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Medical research articles within Scientific Reports

Article 08 April 2024 | Open Access

Analyzing the changing trend of corneal biomechanical properties under different influencing factors in T2DM patients

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Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz and circulating cathodic antigen in terms of Schistosoma japonicum using latent class analysis

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Delirium and incident dementia in hospital patients

Quantifying possible bias in clinical and epidemiological studies with quantitative bias analysis: common approaches and limitations

Use of progestogens and the risk of intracranial meningioma

Community based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people

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FOXO1 reshapes neutrophils to aggravate acute brain damage and promote late depression after traumatic brain injury

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Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system

Authors: Shan-Shan Zhang, Ruo-Qi Li, Zhong Chen, Xiao-Ying Wang, Aaron S. Dumont and Xiang Fan

Heart-brain axis: low blood pressure during off-pump CABG surgery is associated with postoperative heart failure

Authors: Xiu-Yun Liu, Jing-Jing Mu, Jian-Ge Han, Mei-Jun Pang, Kuo Zhang, Wen-Qian Zhai, Nan Su, Guang-Jian Ni, Zhi-Gang Guo and Dong Ming

Endophilin A2 controls touch and mechanical allodynia via kinesin-mediated Piezo2 trafficking

Authors: Man-Xiu Xie, Ren-Chun Lai, Yi-Bin Xiao, Xi Zhang, Xian-Ying Cao, Xiao-Yu Tian, An-Nan Chen, Zi-Yi Chen, Yan Cao, Xiao Li and Xiao-Long Zhang

Targeting vulnerable microcircuits in the ventral hippocampus of male transgenic mice to rescue Alzheimer-like social memory loss

Authors: Hui-Yang Lei, Gui-Lin Pi, Ting He, Rui Xiong, Jing-Ru Lv, Jia-Le Liu, Dong-Qin Wu, Meng-Zhu Li, Kun Shi, Shi-Hong Li, Na-Na Yu, Yang Gao, Hui-Ling Yu, Lin-Yu Wei, Xin Wang, Qiu-Zhi Zhou…

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The Letter to the editor to this article has been published in Military Medical Research 2021 8 :10

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Successful recovery of COVID-19-associated recurrent diarrhea and gastrointestinal hemorrhage using convalescent plasma

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Best Websites for Medical Research Papers: Top 10

Best Websites for Medical Research Papers: Online resources for medical research and information gathering are often used by doctors. This trend has greatly intensified over the past ten years. Nowadays, locating the right online resources is part of most doctors’ procedures. On the other hand, there is a wealth of information online. For doctors, who are under pressure to gather critical information in the shortest period possible, this can be an even bigger difficulty.

Both reliable and unreliable information can easily be found on the internet. The issue is that some of these sites are so well-designed that they can fool you. It’s why I spent so much time looking for reputable websites where doctors may get accurate information. The top 10 medical research paper websites are shown below.

Recommended: Countries with the best doctors in the world 2022

Top 10 Best Websites for Medical Research Papers

Visit the PubMed website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health is responsible for maintaining the medical website PubMed. On this website, doctors can find abstracts as well as whole peer-reviewed papers on a range of medical topics. Doctors won’t have any trouble learning about cutting-edge methods or alternative treatments because the reading is written just for healthcare professionals. They will be able to increase their expertise in particular medical fields. Additionally, patients who come to your office might be directed there to make an informed decision.

This online resource has a simple search feature as well as a comprehensive search feature. A simple search is conducted by entering important parts of the subject into the search field. The easy search will be translated by PubMed, which will include appropriate medical subject headings (MeSH), field names, synonyms, and Boolean operators. This assists doctors in improving their search formulation.

2. Medscape

Visit the Medscape website at www.medscape.com

Medscape is a highly regarded medical website aimed at healthcare professionals. Both the information industry and the medical community have praised the website since its debut in 1995. Medscape has quickly gained a reputation as a reliable source of peer-reviewed knowledge within the medical community. Numerous value-added services are available for users’ use. To demonstrate its better grade, CBS purchased a third of the company. Additionally, it has a strategic partnership with AOL to broaden its medical reach.

Information aggregation is one of its primary functions. Users can read around 50 peer-reviewed journals and full-text publications after registering for free on the site. They will also get access to trade magazines, medical textbooks, and medical news periodicals. Even though this site has information on almost every element of medicine, it is incredibly user-friendly. Each section of the site is accessible with one or two clicks, regardless of the page you are on. Users can utilize the search box at the bottom of each page to get any sort of information they need.

