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HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENT

Table of Contents

BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment January 202 3

Q 1. What do you understand by the term ‘Ecofeminism’? Elucidate with particular reference to Ecofeminism in the Indian context.

Ans. Ecofeminism is a social, political, and philosophical movement that advocates for the intersectional and interconnected analysis of gender and the environment.

It seeks to address the links between the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature, and argues that social, ecological, and feminist issues are deeply intertwined.

Ecofeminism highlights the ways in which patriarchal systems and structures perpetuate both gender inequality and environmental degradation, and promotes the need for transformative change towards a more just and sustainable world.

The term “ecofeminism” was first coined in the 1970s, and it has since evolved into various strands and theories.

However, at its core, ecofeminism challenges the dualistic thinking that separates humans from nature, and women from men.

It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all beings and ecosystems, and advocates for a holistic approach that recognizes the intrinsic value of both human and non-human life.

Ecofeminism asserts that the oppression of women, people of color, and marginalized communities is closely linked to the exploitation and degradation of the natural world, and that addressing social and ecological injustices must go hand in hand. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Ecofeminism in the Indian context is particularly significant due to the country’s rich cultural heritage and diverse environmental challenges.

India is known for its deep spiritual connection to nature, with many indigenous cultures and traditions valuing and protecting the environment for centuries.

However, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and globalization have led to the exploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution, and the displacement of indigenous communities, particularly women who are often at the forefront of environmental struggles.

One of the key concepts in ecofeminism is the idea of “ecological patriarchy,” which refers to the ways in which patriarchal norms and practices perpetuate the subordination of both women and nature. In the Indian context, this can be seen in various forms.

For example, women in rural areas are often responsible for collecting water, firewood, and other natural resources for their households, but their access to these resources is often limited due to land ownership patterns and unequal distribution of resources.

This results in women being disproportionately affected by water scarcity, deforestation, and other environmental issues.

Moreover, women in India also face gender-based violence and discrimination related to the environment. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

For instance, women who are active in environmental movements or advocate for land and forest rights are often subjected to threats, harassment, and violence.

This highlights the intersectionality of gender and environmental issues, where women are often on the frontlines of both social and ecological struggles.

Ecofeminism in India also draws on the concept of “ecological wisdom” from traditional knowledge systems that have long recognized the interconnectedness between humans and nature.

Many indigenous and rural communities in India have traditional practices of conservation, sustainable agriculture, and herbal medicine that have sustained local ecosystems for generations.

These practices often involve a deep respect for nature, recognizing the interdependence between humans and the environment.

However, these traditional practices have been threatened by modern development paradigms that prioritize economic growth over ecological sustainability, leading to the marginalization of indigenous knowledge and practices.

In response to these challenges, ecofeminism in India has emerged as a powerful movement that seeks to challenge patriarchal norms, promote gender equality, and advocate for sustainable and just environmental policies.

Indian ecofeminists argue that social justice and ecological sustainability are inseparable, and that addressing gender inequality and environmental degradation requires an integrated approach. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They advocate for the recognition and inclusion of women’s perspectives and traditional knowledge in environmental decision-making processes, and the need for gender-sensitive policies that address the unique challenges faced by women in relation to the environment.

One of the prominent ecofeminist movements in India is the Chipko movement, which originated in the 1970s in the state of Uttarakhand (then part of the state of Uttarakhand) and gained international recognition for its unique approach to environmental conservation.

The Chipko movement, led by women, involved hugging trees to protect them from being felled by loggers.

The movement highlighted the connection between deforestation, women’s rights, and local livelihoods, and brought attention to the gendered impact of environmental degradation.

The Chipko movement also emphasized the role of women as protectors of nature and caretakers of their communities, challenging traditional gender roles that often place women in subordinate positions.

Another significant ecofeminist movement in India is the Navdanya movement, led by renowned environmental activist Vandana Shiva.

Navdanya promotes seed sovereignty, agroecology, and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on women farmers.

The movement recognizes the crucial role of women in agriculture and the importance of traditional seed saving practices, which are threatened by the proliferation of genetically modified seeds and corporate control over agriculture.

Navdanya advocates for women’s empowerment through sustainable farming practices and the protection of indigenous knowledge, and promotes gender-sensitive policies that promote ecological sustainability and social justice.

In addition to grassroots movements, ecofeminism in India has also influenced policy and academia. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Many scholars and policymakers have recognized the need for gender-sensitive approaches to environmental governance and conservation.

For example, the National Biodiversity Act of India recognizes the role of women in biodiversity conservation and calls for their participation in decision-making processes.

Similarly, the National Policy for Farmers recognizes the gendered impact of climate change on agricultural livelihoods and emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive adaptation measures.

These policy initiatives reflect the growing recognition of the interconnections between gender, environment, and sustainability in the Indian context, influenced by ecofeminist perspectives.

However, ecofeminism in India also faces challenges. Patriarchal norms, deep-rooted gender discrimination, and unequal power relations continue to persist, hindering progress towards gender equality and environmental sustainability.

Women, especially those from marginalized communities, often face multiple forms of oppression, including caste, class, and gender discrimination, which compound their vulnerability to environmental degradation.

The struggles of ecofeminists in India are often met with resistance, including threats, violence, and marginalization.

Q 2. Throw light on the environmental movements in post-independence India against antienvironmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation.

Ans. India, like many other countries, has witnessed significant environmental movements in the post-independence era that have aimed to challenge anti-environmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation.

These movements have emerged as a response to the adverse impacts of industrialization, urbanization, and large-scale infrastructure projects on the environment, natural resources, and local communities.

They have sought to protect the rights of vulnerable communities, preserve ecologically sensitive areas, and promote sustainable development practices.

In this essay, we will explore some of the prominent environmental movements in post-independence India, their motivations, strategies, achievements, and challenges. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

One of the earliest environmental movements in India was the Silent Valley movement in Kerala in the 1970s.

The Silent Valley is a rich biodiversity hotspot with a unique tropical evergreen forest ecosystem.

In the 1970s, the government proposed to build a hydroelectric dam in the area, which would have resulted in the displacement of local tribal communities and the destruction of a pristine forest ecosystem.

The Silent Valley movement, led by environmentalists, activists, and local communities, mobilized public support and successfully campaigned against the dam.

The movement highlighted the ecological, social, and cultural significance of the Silent Valley and demanded its protection from unsustainable development.

Another significant environmental movement in India is the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), which emerged in the 1980s to protest against large-scale dams being built on the Narmada River in central India.

The NBA, led by social activist Medha Patkar, aimed to protect the rights of local communities, especially tribal and marginalized groups, who were being displaced and adversely affected by the dam projects.

The NBA demanded a comprehensive assessment of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the dams and advocated for alternative, sustainable development approaches that respect the rights and livelihoods of local communities. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The NBA used a combination of protest marches, hunger strikes, and legal challenges to raise awareness and mobilize support for their cause.

In the 1990s, the Bhopal gas tragedy, one of the world’s worst industrial disasters, sparked a significant environmental and social justice movement in India.

The disaster occurred in 1984 when a toxic gas leak from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide Corporation resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and long-term health impacts on survivors.

The Bhopal gas tragedy led to widespread protests, legal battles, and advocacy efforts by affected communities and activists for justice, compensation, and accountability from the responsible corporations.

The movement highlighted the need for stringent environmental regulations, corporate accountability, and protection of the rights of affected communities.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement against coal mining and other extractive industries in India, particularly in forest areas inhabited by indigenous and marginalized communities.

One such movement is the Save the Forest, Save the Climate campaign, led by the Dongria Kondh tribe in the state of Odisha.

The Dongria Kondh tribe has been resisting the mining of bauxite in the Niyamgiri Hills, which they consider sacred and central to their culture and livelihoods.

The campaign has used a combination of protests, legal challenges, and international advocacy to highlight the importance of protecting indigenous rights, forests, and climate resilience. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The anti-nuclear movement in India is another significant environmental movement that has gained momentum in recent years.

