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Best Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12 CBSE Students

If you are 12th class students who are looking for Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12th? If yes, then you are at the right place.

Because here in this post, we have provided a list of the best investigatory project in biology for class 12 students. With the help of this list of biology projects, students can easily choose the Best Biology Projects For Class 12. Also, they can use some planning apps to plan their project accordingly so that they can work on the project and complete it before the deadline.

Biology is the natural science that includes the study of the living organism, its physical structure, chemical processes, physiological mechanisms, and evolution. 

Modern principles of other fields i.e. Chemistry project topics , Physics project topics  are integrated with biology in various areas such as biochemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and biophysics.

Table of Contents

Latest Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12 CBSE Students

Let’s look at this list of biology investigatory project class 12 CBSE. Do share it with your friends.

Biology Investigatory Projects on Cell Structure

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Cell Structure:

• To Study the Plant Cells
• To Study the Different Cells and Cell Structure
• To Study the Human Stem Cell Technology
• To Study the Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
• To Study the Structure of Enzymes and their Applications
• To Study and Analyze the Mitosis in Onion Root Tip cells
• Comparative Study between Active Transport and Passive Transport
• To Study the Comparison between the Animal Cells and Plant Cell
• Determination of the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a microscope
• To Study of the Security Mechanisms, Cellular Membrane, and Phospholipids in the Living Cells

Biology Investigatory Projects on Genetics and Evolution

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Genetics and Evolution:

• To Study the DNA the mysterious molecule
• To Study the Chromosomes and DNA Packaging
• To Study the Structure of the RNA and Its Functions
• To Study the Genetic Mutation: Types and its Causes
• To Study the Isolation of DNA from Animal Cell
• Study of the Developments in the Rice Genome Research
• To Study the Hemophilia: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment
• To Study the Adaptive Radiation and Ecological Opportunity
• To Study the Adaptive radiation in the aquatic vertebrates
• To Study DNA Fingerprinting: Principles, Methods, and Applications

Biology Investigatory Projects on Human Physiology

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Human Physiology:

• To Study the pH Tolerance of Microbes
• To Study the effects of the Human Diseases
• Implanting and Erasing Human Brain Memory
• To Study the different types of Human Eye Diseases
• To Study the Structure of the Human Eye Vision
• To Study the Working and Function of the Human Heart
• To Study the Effect of Pupil Dilation on Peripheral Vision
• To Study the Biology project on the Human Immunity System
• To Study the Retinal Glare Recovery: Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12
• To Study and Prevent the Effects of the Viral Diseases on the Human Body

Also Check:-

• Chemistry Practicals for Class 12 Lab Manual 
• Physics Practicals for Class 12 Lab Manual
• Biology Practicals for Class 12 Lab Manual

Biology Investigatory Projects on Plant Physiology

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Plant Physiology:

• To Study the Dispersal of the Seeds
• To Study the Effect of Color on Cherry Trees
• To Study the Aeroponics and Hydroponics
• To Study the Speed of the Sprouting Seeds
• To Study the Effect of the pH on the Seed Germination
• To Study and Investigate the different medicinal plants
• To Study the Effect of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth
• To Study the Leaf Shape, Venation, and Margin
• To Study the Various kinds of flowers based on aestivation
• To Study the different types of flowers based on inflorescence
• Evaluating the Vitamin C content in different types of fruits
• Study the Effect of Different Soil Types on Plant Growth
• Study the Effect of Different Soaking Solutions on Seed Germination
• To Study and Analyse the Seed Tolerance for Freezing Temperatures
• To Study the Quantitative Analysis of the Phytoplankton in a Waterbody
• To Compare the Varying Oxygen Aeration Levels in Increasing Plant Production
• Study the impact of different genres of music on the growth and development of plants

Biology Investigatory Projects on Reproduction

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Reproduction:

• To Study the Growing Yeast: Sugar Fermentation
• To Study the Infertility and its Causes and Treatment
• To Study the Development of the Human Embryogenesis

Biology Investigatory Projects on Human Welfare

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Human Welfare:

• To Study the Classification of the Drugs
• To Study the effects of the Drug Addiction
• To Study and determined the pH Tolerance of Microbes
• To Study and Investigate Prevention Methods for Different types of Viral Human Diseases

Biology Investigatory Projects on Biotechnology

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Biotechnology:

• To Study the Various new Biotechnological Research
• To Study the Pharmacogenomics of Anti-Cancer Drugs
• To Study the Transgenic Animals: Production and Applications
• To Study the Nanotechnology Applications to the DNA Genotyping
• To Study the Human Reproductive Cloning and Biotechnology
• To Investigate the Nanotechnology Methods for DNA Isolation
• To Identify and Classify the Gene Shape of Plant Response to salinity and drought
• Producing the Ethanol by using the molasses and its effluent Treatment
• To Study Biotechnology and its Applications: Biology Investigatory Project for Class 12
• To Investigate methods for Production of the Human Insulin by using the Genetic Engineering

Also Read: Latest Biotechnology Seminar Topics 2023

Biology Investigatory Projects on Ecology and Environment

Below is the list of Biology Investigatory Project Topics on Ecology and Environment:

• To Study the Impact of Ozone layer Depletion on the Environment
• To Study the Effect of the Oil Spills on the Oceans
• To Study the Agricultural wastewater treatment 
• To Study the Large-Scale Forest Fragmentation Experiment
• To Study the Antarctic Peninsula Palaeontology Project
• To Study the Methods to Improvement of the Biogas Production
• To Study the Impact of Global Warming on the Environment
• To Study the Generally Modified Animal’s Impact on the Ecosystem
• To Study the Impact of the Solid Waste Landfilling on the Environment
• To Investigate the different methods of production of biodiesel from waste

