research paper on female entrepreneurship in india

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Informal enterprise as harbinger of women empowerment in India

• RESEARCH PAPER
• Published: 04 December 2023

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• Mehak Majeed   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-1987 1 ,
• Zahid Gulzar Rather 2 &
• Saeed Owais Mushtaq 3  

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The prevailing economic theory of development has traditionally linked the informal sector businesses with backwardness, under-development, and adherence to traditional practices. According to this theoretical framework, in order to foster development and modernization, it is believed that the informal sector should gradually disappear over time. However, the present research challenges this structuralist perspective specifically in relation to women-led enterprises operating in the informal sector in India. By analyzing data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) conducted five years apart, the study reveals that not only have women-led enterprises in the informal sector experienced significant growth over time, but their level of technical efficiency has also increased. The research paper identifies the main factors contributing to both efficiency and inefficiency within these women-led enterprises. Furthermore, empirical investigations conducted in conjunction with this study validate the potential of the informal sector as a catalyst for women's empowerment in India. In conclusion, the study offers practical policy recommendations that support the growth and development of the informal sector in India.

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Majeed, M., Rather, Z.G. & Mushtaq, S.O. Informal enterprise as harbinger of women empowerment in India. J. Soc. Econ. Dev. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00282-9

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Accepted : 03 October 2023

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00282-9

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International Journal of Social Economics

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Article publication date: 9 July 2018

The spirit of entrepreneurship among nationals of a country leads and contributes significantly to the growth process of a country. In this drive, there cannot be gender biases among men and women. The government in India has taken several initiatives to increase the participation of women entrepreneurs and, thus, making a partner to the growth and development process of the country. The initiatives in this direction were taken up through five-year development policy plans commencing from the fifth five-year plan (1974-1978). The focus of five-year plans since then has been reoriented toward women welfare stressing more specifically on women empowerment through women entrepreneurship programs. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the series of development plans and programs initiated for the empowerment of women entrepreneurship in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is developed based on the concepts, policies and practices being implemented across the regions to promote women entrepreneurs. The methodology adopted to assess and analyze the relevant components very much matches the existing practices. The paper relates the concepts, programs and practices. This study has revealed certain issues based on the available data and information on women entrepreneurship to establish a view and rational as of why research is needed in the area of women entrepreneurship. To support this concept, the study has considered the experiences of two important states of India, namely, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

The study reveals that Government of India has launched several policies and development programs to infuse the spirit of entrepreneurship among the women groups and thereby not only making them financially self-sustained but also to contribute to the growth process of the economy. However, there remain many gaps in achieving the goals due to the variety of factors. This becomes more significant as the level of women entrepreneurship in India is very low as compared to other economies and also between the men and women entrepreneurs within the country. The study brings out the need and importance for the future research in the area of women entrepreneurship and thereby exploring the areas of concern and bringing out needed improvements to strengthen the women entrepreneurship programs and policies.

Originality/value

This research provides a future direction to the academicians, researchers and policymakers to provide a framework to reorient the programs and policies for the cause of women entrepreneurship growth in India. The paper very much emphasis that the research findings will have influence on government policies and serve as an effective tool for implementation of state programs meant for woman entrepreneurs more effectively and efficiently. The ultimate impact of research findings will be an economic change in the quality of life of woman enterprise in the society.

• Entrepreneurship
• Women entrepreneurship
• Uttar Pradesh
• Uttarakhand

Agarwal, S. and Lenka, U. (2018), "Why research is needed in women entrepreneurship in India: a viewpoint", International Journal of Social Economics , Vol. 45 No. 7, pp. 1042-1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2017-0298

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