The movement emerged in response to the government’s plans to expand nuclear power generation in the country, which has raised concerns about the safety of nuclear reactors, radioactive waste disposal, and the potential impacts of nuclear accidents on local communities and the environment.

The anti-nuclear movement, led by activists, scientists, and affected communities, has demanded transparency, accountability, and public participation in decision-making processes related to nuclear energy.

The movement has also called for a shift towards renewable energy sources and sustainable alternatives to meet India’s energy needs.

These environmental movements in post-independence India have employed various strategies to raise awareness, mobilize support, and achieve their goals.

They have used peaceful protests, public demonstrations, hunger strikes, legal challenges, media campaigns, and advocacy efforts at national and international levels to highlight environmental issues, seek justice for affected communities, and demand sustainable development practices.

These movements have also collaborated with other social justice movements, such as labor rights, indigenous rights, and gender rights movements, recognizing the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression and exploitation.

These environmental movements have achieved significant successes in their efforts to challenge anti-environmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation in India. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

For example, the Silent Valley movement resulted in the cancellation of the proposed dam project in Kerala, saving the pristine forest ecosystem and protecting the rights of local communities.

Similarly, the Narmada Bachao Andolan has brought attention to the adverse impacts of large-scale dams on local communities and has resulted in some policy changes, such as increased compensation for displaced communities and better rehabilitation measures.

The Bhopal gas tragedy movement has led to increased awareness about corporate accountability and the need for stringent environmental regulations.

The Save the Forest, Save the Climate campaign has successfully halted mining activities in the Niyamgiri Hills and protected the rights of indigenous communities.

The anti-nuclear movement has created awareness about the potential risks of nuclear energy and pushed for transparency and public participation in decision-making processes.

Furthermore, these environmental movements have contributed to the emergence of environmental laws and policies in India.

The protests, advocacy efforts, and legal battles of these movements have led to the development of laws and regulations aimed at protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and safeguarding the rights of vulnerable communities. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

For example, the Forest Rights Act of 2006 recognizes the rights of indigenous and forest-dwelling communities over their traditional lands and resources.

The National Green Tribunal, established in 2010, provides a specialized forum for the resolution of environmental disputes and enforcement of environmental laws.

The Right to Information Act has been used by environmental activists to seek transparency and accountability from government agencies and corporations.

These legal frameworks have been instrumental in protecting the environment and upholding the rights of affected communities.

However, these environmental movements in post-independence India also face numerous challenges.

One of the major challenges is the resistance from powerful vested interests, such as corporations, government agencies, and influential lobbies, who often prioritize economic development over environmental concerns.

Environmental activists and communities standing up for their rights often face harassment, threats, and violence from vested interests, leading to a shrinking space for dissent and activism. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Additionally, there are challenges related to insufficient implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and policies, weak governance systems, and inadequate resources for monitoring and protection of natural resources.

Moreover, there is a need to reconcile conflicting interests and ideologies, such as economic growth versus environmental conservation, indigenous rights versus development aspirations, and traditional knowledge versus modern scientific approaches.

In the Indian context, environmental movements have also highlighted the intersectionality of environmental issues with social justice concerns, particularly the disproportionate impacts on marginalized communities.

Many of these movements have focused on the rights of indigenous communities, tribal populations, farmers, fisherfolk, and other vulnerable groups who depend on natural resources for their livelihoods.

These movements have highlighted the need for equitable distribution of benefits and decision-making processes, protection of traditional knowledge and practices, and recognition of the rights of marginalized communities over their lands, forests, water bodies, and other natural resources.

They have also addressed issues of gender and environmental justice, recognizing the gendered impacts of environmental degradation and the role of women in environmental conservation and sustainability.

In this context, the concept of ecofeminism has gained prominence in the Indian environmental movement. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Ecofeminism is a feminist environmental philosophy that recognizes the interconnectedness of gender oppression, environmental degradation, and social inequality.

Ecofeminism argues that the patriarchal and capitalist systems that perpetuate gender discrimination also contribute to environmental destruction and exploitation.

Therefore, many environmental movements in post-independence India have adopted an ecofeminist approach, advocating for the rights and empowerment of women and marginalized communities, and recognizing their role as key actors in environmental conservation and sustainability.

Another important aspect of the environmental movements in post-independence India is the promotion of sustainable alternatives to meet India’s energy needs.

Many of these movements have advocated for renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, as viable alternatives to fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

They have highlighted the negative impacts of fossil fuel extraction, such as air and water pollution, land degradation, and climate change, on the environment and human health. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They have also raised concerns about the social and environmental costs of nuclear energy, including the risks of accidents, nuclear waste disposal, and displacement of local communities.

These movements have called for decentralized and community-based renewable energy solutions that prioritize local control, participation, and benefit-sharing.

They have advocated for policies and incentives that promote renewable energy development, energy efficiency, and conservation practices.

These efforts have resulted in the promotion of renewable energy projects, such as solar parks, wind farms, and biogas plants, in various parts of India.

These initiatives have not only contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change but also created local employment opportunities, improved energy access in rural areas, and empowered local communities to take charge of their energy resources. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Furthermore, these movements have emphasized the need for a paradigm shift towards sustainable and holistic approaches to development.

They have challenged the dominant model of economic growth that prioritizes profit-driven industrialization and resource extraction at the cost of environmental sustainability, social justice, and community well-being.

They have advocated for alternative models of development that are based on principles of sustainability, equity, and resilience.

These models include agroecology, sustainable agriculture, community-based natural resource management, and traditional knowledge systems that prioritize local wisdom, biodiversity conservation, and cultural heritage.

In conclusion, the environmental movements in post-independence India against anti-environmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation have played a crucial role in raising awareness, advocating for policy changes, and promoting sustainable alternatives.

These movements have fought against the negative impacts of economic development on the environment and vulnerable communities, and have pushed for more just and sustainable approaches to development.

Despite facing numerous challenges, these movements have achieved significant successes in protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and upholding the rights of marginalized communities.

They have also promoted the idea of sustainable and holistic development that prioritizes environmental sustainability, social justice, and community empowerment. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The continued efforts of these environmental movements are essential in addressing the environmental challenges facing India and ensuring a sustainable and just future for all.

Q 3. How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India?

Ans . The man-environment relationship, interaction, and interface during medieval India were shaped by various socio-political, economic, and cultural factors that influenced the ways in which humans interacted with and perceived the environment around them.

The medieval period in India spanned from the 6th to the 18th century and was marked by significant changes in governance, trade, agriculture, and religious practices, which had implications for the environment and human-environment interactions.

One of the notable aspects of the man-environment relationship during medieval India was the influence of religion and spirituality on environmental attitudes and practices.

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Islam were the major religions during this period, and their teachings and beliefs influenced people’s attitudes towards nature and the environment. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Hinduism, for example, emphasized the concept of “dharma,” which prescribed the duty of humans to live in harmony with nature and to protect and preserve the environment as part of their moral responsibility.

This led to the practice of “ahimsa,” or non-violence, towards all living beings, including plants and animals, and the promotion of sacred groves, rivers, and mountains as spaces of worship and conservation.

Similarly, Buddhism and Jainism promoted principles of compassion, non-violence, and mindfulness towards the environment, which influenced people’s behaviors and practices towards nature.

Islam, which arrived in India during the medieval period, also had teachings related to environmental conservation, such as the concept of “amanah,” or stewardship, which emphasized the responsible use and protection of natural resources.

These religious beliefs and practices had a significant impact on people’s relationship with the environment, shaping their attitudes and behaviors towards nature and influencing environmental conservation practices.

Another important aspect of the man-environment relationship during medieval India was the role of agriculture and land use practices.

Agriculture was the primary occupation during this period, and the majority of the population was engaged in farming. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Various land use practices, such as shifting cultivation, terrace farming, and irrigation techniques, were used to cultivate crops and manage land.

The understanding of ecological processes, such as monsoons, soil fertility, and water management, was crucial for agricultural practices, and traditional knowledge systems were developed and passed down through generations to manage the land sustainably.

In many regions, people practiced mixed cropping, crop rotation, and the use of organic manure, which helped to maintain soil fertility and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers.