General Biology Investigatory Projects Topics

Below is the list of General Biology Investigatory Project Topics:

• Study the Manures and Chemical Fertilizer
• To Study the Probiotics and their Preparation
• To Study the Effects of Diet on the Blood Glucose
• To Study the Effects of Antibiotics on the Micro-Organisms
• To Study the Effects of Green Tea on the Oral Bacteria
• Study the Effects of the Various Aromas on Animal Behaviour
• Investigate Methods to Control the Human Blood Pressure
• Study the Effect of Alkaline and Acids on the Bacterial Growth
• To Study the Effect of Timing of the Application of Potassium on the Antirrhinum
• To Study the Adaptations of Animals and Plants found in Xerophytic Conditions
• To Study the Growth Rate of Poa pratensis in Pure Humus
• To Study the Role of Microorganisms in Composting
• To Study the Effects of Temperature on Bacteria Pigmentation
• To Study the Effect of the Exercise on Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
• To Study, the various Factors Affecting the Nodule Formations in Legumes
• To Study and investigate the Bacteria Affected by the Ultra-Violet Light
• To Study the Capacity of Cinnamon and Curry to the Inhibit Bacterial Growth
• To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria by Using the Antibiotics
• Study the Impact of Environmental Factors on Butterfly Morphology
• To Study the Biology Project on the Population Explosion and Control
• To Study the Harmful Effects of the Mobile Radiation on the Human Body
• To Study the Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from Raw and Pasteurized Milk
• To Study the Harmful Effects of the Working and Reading on the Computer on Vision
• Study the Techniques and Applications of Cryopreservation in preserving biological samples
• To Study the Effect of Ingested Fluid Temperature on the Basal Body Temperature in Humans

Final Words

I hope you all like the above list of Biology investigatory projects for class 12 CBSE Students. With the help of these Biology project topics for class 12th students can easily choose the best investigatory project in Biology for class 12.

Also, if you need some more class 12 biology investigatory projects please feel free to let us know in the comments below so that I can provide the investigatory project of biology class 12. 

• Best Biology Projects for Class 12 CBSE Students
• Best Physics Investigatory Project Class 12 CBSE Students
• Best Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12 CBSE Students

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Biology Investigatory Project Class 12, Get Unique Topics

The Biology Investigatory Project Class 12t is an essential component of the curriculum that encourages practical learning. Get the Class 12 Biology investigatory project topics list for 2023-24

Table of Contents

Biology Investigatory Project Class 12

The Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 is the best way to conceptualize theoretical knowledge into practical real-world applications. The investigatory projects are the best way to assess the theoretical knowledge and understanding of the candidates. That is why, the Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 are included in the syllabus of class 12 Biology . As biology is an important subject whose practical application can affect the life of an individual, so, it becomes even more essential to know how to utilize theoretical knowledge in the real world.

Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project

The Class 12 Biology investigatory project is a hands-on activity that uses independent inquiry and investigation to assess the comprehension of scientific ideas. This present students with an opportunity to investigate a particular biological phenomenon in further detail, pose interesting queries, and gather information to address them. Biology is a significant field of study in science that deals with life, living organisms, and life’s evolution.

Investigatory biology projects are part of the curriculum for class 12 in most education board in India, and they aid in the students’ understanding of the underlying theories. It helps students get a greater understanding of biological principles by giving them the chance to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world circumstances. For the convenience of students, below we have mentioned some of the samples and topics for the Biology Class 12 Investigatory Projects.

Biology Investigatory Projects Class 12 Samples

The investigatory project domain of the Class 12 Biology ranges from fermentation to the study of effects of radiation on the living organisms. Some of the project samples along with the materials required and their overview is given below.

pH Effect on Seed Germination Process

Overview:  The pH of the germination medium has an impact on seed germination. The pH of soils is determined by the quantity and quality of humus, as well as the type and amount of different minerals. For optimal germination, various seeds need varying pH levels. The plant’s ability to reproduce, grow, and regulate its metabolism are all impacted by the pH level.

Materials Needed:  125 seeds (of different types), distilled water, pH buffers, Petri dishes and blotting paper.

To Study the Growth of Mold

Overview: A fungus called mold grows when it gets water and nutrients. Mold grows on stale food items such as bread, fruits, cheese, meat, etc. at home.

Materials Needed: Plastic zip bags, different types of foods (cheese, meat, fruits, bread), spray bottle, water.

Effect of Microwave Radiation on Different Organisms

Objective: To study how the microwave radiation affects bacteria, fungi, and plant life

Overview: Due to the high energy levels that microwave ovens emit, some food components including lipids become heated. Other chemicals are not impacted.

Materials Needed: Baker’s yeast, agar-filled Petri dishes, paper towels, bowls, gloves, microwave, notepad, and pen are needed along with radish seeds.

To Investigate the pH of Water Sample

Overview:  It is important to keep an eye on the chemical composition of the water we use or drink on a daily basis. Water with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 is acceptable for human life and health. The pH range of 3 to 5 is too acidic for most species to survive. Fish perish below pH 4.5, and few invertebrates that can withstand acidic conditions live. A pH of more than 8.5 is also too basic for most species to survive.

Materials Needed:  Water Samples, Litmus Paper, and Universal Indicator

To Study Growth Speed of Sprouting Seeds

Objective:  To determine the speed of growth of bean seeds in different growth solutions

Materials Needed:  5 sets of 10 bean seeds each, distilled water, fish emulsion, coffee filters, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, cups.