Also see: Advantages and Disadvantages of Being an Entrepreneur

Visit the WebMD website at www.webmd.com

An American organization with a focus on sharing health-related information is called WebMD. The website is among the top doctor websites based on unique monthly visits. The site’s services are available to both clients and medical professionals. It is the publisher of WebMD the Magazine, a publication geared at patients that is available in 85% of all waiting rooms in the US. They also own Medscape, a reputable internet resource used by numerous medical professionals in the US and abroad.

They feature a discussion forum where doctors and patients can freely exchange information. This can assist a doctor in providing insight to patients as well as gaining some through various interactions. WebMD is a great resource for clinicians who want a rapid overview of a new medical problem. You can also utilize their drug database to learn about new drugs that have been launched on the market. The majority of their posts usually include links to peer-reviewed evidence that you may utilize to draw your conclusions.

Also see : How To Make Your Brain Smarter and Faster

4. World Health Organization

Visit the WHO website at www.who.int.

The WHO is a United Nations specialized organization that focuses on international public health. It also hosts the WHO website at https://www.who.int. Although 61 countries have ratified the organization’s constitution, it operates in every part of the globe. Since its inception, the site has supplied extensive information about diseases such as HIV, Ebola, Malaria, Tuberculosis, and a variety of other ailments and fields. This may be the most important internet resource in the world if you are a medical doctor concerned with public health.

The site has a useful news part in addition to providing facts and statistics about significant public health situations. This section includes updates on current occurrences in the medical world. For example, you will be able to learn about numerous global trends. This includes topics such as child mortality, which is a significant problem in various parts of the world. This news area might be a valuable resource for people conducting studies on key worldwide public health topics.

5. UpToDate

Visit the UpToDate website at www.uptodate.com

UpToDate is a physician-authored evidence-based resource that aids in decision-making. As a result, it ensures that doctors make the best decision possible at the moment of treatment. The UpToDate resource is maintained by over 6,500 internationally known medical editors, authors, and peer-reviewers. They go through a rigorous editorial process to ensure that they compile the most up-to-date medical data into evidence-based, reliable recommendations that have been proved to improve care quality.

Over 1.3 million physicians in over 187 countries and over 90% of major medical centers in the United States use the resource. As a result, they can provide the greatest medical care possible. There have been over 80 research studies that show that extensive use of the resource leads to better medical care. According to the UpToDate website, it has been demonstrated to help shorten hospital stays, lessen mortality, and reduce unfavorable consequences.

Also see: Advantages and Disadvantages of being a Leader

6. ClinicalKey

Visit the ClinicalKey website at www.clinicalkey.com

Elsevier owns ClinicalKey, a medical database tool. It provides access to an extensive medical library published by Elsevier. Elsevier’s Global Clinical Reference team developed the database. Over 2000 medical doctors from around the world were consulted over two years to construct the database. The main purpose of this resource is to provide solutions to clinical questions. It is directed toward doctors, hospitals, schools, and colleges. The resource is also available as a mobile app for Android and iOS.

ClinicalKey claims that all of its data is scientifically validated. As a result, resources like Goldman’s Cecil Medicine, Conn’s Current Therapy, and others are now available. The site is also easy to use, with a simple design and color palette that helps users easily find the information they need.

7. MedicineNet

Visit the MedicineNet website at www.medicinenet.com

WebMD owns MedicineNet.com, a medical information website. It provides users with newsletters, medical information, and much more. All of the information presented here is of the highest quality; it was prepared by board-certified physicians. The content is excellent for those who want to learn more about various health problems.

The website is simple to navigate. A helpful navigation bar and choices to peruse news or various themes are available. There’s also the option of looking through the most popular queries available. This site has a lot of information, but it’s effectively arranged into bulleted lists, subtopics, and multimedia to keep users interested. There are links in the text that go to even additional information to ensure that everything is as clear as possible.

Visual design can be overpowering from a design standpoint at times. All of the elements appear to be competing for the user’s attention. To avoid losing focus when using the site, it is necessary to have a certain topic in mind. Regardless, this site will provide you with high-quality information. All of the content on this site is produced and evaluated by medical experts, and the articles are well referenced.