Traditional water harvesting and irrigation systems, such as stepwells, tanks, and canals, were constructed to manage water resources efficiently.

These practices demonstrated a close relationship between people and the environment, with an understanding of the need for sustainable resource management and the importance of ecological balance for agriculture and livelihoods.

However, with the expansion of trade and urbanization during medieval India, there were also negative impacts on the environment.

Rapid urbanization led to deforestation, land degradation, and pollution of water bodies due to increased industrial activities and waste disposal.

The construction of forts, palaces, and other infrastructure resulted in the destruction of natural habitats and ecosystems.

The expansion of agriculture to meet the growing demand for food also led to deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity in some regions.

In addition, the growth of trade and commerce during this period resulted in the exploitation of natural resources for economic gains.

Forests were cleared for timber and fuelwood, mines were opened for minerals and metals, and rivers were dammed for irrigation and transportation.

The growing demand for luxury goods and spices from foreign markets also led to unsustainable extraction practices and environmental degradation.

Despite these negative impacts, there were also efforts to regulate and mitigate the environmental impacts of economic activities.

Many rulers during medieval India implemented laws and regulations to protect forests, wildlife, and water resources.

Q 4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism.

Ans. Green Imperialism refers to the phenomenon where European colonial powers exploited and manipulated natural resources, ecosystems, and indigenous knowledge in their colonies for their own economic and environmental interests.

It involves the imposition of foreign ideologies, technologies, and practices that prioritize the economic gains of the colonizers over the local environment and indigenous communities. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The concept of Green Imperialism emerged as a critique of the negative impacts of European colonialism on the environment and the exploitation of natural resources in colonized regions.

European colonial powers, such as Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands, established colonies in various parts of the world during the 16th to 20th centuries.

These colonial powers aimed to exploit the natural resources and wealth of the colonies for their own economic gains.

The colonization process involved the imposition of European economic systems, technologies, and practices, which often resulted in the degradation of the local environment and the displacement of indigenous communities.

One of the key aspects of Green Imperialism was the extraction and exploitation of natural resources in the colonies.

European colonial powers sought valuable resources, such as timber, minerals, spices, and cash crops, from their colonies to meet the demands of their growing industries and economies. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

This led to deforestation, over-exploitation of resources, and loss of biodiversity in many colonized regions.

Indigenous knowledge and sustainable resource management practices were often disregarded or undermined in favor of European technologies and practices, leading to ecological disruption and degradation.

For example, during the British colonization of India, vast tracts of forests were cleared for timber, railways, and agriculture, leading to deforestation and loss of wildlife habitats.

The British also introduced monoculture cash crops, such as tea, coffee, and indigo, which required extensive land clearing and led to the displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral lands.

The British implemented policies that prioritized their economic interests over the sustainable management of natural resources and indigenous knowledge, leading to environmental degradation and loss of traditional livelihoods.

Another aspect of Green Imperialism was the imposition of European ideas and concepts of conservation and wildlife management in colonized regions.

European colonial powers often enforced their own environmental policies and regulations, which were based on their understanding of conservation and wildlife management, without taking into consideration the local cultural and ecological contexts. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

This led to the displacement of local practices and beliefs regarding nature and the environment.

For example, in Africa, European colonial powers imposed conservation policies that restricted indigenous communities’ access to natural resources and their traditional practices of land and resource management.

Local practices such as hunting, fishing, and grazing were criminalized, leading to the loss of livelihoods and cultural heritage for indigenous communities.

This resulted in conflicts between local communities and colonial authorities, and often led to the displacement of indigenous people from their ancestral lands.

Furthermore, European colonial powers often exploited the natural resources of their colonies for their own economic gains without adequately considering the long-term environmental impacts.

For example, the extraction of minerals, such as gold, diamonds, and oil, in African colonies by European powers often resulted in environmental destruction, pollution, and land degradation. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

These activities were driven by the economic interests of the colonizers, with little regard for the ecological consequences and the rights of local communities.

However, it is important to note that not all colonial powers and their policies towards the environment were the same.

Some European colonial powers did implement conservation measures and policies that aimed to protect natural resources and indigenous communities.

For example, the Dutch colonial administration in Indonesia established forest reserves and protected areas to conserve wildlife and forests.

Similarly, the French in Algeria implemented afforestation programs and regulated grazing practices to combat desertification.

In recent years, there has been growing recognition and acknowledgement of the negative impacts of European colonialism on the environment and indigenous communities, and efforts have been made to address the legacy of Green Imperialism. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

BHIEN143 ASSIGNMENT QUESTION

Q 5. How are environmental elements and components like forests, lakes etc. envisioned in Indian philosophy?

Ans. Indian philosophy, which encompasses a diverse range of philosophical traditions and worldviews, has long recognized the intrinsic value and interconnectedness of nature, including forests, lakes, rivers, and other environmental elements.

These philosophical traditions, rooted in ancient wisdom and spiritual beliefs, have shaped the Indian perspective on the environment and have influenced attitudes and practices towards nature and natural resources.

One of the core concepts in Indian philosophy is the idea of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,’ which translates to ‘the world is one family.’

This concept highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living beings, including humans, animals, plants, and the environment. It emphasizes the need to view nature as an integral part of our existence and to recognize the ethical responsibility to protect and preserve the environment for the well-being of all.

Indian philosophy also recognizes the importance of forests as sacred spaces that are considered abodes of deities and divine beings.

Forests are often seen as places of spiritual retreat, meditation, and contemplation. For example, in Hinduism, forests are considered sacred and are believed to be inhabited by various gods, goddesses, and sages.

Forests are also associated with the concept of ‘Vanaprastha,’ which is the stage of life where one retires to the forest to focus on spiritual practices and detachment from material possessions. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The idea of ‘Panchamahabhuta’ or the five elements – earth, water, fire, air, and ether – is another important concept in Indian philosophy.

These elements are believed to be the building blocks of the universe and are seen as interconnected and interdependent.

For example, forests are considered to represent the earth element, and rivers, lakes, and oceans represent the water element.

These elements are seen as not just physical entities, but also as spiritual and symbolic manifestations of the divine.

Moreover, the concept of ‘Ahimsa’ or non-violence is a central principle in Indian philosophy, including Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

Ahimsa emphasizes the practice of non-harming or non-violence towards all living beings, including humans, animals, and plants.

This principle promotes compassion, empathy, and reverence towards nature and encourages responsible and sustainable interactions with the environment.

In addition, the concept of ‘Dharma’ in Indian philosophy highlights the ethical duties and responsibilities of individuals towards nature and the environment.

Dharma emphasizes the need to live in harmony with nature, protect natural resources, and practice sustainable living.

It encourages the understanding that humans are not separate from nature, but are an integral part of the natural world, and have a duty to protect and preserve it for future generations. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Indian philosophy also recognizes the idea of ‘Prakriti’ or the natural world as a dynamic, interconnected, and ever-changing system.

This understanding promotes the idea of balance and harmony in nature and emphasizes the need to respect the natural cycles and rhythms.

It recognizes that all elements of nature, including forests, lakes, rivers, and mountains, are interconnected and play a vital role in maintaining the equilibrium of the ecosystem.

Furthermore, Indian philosophy promotes the idea of ‘Sarvodaya’ or the welfare of all. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

This concept emphasizes the need to consider the well-being of all beings, including humans, animals, and the environment, and strive for the upliftment of all.

It promotes the idea of sustainable development, where the needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Indian philosophy also advocates for the practice of ‘Aparigraha’ or non-possessiveness and simplicity.

This principle encourages individuals to minimize their material possessions and lead a simple and sustainable lifestyle.

It emphasizes the need to reduce consumption, waste, and exploitation of natural resources, and encourages the practice of moderation and contentment.

Q 6. Environmental history

Ans. Environmental history is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the complex relationship between humans and their environment throughout history.

It seeks to understand how humans have interacted with and shaped the natural world, and how the environment, in turn, has influenced human societies and cultures. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Environmental history draws on a wide range of sources, including historical documents, archaeological evidence, ecological data, and oral traditions, to reconstruct past interactions between humans and the environment.