Methodology: The bean seed should be soaked in several cups that contain fish emulsion, distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, and potassium nitrate. Stow the seeds in between coffee filters to keep them damned. Keep track of the germination outcomes for four days.

To Study the Process of Sugar Fermentation

Overview: Yeast belongs to the class of fungi and is composed of eukaryotic microorganisms, which means that its cells have nuclei. The process by which bacteria, microbes, or yeast break down a substance is called fermentation. When sugar is combined with yeast, fermentation causes the sugar to break down. There is no reaction from yeast when combined with water or when used alone.

Materials Needed:  3 clear cups, sugar, water, permanent marker

Study the Effect of Sugar on Bean Plant Growth

Objective: To ascertain whether adding sugar to watering plants resulted in their growing stronger and healthier

Overview:  One source of energy is sugar. When you add sugar to water when you water plants, the sugar gives the plants more energy, which should help the plants grow stronger and healthier. Visual inspection and measurement of plant samples with and without sugar could be used to observe this.

Materials Needed: Bean seeds, cotton, beaker, distilled water, water with added sugar.

Study the Factors Influencing Node Formation in Legumes

Objective:  To determine the factors important nodules formation in legumes.

Overview: The bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum fix nitrogen for legume plants in exchange for a nodule that houses and feeds the bacteria.

Materials Needed: Twelve pots, two bags of vermiculite, one bag of potting soil, thirty-six snow pea seeds, nutritional broth, an inoculating loop, bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), and a Bunsen burner.

To Study the Effect of Diet on Blood Glucose

Objective: To find out the relationship between blood glucose and diet in non-diabetic people.

Overview: Blood glucose levels increase in individuals who have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal. In the same way, a low-carb diet would result in low blood glucose.

Materials Needed:  Non-Diabetic People (at least 3 persons), a glucometer

To Study the Effect of Light on Plant Growth

Objective: To study how the light affects the growth of plants

Materials Needed: Five transparent boxes (red, blue, green, yellow, and clear) with seeds, a potting plant, and rulers on top and front.

Methodology:  Plant pots should be placed beneath various boxes to allow them to grow and be measured.

Check: CBSE Class 12 Biology Expected Question Paper 2024

Unique Topics for Class 12 Biology Project PDF Based

Students should try to make investigatory projects on some unique topics. These topics not only help students get more marks but also give them a better understanding of the subject. Some of the unique topics for Class 12 Biology projects are given below.

• ABO blood group
• Hydroponics
• Comparison of plant growth in soil and soil less medium
• DNA fingerprinting
• Tissue Culture
• Sporulation in Fungi
• Preparation of DNA Model
• Single Cell Protein

Easy Topics for Biology Investigatory Project Class 12

You should choose a topic for your biology investigatory project that is both original and captivating. An experiment-based initiative ought to take precedence. Ideally, you should create a model related to the project topic if you are choosing a theory-based research. It is recommended to choose a topic from the textbook and base your project on its ideas. Some of the easy topics for Biology Investigatory Project of Class 12 is given below.

• Determining the pH of a given solution
• Effect of Light on Photosynthesis
• Water Transport System in Plants
• Study the leaf structure of different plants
• Study the effects of drug addiction
• Study the impact of ozone layer depletion on the environment
• Study the effects of antibiotics on organisms

Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project Topics List 2023-24

The Class 12 Biology subject is a fascinating one that has great practical applications in the real world. Students are therefore encouraged to take up and complete investigatory project in the Class 12 by themselves. Taking up the investigatory project and doing experiment with it helps students understand the complexities behind the research that goes into new discoveries and inventions. Some of the interesting topics that a class 12 student should opt for their Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project are given below.

• Study the components of the soil in your area
• Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body
• To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
• To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
• Mapping the genetic diversity of flora and fauna in your area
• The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
• Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest
• Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
• Study on gene therapy
• How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
• Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
• The Way Blood Works
• Human genome project
• Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
• Ozone Depletion
• Diffusion vs food colouring
• Coffee addiction

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IS Class 12 Biology investigatory project important for students?

Yes, the Class 12 Biology investigatory project is an important part of the Class 12 curriculum that every student should do on their own.

What are some of the sub-domains from which the Class 12 Biology Investigatory project can be made?

Some of the sub-domains from which the Class 12 Biology Investigatory project can be made are Biotechnology, Genetics, Ecology, Human Physiology, etc.

Name Some Important Topics for the Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project 2023?

Some of the Important topics for the Class 12 Biology Investigatory Project 2023 are given below. Study the components of the soil in your area Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body To Study Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins Mapping the genetic diversity of flora and fauna in your area The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body Study on gene therapy 

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Biology Projects for Class 12 CBSE Students

• Updated on  
• Jan 27, 2022

Biology is an important branch of science , it is the study of life, living things and the e volution of life . CBSE curriculum for class 12 includes investigatory biology projects which help the students to understand the fundamental theories. This blog will provide you with details on how to prepare a biology project for class 12 with some ideas topics and more. 

This Blog Includes:

Investigating the ph of a water sample, to study the effect of ph on seed germination , growing yeast: sugar fermentation, effect of sugar on bean plant growth, effects of diet on blood glucose, factors affecting nodule formation in legumes, does the color of light affect plant growth, the speed of sprouting seeds, how does mold grow, how does microwave radiation affect different organisms, format of writing biology project for class 12, sample biology project for class 12, other popular biology projects for class 12, biology projects for class 12.

It is important to monitor the chemical properties of the water we drink or use every day. The permissible pH of the water that is safe for our life and health is 6.5-8.5. If the pH is 3 to 5 it is too acidic for the survival of most organisms. Below the pH of 4.5, fishes die and only a small number of acid-tolerant insects survive. Likewise, a pH of more than 8.5 is too basic for the survival of most organisms.

