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Stanford scholars examine systemic racism, how to advance racial justice in America

Black History Month is an opportunity to reflect on the Black experience in America and examine continuing systemic racism and discrimination in the U.S. – issues many Stanford scholars are tackling in their research and scholarship.

A pandemic that disproportionately affected communities of color, roadblocks that obstructed efforts to expand the franchise and protect voting discrimination, a growing movement to push anti-racist curricula out of schools – events over the past year have only underscored how prevalent systemic racism and bias is in America today.

What can be done to dismantle centuries of discrimination in the U.S.? How can a more equitable society be achieved? What makes racism such a complicated problem to solve? Black History Month is a time marked for honoring and reflecting on the experience of Black Americans, and it is also an opportunity to reexamine our nation’s deeply embedded racial problems and the possible solutions that could help build a more equitable society.

Stanford scholars are tackling these issues head-on in their research from the perspectives of history, education, law and other disciplines. For example, historian Clayborne Carson is working to preserve and promote the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. and religious studies scholar Lerone A. Martin has joined Stanford to continue expanding access and opportunities to learn from King’s teachings; sociologist Matthew Clair is examining how the criminal justice system can end a vicious cycle involving the disparate treatment of Black men; and education scholar Subini Ancy Annamma is studying ways to make education more equitable for historically marginalized students.

Learn more about these efforts and other projects examining racism and discrimination in areas like health and medicine, technology and the workplace below.

Update: Jan. 27, 2023: This story was originally published on Feb. 16, 2021, and has been updated on a number of occasions to include new content.

Understanding the impact of racism; advancing justice

One of the hardest elements of advancing racial justice is helping everyone understand the ways in which they are involved in a system or structure that perpetuates racism, according to Stanford legal scholar Ralph Richard Banks.

“The starting point for the center is the recognition that racial inequality and division have long been the fault line of American society. Thus, addressing racial inequity is essential to sustaining our nation, and furthering its democratic aspirations,” said Banks , the Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor of Law at Stanford Law School and co-founder of the Stanford Center for Racial Justice .

This sentiment was echoed by Stanford researcher Rebecca Hetey . One of the obstacles in solving inequality is people’s attitudes towards it, Hetey said. “One of the barriers of reducing inequality is how some people justify and rationalize it.”

How people talk about race and stereotypes matters. Here is some of that scholarship.

For Black Americans, COVID-19 is quickly reversing crucial economic gains

Research co-authored by SIEPR’s Peter Klenow and Chad Jones measures the welfare gap between Black and white Americans and provides a way to analyze policies to narrow the divide.

How an ‘impact mindset’ unites activists of different races

A new study finds that people’s involvement with Black Lives Matter stems from an impulse that goes beyond identity.

For democracy to work, racial inequalities must be addressed

The Stanford Center for Racial Justice is taking a hard look at the policies perpetuating systemic racism in America today and asking how we can imagine a more equitable society.

The psychological toll of George Floyd’s murder

As the nation mourned the death of George Floyd, more Black Americans than white Americans felt angry or sad – a finding that reveals the racial disparities of grief.

Seven factors contributing to American racism

Of the seven factors the researchers identified, perhaps the most insidious is passivism or passive racism, which includes an apathy toward systems of racial advantage or denial that those systems even exist.

Scholars reflect on Black history

Humanities and social sciences scholars reflect on “Black history as American history” and its impact on their personal and professional lives.

The history of Black History Month

It's February, so many teachers and schools are taking time to celebrate Black History Month. According to Stanford historian Michael Hines, there are still misunderstandings and misconceptions about the past, present, and future of the celebration.

Numbers about inequality don’t speak for themselves

In a new research paper, Stanford scholars Rebecca Hetey and Jennifer Eberhardt propose new ways to talk about racial disparities that exist across society, from education to health care and criminal justice systems.

Changing how people perceive problems

Drawing on an extensive body of research, Stanford psychologist Gregory Walton lays out a roadmap to positively influence the way people think about themselves and the world around them. These changes could improve society, too.

Welfare opposition linked to threats of racial standing

Research co-authored by sociologist Robb Willer finds that when white Americans perceive threats to their status as the dominant demographic group, their resentment of minorities increases. This resentment leads to opposing welfare programs they believe will mainly benefit minority groups.

Conversations about race between Black and white friends can feel risky, but are valuable

New research about how friends approach talking about their race-related experiences with each other reveals concerns but also the potential that these conversations have to strengthen relationships and further intergroup learning.

Defusing racial bias

Research shows why understanding the source of discrimination matters.

Many white parents aren’t having ‘the talk’ about race with their kids

After George Floyd’s murder, Black parents talked about race and racism with their kids more. White parents did not and were more likely to give their kids colorblind messages.

Stereotyping makes people more likely to act badly

Even slight cues, like reading a negative stereotype about your race or gender, can have an impact.

Why white people downplay their individual racial privileges

Research shows that white Americans, when faced with evidence of racial privilege, deny that they have benefited personally.

Clayborne Carson: Looking back at a legacy

Stanford historian Clayborne Carson reflects on a career dedicated to studying and preserving the legacy of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.

How race influences, amplifies backlash against outspoken women

When women break gender norms, the most negative reactions may come from people of the same race.

Examining disparities in education

Scholar Subini Ancy Annamma is studying ways to make education more equitable for historically marginalized students. Annamma’s research examines how schools contribute to the criminalization of Black youths by creating a culture of punishment that penalizes Black children more harshly than their white peers for the same behavior. Her work shows that youth of color are more likely to be closely watched, over-represented in special education, and reported to and arrested by police.

“These are all ways in which schools criminalize Black youth,” she said. “Day after day, these things start to sediment.”

That’s why Annamma has identified opportunities for teachers and administrators to intervene in these unfair practices. Below is some of that research, from Annamma and others.

New ‘Segregation Index’ shows American schools remain highly segregated by race, ethnicity, and economic status

Researchers at Stanford and USC developed a new tool to track neighborhood and school segregation in the U.S.

New evidence shows that school poverty shapes racial achievement gaps

Racial segregation leads to growing achievement gaps – but it does so entirely through differences in school poverty, according to new research from education Professor Sean Reardon, who is launching a new tool to help educators, parents and policymakers examine education trends by race and poverty level nationwide.

School closures intensify gentrification in Black neighborhoods nationwide

An analysis of census and school closure data finds that shuttering schools increases gentrification – but only in predominantly Black communities.

Ninth-grade ethnic studies helped students for years, Stanford researchers find

A new study shows that students assigned to an ethnic studies course had longer-term improvements in attendance and graduation rates.

Teaching about racism

Stanford sociologist Matthew Snipp discusses ways to educate students about race and ethnic relations in America.

Stanford scholar uncovers an early activist’s fight to get Black history into schools

In a new book, Assistant Professor Michael Hines chronicles the efforts of a Chicago schoolteacher in the 1930s who wanted to remedy the portrayal of Black history in textbooks of the time.

How disability intersects with race

Professor Alfredo J. Artiles discusses the complexities in creating inclusive policies for students with disabilities.

Access to program for black male students lowered dropout rates

New research led by Stanford education professor Thomas S. Dee provides the first evidence of effectiveness for a district-wide initiative targeted at black male high school students.

How school systems make criminals of Black youth

Stanford education professor Subini Ancy Annamma talks about the role schools play in creating a culture of punishment against Black students.

Reducing racial disparities in school discipline

Stanford psychologists find that brief exercises early in middle school can improve students’ relationships with their teachers, increase their sense of belonging and reduce teachers’ reports of discipline issues among black and Latino boys.

Science lessons through a different lens

In his new book, Science in the City, Stanford education professor Bryan A. Brown helps bridge the gap between students’ culture and the science classroom.

Teachers more likely to label black students as troublemakers, Stanford research shows

Stanford psychologists Jennifer Eberhardt and Jason Okonofua experimentally examined the psychological processes involved when teachers discipline black students more harshly than white students.

Why we need Black teachers

Travis Bristol, MA '04, talks about what it takes for schools to hire and retain teachers of color.

Understanding racism in the criminal justice system

Research has shown that time and time again, inequality is embedded into all facets of the criminal justice system. From being arrested to being charged, convicted and sentenced, people of color – particularly Black men – are disproportionately targeted by the police.

“So many reforms are needed: police accountability, judicial intervention, reducing prosecutorial power and increasing resources for public defenders are places we can start,” said sociologist Matthew Clair . “But beyond piecemeal reforms, we need to continue having critical conversations about transformation and the role of the courts in bringing about the abolition of police and prisons.”