One of the key aspects of environmental history is the recognition that human societies are inseparable from their natural environments.

Environmental historians study how different societies have adapted to and modified their environments for survival, subsistence, economic activities, and cultural practices.

They also examine how changes in the environment, such as climate change, natural disasters, and ecological transformations, have influenced human societies and cultures.

One of the central themes in environmental history is the concept of human-environmental interactions. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Environmental historians study how humans have shaped their environments through various activities such as agriculture, hunting, fishing, logging, mining, and urbanization.

They also investigate how these activities have resulted in environmental changes, including deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, and extinction of plant and animal species.

Understanding these interactions provides insights into the ways in which human societies have shaped and been shaped by their environments over time.

Another important aspect of environmental history is the study of environmental perception and cultural attitudes towards nature.

Different societies and cultures have had diverse views and beliefs about the natural world, which have influenced their behaviors and practices towards the environment.

For example, indigenous cultures often have deep spiritual and cultural connections with their natural surroundings, while some societies have considered nature as a resource to be exploited for economic gain.

The study of these cultural attitudes towards nature provides insights into the ways in which societies have valued and utilized the environment in different historical contexts. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The impact of technological advancements and industrialization on the environment is also a significant area of study in environmental history.

The development of technologies such as the steam engine, the use of fossil fuels, and the expansion of industrial production have had profound effects on the natural world, including environmental degradation, pollution, and habitat destruction.

Environmental historians examine how these technological advancements have shaped human societies and cultures, as well as their impact on the environment and ecological systems.

Environmental history also encompasses the study of environmental policies, conservation movements, and environmental activism throughout history.

This includes the emergence of early conservation ideas, such as the establishment of national parks and protected areas, as well as the development of environmental laws and regulations.

Environmental historians analyze the effectiveness of these policies, the social and political contexts in which they were formulated, and their impacts on the environment and society. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

One of the significant contributions of environmental history is its relevance to contemporary environmental challenges.

Lessons from the past can inform our understanding of current environmental issues, such as climate change, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and pollution.

By studying historical examples of human-environment interactions, we can gain insights into the consequences of human actions on the environment, and develop strategies for sustainable resource management and conservation in the present and future.

In conclusion, environmental history is a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to understand the complex relationship between humans and their environment throughout history.

It examines how human societies have interacted with, modified, and been influenced by the natural world, and how cultural attitudes, technological advancements, policies, and conservation efforts have shaped human-environment interactions.

The lessons learned from environmental history can inform our understanding of current environmental challenges and contribute to sustainable resource management and conservation efforts in the present and future.

Q 7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India

Ans . Water resources have played a crucial role in the development of river-valley civilizations in ancient India. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The fertile river valleys of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers provided the necessary water for agriculture, trade, transportation, and cultural exchange, which laid the foundation for the growth of advanced civilizations in the region.

One of the most prominent river-valley civilizations in ancient India was the Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BCE), also known as the Harappan Civilization.

The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, along the banks of the Indus River and its tributaries.

The civilization flourished due to the availability of water from the Indus River, which provided the necessary resources for agricultural productivity.

The people of the Indus Valley Civilization constructed an elaborate system of canals and irrigation channels to harness the water of the Indus River for agriculture.

They built well-planned cities with sophisticated drainage systems and water management techniques, such as reservoirs and tanks, to store and distribute water for domestic and agricultural use. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

These advanced water management practices allowed for surplus agricultural production, which supported a growing population and the development of urban centers.

The Indus Valley Civilization also had an extensive trade network that relied heavily on river transportation.

The rivers provided an efficient mode of transportation for goods and people, enabling the exchange of goods and ideas between different regions of the civilization.

The availability of water resources along the river valleys facilitated trade and economic activities, contributing to the economic prosperity of the civilization.

Similarly, the Ganges and Brahmaputra river valleys in ancient India also played a crucial role in the development of civilizations in the region.

The Ganges River, known as the Ganga in India, is considered sacred by Hindus and has been an integral part of their religious, cultural, and social practices for millennia. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The river has provided water for irrigation, transportation, and religious ceremonies, shaping the way of life in the region.

The Ganges and Brahmaputra river valleys have supported some of the most ancient and prominent civilizations in India, including the Vedic civilization, the Mauryan Empire, and the Gupta Empire.

These civilizations were heavily dependent on the water resources of the rivers for agriculture, trade, and cultural exchange.

The rivers provided water for irrigation, allowing for the cultivation of rice, wheat, and other crops, which formed the basis of the agricultural economy of these civilizations. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Moreover, the rivers also served as important transportation routes, enabling trade and commerce between different regions of ancient India.

The riverbanks were centers of trade and commerce, with cities and towns flourishing along the river valleys.

The rivers facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, contributing to the development of ancient Indian societies.

In addition to agriculture and trade, the rivers in ancient India also played a significant role in religious and cultural practices.

The rivers were considered sacred, and people performed various religious rituals, ceremonies, and pilgrimages associated with the rivers.

The rivers were believed to have purifying and healing powers, and people considered them as deities, worshipping them as goddesses.

The concept of sacred rivers, such as the Ganges, is deeply embedded in Indian mythology and religious beliefs. Rivers were considered the lifelines of civilizations, providing water for sustenance, agriculture, and spiritual well-being.

Rivers were also associated with cultural and artistic expressions, with poetry, music, and literature often depicting the beauty and significance of rivers in ancient Indian societies. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

However, the ancient Indian civilizations also faced challenges related to water resources. Flooding, droughts, and water pollution were some of the environmental challenges that affected the river-valley civilizations.

Floods could devastate agricultural lands and disrupt trade and transportation, while droughts could lead to water scarcity and affect agricultural productivity.

Q 8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company

Ans . During the colonial rule of the British East India Company in India, animal hunting was a widespread practice among the British officials and settlers, which had significant impacts on the local fauna and ecosystems.

The British East India Company, established in the early 17th century, was primarily focused on economic exploitation and trade, including the extraction of natural resources, such as timber and wildlife, from the Indian subcontinent.

Hunting of animals, especially for sport, was considered a popular pastime among the British officials and settlers, and it became a common practice during the colonial era.

Animal hunting under the East India Company was driven by various factors, including the desire for trophies, recreation, and entertainment.

British officials and settlers often engaged in hunting expeditions for big game, such as tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, and other wildlife, in the forests and jungles of India. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Hunting was also considered a symbol of power, prestige, and colonial dominance, as it showcased the superiority of the British rulers over the local wildlife and landscapes.

The hunting practices of the British East India Company had severe ecological consequences.

Many species of animals, including endangered and threatened species, were indiscriminately hunted for sport or trophies, leading to a significant decline in their populations.

The loss of key species from the ecosystems disrupted the balance of local ecosystems, resulting in ecological imbalances and negative impacts on the biodiversity of the region.

The British officials and settlers also practiced large-scale hunting of animals for economic gains.

The hunting of animals for their skins, bones, horns, and other body parts was carried out to meet the demands of the European markets for exotic animal products.

The hunting and trade of animal products resulted in the depletion of wildlife populations and the disruption of local ecosystems.

Additionally, the British East India Company also employed local hunters and guides to assist in their hunting expeditions.

These local hunters were often encouraged and incentivized to engage in excessive hunting practices, leading to overexploitation of local wildlife resources.

The traditional hunting practices of the indigenous communities were also disrupted and replaced by the British style of hunting, leading to cultural and social impacts on the local communities. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The impact of animal hunting under the East India Company was not limited to the loss of wildlife populations and ecological imbalances.

It also had social and cultural implications. Hunting was often considered a privilege of the British ruling class, and local communities were often marginalized and excluded from the practice.

The hunting practices of the British officials and settlers also led to the disruption of local cultural practices and traditional ecological knowledge related to wildlife and forests.

However, it is important to note that not all British officials and settlers engaged in indiscriminate hunting practices.

Some British individuals, such as naturalists and conservationists, recognized the ecological value of wildlife and advocated for the conservation and protection of local wildlife resources. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Efforts were made to establish wildlife sanctuaries and protected areas to conserve endangered species and their habitats, although these efforts were limited in scale and scope.