Materials Required: Universal indicator, litmus paper and different water samples.

Aim: Seed germination is affected by the pH of the germinating medium. The amount and type of various minerals and quantity and quality of humus control the pH in soils. A specific level of pH is required for different seeds for maximum germination. The level of pH also affects the growth and development, reproduction and metabolism activities of the plant.

Materials Required: 125 seeds each of different types, pH buffers, distilled water, Petri dishes and blotting paper.

Yeast is classified as a fungus and is made up of eukaryotic microbes, i.e, they have cells with nuclei. Fermentation is the process of breaking down a substance by bacteria, microorganisms or yeast. Yeast gets activated when mixed with sugar as it breaks down due to fermentation. Yeast alone or when mixed with water does not give any reaction.

Materials Required: 3 clear cups, sugar, water, permanent marker.

Aim : To determine whether plants grew stronger and healthier with the addition of sugar while watering

Abstract: Sugar is a source of energy. When sugar is added to water while watering plants, the plants should grow healthier and stronger as they get additional energy from the sugar. This could be observed by visual inspection and measurement of plant samples with and without sugar for comparison.

Material Required: Bean seeds, distilled water, water with added sugar, cotton, beaker.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between blood glucose and diet in non-diabetic people.

Abstract: a person’s blood glucose level rises after consumption of a high carbohydrate meal. Likewise, blood glucose would be low if a person consumes a low carbohydrate diet.

Materials Required: Measuring the blood glucose level in 4 non-diabetic persons using a glucometer before meals and then one hour, two hours and 3 hours after eating.

Aim: To determine which factors are important in the formation of nodules on legumes.

Abstract: Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria fix nitrogen for a legume plant and in return, the bacteria get shelter and nutrients in a nodule.

Materials Required: 12 pots, 2 bags of vermiculite, a bag of potting soil, 36 snow pea seeds, Bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), nutrient broth, an inoculating loop, and a Bunsen burner.

Aim : To observe how different light colours affect plant growth

Materials Required : 5 boxes with different coloured transparencies(red, blue, green, yellow and clear)on top and front, seeds, potting plant, rulers.

Procedure: Place plant pots under different boxes let them grow and record their measurements.

Aim: To determine the speed of growth of bean seeds in different germinating solutions.

Materials Required: 5 sets of 10 bean seeds each, distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, fish emulsion, coffee filters, cups.

Procedure: Soak the bean seed in separate cups containing- distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, and fish emulsion. Keep the seeds damn by placing them in between coffee filters. Record germination results over a period of 4 days.

Mold is a fungus that grows with the help of nutrients and water. In-home mold grows over stale food, like bread, fruits, cheese, meat etc. 

Materials Required: Plastic zip bags, different types of foods(fruits, bread, cheese, meat), spray bottle, water.

Aim: To observe how microwave radiation affects fungi, bacteria, and plant life.

Abstract: Microwave ovens radiate high levels of energy resulting in heating up certain ingredients and fats in the food. Other substances remain unaffected.

Materials Required: Radish seeds, baker’s yeast, Petri dishes with agar, paper towels, bowls, gloves, microwave, notepad and pen.

Also Read: Chemistry Project for Class 12: Topics & Sample Projects

• Title of the investigatory project
• Materials needed 
• Analysis and Interpretation 
• Conclusion 

Title: Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells

Aim: To observe the different stages of mitosis in onion cells

Objectives:

• To understand the process and different stages of mitosis
• Prepare specimens of onion roots to visualise all stages of mitosis.
• Use an analytical technique to determine the relative length of each stage of mitosis.

Principle : Onion cells have 8 chromosomes. During cell division, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and for each original strand, a new complementary strand is produced, for the process of DNA replication. This is followed by the process of mitosis which assures that each daughter cell receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes. During this chromosomes pass through several stages of mitosis. These stages include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Materials needed: A fresh onion, small beaker, Muriatic acid(10% HCL), 0.5% Toluidine blue, forceps, scalpel, needle, toothpick, distilled water, dropper, gloves, microscope slides and coverslips, dissecting microscope and compound light microscope.

Method: 

• Place 3-4 toothpicks inside the onion and put it in a jar of water with the onion root side down. Wait for a few days for the roots to grow
• Once the roots have grown, remove the onion from the water and cut about 5mm off the tips of the roots using a scalpel.
• Put the root tip in a beaker and pour muriatic acid in it. Uses gloves and safety goggles. Allow the roots to soak in the acid for 20 mins
• Use forceps to remove the root tip from the acid and place it on a microscope slide. Using a dropper, put 3-4 drops of distilled water over it.
• Using a scalpel, trim the roots to 2mm and then using a needle slice it into 2 or more lengthwise sections.
• Using a dropper, put 2-3 drops of Toluidine blue and wait for 2 minutes. Put the coverslip on and soak excess dye using a paper towel.
• Observe the slide under a microscope, first at the lowest magnification and then at the highest.
• Once you’re able to identify the different stages of mitosis, draw them.
• Now, count the cells in each stage and record them using tick marks.
• Once you have counted at least 1000 cells, convert your tick marks to numbers. Graph your results with a bar graph.

Result: 

Analysis and Interpretation : (Prepare a pie chart and write your interpretation based on your result)

Conclusion: After DNA replication, onion cells go through different stages of mitosis.