Also see: Advantages and Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation

8. American Medical Association

Visit the AMA website at www.ama-assn.org

The American Medical Association’s website provides scientific and health information to the medical community and the general public. The site is a fantastic location to stay up to date on medical policy and law. It frequently represents the medical community in meetings with members of Congress and other government bodies. The agency is responsible for creating criteria for medical schools and internship programs. This is the place to be if you’re a medical professional who wants to learn about quack treatments and medical charlatans.

This is a fantastic resource for medical professionals seeking knowledge on a variety of topics. It explains how doctors can handle their practice’s finances, for example. This will also be a great resource for doctors who want to open a practice in rural America. More than just medical advancements and related legislation are covered on the site. The website covers all aspects of being a doctor. This site will be extremely useful if you are a young doctor who is unfamiliar with any element of medicine.

9. National Institutes of Health

Visit the National Institutes of Health website at www.nih.gov

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a US government-run organization. It is governed by the Department of Health and Human Services and exists to perform medical research. It is made up of over 27 different institutions and institutes, all of which are committed to medical research. This is a valuable resource for doctors in a variety of professions. It provides free access to valuable peer-reviewed material. The National Institutes of Health website is extremely valuable in any branch of medicine. Its goals include determining the etiology of disease, as well as disease prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and control.

The National Institutes of Health frequently engages in research initiatives and then publishes the results online after a thorough assessment. As a result of ongoing research, medical doctors in the United States can improve their abilities and knowledge. The NIH has been engaged in around 17 medical breakthroughs, demonstrating how dependable its research is. These breakthroughs have contributed to transforming healthcare in the United States and around the world. If you’re a doctor looking for ground-breaking research, the NIH is a great place to start.

Also see: Best Apps for Medical Students and Doctors

10. Epocrates

Visit the Epocrates website at www.epocrates.com

Epocrates is a medical reference app that includes disease, diagnostics, medicines, and patient management information. Doctors and other medical professionals are the target audience for the app. Drug dosing, drug interactions, medical news, disease management, and disease diagnosis are all available to users.

Information is gathered from reliable sources such as the FDA and then digitally structured to aid in decision-making during patient care. The software also can identify medications among its other features. Hundreds of risk assessment tools, therapy advice, and coding look-ups are also available. Epocrates is the app to have if you are a doctor who wants a rapid medical reference to numerous parts of medicine.

This app is also notable for being free. Medical students and professionals have given it high marks. It is also worth noting the user interface. It makes finding any information that one requires simple. The medicine formularies provided by Epocrates for numerous insurance companies are pretty impressive. It assists doctors in prescribing medication that is covered by the patient’s insurance policy, lowering the copay.

Recommended: Most Complex/Complicated Movies of All Time

Many factual and non-factual websites on the internet claim to serve the medical community. It can be tough to tell them apart, though. The list above might be a helpful resource for people looking for information to help them conduct research and better serve their patients.

Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka, ACMC, is a lawyer and a certified mediator/conciliator in Nigeria. He is also a developer with knowledge in various programming languages. Samuel is determined to leverage his skills in technology, SEO, and legal practice to revolutionize the legal profession worldwide by creating web and mobile applications that simplify legal research. Sam is also passionate about educating and providing valuable information to people.

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Fatal Traffic Risks With a Total Solar Eclipse in the US

• 1 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 2 Evaluative Clinical Science Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 3 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 4 Division of General Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 5 Center for Leading Injury Prevention Practice Education & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• 6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• 7 Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon temporarily obscures the sun and casts a dark shadow across the earth. This astronomical spectacle has been described for more than 3 millennia and can be predicted with high precision. Eclipse-related solar retinopathy (vision loss from staring at the sun) is an established medical complication; however, other medical outcomes have received little attention. 1

Read More About

Redelmeier DA , Staples JA. Fatal Traffic Risks With a Total Solar Eclipse in the US. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 25, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5234

Manage citations:

© 2024

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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Published on 1.4.2024 in Vol 26 (2024)

Response of Unvaccinated US Adults to Official Information About the Pause in Use of the Johnson & Johnson–Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Response of unvaccinated us adults to official information about the pause in use of the johnson & johnson–janssen covid-19 vaccine: cross-sectional survey study.