Q 9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India

Ans. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have played a significant role in environmental conservation and restoration efforts in contemporary India.

With the growing recognition of the need for sustainable development and environmental protection, NGOs have emerged as key actors in advocating for environmental issues, engaging in conservation initiatives, and working towards the restoration of degraded ecosystems in India.

One of the significant roles of NGOs in environmental conservation in India is advocacy and raising awareness about environmental issues.

NGOs work to create awareness among the general public, policymakers, and other stakeholders about the importance of environmental conservation and the need for sustainable practices. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They engage in campaigns, conduct workshops, seminars, and awareness programs to educate people about environmental issues such as climate change, deforestation, wildlife conservation, water pollution, and air pollution.

By creating awareness, NGOs contribute to building public support for environmental conservation and restoration efforts.

NGOs also play a critical role in policy advocacy and influencing environmental policies and regulations in India.

They engage in research, policy analysis, and lobbying efforts to shape environmental policies at the local, regional, and national levels.

NGOs work towards advocating for stricter environmental regulations, monitoring the implementation of existing policies, and holding policymakers accountable for their environmental commitments.

They also provide technical expertise and inputs to policymakers to develop sustainable and inclusive environmental policies.

In addition to advocacy and policy influence, NGOs also implement on-the-ground conservation initiatives in India. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They undertake various conservation projects, including habitat restoration, ecological rehabilitation, reforestation, and conservation of endangered species.

NGOs work with local communities, governments, and other stakeholders to develop and implement conservation plans that aim to protect and restore ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable resource management.

They also engage in habitat restoration and rehabilitation efforts in degraded areas, such as wetlands, forests, and rivers, to restore their ecological functions and values.

NGOs also work towards sustainable natural resource management in India. They promote sustainable agricultural practices, promote organic farming, and encourage the use of renewable energy sources.

They also work towards the conservation and sustainable use of water resources, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater, through water management initiatives, watershed development programs, and community-based water conservation efforts.

NGOs also promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities, including ecotourism, community-based natural resource management, and sustainable income-generating activities that align with environmental conservation objectives.

Another crucial role of NGOs in environmental conservation in India is community engagement and participation.

NGOs work closely with local communities, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups to involve them in conservation efforts.

They engage in community-based conservation initiatives that empower local communities to actively participate in the decision-making processes related to natural resource management and environmental conservation.

NGOs work towards building the capacity of local communities to understand, manage, and protect their natural resources sustainably.

They also advocate for the recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities over their traditional lands and resources, which are often vital for environmental conservation. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Furthermore, NGOs also contribute to environmental education and capacity building in India.

They provide training, education, and technical support to local communities, schools, and other stakeholders to enhance their understanding of environmental issues, sustainable practices, and conservation methods.

NGOs also conduct research and studies on various environmental topics, generate knowledge and information, and disseminate it to the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders to inform decision-making processes.

Q 10. Tinai concept during Sangam age

Ans. The concept of “Tinai” during the Sangam Age refers to a unique classification system used in ancient Tamil literature to categorize and describe different geographical landscapes and their associated cultural and ecological attributes.

The Sangam Age, also known as the Sangam Period, is believed to have occurred between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE in the region of present-day Tamil Nadu in South India.

The Tinai concept was an important aspect of the Sangam literature, which consisted of a collection of poems and songs composed by Tamil poets during this period.

The Tinai concept classified the landscape into five main regions or Tinai, which were based on the ecological and agricultural characteristics of the land. These five Tinai were:

Kurinji Tinai: This Tinai referred to the hilly regions or the mountainous areas. It was associated with the Kurinji flowers that bloom once in 12 years, and hence considered as a symbol of longevity. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The Kurinji Tinai was believed to be rich in natural resources such as forests, rivers, and minerals, and was associated with pastoral and hunting activities.

Mullai Tinai: This Tinai referred to the fertile land or the forested areas. It was associated with Mullai flowers, which were known for their pleasant fragrance.

The Mullai Tinai was considered ideal for agriculture, and was associated with cultivation of crops such as paddy, sugarcane, and vegetables. It was also associated with cattle rearing and dairy farming.

Marutham Tinai: This Tinai referred to the agricultural land or the plains. It was associated with Marutham trees, which were known for their medicinal properties.

The Marutham Tinai was considered the most fertile land for agriculture, and was associated with cultivation of crops such as paddy, millets, and pulses. It was also associated with irrigation systems such as tanks and canals.

Neythal Tinai: This Tinai referred to the coastal region or the seashore. It was associated with Neythal flowers, which were known for their beauty and fragrance.

The Neythal Tinai was associated with fishing, salt production, and maritime activities such as trade and navigation.

Palai Tinai: This Tinai referred to the barren or desert-like regions. It was associated with Palai flowers, which were known for their resilience and ability to withstand harsh conditions.

The Palai Tinai was considered unsuitable for agriculture, and was associated with nomadic pastoralism and hunting. BHIE 143 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The concept of Tinai during the Sangam Age reflected the close relationship between human societies and their natural environment.

It emphasized the interdependence of culture, agriculture, and ecology, and highlighted the importance of sustainable resource management and adaptation to local ecological conditions.

The Tinai concept was not only a classification system for landscapes, but also served as a metaphorical representation of human emotions, experiences, and relationships in the Sangam literature.

It was a unique way of understanding and appreciating the diverse landscapes and their cultural significance in ancient Tamil society during the Sangam Age.

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BHIE-143: IGNOU BAG Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENT)

• 1 Section-1 Answer in about 500 words each.
• 2 1. What do you understand by the term ‘Ecofeminism’? Elucidate with particular reference to Ecofeminism in the Indian context.
• 3 2. Throw light on the environmental movements in post-independence India against antienvironmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation.
• 4 Section-2 Answer in about 250 words each.
• 5 3. How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India?
• 6 4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism.
• 7 5. How are environmental elements and components like forests, lakes etc. envisioned in Indian philosophy?
• 8 Section-3 Write short notes on each of the following in about 100 words each.
• 9 6. Environmental history.
• 10 7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India.
• 11 8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company.
• 12 9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India.
• 13.1 How to Download BHIE-143 Solved Assignment?
• 13.2 Is the BHIE-143 Solved Assignment Free?
• 13.3 What is the last submission date for BHIE-143 Assignment?

Section-1 Answer in about 500 words each.

1. what do you understand by the term ‘ecofeminism’ elucidate with particular reference to ecofeminism in the indian context..

Ans: Ecofeminism refers to a social movement and academic discipline that recognizes the interconnectedness of environmental degradation and the oppression of women. It asserts that the exploitation of nature and the oppression of women are interconnected and rooted in patriarchal attitudes and practices.

In the Indian context, ecofeminism has gained traction in recent years as a response to the numerous environmental and social justice issues faced by Indian women. For example, Indian women who live in rural areas are often the primary caretakers of natural resources and are directly impacted by environmental degradation. The contamination of water sources and the loss of fertile land has a disproportionate impact on women and their ability to provide for their families.

Furthermore, Indian women also face multiple forms of gender-based violence, including dowry-related violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault, which are perpetuated by the same patriarchal structures that drive environmental degradation. As such, ecofeminism in India seeks to address both environmental and gender-based issues by advocating for the rights of women and the protection of the environment.

Ecofeminism in India also highlights the need for a more holistic approach to development, one that prioritizes environmental sustainability and the empowerment of women. For example, ecofeminism supports initiatives that promote alternative forms of agriculture, such as organic farming, which are less harmful to the environment and can provide women with a source of livelihood. It also promotes renewable energy sources and the use of traditional knowledge and practices to conserve natural resources.

2. Throw light on the environmental movements in post-independence India against antienvironmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation.

Ans: Environmental movements in post-independence India have been driven by concerns over anti-environmental capitalist extraction and degradation of natural resources. Since the early 1960s, India has experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, which has resulted in the degradation of natural resources and the environment. This has led to widespread opposition from civil society and the growth of environmental movements.