• Agrochemicals and their effects
• Population density  of plants
• The ecological role of some animals observed in a local area
• To make an inventory of local tree, shrub and herb
• Study The Effect Of A Local Industry On Environment
• Study Of The Genetic Markers In The Human Population
• Inventory of weeds in aquatic bodies/agricultural fields
• Inventory of birds in your locality, their ecological role as scavengers, pollinators, etc.
• Impact of local industry on the  environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry
• Investigating The Biochemical(also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator.
• Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body
• To Study of Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
• To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
• The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
• Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest
• Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
• Study on gene therapy 
• How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
• Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
• The Way Blood Works
• Human genome project 
• Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
• Ozone Depletion
• Diffusion vs food colouring
• Coffee addiction

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Biology Investigatory Project Topics Class-12

When you are selecting a topic for your biology investigatory project, you should select a topic that is unique and interesting. You should give priority to a project that is experiment based. If you are selecting a theory based project you should ideally make a model on the project topic.

Selecting a topic from the textbook and making a project based on the concepts from the textbook won’t be impressive.

You can find a list of biology projects for your reference. You can take ideas from here and make an interesting innovative project. 

Remember the list is not an exhaustive list but simply a list of sample project ideas.

 Also Read : Biology Investigatory Project : Class-12 | How to guide

Download Sample Project Files in Word format Link: https://cbsebiology4u.com/biology-investigatory-projects/biology-investigatory-project-download-word-file/

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Class 12 Biology Case Study Based Questions PDF Download

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In the pursuit of academic excellence, Class 12 Biology students often encounter case studies that challenge their problem-solving abilities and critical thinking skills. These case studies serve as valuable learning tools, allowing students to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-life scenarios. In this article, we will delve into the significance of Class 12 Biology Case Study Based Questions and provide a downloadable PDF resource containing a collection of such questions. So, let’s explore how these case studies can enhance students’ understanding and performance in the subject.

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Case study-based questions simulate real-life situations, encouraging students to analyze, evaluate, and apply their knowledge to address specific problems. By engaging with these scenarios, students develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter, making their learning more meaningful and relevant.

Table of Contents

Case Study-Based Questions for Class 12 Biology

These Class 12th Case Study and Passage-Based Questions will help you to score 95% in Your Board Exams.

• Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions
• Class 12 Chemistry Case Study Questions
• Class 12 Biology Case Study Questions
• Class 12 Maths Case Study Questions

Books for Class 12 Biology

Strictly as per the new term-wise syllabus for Board Examinations to be held in the academic session 2024 for class 12 Multiple Choice Questions based on new typologies introduced by the board- Stand-Alone MCQs, MCQs based on Assertion-Reason Case-based MCQs. Include Questions from CBSE official Question Bank released in April 2024 Answer key with Explanations What are the updates in the book: Strictly as per the Term wise syllabus for Board Examinations to be held in the academic session 2024. Chapter-wise -Topic-wise Multiple choice questions based on the special scheme of assessment for Board Examination for Class 12th.

Case Study-Based Questions Benefit Class 12 Biology Students

Comprehensive learning.

By incorporating case studies into the curriculum, Class 12 Biology students gain a comprehensive understanding of complex biological concepts. These case studies encompass a wide range of topics, from ecology to genetics, and offer multifaceted learning experiences.

Application of Theoretical Knowledge

Theoretical knowledge becomes more valuable when students can apply it practically. Case study-based questions bridge the gap between theory and application, empowering students to connect classroom learning to real-world situations.

Engaging and Interactive Learning

Case studies have an inherent appeal, as they present intriguing problems that captivate students’ attention. This engagement enhances their motivation to learn, making the subject more enjoyable and meaningful.

Tips for Effective Utilization of Case Study-Based Questions

Collaborative learning.

Encourage students to discuss case studies in groups. Collaborative learning promotes teamwork, diverse perspectives, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Teacher Guidance

Teachers play a crucial role in guiding students through the analysis of case studies. Providing insights, posing relevant questions, and facilitating discussions can significantly enhance the learning experience.

Regular Practice

Integrate case study-based questions into regular assessments. Regular practice helps students become more comfortable with this format and boosts their confidence in tackling complex problems.

Class 12 Biology Syllabus for 2024

Check the complete syllabus below along with the new exam scheme. 

Detailed Syllabus:

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter- 2:   Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter- 3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter- 4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete

dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bees; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology  – Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

Ecosystems:  Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles)

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Case study-based questions are invaluable tools that enrich the learning experience of Class 12 Biology students. They foster critical thinking, decision-making skills, and the practical application of theoretical knowledge. By engaging with case studies, students develop a deeper understanding of biological concepts and their relevance in the real world.

Are the case study-based questions suitable for self-study?

Absolutely! These case study-based questions are designed for both classroom learning and self-study. They are excellent resources for independent practice.

Where I can get Class 12th Biology Case Study Questions?

You can practice the Biology Class 12th Case Study Questions on studyrate.in for free.

Do the case studies cover the entire Class 12 Biology syllabus?

Yes, the case studies encompass various topics from the Class 12 Biology syllabus, providing comprehensive coverage.

Are answer keys provided for the case study-based questions?

Yes, after every questions the Ansswer is provided with detailed explanation

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301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12

301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12: Hello friends, today we are going to give you a massive collection of biology project topics for class 12. In this list, you will find all the topics related to biology say it of immune system, Cell biology, Neurobiology, Abortion, Human cloning, Genetic biology, Environmental and Ecology, Plant Pathology, Animals biology etc. So enjoy the list and share it with your friends and dear ones. At the end of this file you will get a free pdf file for biology project topics list.