Clair is one of several Stanford scholars who have examined the intersection of race and the criminal process and offered solutions to end the vicious cycle of racism. Here is some of that work.

Police Facebook posts disproportionately highlight crimes involving Black suspects, study finds

Researchers examined crime-related posts from 14,000 Facebook pages maintained by U.S. law enforcement agencies and found that Facebook users are exposed to posts that overrepresent Black suspects by 25% relative to local arrest rates.

Supporting students involved in the justice system

New data show that a one-page letter asking a teacher to support a youth as they navigate the difficult transition from juvenile detention back to school can reduce the likelihood that the student re-offends.

Race and mass criminalization in the U.S.

Stanford sociologist discusses how race and class inequalities are embedded in the American criminal legal system.

New Stanford research lab explores incarcerated students’ educational paths

Associate Professor Subini Annamma examines the policies and practices that push marginalized students out of school and into prisons.

Derek Chauvin verdict important, but much remains to be done

Stanford scholars Hakeem Jefferson, Robert Weisberg and Matthew Clair weigh in on the Derek Chauvin verdict, emphasizing that while the outcome is important, much work remains to be done to bring about long-lasting justice.

A ‘veil of darkness’ reduces racial bias in traffic stops

After analyzing 95 million traffic stop records, filed by officers with 21 state patrol agencies and 35 municipal police forces from 2011 to 2018, researchers concluded that “police stops and search decisions suffer from persistent racial bias.”

Stanford big data study finds racial disparities in Oakland, Calif., police behavior, offers solutions

Analyzing thousands of data points, the researchers found racial disparities in how Oakland officers treated African Americans on routine traffic and pedestrian stops. They suggest 50 measures to improve police-community relations.

Race and the death penalty

As questions about racial bias in the criminal justice system dominate the headlines, research by Stanford law Professor John J. Donohue III offers insight into one of the most fraught areas: the death penalty.

Diagnosing disparities in health, medicine

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted communities of color and has highlighted the health disparities between Black Americans, whites and other demographic groups.

As Iris Gibbs , professor of radiation oncology and associate dean of MD program admissions, pointed out at an event sponsored by Stanford Medicine: “We need more sustained attention and real action towards eliminating health inequities, educating our entire community and going beyond ‘allyship,’ because that one fizzles out. We really do need people who are truly there all the way.”

Below is some of that research as well as solutions that can address some of the disparities in the American healthcare system.

Stanford researchers testing ways to improve clinical trial diversity

The American Heart Association has provided funding to two Stanford Medicine professors to develop ways to diversify enrollment in heart disease clinical trials.

Striking inequalities in maternal and infant health

Research by SIEPR’s Petra Persson and Maya Rossin-Slater finds wealthy Black mothers and infants in the U.S. fare worse than the poorest white mothers and infants.

More racial diversity among physicians would lead to better health among black men

A clinical trial in Oakland by Stanford researchers found that black men are more likely to seek out preventive care after being seen by black doctors compared to non-black doctors.

A better measuring stick: Algorithmic approach to pain diagnosis could eliminate racial bias

Traditional approaches to pain management don’t treat all patients the same. AI could level the playing field.

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Stanford Medicine community calls for action against racial injustice, inequities

The event at Stanford provided a venue for health care workers and students to express their feelings about violence against African Americans and to voice their demands for change.

Racial disparity remains in heart-transplant mortality rates, Stanford study finds

African-American heart transplant patients have had persistently higher mortality rates than white patients, but exactly why still remains a mystery.

Finding the COVID-19 Victims that Big Data Misses

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Studying how racial stressors affect mental health

Farzana Saleem, an assistant professor at Stanford Graduate School of Education, is interested in the way Black youth and other young people of color navigate adolescence—and the racial stressors that can make the journey harder.

Infants’ race influences quality of hospital care in California

Disparities exist in how babies of different racial and ethnic origins are treated in California’s neonatal intensive care units, but this could be changed, say Stanford researchers.

Immigrants don’t move state-to-state in search of health benefits

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Excess mortality rates early in pandemic highest among Blacks

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Decoding bias in media, technology

Driving Artificial Intelligence are machine learning algorithms, sets of rules that tell a computer how to solve a problem, perform a task and in some cases, predict an outcome. These predictive models are based on massive datasets to recognize certain patterns, which according to communication scholar Angele Christin , sometimes come flawed with human bias . 

“Technology changes things, but perhaps not always as much as we think,” Christin said. “Social context matters a lot in shaping the actual effects of the technological tools. […] So, it’s important to understand that connection between humans and machines.”

Below is some of that research, as well as other ways discrimination unfolds across technology, in the media, and ways to counteract it.

IRS disproportionately audits Black taxpayers

A Stanford collaboration with the Department of the Treasury yields the first direct evidence of differences in audit rates by race.

Automated speech recognition less accurate for blacks

The disparity likely occurs because such technologies are based on machine learning systems that rely heavily on databases of English as spoken by white Americans.

New algorithm trains AI to avoid bad behaviors

Robots, self-driving cars and other intelligent machines could become better-behaved thanks to a new way to help machine learning designers build AI applications with safeguards against specific, undesirable outcomes such as racial and gender bias.

Stanford scholar analyzes responses to algorithms in journalism, criminal justice

In a recent study, assistant professor of communication Angèle Christin finds a gap between intended and actual uses of algorithmic tools in journalism and criminal justice fields.

Move responsibly and think about things

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Algorithms reveal changes in stereotypes

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From who moves forward in the hiring process to who receives funding from venture capitalists, research has revealed how Blacks and other minority groups are discriminated against in the workplace and economy-at-large. 

“There is not one silver bullet here that you can walk away with. Hiring and retention with respect to employee diversity are complex problems,” said Adina Sterling , associate professor of organizational behavior at the Graduate School of Business (GSB). 

Sterling has offered a few places where employers can expand employee diversity at their companies. For example, she suggests hiring managers track data about their recruitment methods and the pools that result from those efforts, as well as examining who they ultimately hire.

Here is some of that insight.

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Archiving Black histories of Silicon Valley

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In their evaluations of high-performing venture capital funds, professional investors rate white-led teams more favorably than they do black-led teams with identical credentials, a new Stanford study led by Jennifer L. Eberhardt finds.

Who moves forward in the hiring process?

People whose employment histories include part-time, temporary help agency or mismatched work can face challenges during the hiring process, according to new research by Stanford sociologist David Pedulla.

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• Race and Ethnicity

Race Relations in America

Updated 23 August 2023

Subject Race and Ethnicity

Downloads 55

Category Social Issues ,  Sociology

Race Relations

Race relations refer to relations between two different groups of races and how they relate and connect to each other in their environment. The goal of this paper is to discuss the social changes in America and how they will impact the future of America. Other areas of discussion will be the sociological theories applicable to race and ethnic relations in the United States.

Sociological Theories of Race and Ethnicity

To examine the issue of race and ethnicity, three major sociological theories or perspectives should be put into consideration. They include symbolic interactions, functionality and conflict theory. The concept of functionalism is very problematic because, in order to exist as long as they have, ethnic and racial inequalities must have served a significant role. The focus of Nash (1951) on the resultant functions and dysfunctions of racial inequality was on how racism is functional to the dominant group; for instance, giving a suggestion that a racially unequal society is morally justified by racism. One way of applying functionalism is by considering how slave owners in the antebellum justified slavery through suggesting that white people were fundamentally superior to black people and preferring slavery to freedom (Spenser 147).

Another applicable way of functionalist theory to racism is through discussing how racism can add value to the proper functioning of any society by extending the bonds between members of a group through including those outside the group. Failure to utilize talents in a subordinate group is one of the dysfunctions associated with racism that was identified by Nash(1964). The society must, therefore, divert from other purposes to efforts and time required to sustain artificially constructed racial boundaries (Little 233).

The second theory of race and ethnicity is conflict theory which in most cases is applied to inequalities of education, social class, gender, ethnicity, and race. In the U.S history, the conflict theory can examine the past and present struggles going on between the ethnic and racial minorities and the white ruling class. During the late 19th century after the Civil War, the growing power of African-Americans led to the draconian Jim Crow laws that to a larger extent, limited black social and political power. A pattern of attempted disenfranchisement and voter suppression efforts with an aim of predominating minority neighborhoods has been witnessed since the times of civil war (Spenser 150).

Patricia Hill Collins (1990); a female sociologist developed intersection theory that suggested that individuals can't isolate the consequences of sexual orientation, race, gender, class and other attributes. While we examine race together with its advantages and disadvantages, we should appreciate the fact that the experience of race is shaped by either class or gender. For instance, there is a difference between prejudice focused on a white woman due to her gender and prejudice focused on a Germany woman affected by stereotypes associated with her ethnic status, poverty and being a woman (Little 233).