One of the most prominent environmental movements in India was the Chipko Movement, which was started in the 1970s to protect forests from deforestation and commercial exploitation. The movement gained national and international attention and inspired similar movements across the world. The Chipko Movement was largely led by women, who hugged trees to prevent loggers from cutting them down. The movement led to the creation of forest conservation laws and policies, which protected forests and their ecological services.

Another important environmental movement in India is the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement), which was started in the 1980s to protest the construction of large dams on the Narmada River. The movement was led by local communities and environmental activists, who argued that the dams would displace millions of people and destroy the environment. The movement led to the creation of policies that regulated the construction of dams and ensured that the rights of local communities were protected.

In recent years, India has also seen the growth of environmental movements against mining, which is a major source of environmental degradation in the country. The mining industry in India has been criticized for its environmental impact, including deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and the destruction of wildlife habitats. Environmental movements against mining have been led by local communities and environmental activists, who have organized protests and demonstrations to demand the cessation of mining activities in ecologically sensitive areas.

Section-2 Answer in about 250 words each.

3. how do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval india.

Ans: Medieval India saw a complex relationship between man and the environment, characterized by a delicate balance between the use of natural resources and conservation efforts. The interactions and interfaces between human populations and the environment during this time period were shaped by a variety of factors, including religious beliefs, social and economic systems, and technological advancements.

Religion played a significant role in shaping medieval India’s relationship with the environment. Hinduism and Buddhism, the two dominant religions at the time, placed great value on the protection of nature and the conservation of natural resources. Both religions emphasized the importance of preserving the balance between human activity and the environment, and many religious texts contained teachings and guidelines for sustainable resource use.

Medieval India’s social and economic systems also influenced the man-environment relationship. The feudal system and the caste system restricted access to resources and land, and created unequal distribution of wealth and power, leading to the degradation of the environment in some regions. Agricultural practices, such as irrigation systems and terracing, were developed and improved upon, leading to increased food production and economic growth.

Technology also played a role in shaping the man-environment relationship in medieval India. The development of new tools and techniques for resource extraction and processing, as well as advances in transportation and communication, facilitated the exploitation of natural resources and the expansion of human populations. This increase in human activity also led to the degradation of the environment in some regions.

4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism.

Ans: Green imperialism refers to the control and exploitation of natural resources, land, and biodiversity by developed countries in the name of environmental protection and conservation. It is often carried out under the guise of sustainable development or through international environmental agreements, but in reality, it serves the interests of the developed world at the expense of the developing world.

European colonialism played a significant role in the development of green imperialism. During the colonial era, European powers such as Britain, France, and Spain, colonized and exploited the resources of the developing world, often with devastating environmental consequences. They imposed their own economic, political, and environmental systems, which often failed to respect the rights and livelihoods of local communities.

In the post-colonial era, green imperialism has continued to play out in various forms. Developed countries, such as those in Europe, have used international environmental agreements and initiatives to assert their control over developing countries’ resources and biodiversity, often under the guise of environmental protection and conservation. They use their economic and political power to dictate the environmental policies and regulations of developing countries, and to gain access to their resources and markets.

5. How are environmental elements and components like forests, lakes etc. envisioned in Indian philosophy?

Ans: Indian philosophy has long recognized the intrinsic value of environmental elements and components such as forests, lakes, and other natural resources. From the ancient scriptures of Hinduism and Buddhism to the later development of Jainism and Sikhism, the Indian philosophical tradition has placed great importance on the protection and conservation of the natural world.

In Hinduism, for example, the concept of “pancha mahabhuta” or five elements (earth, water, fire, air, and ether) is central to the understanding of the universe and the interconnectedness of all living things. The natural world, including forests and lakes, is seen as a manifestation of these elements and therefore deserving of respect and protection. Hindu scriptures also emphasize the importance of maintaining a balance between human activity and the environment, and many Hindu festivals and rituals are centered around the worship of nature.

In Buddhism, the concept of “dependent origination” holds that all things arise in dependence on other things and therefore are interdependent and interconnected. This includes the relationship between humans and the environment. Buddhist teachings emphasize the importance of living in harmony with nature and avoiding actions that cause harm to the environment.

Jainism, with its principle of non-violence (ahimsa), places a strong emphasis on environmental protection and conservation. Jain scriptures encourage the protection of all forms of life, including plants and animals, and the avoidance of actions that cause harm to the environment.

Sikhism, with its focus on the interconnectedness of all things and the importance of living in harmony with nature, also stresses the importance of environmental protection. The Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, contains numerous references to the beauty and value of the natural world and encourages responsible resource use.

Section-3 Write short notes on each of the following in about 100 words each.

6. environmental history..

Ans: Environmental history is the study of the relationship between humans and the natural world, focusing on the interactions and impacts that humans have had on the environment over time. It encompasses the study of climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and species extinction, as well as the development of conservation movements and environmental policies. Environmental history is important because it provides a deeper understanding of the complex and interconnected systems that make up our planet and how our actions have both positive and negative effects on the environment. By understanding our past, we can better plan for a sustainable future and ensure that future generations can thrive in a healthy and protected environment.

7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India.

Ans: Water resources played a crucial role in the development and sustainability of river-valley civilizations in ancient India. The Indus and Ganges river systems provided water for agriculture, commerce, and transportation, enabling the growth of cities and civilizations such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Mauryan Empire. The construction of dams, canals, and water storage systems allowed for efficient irrigation and flood control, boosting agricultural productivity and food security. Religion also played a role, with rivers and water sources revered as sacred and central to spiritual practices. Despite challenges posed by monsoons and floods, water management was critical to the prosperity of ancient Indian civilizations and remains so today.

8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company.

Ans: Under the East India Company, animal hunting became a widespread and lucrative activity in India. The company’s administrators and military personnel were among the prominent hunters, pursuing big-game animals such as tigers, lions, and elephants for sport and personal trophies. The East India Company also facilitated the trade of animal skins and body parts, which were in high demand in Europe and other parts of the world. This rampant hunting led to the decline of many animal species and the destruction of their habitats. The British colonial government later introduced hunting laws and regulations, but these were often disregarded or poorly enforced. Hunting continued to have a significant impact on India’s wildlife until the country’s independence and the implementation of stricter conservation measures.

9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India.

Ans: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in environmental conservation and restoration efforts in contemporary India. These organizations work to raise awareness about environmental issues, mobilize public support, and advocate for government policies that promote conservation and restoration. NGOs also engage in direct conservation and restoration activities, such as planting trees, restoring wetlands, and conserving endangered species.

NGOs work closely with communities and local organizations to promote sustainable resource use and empower local populations to become stewards of their environment. They also collaborate with government agencies and other stakeholders to implement large-scale conservation and restoration initiatives.

In recent years, the role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration has become increasingly important in India, as the country faces growing environmental challenges such as deforestation, wildlife poaching, and pollution. The contributions of NGOs have helped to mitigate these challenges and promote a more sustainable future for India and its people.

10. Tinai concept during Sangam age.

Ans: The concept of “Tinai” was central to the literary and cultural traditions of the Sangam age in ancient South India. The Tinai concept refers to the classification of land into different ecological regions, each with its unique flora, fauna, and cultural practices. There were five Tinais in the Sangam literature: Kurinji (mountainous), Mullai (pastoral), Marudham (agricultural), Neidhal (coastal), and Palai (arid). Each Tinai was associated with specific seasons, emotions, and social norms, and was considered to have a unique character and flavor. The Tinai concept reflected the close connection between the environment and the cultural practices of the people, and the importance of maintaining a balance between human activity and the natural world. The Tinai concept continues to influence the cultural traditions of South India to this day.

How to Download BHIE-143 Solved Assignment?

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Is the BHIE-143 Solved Assignment Free?

Yes this is absolutely free to download the solved assignment from www.edukar.in

What is the last submission date for BHIE-143 Assignment?

For June Examination: 31st April, For December Examination: 30th October

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IGNOU BHIE-143 July 2023 - January 2024 - Solved Assignment

Are you looking to download a PDF soft copy of the Solved Assignment BHIE-143 - History of Environment ? Then GullyBaba is the right place for you. We have the Assignment available in English and Hindi language.