Table of Contents

Also See: 200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics

Immune System biology project topics for class 12

• How Do Immune System Agents Function?
• Study of Immunity & Stress
• How immune disorders affect the body and what causes them?
• Is DNA modification in humans in order to remove immune disorders acceptable?
• Vaccination: Are There Any Real Benefits?
• How to prevent the spread of hives?
• The Society’s Perspective on Vaccination
• What things cause the immunological system to be weakened?
• Study of Human Immune System and Its Resistance Capabilities
• Allergies – a mild irritant, or a sign of a big immune disorder?
• The perception of vaccines in society
• Discovering Diseases Caused by Immune System not Functioning Good
• Why do some people refuse vaccines and put others around them in danger?
• Asthma & Allergic Reactions
• Auto-immune diseases and how they affect the body’s immunological system
• Study of The global hiv/aids epidemic
• Study of Immunology & Transplantation
• What factors can strengthen the human immune system to fight disease better?
• How do vaccines strengthen the immune response?
• Study of Immunotherapy Influence on Human Body
• Genetic factors that affect the immunological system
• Graft Rejection Prevention
• Study of Living with auto-immune diseases
• Study of Tolerance & Autoimmunity
• How does stress affect the immunological system?

Also See: 210+ Class 12 Chemistry Project Topics

Cell biology project topics for class 12

• Cell Structure and its Function
• The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. What does it mean?
• Human Stem Cell Technology
• How do red blood cells transport oxygen?
• To Study the Animal Cells Parts and Function
• Different types of cells in the body and their functions
• 3D Animal Cell Biology Project
• How do fungi reproduce and spread?
• Cellular Membranes, Security Mechanisms, and Phospholipids in the Living Cells
• How do white blood cells fight diseases?
• To Study the Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells
• Difference Between plant cells animal cells?
• What if animals could photosynthesize just like plants?
• Structure and Classification of Enzymes and Its function
• How do single-celled organisms work?
• What is cell division and how does it work?
• Functions of Nucleic-acid in restraining Growing and Reproduction in the Household Cells: Biology project topics
• Bacteria and how they invade the body
• Qualitative Analysis of Carbohydrate
• Study of Viruses – alive or not?
• What are cancer cells and why are they so dangerous?
• To Study and Evaluate the Molecular Vitality Resources for Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• How do we kill cancer cells?
• Stem cells and their potential

Neurobiology project topics for class 12

• An overview of the Nervous system
• Visual Cortex & Models of Orientation
• The Relationship between Mental Health and Neurobiology
• How are emotions formed in the brain?
• Neuroscience in Robotic Technologies
• Brain and Memory
• What is the maximum reaction speed in a human?
• Brain Capabilities of Self-Repairing
• Is it possible to fix Amnesia?
• Causes and Consequences of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Genetic Defect That Contributes to Schizophrenia
• Neurobiological degeneration due to old age
• Therapy to fix Spinal Cord injuries
• Factors and Causes Behind a Migraine
• Can Gut Bacteria Contribute to Depression?
• Cognitive Neuroscience on Problem-Solving
• Genes and Proteins Responsible for Neurons functioning
• The shape of a Neuron and how it is different from other cells
• Is it possible to improve reaction speed?
• Impact of Music on Human Brain
• Brain Injuries and Related Disorders
• Organic Farming Neurobiology Research
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Why do we feel happy or sad?
• What is Visual-Motor Coordination Based On?
• Headaches explained by Neurobiology
• Connection Between Gut Bacteria and Anxiety
• Causes of Narcolepsy and Insomnia

Abortion, Human cloning, Genetic biology project topics for class 12

• What We Actually Know About DNA-modified Organisms
• Can DNA Change Beat Aging?
• Gene editing using CRISPR
• DNA modifications in humans to enhance our abilities – an ethical dilemma
• DNA Modifications in Humans
• Will expensive gene therapy widen the gap between the rich and poor?
• Cloning can chantrue ge medicine – or false?
• How Addictive Substances Affect Our Genes
• The disadvantages of cloning
• Genetic Grounds for Obesity
• Is Homosexuality Genetically Based?
• Is it ethical to have a ‘perfect child’ through gene therapy on a fetus?
• Depression & Genes
• Are Genetically Modified Foods Safe?
• Should we remove undesirable traits using gene therapy on a fetus?
• Should Human Cloning Be Legal?
• The Advantages of Transgenic Crops
• Advantages and disadvantages of gene therapy
• Factors Contributing to Genetic Mutations
• Organ Transplantation: Is Donor’s Consent Needed?
• How gene therapy can help beat cancer
• Ethics Behind Transplantation
• How Public Opinion Holds Back the Scientific Progress
• Is Abortion ethical? Should it be legal?
• Safe abortion
• Presentation on Abortion Law & Society’s Perspective in the USA
• How gene therapy can eliminate diabetes
• How Abortion is Related to the Feminist Ideology
• The Biological Insights of Abortion
• Human cloning – reality vs science-fiction
• Human Cloning & Transplantation Possibilities
• Project on Different Types of Cloning
• The goals of cloning humans
• DNA Structure, Genetic Disorders, and Modern Technology
• History and Development of Human Cloning Science
• Is human cloning and transplantation ethical?
• Cloning: The Moral Aspect
• How Cloning Can Change Medicine