Lastly, interactionism is a theory of race and ethnicity. For reasons of symbolic interactionism, ethnicity and race provide strong symbols as a foundation of identity. Some scholars in this theory propose that race symbols are the driving factors of racism and not the race itself. Herbert Blumer (1958) had a suggestion that formation of racial prejudice is by means of interactions between members of the dominant group. People within a dominant group will not have racist views without these interactions. These interactions have a big contribution to supporting the views of the subordinate group, hence maintaining the status quo. A good application to this is when looking at how people from different races define themselves and how they define others (Spenser 152).

Social Changes that will Impact the Future Directions of Race Relations in America

America has never got a lasting solution on about race. America has tried by all means to construct a nation of various tribes and a country of African-Americans and Caucasians, Muslims and Christians among others. The sense of nationalism in America has evolved and incorporated many people within its borders. This section will examine the social changes that will bring an impact on the future directions of race relation in America (Derick 4).

By conventional measures of occupation, education, and income, about one-third of African Americans able to be categorized as a middle class as compared to half of the whites. This is a notable change from early 1960's where black people in America who could enjoy the "perverse equality" of uniform poverty. Conversely, poverty depth among the poorest African American can only be associated with the length of its duration. Thus, in the recent and present days, with regard to education, income, occupational status, victimization by violence and participation in electoral politics, there are great disparities between the first and the last of African Americans (Minnesota 2).

It can be envisioned that other two patterns of poor and wealthy African Americans lose or regain their faith that the creed of Americans can be tested. The present conditions of African Americans are probably and usually unstable. Political policies and engagements over the coming years will determine whether an African American will come to feel that they will be allowed by their nation to enjoy full psychological benefits of their success and whether poor black Americans give up on a state that never listens to them. Racial politics currently cannot be well understood to allow any trend to predominate. The political choices, leaders and citizen's responses are up for grabs (Nielsen 2).

The instability of ethical and racial coalitions is clearly shown by the attitude towards certain policy issues. Latinos, unlike Asians and whites, have an attendance of supporting strong affirmative actions but sometimes less than blacks do. Most research indicates that affirmative action for blacks is more likely to be supported by black while Latinos and blacks frequently concur on weaker. even though most of them support affirmative action for Latinos, all concur in lack of support for Asian affirmative action (Vance 1).

Another explanation of America's ethnic and racial inequality is rooted in the conflict theory which in turn falls into the system-blame approach. It attributes ethnic and racial inequality to individual and institutional discrimination, lack of educational opportunities and other aspects of life. For instance, segregated houses prevent and restrict blacks from escaping the central business destination and from accessing greater employment area. Employment discrimination lowers the salaries of people of color. Schools attended by many blacks are typically underfunded and overcrowded. If this problem will continue in the United States, it will become harder for individuals at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder to climb due to ethnicity and race (Minnesota 2).

In the year 2016, many of Republicans were talking about race as a refined party composition. At the Republican National Convention, on the MSNBC demonstration, an analyst proposed that the convention agenda is driven by dissatisfied white people. One of the guests at the show; Steve King of Iowa who was representing Republicans behaved much defensive when asked the historical contribution of the African Americans in the shared citizenship. King viewed the question as an attack on the race of white people, and he offered sentiments that white people also are discriminated in one way or the other (Nielsen 2).

Research indicates that the proportion of African Americans will raise in some areas by the year 2030 and the smallest portion of the population will consist of whites. Therefore this means that their number will decrease. On the other hand, the population of black people will slowly increase. These changes in demography may not have much effect on racial effects as thought. For instance, the proportion of white voters is higher than the proportion of the white population in states like Florida and California. This kind of trend is likely to continue for many years to come. Its, therefore, to mean that racial and ethnic politics at will be variable at the national level (Vance 2).

From the above discussion, it can be deduced that the sociological theories applicable to ethnicity and race are functionalism, conflict theory, and internationalism. On the other hand, the social changes that are more likely to impact the future direction of race relations in America are discussed under discrimination, education, employment, population proportionality and distribution and political policies. To ensure that there is political stability equality in the future, the American government must consider all the above mentioned.

Works Cited

Little, William. “Race and Ethnicity.” Introduction to Sociology - 1st Canadian Edition, no. 11, 2015, pp. 227–50, https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter11-race-and-ethnicity/.

Sibelius Nielsen. Musicology for Everyone: Race Relations, Social Change, and American Music. 2014, http://music.allpurposeguru.com/2015/07/race-relations-social-change-and-american-music/.

Spenser, Stephen. “Theories of Race and Ethnicity.” Race and Ethnicity: Culture, Identity, and Representation, 2014, pp. 140–282, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139015431.

The University of Minnesota. Understanding and Changing the Social World: Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States. 2016, http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/10-5-racial-and-ethnic-inequality-in-the-united-states/.

Vance, Jack, and Derick. “Why Race Relations Got Worse.” National Review, 2016, https://www.nationalreview.com/2016/08/race-relations-getting-worse-america-why/.

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Good Example Of Research Paper On Race Relations In America

Type of paper: Research Paper

Topic: Actions , Action , Affirmative Action , Race , Diversity , People , Workplace , Discrimination

