy will not mushroom effectively unless the government fixes the governance issue. In conclusion, bad governance destroys the country’s economy more than anything else. 

      However, several pragmatic measures are required to curb the menace, which are discussed here. First, reforming the country’s energy mix is a dire need of the time; it would help improve industrial growth.  Currently, Pakistan has 70% reliance on coal and oil, as per the statistics given by the Ministry of Finance.  Therefore, a sustainable, affordable, and uninterrupted energy supply is required to improve the industrial sector.Tax collection net and exports would also increase by improving the industrial sector and growth. In short, these steps may help the country deal with the menace of the economic crisis. 

      Furthermore, the country can reach the zenith of economic growth by building human capital and training a young labour force. For instance, China’s ability to prepare, captivate, and retain human capital is an eminent example.  The World Bank indicates that China, at all levels of government, currently spends about 2.5% of its GDP on investment in schooling.  Similarly, Pakistan should devote the maximum of its GDP to human resource development and provide training to its youth. This way, the country may reach the heights of economic development and sustainability. 

      Last but not least, it is the need of the hour for the country to focus on its governance system, realize the loopholes persisting in it, and fill these loopholes on time. There are meaningful examples of countries that keep their governance system stable.  For example, the World Bank specifies that South Korea, Switzerland, and Denmark have the best governance system in the whole world.  Owing to this, these countries have stable economies. Likewise, Pakistan needs to take steps to ensure policy implementation. Thus, it would help the country’s economy to grow and flourish.

      To sum up, the meticulous analysis reveals that the situation cannot be controlled until or unless Pakistan takes the economic plight seriously. The country is in trouble as it has been confronted with numerous problems and challenges, which are the reasons behind the economic downturn or which arise out of the crisis. However, if the country takes effective measures and ensures its implementation, it can face the issue of economic declivity and even deal with it with flying colours.

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Political Instability Leads to Economic Downfall Essay

I. introduction.

Political instability refers to a state of uncertainty and unpredictability in the governance of a country. Frequent changes in leadership, power struggles, and a lack of effective government characterize it. Political instability can have a detrimental effect on a country’s economy, leading to a decline in investment, trade, and economic growth. It can also result in inflation, currency devaluation, poverty, and unemployment. Deterioration of the business environment and investment, the decline in trade and tourism, and the reduction of access to basic services and social welfare are also the results.

II. Historical Examples of Political Instability Leading to the Economic Downfall

Political instability is negatively impacting Pakistan’s economy right now. It is leading to a decline in economic growth, a drop in foreign investment, and a rise in inflation and unemployment. Since last year in April 2022, Pakistan is going through the worst political crisis which in turn brought an economic crisis. Inflation has reached 24% which is touching its skies. There are some other historical examples worldwide that are worth noting.

A . Venezuela

Venezuela has been plagued by political instability and economic turmoil for several years. The country has been in a state of political crisis since the late 1990s . This is marked by frequent changes in leadership and power struggles between the government and the opposition. This political instability has had a severe impact on the country’s economy. It has led to hyperinflation, currency devaluation, and a shortage of basic goods and services. The economic crisis has also resulted in a rise in poverty and unemployment. This has affected many people who are unable to access basic necessities such as food and medicine.

Also Read: Fifth-Generation Warfare: The Blurring Lines of War and Peace

The military coup and the subsequent violence, leading to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, has led to a decline in economic activity, and a drop in foreign investment. On February 1 , 2021 , the Myanmar military, also known as the Tatmadaw , seized control of the government. They arrested State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint and declared a state of emergency for one year.

The coup took place amid a general election that was taking place in the country. In these elections, Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD) party was widely expected to win. The military has accused the NLD of voter fraud, but the claim has been widely discredited.

Greece has experienced political instability and economic turmoil as a result of the financial crisis that began in 2008 . The country’s economy was heavily dependent on borrowing. When the global financial crisis hit, the country found itself unable to repay its debt. This led to a severe economic crisis, marked by high unemployment, poverty, and a decline in economic growth. The crisis also led to political instability. Frequent changes in government and power struggles have occurred between the government and the opposition.

Also Read: A Dilemma of Disaster Management in Pakistan

III. The Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth and Development

A. deterioration of the business environment and investment:.

Political instability can have a negative impact on the business environment, making it difficult for companies to operate and invest. Investors may become hesitant to invest in a country experiencing political instability, as they are uncertain about the future of the country and the potential for a return on their investment. This can lead to a decline in foreign investment and a decrease in economic growth.