Authors of this article:

Research Letter

• Vishala Mishra 1 * , MBBS, MMCi   ; 
• Joseph P Dexter 2, 3, 4 * , PhD  

1 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States

2 Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Allston, MA, United States

3 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

4 Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao

*all authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

Joseph P Dexter, PhD

Data Science Initiative

Harvard University

Science and Engineering Complex 1.312-10

150 Western Avenue

Allston, MA, 02134

United States

Phone: 1 8023381330

Email: [email protected]

Using a rapid response web-based survey, we identified gaps in public understanding of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s messaging about the pause in use of the Johnson & Johnson–Janssen COVID-19 vaccine and estimated changes in vaccine hesitancy using counterfactual questions.

Introduction

On April 13, 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration recommended a pause in use of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J)–Janssen COVID-19 vaccine due to 6 reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in recently vaccinated individuals [ 1 ]. The announcement of the pause required development of a coordinated communication strategy under extreme time pressure and careful messaging by stakeholders to mitigate reduced public confidence in COVID-19 vaccines [ 2 ]. Moreover, official communication efforts had to consider the potential influence of already widespread misinformation about the vaccines on attitudes toward the pause [ 3 , 4 ]. In this survey study, we evaluated understanding and impressions of the CDC’s public web-based information about the J&J-Janssen pause among unvaccinated US adults.

Web-Based Survey About J&J-Janssen Pause

We administered the web-based survey to two cohorts of US adults recruited through Prolific between April 19-21, 2021 (cohort A), and April 21-23, 2021 (cohort B). Both cohorts were assembled using convenience sampling of unvaccinated adults. To obtain information about a population that especially needed targeted vaccine communication, the first cohort was restricted to individuals expressing neutral or negative sentiments about COVID-19 vaccines. The survey design and recruitment strategy are described in Multimedia Appendix 1 ; the survey questions are provided in Multimedia Appendices 2 and 3 .

Ethical Considerations

The study was approved by Harvard University’s Committee on the Use of Human Subjects (IRB20-2089), and participants agreed to a consent statement on the first page of the survey. Participants were paid US $2 for taking the survey. All study data were collected anonymously.

A total of 271 and 286 participants were included in cohorts A and B, respectively (demographic characteristics listed in Table 1 ). Across participants, the median number of correct responses to the comprehension questions was 6 in both cohort A (IQR 1.5; range 0-7) and cohort B (IQR 1.0; range 1-7). The total number of correct responses was negatively associated with intention not to seek vaccination in both cohort A (odds ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.82; P =.001) and cohort B (odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.74; P =.001; Multimedia Appendix 4 ). Although a majority of participants rated the passages as “clear and easy to read” (cohort A: n=229, 84.5%; cohort B: n=243, 85%), fewer indicated that they would be likely to share them on social media (cohort A: n=53, 19.6%; cohort B: n=75, 26.3%).

The web page mentioned “a small number of reports” of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in individuals who received the J&J-Janssen vaccine. When asked to guess a specific number, 188 (69.4%) and 133 (46.5%) respondents in cohorts A and B, respectively, estimated 100 or more cases, at least an order of magnitude higher than the actual value; 176 (64.9%) and 128 (44.8%) respondents in cohorts A and B, respectively, estimated 10 or more deaths after vaccination ( Figure 1 ).

Responding to a counterfactual question, 127 (46.9%) and 139 (48.6%) participants in cohorts A and B, respectively, indicated that the pause reduced their confidence in the J&J-Janssen vaccine’s safety ( Figure 1 ). Most participants reported no change in their confidence in COVID-19 vaccines’ safety in general (cohort A: n=182, 67.2%; cohort B: n=194, 67.8%) or intention to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine (cohort A: n=206, 76%; cohort B: n=211, 73.8%).

a Participants could select more than one option.

b Includes participants who selected “American Indian or Alaska Native,” “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander,” or “Another option not listed here.”

c Number of participants who gave the correct answer to each question.

d Number of participants who gave the indicated number of correct answers across all questions.

e Number of participants who answered “Strongly agree” or “Agree” about each description on a 6-point Likert scale.

In our web-based survey about the CDC’s messaging around the J&J-Janssen vaccine pause, many respondents overestimated the number of case reports that prompted the pause, often by several orders of magnitude. Since verbal descriptors are elastic concepts that can be misinterpreted, grounding them with numbers can reduce variability in risk perception and promote informed decision-making [ 5 ].