This particular Assignment references the syllabus chosen for the subject of History , for the July 2023 - January 2024 session. The code for the assignment is BHIE-143 and it is often used by students who are enrolled in the BAG, BA (Honours), BAHIH Degree.

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IGNOU BHIE-143 (July 2023 - January 2024) Assignment Questions

Section-1 Answer in about 500 words each.

1. What do you understand by Énvironmentalism of the poor? Elucidate. 2. Comment on forests and forestry in the early modern India.

Section-2 Answer in about 250 words each.

3. How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India? 4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism. 5. Write a note on understanding the history of conservation of nature.

Section-3 Write short notes on each of the following in about 100 words each.

6. National Health Policy 1983 7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India 8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company 9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India 10. Tinai concept during Sangam age

IGNOU BHIE-143 (July 2022 - January 2023) Assignment Questions

1. What do you understand by the term ‘Ecofeminism’? Elucidate with particular reference to Ecofeminism in the Indian context.

2. Throw light on the environmental movements in post-independence India against anti-environmental capitalist extraction and natural resource degradation.

3. How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India?

4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism.

5. How are environmental elements and components like forests, lakes etc. envisioned in Indian philosophy?

6. Environmental history

7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India

8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company

9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India

10. Tinai concept during Sangam age

सत्रीय कार्य - I

निम्नलिखित वर्णनात्मक श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 500 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए ।

1) गरीबों के पर्यावरणवाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 2) प्रारंभिक आधुनिक भारत में वनों और वानिकी पर टिप्पणी कीजिए ।

सत्रीय कार्य -II

निम्नलिखित मध्यम श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 250 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए।

3) आप मध्यकालीन भारत के दौरान मानव पर्यावरण संबंध, अंतः क्रिया और इंटरफेस को कैसे देखते हैं? 4) हरित साम्राज्यवाद को परिभाषित कीजिए। हरित साम्राज्यवाद की ओर यूरोपीय उपनिवेशवाद की भूमिका का आकलन कीजिए। 5) प्रकृति के संरक्षण के इतिहास को समझने पर एक नोट लिखिए ।

सत्रीय कार्य - III

निम्नलिखित लघु श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 100 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए।

6) राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति 1983 7) प्राचीन भारत के दौरान नदी घाटी सभ्यताओं में जल संसाधनों की भूमिका 8) ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी के अंतर्गत पशुओं का शिकार 9) संगम समकालीन भारत में पर्यावरणीय संरक्षण व बहाली में गैर-सरकारी संगठनों (NGO) की भूमिका 10) 'युग के दौरान तिन की अवधारणा

निम्नलिखित वर्णनात्मक श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 500 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

1) पारिस्थितिक नारीवाद Ecofeminism) से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारतीय संदर्भ के परिप्रेक्ष्य से पारिस्थितिक नारीवाद की व्याख्या कीजिए।

2) स्वतंत्र भारत में पर्यावरण-विरोधी पूंजीवादी निष्कषण व प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के क्षरण के विरुद्ध पर्यावरणीय आंदोलनों पर प्रकाश डालिए।

सत्रीय कार्य - II

निम्नलिखित मध्यम श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 250 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

3) भारत में मध्यकालीन युग के दौरान आप मानव-पर्यावरण संबंध, अंतःक्रिया व आदान-प्रदान को किस प्रकार देखते हैं? 'हरित साम्राज्यवाद' को परिभाषित कीजिए।

4) हरित साम्राज्यवाद की ओर यूरोपीय उपनिवेशवाद की भूमिका का आकलन कीजिए।

5) भारतीय दर्शन में वनों, झीलों आदि जैसे पर्यावरणीय तत्वों एवं घटकों को किस प्रकार चिन्हित व निरूपित किया गया है?

निम्नलिखित लघु श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 100 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

6) पर्यावरणीय इतिहास

7) प्राचीन भारत के दौरान नदी-घाटी सभ्यताओं में जल संसाधनों की भूमिका

8) ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी के अंतर्गत पशुओं का शिकार

9) समकालीन भारत में पर्यावरणीय संरक्षण व बहाली में गैर-सरकारी संगठनों (NGOs) की भूमिका

10) संगम युग के दौरान तिनै/तिण की अवधारणा

BHIE-143 Assignment Details

• University IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
• Title History of Environment
• Language(s) English and Hindi
• Session July 2023 - January 2024
• Code BHIE-143
• Subject History
• Degree(s) BAG , BA (Honours) , BAHIH
• Course Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)
• Author Gullybaba.com Panel
• Publisher Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Assignment Submission End Date

The IGNOU open learning format requires students to submit study Assignments. Here is the final end date of the submission of this particular assignment according to the university calendar.

• 30th April  (if Enrolled in the June Exams)
• 31st October (if Enrolled in the December Exams).

Download Files & Sessions Details

Here are the PDF files that you can Download for this Assignment. You can pick the language of your choice and see other relevant information such as the Session, File Size and Format.

English Language

• July 2023 - January 2024 8 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAH-BHIE143-EN-419
• July 2022 - January 2023 8 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAH-BHIE143-EN-191

Hindi Language

• July 2023 - January 2024 18 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAH-BHIE143-HI-455
• July 2022 - January 2023 18 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAH-BHIE143-HI-191

What's Included

In this section you can find other relevant information related to the Assignment you are looking at. It will give you an idea of what to expect when downloading a PDF soft copy from GullyBaba.

• All Solved Answers By IGNOU Experts.
• Available for 3 Times for Download.
• Downloadable Soft Copy in PDF.
• Print Ready Format: A4 (21 x 29 x .20 cm (Width x Length x Height)

Customers Also Bought

In addition to this Assignment, there are also other Assignments related to the BAHIH History you are preparing for. Here we have listed other Assignments that were bought along with this one.

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• BHIC-103 भारत का इतिहास-II - History of India-II
• BHIC-104 मध्यकालीन विश्व की सामाजिक संरचना और सांस्कृतिक पैटर्न  - Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World
• BHIC-105 भारत का इतिहास-III (लगभग 750-1260 सी.ई.) - History of India –III (750 – 1206 CE)
• BHIC-106 आधुनिक पश्चिम का उदय-1 - The Rise of the Modern West-1
• BHIC-107 भारत का इतिहस (c. 1206-1550) - History of India – IV (c. 1206 – 1550)
• BHIE-141 चीन का इतिहास (1840 - 1978) - History of China (C. 1840 – 1978)
• BHIE-145 यूरोपीय इतिहास के कुछ पहलू (1789 - 1945) - Some aspects of European History: C. 1789 – 1945
• BHIC-108 आधुनिक पश्चिम का उदय - II - Rise of the Modern West – II
• BHIC-109 भारत का इतिहास -V (c.1550-1605) - History of India –V (c. 1550 – 1605)
• BHIC-110 भारत का इतिहास 1757 से 1857 - History of India From 1757-1857
• BHIE-142 आधुनिक पूर्वी एशिया का इतिहास: जापान (1868-1945) - History of Modern East Asia : Japan (1868-1945)
• BHIE-144 भारत में इतिहास लेखन की परंपराएं - Traditions of History Writing in India
• BHIC-112 भारत का इतिहास-VII (c.1605-1750) - History of India –VII (c. 1605 – 1750)
• BHIC-111 आधुनिक यूरोप का इतिहास - I (1780 - 1939) - History of Modern Europe - I (c. 1780 - 1939)
• BHIC-113 भारत का इतिहास-VII (c.1857-1950) - History of India –VIII (c. 1857 – 1950)
• BHIC-114 आधुनिक यूरोप का इतिहास-II (स. 1780-1939) - History of Modern Europe -II (c. 1780 – 1939)
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IGNOU BHIE-143 Previous Year Question Papers

• May 15, 2023

If you are looking for IGNOU  BHIE-143 previous year question papers  entitled “ History of Environment ” for the IGNOU  BAG/ Bachelor of Arts (Honours)   History , then you have come to the right place!, here We’ve uploaded the last 10 years’ question papers for your convenience. these BHIE-143 previous year question papers will help you for your upcoming exams preparation.  The papers are available in both English and Hindi language in the same pdf.