Words: 1700

Published: 03/08/2023

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Race can be seen as how people are taken in respect to any particular social group as well as their differences as noticed from the visual point. As compared to the earlier days, racial issues are less burning in the context of the present-day society amongst American people. Basically, in the contemporary society, a number of racial equality measures have been undertaken in order to make sure that all the people in the United States are resolved as within the single nation ("A Growing Divide on Race"). Introduced as a tool in the fight against racial, ethnic and gender discrimination, affirmative action is now highly criticized. Ideally, affirmative action is aimed at providing equal opportunities for representatives of minorities and vulnerable classes of society who have suffered from biased attitude in the past. Today, affirmative action is an increasingly controversial phenomenon. It is considered to be a necessary, but imperfect tool for solving complex social issues. Affirmative action is often expected to result in reverse discrimination, i.e. when the preference is given to the representatives of minorities in prejudice of the majority. On the one hand, affirmative action is the recognition of the fact that some groups of people were mistreated in the past and this injustice can be corrected due to privileged attitude in the processes of recruitment and admission to education establishments. The controversy about affirmative action has to do with the controversy about justice in general. The fundamental principle of justice in a society is that every person should be treated on equal terms. On the other hand, it can be argued whether such measures as affirmative action are still needed to ensure justice in the modern society or this problem can be approached in a different way: when preference is given only to person’s qualifications, skills and talents rather than his or her belonging to any given group of people. It is offensive to assume that representatives of minorities can make certain contributions in any given sphere, since it gives an idea that minorities think in a certain way. Every person is unique. Despite the fact that people share many common features and traits of character, they still remain different in a great number of ways. Differences here may be both of visible and non-visible nature, for example, some personal characteristics like: cultural background, personality, accent, language, so on, and so forth. The role of discrimination law here is to cover some of the most vital personal characteristics by protecting people against unfair treatment. The core of diversity management is consideration of every person as an individual. With regard to the relevance of diversity in the modern world in all spheres of life, it is essential to understand that ‘one-size-fits-all’ principle is no longer appropriate, since it cannot help achieve desired results and equality for all people. It is clear that all people have different needs and values in life ("Poll: What do Americans feel about race relations?",). In order to understand the nature of diversity in the modern environment better, it is vital find out what are the roots of this phenomenon. These days, it is essential to get familiar with the impacts of diversity on efficiency of an organization along with overall company’s performance and levels of satisfaction among employees. Diversity management is considered to be both a moral imperative and a legal obligation. Apart from the two, it is also a significant aspect of company’s performance. These days, the concept of diversity embraces implementation of affirmative action programs and the use of people’s differences with an eye to make a company more effective. Therefore, it is necessary to view diversity in the context of organizational effectiveness in order to comprehend it. One of the major advantages of diversity in the workplace is that it helps to increase company’s efficiency and productivity. Moreover, it is argued that diversity improves the ways how decisions are made and provides a number of alternatives and new ideas that are relevant to the world of business. Thus, diversity can introduce a source of personal growth and new learning and training potential for employees of any given company that employs diverse personnel. Here, the bottom line is how diversity is managed within a company, since management can either make diversity a beneficial factor or the one that interferes with activities of an organization. Another tool in the fight against racial discrimination is affirmative action. As a matter of fact, affirmation action is targeted at taking all the steps necessary in order to ensure equal opportunities for all the people within a business unit irrespectively of their background. As a result of proper implementation of affirmative action, representatives of different minority groups as well as unprotected social groups, who are considered to be victims of unfair attitude in the past, get what they do deserve. Today, affirmative action thought faces a lot of controversy. It is often viewed as essential tool to solve discrimination issues, though has a number of substantial drawbacks that interfere with proper solution for vital problems in the society. One of the major disadvantages of affirmative action is that quite often it leads to the reverse discrimination, specifically, when an individual is chosen for a particular position only because of their belonging to any given minority group, whereas a majority representative is rejected despite the merits he or she potentially has ("Race relations in U.S. at a low point in recent history, new poll suggests"). At the same time, there are certain substantial advantages about affirmative action. Thus, it is can be considered as acknowledgement that certain classes and groups of people suffered from biased attitude in the past. Here, this injustice can be corrected with the help of privileges that are granted when a person is being recruited for any given position or admitted to an educational establishment. One of the most controversial factors about affirmative action is the one that deals with the notion of justice in general. It is important to recognize that the core of justice is that each and every person in the society is expected to be equally treated. Therefore, there are some doubts as to if such methods as affirmative action can be considered as those that ensure fairness and justice in the society, or it is more sensible to look for other alternatives to the problem of discrimination and unfair attitude. One of the best approaches to fair treatment in the workplace is a practice when any given individual is chosen for a position on the basis of their merits, namely: skills, qualifications and abilities instead of their relation to a particular class of people. Moreover, it can be viewed somewhat offensive to maintain that an individual can succeed in any given sphere only because their belonging to any given minority groups make him or her think in a different way. Although there is some evidence that members of racial minority groups benefit from such methods as affirmative action, it is also clear that it imposes some political and employment limitations in the eyes of the majority representatives. Apart from the legal side of matter, there are also practical arguments in favor of affirmative action. Primarily, it provides several internal organizational incentives for workplace managers. Basically, there are three possible outcomes of affirmative action application in the workplace. Firstly, application of affirmative action practices in the workplace suggests that preference is given to a certain group of people who suffered from racial discrimination in the historical context. This approach can restrict any given organization in the use of American diversity to the full. Secondly, modern affirmative action policies can result in stereotyping or oversimplification of the major characteristics of diversity. Thirdly, there is a likelihood that there will be a tension created between recruitment processes with regard to the merits and diversity. This situation is likely to cause controversial signals to recruitment managers and well-motivated applicants. Therefore, in terms of employment procedures affirmative action can be viewed as the one that is imposed by external factors that have somewhat contradictory nature and can either contribute to company’s success or do much harm. The phenomena of diversity and affirmative action are often confused, though there is a number of significant differences between them regarding targeted groups and desired results. The term ‘affirmative action’ was first introduced in Executive Order No. 10925, which was signed by John F. Kennedy in 1961. In accordance with this order, federal contractors were supposed to use affirmative action measures in order to provide new employment procedures without distinction as to person’s race. Later on in 1967, the functionality of the order was expanded in order to embrace rights of women as well. Thus, affirmative action functions in the domain of laws, regulations and agencies that are called for eliminating social inequity. In addition, it is necessary to mention that affirmative action addresses mostly historical discrimination with regard to such groups of individuals as people of color and females. The principal difference between diversity and affirmative action is that the latter one is recognized as a legal requirement, more specifically, an equal employment opportunity. It is also related to those discrimination problems that have a historical basis, rather than contemporary ones. All in all, affirmative action is a phenomenon that has brought about positive social changes, but sometimes it has the reverse social effects. All things considered, it can be seen as a good beginning in the process of building a society with equal opportunities for all people. Needless to say, in the past the theme of racial relation was of paramount importance for the American society, currently its importance somewhat minimized and now other issues prove to be of greater importance, rather than racial relations.

Works cited

"A Growing Divide on Race." The New York Times. The New York Times, 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/23/us/race-relations-in-america-poll.html?_r=0 "Poll: What Do Americans Feel about Race Relations?" CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 27 Mar. 2016. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-news-poll-state-of-race-relations-in-america/ "Race Relations in U.S. at a Low Point in Recent History, New Poll Suggests." PBS. PBS. Web. 27 Mar. 2016. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/race-relations-low-point-recent-history-new-poll-suggests/

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What were the main developments in race relations in the US, 1945-1968? #625Lab

• This is generally a really strong essay. I would say however, to avoid saying “in conclusion” in every paragraph, as there really is no need. Only say “in conclusion” in the conclusion. 
• The introduction gives some really key background information and lays out the answer well. The flow of the essay is logical and reads really well. The conclusion is good too because it summarises the essay’s points, and then reopens the question with a quotation from Martin Luther King.
• You may also like:  H1 Leaving Cert History Guide

• Post author: Martina
• Post published: March 27, 2018
• Post category: #625Lab History / History

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Reflections on Race and Racism

Ala affiliate and division leaders speak out.

June 5, 2020

After an earth-shifting week that has brought into stark relief the experiences of racism and racial violence that many of us and our communities navigate every day as people of color, it is even more clear that the work of dismantling racism is overdue. It is overdue in our society, in library and information services, and at the American Library Association (ALA), which exists to ensure that libraries, learning, and information access are available to all.

Because the presence of racism, bias, and bigotry in any of our LIS institutions limits our reach and the possibility of realizing the full promise and potential of an equitably informed public, we must go beyond hashtags, statements, and committees and do the hands-on work needed to systemically uproot racism. This requires that we be willing to confront racism in our communities and in our own homes. We must get our own houses in order. At ALA that means our internal operations and decision making, as well as our external structure and engagement with membership, must bear out the goal of true racial equity and inclusion. To that end, I invited several ALA staffers and member leaders to reflect on this moment. You’ll find their responses below.

The future of libraries rests on the ability to stem racism and the divides it creates and exacerbates. ALA’s future, then, rests on its ability to guide the field in the building of institutions and policies that promote racial equity, confront racism, and fully recognize that the future of our nation rests in the fundamental truth that Black Lives Matter. Only then can we truly honor and atone the memory of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery—and the far too many names that follow theirs.

—Tracie D. Hall, executive director of the American Library Association

From Richard E. Ashby Jr., president of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association (BCALA):

As a Black librarian, I know I have a calling and that I am not just a librarian. I realize my professional title has meaning. It means that I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors and have crossed barriers that many believed could never be crossed. I serve as a leader to the community at large, and especially to children. I am a proud African American and culture keeper. I realize society looks to me and to my colleagues for information and guidance to empower their lives. We stand together as professional librarians and children of the diaspora.

Today, I stand alongside fellow librarians from all over the world addressing the injustices plaguing our society. We have been held down by systemic racism far too long. We are sacrificed and assassinated daily. The senseless murders of countless Black men and women, with the most recent being George Floyd, will not be tolerated. We need unity now more than ever before. Mental, physical, and spiritual acumen is needed to address the aftermath of disease, violence, and rioting, as we prepare to open our libraries.

The time has come to galvanize our profession and our organizations for the betterment of our communities. The time has come for us to unify in accordance with the dreams and hopes of pioneers and contemporaries of this calling. I am a product of soldiers of equality: Dr. E. J. Josey was a soldier, Pura Belpré was a soldier, Loida Garcia-Febo is a soldier, Wanda Kay Brown is a soldier, Dr. Carla Hayden is a soldier, Kenneth Yamashita is a soldier, Julius C. Jefferson Jr. is a soldier, Dora Ho is a soldier, I am a soldier! We are all soldiers. We are fighting the good fight to ensure America stays true to its pledge, “With liberty and justice for all.”

From ALA President Wanda Kay Brown:

Representation matters. That’s what I keep coming back to as I grieve with the nation and mourn the deaths of George Floyd and countless other Black Americans. Would they still be alive if Black people were better represented in positions of power? If there was diversity in our legislatures and statehouses? If more Black voices were lifted up in publishing? If Black history—before enslavement and beyond the civil rights movement—was really taught in our schools? If the ranks of librarianship were more representative of our nation?

As a librarian, I always come back to the idea that library users need to see themselves reflected in the people who work there. What would be the impact if there were more Black faces in the libraries? In library leadership positions? As a Black woman, and someone who has benefited from the mentorship of other Black librarians, I believe redoubling our efforts to diversify our profession is necessary and urgent. Representation matters—on police forces, in hospitals, in government, in libraries. By supporting school persistence and engaging young people after and outside of school, I believe libraries can also play a role in stopping the school-to-prison pipeline that disproportionately impacts Black youth. We must employ the right folks and pay them equitably for the work they do—work that is instrumental to a community’s ability to thrive and advance together. Our communities benefit greatly when our health care, education, and police professionals are people who have love and genuine care for the people of the community first and, secondly but equally, love for the work they do.