Respondents also expressed reduced confidence in the safety of the J&J-Janssen vaccine, highlighting the potential danger of conveying piecemeal information about risk during a pandemic response [ 3 ]. Encouragingly, the reduced confidence did not extend to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, consistent with previous findings that overall vaccine hesitancy remained stable following the pause [ 6 ]. These results were obtained using the counterfactual format, which is less susceptible to overestimating shifts in beliefs than the change format ( Multimedia Appendix 1 ). The negative association between understanding of the passage and self-reported vaccine hesitancy suggests that more targeted messaging may have been useful to promote vaccine confidence [ 7 , 8 ].

Consistent with uncertainty management theory [ 9 ], individuals likely viewed the pause in different ways, leading to a spectrum of emotional responses and changes in behavior. Despite being a safety precaution, the pause introduced new uncertainties requiring effective management through clear and consistent messaging, highlighting the balance that must be maintained between fostering trust and preventing unnecessary alarm [ 10 ]. Given the limitations of the deficit model of scientific communication [ 11 ], just providing technically correct information is insufficient for effective communication during public health crises. Instead, attention should be given to the accessibility of information across diverse socioeconomic groups, in line with the knowledge gap hypothesis [ 12 ], and to countering misinformation by providing easy-to-use official guidance [ 6 , 7 ].

The study is limited by the convenience sampling strategy; the participants recruited were not representative of the US population as a whole, and the findings should not be generalized to other contexts. Since the study was conducted on the web, individuals with lower internet and health literacy may have been excluded.

Acknowledgments

We thank Vasudha Mishra, MBBS, for assistance with graphic design. This work was supported by a CoronaVirusFacts Alliance Grant from the Poynter Institute, a Harvard Data Science Fellowship, and the Institute of Collaborative Innovation at the University of Macau.

Data Availability

The data sets generated during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

None declared.

Additional information about survey methodology.

Survey administered to cohort A.

Survey administered to cohort B.

Supplemental tables about survey questions and ordinal logistic regression analysis.

• Karron RA, Key NS, Sharfstein JM. Assessing a rare and serious adverse event following administration of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. JAMA. Jul 22, 2021;325(24):2445-2447. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Wood S, Schulman K. Beyond politics—promoting Covid-19 vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med. Mar 18, 2021;384(7):e23. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Lee JJ, Kang K, Wang MP, Zhao SZ, Wong JYH, O'Connor S, et al. Associations between COVID-19 misinformation exposure and belief with COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors: cross-sectional online study. J Med Internet Res. Dec 13, 2020;22(11):e22205. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Ginossar T, Cruickshank IJ, Zheleva E, Sulskis J, Berger-Wolf T. Cross-platform spread: vaccine-related content, sources, and conspiracy theories in YouTube videos shared in early Twitter COVID-19 conversations. Hum Vaccin Immunother. Dec 31, 2022;18(1):1-13. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Edwards A, Elwyn G, Mulley A. Explaining risks: turning numerical data into meaningful pictures. BMJ. May 06, 2002;324(7341):827-830. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Hsieh YL, Rak S, SteelFisher GK, Bauhoff S. Effect of the suspension of the J&J COVID-19 vaccine on vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Vaccine. Jan 24, 2022;40(3):424-427. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Miller M, Castrucci BC. Changing the COVID-19 conversation: it's about language. JAMA Health Forum. Mar 01, 2021;2(2):e210020. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Mishra V, Dexter JP. Comparison of readability of official public health information about COVID-19 on websites of international agencies and the governments of 15 countries. JAMA Netw Open. Aug 03, 2020;3(8):e2018033. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Brashers D. Communication and uncertainty management. J Commun. 2001;51(3):477-497. [ CrossRef ]
• Petersen MB, Bor A, Jørgensen F, Lindholt MF. Transparent communication about negative features of COVID-19 vaccines decreases acceptance but increases trust. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jul 20, 2021;118(29):e2024597118. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Reincke CM, Bredenoord AL, van Mil MH. From deficit to dialogue in science communication: the dialogue communication model requires additional roles from scientists. EMBO Rep. Oct 03, 2020;21(9):e51278. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
• Lind F, Boomgaarden HG. What we do and don’t know: a meta-analysis of the knowledge gap hypothesis. Ann Int Commun Assoc. May 09, 2019;43(3):210-224. [ CrossRef ]

Abbreviations

Edited by A Mavragani; submitted 25.08.22; peer-reviewed by M Graham, T Ginossar, A Scherer; comments to author 25.01.23; revised version received 26.05.23; accepted 29.12.23; published 01.04.24.