Click the link below to download these old exam paper pdf for free!

BHIE-143 Old Paper Details

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All Courses PrevIous Papers

Download old papers (all courses), bca old papers, bag old papers, bcomg old papers, mca old papers, mba old papers, meg old papers, ignou query, download front page, ignou helpline details, check assignment status, how to submit assignments, download assignment papers, assignments submission link, how to write ignou assignments.

• B.A IGNOU HISTORY SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23

by Team Guffo · Published 2023 · Updated 2023

DOWNLOAD HERE IGNOU BHIE-143 ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 AND ALSO check out IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 GUIDELINES.  यहाँ BHIE-143 ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 डाउनलोड करें और इसके अलावा IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 की GUIDELINES भी देखें।

Which assignments do you have to submit to appear for the June 2023 exam?

Assignment 2022-23 (Last date 30 April 2023)

Which assignments do you have to submit to appear for the December 2023 exam?

Assignment 2022-23 (last  date 30 October 2023)

Bapsh : Bachelor Of Arts (Hons) Political Science

QUESTION. IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 कब तक जमा करना है ?

• जूलाई 2022 में एडमिशन लेने वालों को 3O APRIL 2023  तक।
• JAN 2023 में एडमिशन लेने वालों को 3O OCTOBER 2023  तक।

QUESTION. IGNOU BHIE-143 के EXAM कब होगें।

• JULY 2022 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के  JUNE 2023 में ।
• JAN 2023 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के  DEC 2023 में ।

QUESTION. IGNOU BHIE-143 की DATE SHEET कब आयेगी।

• JULY 2022 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के MARCH 2023 में ।
• JAN 2023 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के SEP 2023 में ।

QUESTION. IGNOU BHIE-143 का HALL TICKET कब आयेगा।

• JULY 2022 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के MAY 2023 के अंतिम हफ्ते में . 
• JAN 2023 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो के OCT 2023 के अंतिम हफ्ते में . 

QUESTION. IGNOU BHIE-143 का रिजल्ट कब आयेगा।

• JULY 2022 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो का  AUGEST  2023 के पहले हफ्ते में.
• JAN 2023 में एडमिशन लेेने वालो का  FEB 2024 के पहले हफ्ते में.

QUESTION. IGNOU में PASSING MARKS क्या है?

IGNOU uses 10-Point Grading System for evaluating learners’ achievement for Bachelor Degree Programmes under CBCS, as under:

GRADE                            Numerical        Percentage

      Grade

O (Outstanding)           10                        > 85 (85 से ऊपर नम्बर) A+ (Excellent)                  9                   > 75 to < 85(75 से 85 के बीच नम्बर) A (Very Good)                  8                   > 65 to < 75(65 से 75 के बीच नम्बर) B+ (Good)                         7                   > 55 to < 65(55 से 65 के बीच नम्बर) B (Above Average)         6                   > 50 to < 55(50 से 55 के बीच नम्बर) C (Average)                       5                   > 40 to < 50(40 से 50 के बीच नम्बर) D (Pass)                              4                   > 35 to < 40(35 से 40 के बीच नम्बर) F (Fail)                                 0                         < 35(35 से नीचे नम्बर) Ab (Absent)                       0                         Absent(उपस्थित नही)

Tags: B.H.I.E.-143: HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENT bachelor of arts assignment BHIE BHIE 143 BHIE 143 IGNOU BHIE 143 ignou solved assignment 2022 BHIE 143 ignou solved assignment 2022-2023 BHIE 143 ignou solved assignment 2023 BHIE 143 PDF. BHIE 143 solved assignment 2022 BHIE 143 Solved assignment 2022-2023 BHIE 143 solved assignment 2023 BHIE 143 solved handwritten assignment 2022 BHIE 143 solved handwritten assignment 2022-2023 BHIE 143 solved handwritten assignment 2023 BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 hindi assignment ignou IGNOU BHIE-143 IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2022-23 IGNOU BHIE-143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023 ignou question paper IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT MA ASSIGNMENT

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Ignou bhie 143 solved assignment 2023 2024.

IGNOU BHIE 143 Solved Assignment 2023 2024

This is latest Solved Assignment of BHIE 143 of BAG . 

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• BHIE 143 ( History of Environment )
• History of Environment 2023 2024 Solved Assignment
• 2023 2024 New Assignment

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What do you understand by Énvironmentalism of the poor? Elucidate.

Comment on forests and forestry in the early modern India,.

How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India?

Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism.

Write a note on understanding the history of conservation of nature. 

National Health Policy 1983

Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India

Animal hunting under East Indian Company

Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India

Tinai concept during Sangam age

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• IGNOU BHIE 143 History of Environment 2023 2024 Solved Assignment

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IGNOU BAG Assignments Jan - July 2024 - IGNOU University has uploaded its current session Assignment of the BAG Programme for the session year 2023 2024. Students of the BAG Programme can now download Assignment questions from this page. Candidates have to compulsory download those assignments to get a permit of attending the Term End Exam of the IGNOU BAG Programme.

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IGNOU BHIE-143 Study Material & Textbook Download

If you are looking for BHIE-143 IGNOU Study Material or Textbook entitled Environmental Economics you have come to the right place. This is because eGyankosh allows you to download single units at a time but we provide you with the fully combined pdf with all blocks and units. Click on the image or the button below to download the study material for free! We have also provided you with an option to get verified and easy to understand guide books from Gyaniversity Publications which contain answers to previous year questions, predicted list of most important questions for upcoming term end exams, paper pattern, etc. The books are applicable for the following course(s) in IGNOU: Bachelor of Arts (Honours) History, Bachelor of Arts (General) (BAHIH, BAG)

BHIE-143: Environmental Economics

IGNOU Study Guide Book

IGNOU Textbook

BHIE-143 Guidebook v/s Textbook

IGNOU textbook for BHIE-143: Environmental Economics is freely available to all students. However, it is very long, confusing and hard to understand. If you are a busy working professional looking to pass your exams easily, we suggest you to go for Guidebooks made by Gyaniversity Publications instead as they are prepared using historical data from previous 20 question papers. They provide you with accurate list of the important questions are most likely to appear in your upcoming exams along with proof points based on previous year exam questions. The answers are written in simple English too. This helps you pass your exams easily!

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IGNOU BHIE 143 Solved Assignment 2023-24 English Medium PDF Download

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IGNOU BHIE 143 Solved Assignment 2023-24 English Medium PDF Download Details

• Course Code: BHIE 143
• Course Title: HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENT
• Session: July 2023-January 2024
• Medium: English
• Assignment Code: BHIE-143/ASST/TMA/2023-24
• University: IGNOU

IGNOU BHIE 143: HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENT (July 2023-January 2024) Assignment Questions

Section-1 Answer in about 500 words each. 1. What do you understand by Énvironmentalism of the poor? Elucidate. 2. Comment on forests and forestry in the early modern India,.

Section-2 Answer in about 250 words each. 3. How do you see man-environment relationship, interaction and interface during medieval India? 4. Define ‘Green Imperialism’. Assess the role of European colonialism towards Green Imperialism. 5. Write a note on understanding the history of conservation of nature.

Section-3 Write short notes on each of the following in about 100 words each. 6. National Health Policy 1983 7. Role of water resources in river-valley civilizations during ancient India 8. Animal hunting under East Indian Company 9. Role of NGOs in environmental conservation and restoration in contemporary India 10. Tinai concept during Sangam age

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BHIE 143 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024 PDF IN HINDI

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• Course Code :  BHIE 143
• Course   Title  : पर्यावरण का इतिहास
• Language : HINDI
• Assignment   Code  : BHIE-143/2024
• Valid   For  : July 2023 and January 2024, JULY2024 Sessions
• Programs  : CBCS, BSCG, BAG, BCOMG and more.
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IGNOU BHIE 143 Solved Assignment Hindi & English 2023-2024

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BHIE 143 is History of Environment

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