B. Decline in Trade and Tourism:

Political instability can also affect a country’s ability to trade and attract tourism. Countries experiencing political instability may be perceived as unsafe for travel, leading to a decline in tourism. Additionally, trade partners may be hesitant to do business with a country that is politically unstable, leading to a decline in exports and imports, and a decrease in economic growth.

C. Inflation and Currency Devaluation:

Political instability can also lead to inflation and currency devaluation. In times of political turmoil, investors may pull their money out of a country, leading to a decrease in the value of the country’s currency. Additionally, government policies that are implemented during times of political instability, such as printing more money to finance government spending, can lead to inflation and further devaluation of the currency.

Also Read: Education Problems in Pakistan Essay

D. Lack of Government Accountability and Transparency:

Political instability can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency in government, making it difficult for citizens to hold their leaders accountable. This can result in corruption, embezzlement of public funds, and a lack of trust in government institutions. This can further hinder economic growth and development.

E. Limited Access to Credit and Financing:

Political instability can make it difficult for businesses and individuals to access credit and financing, as lenders and investors may be hesitant to provide funding in a country that is politically unstable. This can limit the ability of businesses to expand and create jobs and can make it difficult for individuals to access the credit they need to start a business or invest in their education.

F. Reduced Access to Basic Services and Social Welfare:

Political instability can also have a negative impact on the delivery of basic services such as healthcare, education, and social welfare. The government may be unable to provide these services due to a lack of funding or political will, and this can further exacerbate poverty and inequality in the country.

G. Deterioration of Infrastructure:

Political instability can also lead to neglect of infrastructure development, such as a lack of maintenance and investment in roads, public transport, and other vital infrastructure that is crucial to economic growth and development.

H. Deterioration of Public Institutions:

Political instability can also lead to the deterioration of public institutions such as the judiciary, police, and other institutions that are important for maintaining order and enforcing the rule of law. This can further undermine economic growth and development.

Also Read: Globalization: A Weapon for Colonisation or a Tool for Development

V. Conclusion

In conclusion, political instability can have a severe and far-reaching impact on economic growth and development. Historical examples such as Venezuela, Myanmar, and Greece demonstrate how political instability can lead to economic turmoil, hyperinflation, currency devaluation, and a decline in economic growth. The political instability is impacting the business environment, trade and tourism, inflation, currency devaluation, lack of government accountability and transparency, and limited access to credit and financing.

Reduced access to basic services and social welfare, deterioration of infrastructure and public institutions, all these factors can have a negative impact on a country’s ability to improve its standard of living and provide for its citizens’ basic needs. It is therefore crucial for governments and leaders to work toward political stability and ensure that policies and institutions are in place to promote economic growth and development.

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Political Instability in Pakistan

Pakistan has been facing political crisis from its birth (1947) till now. From 1947 to 2010, In this long period many government changed but unfortunality they all could not Maintain the political environment stable, after ruling 1, 2 or three year that governments politically instable.

Political instability is a situation when the uncertainty among the government structure expand due to some basic causes and it eventually end up the current government1. We all know when a ruling party faces this sort of uncertainty so they do not do well for the public.They become unable to make polices for the development of the country. The internal matter gradually become uncontroll. law and order situation also become worse. The opposition parties take the advantage of this situation. They lead the public and compel them for strikes and all these things.

eventually the governing government have to leave, if they don’t then then there is big possibility that a dictator take the hold and all the development ,internal ,foreign policies is stopped . his is what happening in our country. And after completing 60 year we still could not find our destination and even direction. If we see the political history then we have four Personalities who were military president, we also call them dictator. General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958–69 Yahya Khan (1969–71) he had to deal with a civil war in 1971. economic downfall and political dissent in east Pakistan created many problems.After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali militia backed by India, eventually East Pakistan became independent state in the world map known as bangladash.

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which is a big loss. Then Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president.Then in 1988, Benazir Bhutto came and country's political and economic situation worsened due to corruption of her government and many other causes, Then in 1999 nawaz Sharif were ruling the country and Military tensions in the Cargill conflict with India and other circumstances General Pervez Musharraf assumed vast executive powers and became the president of Pakistan . people distributed sweets and they welcomed him with new hopes . public were in the favor of a dictator. Then what happened after 3 year or 4 it were the same public who cursed him. fcourse, there were many causes behind this entire story.

According to a lawyer 1. He did wrong to kill nawab Akbar bhugtti 2. Operation in Waziristan 3. Lal masjid operation 4. He forced chief justice iftakhar Muhammad choudary to resign2. On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. Due to the internal and external pressure the exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan.

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