©Vishala Mishra, Joseph P Dexter. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 01.04.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

• COVID-19 and your mental health

Worries and anxiety about COVID-19 can be overwhelming. Learn ways to cope as COVID-19 spreads.

At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, life for many people changed very quickly. Worry and concern were natural partners of all that change — getting used to new routines, loneliness and financial pressure, among other issues. Information overload, rumor and misinformation didn't help.

Worldwide surveys done in 2020 and 2021 found higher than typical levels of stress, insomnia, anxiety and depression. By 2022, levels had lowered but were still higher than before 2020.

Though feelings of distress about COVID-19 may come and go, they are still an issue for many people. You aren't alone if you feel distress due to COVID-19. And you're not alone if you've coped with the stress in less than healthy ways, such as substance use.

But healthier self-care choices can help you cope with COVID-19 or any other challenge you may face.

And knowing when to get help can be the most essential self-care action of all.

Recognize what's typical and what's not

Stress and worry are common during a crisis. But something like the COVID-19 pandemic can push people beyond their ability to cope.

In surveys, the most common symptoms reported were trouble sleeping and feeling anxiety or nervous. The number of people noting those symptoms went up and down in surveys given over time. Depression and loneliness were less common than nervousness or sleep problems, but more consistent across surveys given over time. Among adults, use of drugs, alcohol and other intoxicating substances has increased over time as well.

The first step is to notice how often you feel helpless, sad, angry, irritable, hopeless, anxious or afraid. Some people may feel numb.

Keep track of how often you have trouble focusing on daily tasks or doing routine chores. Are there things that you used to enjoy doing that you stopped doing because of how you feel? Note any big changes in appetite, any substance use, body aches and pains, and problems with sleep.

These feelings may come and go over time. But if these feelings don't go away or make it hard to do your daily tasks, it's time to ask for help.

Get help when you need it

If you're feeling suicidal or thinking of hurting yourself, seek help.

• Contact your healthcare professional or a mental health professional.
• Contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline , available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat . Services are free and confidential.

If you are worried about yourself or someone else, contact your healthcare professional or mental health professional. Some may be able to see you in person or talk over the phone or online.

You also can reach out to a friend or loved one. Someone in your faith community also could help.

And you may be able to get counseling or a mental health appointment through an employer's employee assistance program.

Another option is information and treatment options from groups such as:

• National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
• Anxiety and Depression Association of America.

Self-care tips

Some people may use unhealthy ways to cope with anxiety around COVID-19. These unhealthy choices may include things such as misuse of medicines or legal drugs and use of illegal drugs. Unhealthy coping choices also can be things such as sleeping too much or too little, or overeating. It also can include avoiding other people and focusing on only one soothing thing, such as work, television or gaming.

Unhealthy coping methods can worsen mental and physical health. And that is particularly true if you're trying to manage or recover from COVID-19.

Self-care actions can help you restore a healthy balance in your life. They can lessen everyday stress or significant anxiety linked to events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Self-care actions give your body and mind a chance to heal from the problems long-term stress can cause.

Take care of your body

Healthy self-care tips start with the basics. Give your body what it needs and avoid what it doesn't need. Some tips are:

• Get the right amount of sleep for you. A regular sleep schedule, when you go to bed and get up at similar times each day, can help avoid sleep problems.
• Move your body. Regular physical activity and exercise can help reduce anxiety and improve mood. Any activity you can do regularly is a good choice. That may be a scheduled workout, a walk or even dancing to your favorite music.
• Choose healthy food and drinks. Foods that are high in nutrients, such as protein, vitamins and minerals are healthy choices. Avoid food or drink with added sugar, fat or salt.
• Avoid tobacco, alcohol and drugs. If you smoke tobacco or if you vape, you're already at higher risk of lung disease. Because COVID-19 affects the lungs, your risk increases even more. Using alcohol to manage how you feel can make matters worse and reduce your coping skills. Avoid taking illegal drugs or misusing prescriptions to manage your feelings.

Take care of your mind

Healthy coping actions for your brain start with deciding how much news and social media is right for you. Staying informed, especially during a pandemic, helps you make the best choices but do it carefully.

Set aside a specific amount of time to find information in the news or on social media, stay limited to that time, and choose reliable sources. For example, give yourself up to 20 or 30 minutes a day of news and social media. That amount keeps people informed but not overwhelmed.