Also See: Best General Topics For Presentation

Environmental and Ecology biology project topics for class 12

• Agricultural wastewater treatment 
• How does natural selection work?
• Controlling population growth
• The importance of recycling resources
• Biology and Evolution of the Life Science
• The adaptation of living organisms to their environment
• Antarctic Peninsula Palaeontology Project
• The ecological consequences of cloning endangered or extinct species
• Impact of Ozone Layer Depletion on the Human Life
• Divergent and convergent evolution
• To Study Large Scale Forest Fragmentation Experiment
• To Study Impact of Global Warming on the Environment
• Development of environment-friendly cities
• To Study Methods to Improvement of the Biogas Production
• Building a sustainable environment
• To Investigate the different methods of production of biodiesel from waste 
• The theory of evolution
• Generally modified Animals Impact on the Ecosystem
• Plastic and the environment
• Deforestation and its effects
• The consequences of losing biodiversity
• To Study Impact of the Solid Waste Landfilling on the Environment
• Is it possible to reverse ecological damage?
• GMOs and their effect on ecology
• How climate change is disrupting ecologies

Plant Pathology biology project topics for class 12

• Dispersal of Seeds by Animals
• Plant and Flower Pigment and Colours
• Impact of the light on the Growth of Plant
• Stem rust and its effects on wheat
• To Study the Different Factors affecting the Transpiration
• How do plant diseases spread?
• To Study and Analysed the Experiment of Osmosis with the Potato
• Various Factor affecting the rate of the Photosynthesis
• Fungal vs viral diseases in plants
• The sweet potato virus
• The Plant Covered with Plastic Bag Experiment
• To Study of the Germination and Microwave of Seeds
• Targeting invasive plants and weeds with diseases
• Do fertilizers affect plant disease?
• Adaptation of insect Pollinated Flower
• To Study and Analyse the Freezing Temperature of Seed Tolerance
• Genetic components of a plant disease
• Are ecological changes making plant diseases worse?
• To Study the Saprophytic Nutrition: Biology Projects for Class 12
• The impact of plant diseases on food production
• To Study the different Treatments and their Effects on the Seed Germination
• Poa pratensis Growth Rate in the Pure Humus
• How do plants combat diseases?
• To Study the Speed of Sprouting Seeds
• To Study the Leaf Shape, venation, and Margin
• The importance of disease resistance in plants
• The banana pandemic
• To Study the Transpiration rate of the different Plants
• Herbicides and their effect on other plants
• Corn blight
• To Study the Different types of Medicinal Plants
• Can any plant diseases affect humans?
• To Study the Aeroponics and Hydroponics

Also See: Head Injury PPT | PowerPoint Presentation

Animals biology project topics for class 12

• The evolution of land-based life
• Classification of animals
• Factors Concerning Animal Growth
• The Obesity in Home Pets
• The ethics of testing drugs and products on animals
• Traditional Dog Diet and Modern Home Pets
• Male Pregnancy Among Animals
• Why did prehistoric aquatic animals grow so big?
• Is Beauty Products Testing on Animals Ethical?
• Birds Behavioral Study
• Can all animals become vegan?
• Social behavior in animals
• Animal Science & Food Sustainability
• Nature reserves versus zoos
• Primate behavior
• Does Veganism Actually Influence Meat Production?
• Hibernation in animals
• Wild Animal Projects
• How intelligent can other primates be?
• How intelligent can wolves and dogs be?
• Fashion Industry & Animal Abuse
• Domesticating animals
• Camouflage Mechanism in Sea Animals
• Should we bring back extinct animals?
• Discovering Primate Language and Cognitive Function
• Is it ethical to keep animals as pets?
• Why animals migrate

So it was all about 301+ Best Biology Project Topics for Class 12, if you liked them then please share them with your friends and dear ones.

Free PDF Link to Download These Topics

Biology Project Topics for Class 12

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Biology Investigatory Project Class 12 | Pdf

Biology investigatory project class 12 :.

We know that finding a Biology Investigatory project is the hardest part of a science fair project for class 12, and sometimes it just takes a little help to focus on what kinds of topics would interest you. To help you find a class 12 biology investigatory project idea that is interesting to you, you can select any of the categories below under the heading of EXPERIMENTS, you will find dozens of interesting experiments.

High school science covers a variety of topics in Biology like Microbiology, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology project ideas, Ecology, meteorology, etc. Therefore, nothing is forbidden when it comes to choosing Biology project topics for class 12. These ideas would be suitable for most of the high school curriculum. When reviewing the list, remember that you can make any of these ideas more complex by changing variables and comparing results.

You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic. The more original or new the project is, the better it would be. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology.

You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas. By doing these investigatory projects you will gain experience in research besides providing opportunities for learning skills such as photography, electronics, etc.

It is not uncommon for school students to find suitable topics for a research project. The range of options is wide because there are as many scientific fields as there are different research fields. From the following topics student will be able to choose something for themselves:

13. The effect of climate change on flowering plants Have you heard of climate change? This natural process, much talked about by adults, is connected with a large amount of CO 2 in the air, the greenhouse effect that is also a natural phenomenon, responsible for leaving the Earth warm. These changes are happening faster now than in the time of our grandpas and are worrying researchers from all over the world since they end up harming animals, air, climate, etc. But have you ever stopped to think about how they affect plants?

14. Oil Spill EVS Project:  We have all heard in news about oil spills and their harmful effects on our Earth and its marine life. But we, who do not get to see these effects closely, do not understand exactly the degree of impact that oil spills. In these projects, we are going to briefly discuss and perform the oil spill evs project.

15. Production of biosurfactant by using Micro-organisms Biosurfactants are a diverse group of surface-active molecules, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. Due to their amphiphilic nature, they are capable of modifying the water-oil, water-air, or soil-water interface and therefore reduce surface and interfacial tension. Compared with chemical surfactants, they have the advantage of being biodegradable, less toxic, and effective at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity; in addition to being able to be synthesized from residual or cheap sources. In the oil industry, they can be used as oil flow improvers, in the improved recovery of hydrocarbons via microbial pathways, improvement of the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and cleaning of tanks and pipes. Their production is affected by the growth factors to which microorganisms are exposed, such as the presence of specific substrates, cations, and extreme conditions.