Having librarians committed to social justice who come from the communities they serve would be a big step forward. It won’t bring back any of those who we’ve tragically lost, but it might begin the process of healing and move us toward justice.

From Tammy Dillard-Steels, executive director of the Young Adult Library Services Association:

I want to say that I am shocked by the live broadcast of the killing of George Floyd, and all of the events that have led to civil unrest, but I am not.

I am frustrated. I am frustrated by the plague of racism in the US, which leads to injustice. I am frustrated with the actions of the police toward African Americans like George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, as well as countless others in America. I am frustrated as a Black woman, who is three times as likely to contract and die from COVID-19. All I can think is, “ Wow, even this virus is targeting African Americans.” I am frustrated with racism and the white supremacy that has been infectiously spreading for hundreds of years. Yet when we encounter or fight against racism, we are counteracted faster than any response to a viral disease that has killed more than 100,000 Americans in less than four months.

I am frustrated that I have to have a campaign, Black Lives Matter, to convince the world that I am just as human as the next person. I am frustrated that the young people who want to make a difference have no clear leadership to help them navigate and make sustainable change.

As the executive director of the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), I want to contribute to the lives of young adults by infusing equity, diversity, and inclusion into all of our programs, products, and services. I stand with the young adults fighting for their rights for true freedom and equality. They need resources and support, and I want to contribute to the changes they are bringing to their communities.

YALSA is making a short-term strategic plan to serve our members, so that they are stronger together during this time of unrest. YALSA wants to empower our youth by offering virtual opportunities that create partnerships with communities to advocate for youth services. This will happen as we foster better communication with our members and learn their needs, so that they are successful in their endeavors and the next generation is not as frustrated as I am.

From Kenny Garcia, president of Reforma: the National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking:

As we live through another day of protests and rebellions, I’m having trouble reflecting on how we can act against racism and what work we need to do within a library association and profession. As we say their names—George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, Tony McDade, Jamel Floyd—it will not bring these people back, it will not stop police brutality, it will not stop state violence, it will not stop them from being murdered, it will not stop white supremacy. We need to move beyond statements and do the work to be actively antiracist at a personal level, build with one another to be accomplices in our day-to-day lives, and work collectively to transform policies and procedures at our workplaces and library associations.

This work does not end after the protests end. This work does not end with initial reforms. This work must continue until it transforms the current missions and visions held by our communities, our profession, and our associations into missions and visions that center, promote, and value our community members and library professionals who are black, indigenous, and other people of color.

This work also needs to be done within Latinx communities, regarding how we are discussing and dealing with antiblackness as well as the ways in which blackness intersects with gender, class, sexuality, and religiosity. I believe it is something we can accomplish, and I’m heartened by the changes that have already taken shape since the protests and rebellions started. We need to keep pushing to ensure that we address racism at the systemic level and continue to hope that we can all work together to make sure this happens.

From George Gottschalk, president of the American Indian Library Association (AILA):

In the wake of the senseless and tragic death of George Floyd, perhaps it is time to be more selfish.

Why would this be a time for selfishness? Morality should make a compelling case to end racism and discrimination. Respect for the fundamental dignity for any life should be to end racism and discrimination.

So far, these have not been enough. Maybe what we need is more selfishness.

If we were all more selfish, we would want the economic benefits of a society that empowers every life and every voice. If we were all more selfish, we would want the increased advancements that empowered people and communities can achieve.

There is something different about the death of George Floyd. What is it? What is different is that those of us who embrace the dignity of every life understand that we have failed thus far.

We have failed to explain that no person, no community should be asked to justify their very existence. We have failed to explain the dignity of each and every life.

So, let’s try being selfish. Whether you want more money, more power, more safety—whatever you want more of, a society that does not burn resources on division will give you more.

Let us find out how much more of everything we will all have if we spend more time being selfish and less time trying to marginalize those whom we have chosen to “other.” Let’s find out how much more selfishness-directed creation can achieve than other-directed destruction.

Let’s try being selfish enough together that we manage to create a better society as an unanticipated benefit.

Thank you for your sacrifice and blessings, George Floyd. Thank you and all others who have had to die so we can all know that Black Lives Matter.

From Amber Hayes, outreach and communications program officer in the Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services:

The idea of racism has always been coupled with extreme violence, which we have deemed Very Bad. But even then, the idea persists that a Black person must have done something to receive that sort of treatment. A young Black boy walking in a gated community wearing a hoodie was most likely up to no good—that’s why he was targeted. Black people are always responsible for proving their humanity and worth to a white society.

Even on a smaller scale, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) experience racism daily. From patrons specifically requesting to have the white library worker assist them, to security targeting Black students at a campus library, Black people are always expected to prove why they deserve to exist in a space.

As an association, we can influence the profession and ensure that BIPOC voices are heard. This is a time for ALA to reaffirm its commitment to equity, diversity, and inclusion; make space for BIPOC library workers at the table; and critically examine why so many leave the profession or report low morale. We must all work collectively on identifying, challenging, and changing the values, structures, and behaviors that perpetuate systemic racism.

We can provide more leadership opportunities for BIPOC, and more opportunities for BIPOC to become librarians, so that their patrons can see someone who looks like them. We can take a stand to aggressively combat racism through both actions and words. We can educate white library workers so that the emotional burden does not fall on their BIPOC colleagues. We can examine the ways in which library policies and actions contribute to systemic racism. We can hold each other accountable, and we can move this association to a place where all library workers feel that they belong, they have a voice, and they are a part of an association that reflects the profession they want to see.

From Mary Keeling, president of the American Association of School Librarians (AASL):

I am the same age as Ruby Bridges, the first African-American child to attend an all-white school in the South. When I entered 1st grade in my own neighborhood school, I knew that I belonged. I did not need an escort of four federal marshals to protect me.

Much has changed. Yet challenges remain.

How do school librarians lead equity, diversity, and inclusion? We read and provide access to the stories of all people, create welcoming spaces that validate all learners and their cultures, and use instructional strategies to engage all learners in academic conversation. To do this effectively we must recognize that systemic racism is a real barrier experienced by many of our colleagues, neighbors, and students, and we must strive to become culturally competent.

One of the Shared Foundations of the AASL National School Library Standards, “Include,” describes our commitment to inclusiveness and respect for diversity. This shared foundation calls us to develop our own cultural competence so we can engage in difficult conversations and recognize and oppose oppression. Through cultivating the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, we can lead learners to value diversity, engage in informed debate, and embrace friendships with peers from other backgrounds. Each of us must strive to stretch beyond our own personal comfort zones to create a future free of racial oppression.

From Bill Ladewski, executive director of the Reference and User Services Association (RUSA):

Racist actions and influence in our civilian police forces must be addressed. Police brutality against any person that is not addressed and punished is a reflection of us and is our failure. Black and brown people have disproportionately suffered from these abuses of authority. Correcting this will require that we acknowledge the problem: that unacceptable and unchecked policing exists and we must fight to change it.

I have been asked recently when things will get back to “normal.” Normal for who? This discomfort and uncertainty should stay with us until we are motivated to act. Those unwilling or unable to acknowledge the sin of racism in this country and its influence on our institutions will likely find normal soon. The rest of us must make it our life’s work to ensure equity and fairness for all is established and maintained, so that the hateful forces within our society do not ultimately destroy us.

From Alanna Aiko Moore, president of the Asian/Pacific American Librarians Association (APALA):

Another Black death hits the news and non-Black folk express outrage at the overt violence of the police. Seeing disbelief and anger on social media, what is often missing is a commitment to take action. To pledge to do painful self-reflection, learn history, and to work for justice for the long haul—not just for this moment in time.

As members of the Asian and Asian Pacific American community we have a responsibility to address anti-Blackness in our own communities, which may mean having difficult and uncomfortable conversations with our family members. White supremacy has historically pitted Asian communities against Black communities as a way to maintain control and power. We need to follow the example of Asian activists who organized with and supported Black activists. We must unequivocally support the right to protest without fear of a violent police response. We must listen to Black voices, donate to Black causes, and follow Black-led organizations and leaders.

White supremacy is insidious and multifaceted. While Black people are dying at the hands of police, migrant children are housed in cages, anti-Asian scapegoating and harassment are on the rise, trans folks of color are being murdered, and indigenous peoples fight for their land and resources.

Within our library organizations, we must interrupt the silent and pervasive culture of white supremacy. We must acknowledge the white, segregationist history of libraries; the culture of exclusion; and the persistent racial inequality and commit to doing better. We must confront our discomfort with talking about race and we must take action.