For COVID-19, consider reliable health sources. Examples are the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Other healthy self-care tips are:

• Relax and recharge. Many people benefit from relaxation exercises such as mindfulness, deep breathing, meditation and yoga. Find an activity that helps you relax and try to do it every day at least for a short time. Fitting time in for hobbies or activities you enjoy can help manage feelings of stress too.
• Stick to your health routine. If you see a healthcare professional for mental health services, keep up with your appointments. And stay up to date with all your wellness tests and screenings.
• Stay in touch and connect with others. Family, friends and your community are part of a healthy mental outlook. Together, you form a healthy support network for concerns or challenges. Social interactions, over time, are linked to a healthier and longer life.

Avoid stigma and discrimination

Stigma can make people feel isolated and even abandoned. They may feel sad, hurt and angry when people in their community avoid them for fear of getting COVID-19. People who have experienced stigma related to COVID-19 include people of Asian descent, health care workers and people with COVID-19.

Treating people differently because of their medical condition, called medical discrimination, isn't new to the COVID-19 pandemic. Stigma has long been a problem for people with various conditions such as Hansen's disease (leprosy), HIV, diabetes and many mental illnesses.

People who experience stigma may be left out or shunned, treated differently, or denied job and school options. They also may be targets of verbal, emotional and physical abuse.

Communication can help end stigma or discrimination. You can address stigma when you:

• Get to know people as more than just an illness. Using respectful language can go a long way toward making people comfortable talking about a health issue.
• Get the facts about COVID-19 or other medical issues from reputable sources such as the CDC and WHO.
• Speak up if you hear or see myths about an illness or people with an illness.

COVID-19 and health

The virus that causes COVID-19 is still a concern for many people. By recognizing when to get help and taking time for your health, life challenges such as COVID-19 can be managed.

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• COVID-19 vaccine: Should I reschedule my mammogram?
• COVID-19 vaccines for kids: What you need to know
• COVID-19 vaccines
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• COVID-19 vs. flu: Similarities and differences
• COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms?
• Debunking coronavirus myths
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• Fever: First aid
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• Is hydroxychloroquine a treatment for COVID-19?
• Loss of smell
• Mayo Clinic Minute: You're washing your hands all wrong
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• Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
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• Treating COVID-19 at home
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• Vaccine guidance from Mayo Clinic
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Related information

• Mental health: What's normal, what's not - Related information Mental health: What's normal, what's not
• Mental illness - Related information Mental illness

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April 3, 2024

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A periodic table of primes: Research team claims that prime numbers can be predicted

by Michael Gibb, City University of Hong Kong

Both arithmetic aficionados and the mathematically challenged will be equally captivated by new research that upends hundreds of years of popular belief about prime numbers.

Contrary to what just about every mathematician on Earth will tell you, prime numbers can be predicted, according to researchers at City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) and North Carolina State University, U.S.

The research team comprises Han-Lin Li, Shu-Cherng Fang, and Way Kuo. Fang is the Walter Clark Chair Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering at North Carolina State University. Kuo is a Senior Fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, CityU.

This is a genuinely revolutionary development in prime number theory, says Way Kuo, who is working on the project alongside researchers from the U.S. The team leader is Han-Lin Li, a Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at CityUHK.

We have known for millennia that an infinite number of prime numbers, i.e., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc., can be divided by themselves and the number 1 only. But until now, we have not been able to predict where the next prime will pop up in a sequence of numbers. In fact, mathematicians have generally agreed that prime numbers are like weeds: they seem just to shoot out randomly.

"But our team has devised a way to predict accurately and swiftly when prime numbers will appear," adds Kuo.

The technical aspects of the research are daunting for all but a handful of mathematicians worldwide. In a nutshell, the outcome of the team's research is a handy periodic table of primes, or the PTP, pointing the locations of prime numbers. The research is available as a working paper in the SSRN Electronic Journal .

The PTP can be used to shed light on finding a future prime, factoring an integer, visualizing an integer and its factors, identifying locations of twin primes, predicting the total number of primes and twin primes or estimating the maximum prime gap within an interval, among others.

More to the point, the PTP has major applications today in areas such as cyber security. Primes are already a fundamental part of encryption and cryptography, so this breakthrough means data can be made much more secure if we can predict prime numbers, Kuo explains.

This advance in prime number research stemmed from working on systems reliability design and a color coding system that uses prime numbers to enable efficient encoding and more effective color compression. During their research, the team discovered that their calculations could be used to predict prime numbers .

Provided by City University of Hong Kong

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