1. Investigating the pH of a water sample: Monitoring the physicochemical properties of water is of vital importance. The normal maximum permissible limit of pH for our life and health is 6.5–8.5. Abnormal levels of pH and their consequences are given below: pH 3 to 5 is too acidic for most organisms to survive, when the pH of water falls below 4.5 most of the fishes die, leaving only a small number of acid tolerant insects such as water boatman and whirligig. These insects (beetles) can survive and multiply even at pH 3.5. Similarly, pH>8.5 is too basic for most organisms to survive.

2. Impact of local industry on the environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry: The guidelines and a brief outline of a few projects have been given with the purpose to design and perform such an investigation. Students and teachers can think and design investigatory projects based on almost all concepts about which experimental protocols have been given in the manual.

3. Investigating the biochemical (also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator:

Dissolved oxygen (DO) test measures the current status of oxygen in a water body. This is a useful starting point. However, DO content can vary considerably from day to day as affected by many factors like temperature, wind velocity, eutrophication, pollution, etc. The unpolluted water is characteristically rich in DO and low in BOD. The higher the BOD, the lower would be DO. Conversely, polluted water has high values of BOD. Water for drinking should have a BOD of less than 1. Typical BOD values for raw sewage run from 200–400 mg of oxygen/liter. The maximum.

4. Study of the genetic markers in the human population: In this investigation, a few selected inherited traits can be investigated in the family members of a small population in the locality. The compilation and analysis of data will provide an about prevalence of trait in the said population.

5. Study of the effect of chemicals and pollutants on the Mitotic Index of the mitotically dividing onion root tip cells:

This is the easiest Biology Investigatory project include including the Growing of onion root tip cells in the solution of pollutant /chemical and also in normal water as control. Preparation and observation of slide for the study of mitotic index both in experimental and control set-ups. Analysis of the effect of pollutant/chemical by comparing the data of mitotic index between experimental and control variables.

6. Agrochemicals and their effects: Another important Biology project topic for class 12 The project was carried out in a survey mode with a questionnaire prepared with the help of the teacher to cover the following aspects. List of pesticides used, the amount used/hectare or acre, periodicity of spray, name of the crop plant grown, recommended dose and the dose employed, known effects on pest, whether the chemical pesticide is biodegradable or not, alternate eco-friendly biocides . List of fertilizers used, cost incurred/acre/year, recommended dosage/time of use and the dosage used, known effects on fertility of the soil, any decrease in crop productivity, and use of eco-friendly biofertilizers (VAM fungi, leaf mold, green manure, dung, etc.).

7. Ecological role of some animals observed in a local area: This topic is included in the Record of the various plant species growing in the area under study – trees, shrubs, annual/perennial herbs, etc. Note the season when a flower/seed is formed. Note the various types of insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, etc., and record their role as a/an (i) Herbivore (ii) Pollinator (iii) In-seed dispersal agent (iv) Prey

• How fertilization occurs in frog
• Five Kingdom Classification 
• Structure of DNA and RNA
• 100 Biotechnology project topics 
• Central Dogma of Life
• Internal and external fertilization 
• Factors affecting photosynthesis 
• Photosynthesis 
• Factors affecting Enzyme actions 
• Plant hormone 
• Effect of plants hormone 
• Biofuel production from waste products 
• Alcohol production from sugarcane 
• Ethanol Production from Apple 
• Production of biosurfactant
• Fermentation process 
• Protein synthesis in vivo manner.
• Advantages and disadvantages of biology.
• Formation of recombinant vaccines against covid19 
• Production of biofertilizer
• Production of single-cell proteins.
• How to reduce atmospheric Co2 organically.
• Study the process of Osmosis and Turgor pressure

1. How to choose a Biology Investigatory project for Class 12 Answer: For Choosing an Investigatory Project You may be guided by your teacher regarding your choice of topic in this page we also provide several project topics you can select any one topic. As we know A more original project topic is best. But it must be realistic in terms of the time available and at a level attained in higher secondary biology. While Searching for your project topic You must review the available literature to find out what type of work has been done on your selected topic. This will help you to reject some of the alternatives, and possibly cause you to modify others. It may also be the source of new ideas.

2. How to Design my Class 12 Biology Projects? Answer:   Having established the objectives of your chosen project, you must have an experimental design. This will allow you to collect the data you need in a scientific way to test the hypothesis. For example, if your project involves investigating the hypothesis that stale milk contains more bacteria than fresh milk, devise the procedure you would adopt to carry out your investigation.

3. How to Plan my Project Investigations Answer: Having decided on your topic for scientific investigation, you should give careful thought to the plan of your investigation in some detail. These may include. What hypothesis can you make, How can you ensure that the experimental tests and measurements you carry out are accurate and reliable? What controls do you need? How many variables are you investigating? Correctly identify key variables as independent and dependent. Are your variables discrete or continuous? Identify appropriate control variables for fair tests. How many repeat observations or samples will you require?

4. How to complete my Biology Project within a short period? Answer: Executing the Project, Following the planning, a brief description of the expected procedures has to be approved in advance by the teacher. Having decided what controls you need to use, list the components of your experiment and decide what quantities of substances to use, and how to set the experiment. You should also decide what type of readings or measurements you are going to make, how often and how many. Note the source of error, if any, that you come across. Handle instruments and equipment appropriately to give accuracy. Repeat measurement. Keep proper controls and the variables constant.

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