I stand with Black people everywhere demanding justice. I believe more than ever in the power of building bridges, in the capacity for a broad cross-racial movement based on true solidarity, in an intersectional analysis, and in centering the voices and demands of those suffering the most oppression. As a queer, cisgender, mixed-race Asian American woman, I pledge to fight the systemic, institutionalized racism and unchecked violence that’s led to the countless murders of Black people in our country. I commit to addressing anti-Blackness both inside and outside of my community and to support and love our Black and Blasian siblings. I promise to use my skills, power, and privilege to dismantle oppressive systems in our library institutions and the wider community.

Don’t let your outrage fade with the next news cycle.  What will you do to actively work for racial justice and to support Black people?

From Ninah Moore, training and events coordinator of the Association of Specialized, Government, and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASGCLA):

As I reflect on the civic unrest that has encompassed my country, state, city, and community, I find myself filled with worry and concern for the America my two black grandsons will grow up in.

I recall that in 1995, when my dad and brothers drove to Washington, D.C., to participate in the Million Man March, they were stopped and questioned by police. I think of my husband as a black man working in law enforcement, and the fine line he must walk. I think of my son who had just graduated from the University of Missouri before the 2015 protests on race relations came to campus and was living near Ferguson during the protests after the killing of Michael Brown in 2014.

Today I also think of how my dad and mother marched in the 1960s with Dr. King for racial equality and fair education and housing for black and brown people. They marched against police brutality and for those disenfranchised by systemic and institutionalized racism, and 50-plus years later we are still marching and fighting against these same societal ills.

I think of how, as the daughter, wife, sister, mother, and grandmother of black males, I fear for the target that is on their backs. While a lot of these battles need to be fought on a national level, we have the power to effect change in our communities by getting or staying involved. As a member of the board for the South Deering Manor (Ill.) Community Association, I remain committed to doing “something simple that will have a positive impact on my block,” in the words of Jahmal Cole, founder of My Block, My Hood, My City .

From Jeannette Smithee, interim executive director of ASGCLA:

Though I do not experience the isolation of racism firsthand, I cannot ignore the inequalities, injustice, and constant pressure of societal racism that is a daily reality for people of color. I try to understand the reasons behind images, including the horrific video of George Floyd’s death, that appear daily in the media. Awareness of racism has not always been part of my world. I came up in a different time and place—the segregated South. Awareness has come gradually with years of conscious learning, observing, listening, and yes, reading. And still the awareness of the sting of discrimination and the devaluation of fellow human beings is a sadness I process in my mind rather than my heart.

As a protected white person, I have not experienced the hurt and anger that is carried (and often buried) in colleagues and neighbors of color. Even as we communicate on professional or neutral topics, there is a layer of protective reticence. I know there is more to say and feel, but I have not yet earned the trust to share these feelings from the heart. At this stage of my life, the next steps to break down racism are probably small and personal, beginning with truly listening and trusting what colleagues and neighbors have to say.

These words are not meant as an apology or an excuse. Rather they are an admission of my shortcomings, my journey, and my hope to make a difference one person at a time.

From Shuntai Sykes, membership and programs specialist for RUSA and ASGCLA:

I CAN’T BREATHE!

Three words that are painful to hear, see, and feel. As a black woman with a black son and a black grandson, hearing George Floyd say those words was horrific. When he asked for his mother, it was gut-wrenching. I cried because at that moment George Floyd was my son. He was killed by the hands of another human being who felt his life did not matter—a human being who displayed such painful hate.

I have seen and known all too well what racism looks like. Whether it is institutional, systemic, or blatant, it exists. We can no longer sit and pretend that it does not.

We are living in a time of serious political, civil, and social unrest. We are existing in a socioeconomic panic. We are even still coping with a pandemic. My heart is heavy, but unfortunately we are left with no other recourse. I never support criminal acts to make a statement, but I understand there is anger and built-up self-hatred from more than 400 years of oppression. WE ARE ANGRY, UPSET, BROKEN AND JUST TIRED!

Black people have a knee on our necks and haven’t been able to breathe for 400 years. But this is just one battle. We won’t solve 400 years of oppression in a day, but it is my prayer that individually and collectively we can work to establish equal and equitable peace. SO WE ALL CAN BREATHE!

From Kenneth A. Yamashita, president of the board of directors of the Joint Council of Librarians of Color:

As one of the last babies born in the Topaz, Utah, concentration camp on September 11, 1945, I stand in solidarity with BCALA in condemning increased violence and racism toward Black Americans and people of color.

My parents and 18-month-old baby sister were forcibly removed from their Berkeley, California, home, detained in a horse stall at a racetrack, and incarcerated in a concentration camp in the Utah desert from April 1942 to October 1945. This was the result of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, but was due in large measure to the historic anti-Asian racism that prevailed predominantly on the West Coast of the US, which was heightened to hysteria after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

My family—parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins—all suffered extreme racism, such as detention and incarceration without due process, solely based on our Japanese ethnicity and Asian race. Even the two-thirds of American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry out of the 120,000 people who were incarcerated were stripped of their Constitutional civil rights.

This experience has informed my career as a librarian in providing library services to communities of color, specifically unserved and underserved communities in general. It has also made me more attuned to racist, discriminatory, and microaggressive speech, acts, and incidents, and to call them out whenever needed.

On behalf of the board of directors of the Joint Council of Librarians of Color, I would like to suggest ways to address racism in our profession, institutions, and at ALA:

• Interact with member and nonmember librarians of color and ALA/institutional staff of color.
• Actively listen to librarians and staff of color about their experiences and concerns.
• Hear, read, learn, understand, and appreciate the history of systemic racism, bigotry, and discrimination against Black Americans, Indigenous Peoples, and people/communities of color.
• Provide training in identifying racist, discriminatory, and microaggressive speech, actions, and incidents and calling them out for all ALA members and staff.
• Fill out Jane Elliott’s Commitment to Combat Racism questionnaire. Self-reflect and discuss responses.
• Provide training in cultural competency for all ALA members and staff.

From Hong Yao, president-elect of the Chinese American Librarians Association (CALA):

During a pandemic that forced the closure of our communities, our cities, and our country, we all suffered a great deal as more than 100,000 lives were lost, millions of jobs disappeared, and people’s financial hardship deepened. Even though the virus attacks people indiscriminately, minority communities were hit hardest because of chronic poverty, lack of access to health care and education, and other factors that are ultimately byproducts of pervasive racism in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. And then the brutal and senseless killing of George Floyd by a white police officer in Minneapolis last week enraged us and created an outcry to end racial injustice in any way, shape, or form!

As the president-elect of CALA, I am writing on behalf of our organization in condemning violence and racism toward Black people and all People of Color. It is time for us to unite behind one voice to end racial discrimination, which is toxic in our society and sickens and kills in a more devastating way than any virus on earth. It is time for us to call out racist behavior so that it doesn’t have the oxygen to grow. It is time for us to demand equal rights and equal access for everyone, especially those who have been marginalized in this society for too long.

As information professionals with Chinese backgrounds, we understand the feelings of despair many of our African-American colleagues are experiencing. We stand with you all! We will use what we are most familiar with—information—to arm ourselves in any form of activism we engage in. We will take any opportunity to educate our members, colleagues, public, and families and friends on equity, diversity, and inclusion. We will challenge our fellow Chinese not to stay silent when any racist behaviors are displayed, whether toward Black, Brown, or any other People of Color.

I am hopeful that when we all stand united, we will see progress toward the end of racism.

The Association for Library Service to Children opted to share the comments of its board of directors.

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Should college essays touch on race? Some feel the affirmative action ruling leaves them no choice

When the supreme court ended affirmative action in higher education, it left the college essay as one of few places where race can play a role in admissions decisions, by annie ma, noreen nasir and collin binkley | the associated press • published 6 hours ago.

When she started writing her college essay, Hillary Amofa told the story she thought admissions offices wanted to hear. About being the daughter of immigrants from Ghana and growing up in a small apartment in Chicago . About hardship and struggle.

Then she deleted it all.

“I would just find myself kind of trauma-dumping,” said the 18-year-old senior at Lincoln Park High School in Chicago. “And I’m just like, this doesn’t really say anything about me as a person.”

When the Supreme Court ended affirmative action in higher education , it left the college essay as one of few places where race can play a role in admissions decisions. For many students of color, instantly more was riding on the already high-stakes writing assignment. Some say they felt pressure to exploit their hardships as they competed for a spot on campus.

We're making it easier for you to find stories that matter with our new newsletter — The 4Front. Sign up here and get news that is important for you to your inbox.

Amofa was just starting to think about her essay when the court issued its decision, and it left her with a wave of questions. Could she still write about her race? Could she be penalized for it? She wanted to tell colleges about her heritage but she didn’t want to be defined by it.

In English class, Amofa and her classmates read sample essays that all seemed to focus on some trauma or hardship. It left her with the impression she had to write about her life's hardest moments to show how far she'd come. But she and some of her classmates wondered if their lives had been hard enough to catch the attention of admissions offices.

“For a lot of students, there’s a feeling of, like, having to go through something so horrible to feel worthy of going to school, which is kind of sad,” said Amofa, the daughter of a hospital technician and an Uber driver.

This year’s senior class is the first in decades to navigate college admissions without affirmative action. The Supreme Court upheld the practice in decisions going back to the 1970s, but this court’s conservative supermajority found it is unconstitutional for colleges to give students extra weight because of their race alone.

Still, the decision left room for race to play an indirect role: Chief Justice John Roberts wrote universities can still consider how an applicant’s life was shaped by their race, “so long as that discussion is concretely tied to a quality of character or unique ability.”

“A benefit to a student who overcame racial discrimination, for example, must be tied to that student’s courage and determination,” he wrote.

Scores of colleges responded with new essay prompts asking about students’ backgrounds. Brown University asked applicants how “an aspect of your growing up has inspired or challenged you.” Rice University asked students how their perspectives were shaped by their “background, experiences, upbringing, and/or racial identity.”

When Darrian Merritt started writing his essay, he knew the stakes were higher than ever because of the court’s decision. His first instinct was to write about events that led to him going to live with his grandmother as a child.

Those were painful memories, but he thought they might play well at schools like Yale, Stanford and Vanderbilt.

“I feel like the admissions committee might expect a sob story or a tragic story,” said Merritt, a senior in Cleveland. “And if you don’t provide that, then maybe they’re not going to feel like you went through enough to deserve having a spot at the university. I wrestled with that a lot.”

He wrote drafts focusing on his childhood, but it never amounted to more than a collection of memories. Eventually he abandoned the idea and aimed for an essay that would stand out for its positivity.

Merritt wrote about a summer camp where he started to feel more comfortable in his own skin. He described embracing his personality and defying his tendency to please others. The essay had humor — it centered on a water gun fight where he had victory in sight but, in a comedic twist, slipped and fell. But the essay also reflects on his feelings of not being “Black enough” and getting made fun of for listening to “white people music."

“I was like, ‘OK, I’m going to write this for me, and we’re just going to see how it goes,’” he said. “It just felt real, and it felt like an honest story.”

How the Supreme Court affirmative action decision is affecting college applicants. ‘The barriers are already so high,' one legal expert says

What the Supreme Court's ruling on affirmative action means for students

The essay describes a breakthrough as he learned "to take ownership of myself and my future by sharing my true personality with the people I encounter. ... I realized that the first chapter of my own story had just been written.”

Like many students, Max Decker of Portland, Oregon, had drafted a college essay on one topic, only to change direction after the Supreme Court ruling in June.

Decker initially wrote about his love for video games. In a childhood surrounded by constant change, navigating his parents’ divorce, the games he took from place to place on his Nintendo DS were a source of comfort.

But the essay he submitted to colleges focused on the community he found through Word is Bond, a leadership group for young Black men in Portland.

As the only biracial, Jewish kid with divorced parents in a predominantly white, Christian community, Decker wrote he constantly felt like the odd one out. On a trip with Word is Bond to Capitol Hill, he and friends who looked just like him shook hands with lawmakers. The experience, he wrote, changed how he saw himself.

“It’s because I’m different that I provide something precious to the world, not the other way around,” he wrote.

As a first-generation college student, Decker thought about the subtle ways his peers seemed to know more about navigating the admissions process. They made sure to get into advanced classes at the start of high school, and they knew how to secure glowing letters of recommendation.

If writing about race would give him a slight edge and show admissions officers a fuller picture of his achievements, he wanted to take that small advantage.

His first memory about race, Decker said, was when he went to get a haircut in elementary school and the barber made rude comments about his curly hair. Until recently, the insecurity that moment created led him to keep his hair buzzed short.

Through Word is Bond, Decker said he found a space to explore his identity as a Black man. It was one of the first times he was surrounded by Black peers and saw Black role models. It filled him with a sense of pride in his identity. No more buzzcut.

The pressure to write about race involved a tradeoff with other important things in his life, Decker said. That included his passion for journalism, like the piece he wrote on efforts to revive a once-thriving Black neighborhood in Portland. In the end, he squeezed in 100 characters about his journalism under the application’s activities section.

“My final essay, it felt true to myself. But the difference between that and my other essay was the fact that it wasn’t the truth that I necessarily wanted to share,” said Decker, whose top college choice is Tulane, in New Orleans, because of the region’s diversity. “It felt like I just had to limit the truth I was sharing to what I feel like the world is expecting of me.”

Before the Supreme Court ruling, it seemed a given to Imani Laird that colleges would consider the ways that race had touched her life. But now, she felt like she had to spell it out.

As she started her essay, she reflected on how she had faced bias or felt overlooked as a Black student in predominantly white spaces.

There was the year in math class when the teacher kept calling her by the name of another Black student. There were the comments that she’d have an easier time getting into college because she was Black.

“I didn’t have it easier because of my race,” said Laird, a senior at Newton South High School in the Boston suburbs who was accepted at Wellesley and Howard University, and is waiting to hear from several Ivy League colleges. “I had stuff I had to overcome.”

In her final essays, she wrote about her grandfather, who served in the military but was denied access to GI Bill benefits because of his race.

She described how discrimination fueled her ambition to excel and pursue a career in public policy.

“So, I never settled for mediocrity,” she wrote. “Regardless of the subject, my goal in class was not just to participate but to excel. Beyond academics, I wanted to excel while remembering what started this motivation in the first place.”

Amofa used to think affirmative action was only a factor at schools like Harvard and Yale. After the court's ruling, she was surprised to find that race was taken into account even at some public universities she was applying to.

Now, without affirmative action, she wondered if mostly white schools will become even whiter.

It's been on her mind as she chooses between Indiana University and the University of Dayton, both of which have relatively few Black students. When she was one of the only Black students in her grade school, she could fall back on her family and Ghanaian friends at church. At college, she worries about loneliness.

“That’s what I’m nervous about,” she said. “Going and just feeling so isolated, even though I’m constantly around people.”

The first drafts of her essay focused on growing up in a low-income family, sharing a bedroom with her brother and grandmother. But it didn’t tell colleges about who she is now, she said.

Her final essay tells how she came to embrace her natural hair. She wrote about going to a mostly white grade school where classmates made jokes about her afro. When her grandmother sent her back with braids or cornrows, they made fun of those too.

Over time, she ignored their insults and found beauty in the styles worn by women in her life. She now runs a business doing braids and other hairstyles in her neighborhood.

“I stopped seeing myself through the lens of the European traditional beauty standards and started seeing myself through the lens that I created,” Amofa wrote.

“Criticism will persist, but it loses its power when you know there’s a crown on your head!"

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308 Race Essay Topics & Examples

Here, you will find what you can explore regarding different ethnicities and racism. Besides, click on the links to read race essay examples for free.

🏆 Best Race Topics to Write about & Examples

👍 good essay topics on race, 📝 simple & easy race essay topics, 💡 interesting race topics to write about, 📑 good research topics about race, 📌 most interesting race topics to write about, ❓ research questions about race.

Good essay topics on race can be challenging to come up with. The subject is broad and covers a variety of important issues like discrimination against minorities. That’s why our experts have prepared this list of race topics to write about. Check them and find something of your liking.

• Race and Gender in “Hidden Figures” (2016) Discussing the restroom scene within the context of the main theme of race and gender in Hidden Figures is important because it showed the tension between the urgent scientific work and the lack of logic […]
• Race and Ethnicity It is possible to believe that since the concept of race was a social description of genetic and biological differences then the biologists would agree with these assertions.
• Race Matters, Cancel Culture, and “Boys Go to Jupiter” The silence that the accusers in the Town Hall subject Claire to is deafening and a powerful ending to the story.
• Race, Class and Gender: Feminism – A Transformational Politic The social construction of difference in America has its historical roots in the days of slavery, the civil war, the civil rights movement, and the various shades of affirmative action that have still not managed […]
• Meanings and Messages About Gender and Race in “The Hate U Give” by Tillman Jr As the country continues to witness the brutality of the security forces against members of the minority races, several media objects have emerged to express the social dissatisfaction with this kind of discrimination in modern […]
• Race and Meaning of Home in Toni Morrison’s Novel In her novel Home, however, Morrison argues that the history of race and racism in the United States complicates the concept of home.
• Race Identity Evaluation in the Film “Malcolm X” Considering the points at which Omi’s work crosses the plot of the movie and marking the differences between the two, one can track the slightest implementations of racism in the modern American society, which is […]
• Gender, Race and Class These ambivalent attitudes towards females are used by males to remain at the top of the hierarchy of power and leadership and place females at the bottom. The concepts are entrenched in our society and […]
• Racism and Discrimination as Social Constructs This is because the concept of race has a negative connotation in the society. For example in some societies, especially the western society; the concept of race implies un-fair treatment and discrimination of a particular […]
• Hillbilly vs. Race Music Impact on American Radio When speaking about hillbilly and race music in terms of their recognition in American culture, it is necessary to mention the role of the radio in the process.
• Race Issues in the ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison This young man from the South follows the deathbed warning of his grandfather not to comply with the wishes of white people which destroy the lives of black people.
• Race in Ancient Egypt Due to race infiltration in Egypt, majority of the black people were under-educated and denied the facts that spelled out the true history of Ancient Egypt, achievements of the black population, and their original works […]
• Race, Class, and Gender in Kincaid’s The Autobiography of My Mother The lack of love and all the consequence of it transcends the entire novel: “I did not love her. She was not feminine but desirable for the opposite sex because she learned to accept the […]
• “A Brief History of the Human Race” by Michael Cook Michael Cook’s “A Brief History of the Human Race” portrays the general outline of global human history over the past 10,000 years.
• Race in Aphra Behn’s “Oroonoko” The literature of the 17th century is characterized by the emergence of various works describing the life of African slaves in the New World.
• Social Class and Race From 1865 to 1920 In the late 1870s, the Farmers Alliance was established to fight for the lower social classes’ freedom and success. The 1890s marked a significant evolution of the Alliance to the People’s Party that did not […]
• Race in Popular Culture: “Get Out” (2017) The themes of white-black relationships and the role of the police in racial judgments comprise the two major topics for a thorough discussion.
• Race, Ethnicity and Crime There are a number of opposing issues concerning racism and disparity that has led to complication in the discussion of the issue of racism in the Criminal Justice System. The larger the differences between the […]
• The Difference between a Biological and a Social View of Race A biological and a social view of race are very different, which creates a misconception of race in society and leads to discrimination.
• Race Identification and History Taking in Nursing Nevertheless, family members and the patient may be unaware of the role of race in history taking. After that, the nurse proceeds to note that s/he noticed the race section was blank and explains the […]
• Representation of Race in Disney Films Stereotypical approach to the issues of people’s culture, racial and ethnic characteristics has the capacity to make them ignore the existing differences amongst individuals hence making them concentrate on the negative side of the life […]
• Racism and Intolerance: The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre: Crafting a Legacy by Messer elaborates on the legacy of the event and its repercussions and offers a profound analysis of the issue, which strengthened my focus of the research.
• Race, Ethnicity, Family and Religion Religion on the other hand, is important as it forms the basis of ideologies that a given people would ascribe to family. This occurrence shows how religion is dear and important to the lives of […]
• Analysis of Fuentes’s “The Myth of Race” He showed that none of the ABO gene alleles is unique to any race, and none of the ABO patterns correspond to the biological classifications of races.
• Gender and Race as Social Facts The patterns are external to the individual, and they are driven by external coercive power. Consequently, race and gender become specific social facts that shape society and are shaped by it.
• The Aryan Race in “Mein Kampf” by Adolf Hitler The provided passage is taken from Mein Kampf, the most known work of Adolf Hitler, the infamous leader of the NSDAP since 1921 and the F hrer of Nazi Germany in 1934-1945.
• Is Race Prejudice a Product of Group Position? This leads to the rise of a group that feels it is more superior, also known as the in-group, and every other group that is deemed less superior becomes known as the out-group.
• “Race, Class, and Gender in the United States” by P. Rothenberg In this respect, the title of the book fully indicates its reliability and straightforward character of it in terms of the contemporary social situation between minorities and the majority of the American nation.
• Race and Social Class Relationship The formation of the society and the pace of its development directly depend on people living in it and determining the norms of life.
• Remaking Manhood Through Race and Civilization Bederman said that aside from the fact that race and gender is the most important requirement to open doors of opportunities it is not enough to be male to ascend to the top of the […]
• Race and History: Cheikh Anta Diop “Civilization or Barbarism” One of the ways to study ancient communities is to analyze the remains of their culture. Diop refers to the findings of M.
• Race and Rites of Passage: Cultures Perspectives In exploring the issue of rites of passage, outsider and insider viewpoints give a broader picture of the values and customs unique to a particular race.
• African Diaspora and Globalization The concepts of colonialism and imperialism as the base of the progress of the racial capitalism traditionally depend on the racial discrimination toward the Africans moved to America as slaves and toward the developed Africans’ […]
• Race and Ethnicity in Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith Poems In Country Lovers, Gordimer portrays the struggle of a black woman during the Apartheid epoch in South Africa and the harsh realities that black women tolerated during these dark moments.
• Multiculturalism in Canada: Social and Political Aspects Presently, this policy is portrayed in the country’s legal system, through the ‘Multiculturalism Act’ of the year 1988, among other key sections of the country’s governing laws and policies such as the ‘Charter of Rights […]
• Controversy of Gender and Race Discrimination Gender and race issues should be well tackled, for instance, in some of the societies men are believed to be superior to women and hold all the important positions in the society.
• Race Represented in American and Chinese Music In order to achieve the objective, the author defines and put into practice the idea of “Blacksound” the audible and physical heritage of blackface performances as the source of all popular music, art, and culture […]
• Race and Development of Music in America The author’s justification for the essay is the role of social history in determining the creation and evolution of music genres by African Americans.
• Race, Racism, and Dangers of Race Thinking While it is true that some forms of race thinking can be used to justify and perpetuate racism, it is not necessarily the case that all forms of race thinking are inherently racist. Race thinking […]
• Race and Gender Analysis: Key Differences The analyst should place both genders in different departments and see which gender is appropriate for a particular operation as it will promote racing between them.
• How the Race Concept Has Changed Over Time For example, in the ancient world, white European men used the concept of race to justify their conquest and colonization of other parts of the world.
• The Validity of the Race Concept As a result, the concept of race is not useful in terms of social life. Hence, the phenomenon of being a human is far more relevant than sticking to classifying a person based on their […]
• Critical Race Theory, Model Minority and Foreignness The theory assumes that social development and intellectual analysis of organized legal frameworks are based on the idea that race is not natural or biological based on the features of different subgroups.
• The Social Construction of Race Hence, the concept of race as a social construct it is human-invented and was also created to identify physical differences between people.
• Redlining, Race and Ethnicity in the United States Furthermore, the people of color could only live in the redlined areas because if they bought property outside of it, the value of the real estate in the entire neighborhood could decrease.
• Can the Human Race Survive Without Genetically Modified Food? Although genetically modified food is a recent invention, the humankind will be unable to survive without it due to the rise in the global population.
• The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity in Modern America In Chapter 11 of their book Introduction to Sociology, Giddens et al.discuss the concepts of race and ethnicity and explore racism in the modern US.
• Race and Ethnicity in the Context of Stratification However, the race has often been used as a factor of discrimination and social stratification. The reason for such conflicts is numerous myths about social stratification regarding race that persist in some parts of the […]
• Jews Students: Race, Education, and Myth-Making The main argument about the interconnection of race, education, and myth-making will be depicted in the example of Jews students. The atmosphere in New York in the 1910s and 1920s was full of discrimination against […]
• Race Factor in Students Admission to Law School However, he approved the need for a diverse student body and the use of race in admission based on an individual evaluation, not a group; the institution must assess other factors such as participation in […]
• Race and Ethnicity: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives It was precisely based on racial strife that the countries waged wars all the time and sought to subjugate the peoples, showing the ambitions of hegemons. The boundaries of an ethnic group, unlike a race, […]
• Review of Race, Ethnicity, and Age Trends in Persons Who Died From COVID-19 Categories display along the horizontal axis, and the height of the bar equates to the score of each class. The graph concludes that from May to August, the proportion of White decedents declined from 56.
• Race and Ethnicity in Social Work Differences in customs, beliefs, language of communication, and cultural values among the various immigrant races and ethnicities affected how we delivered our social aid. We had to overcome the ethnic and racial barriers that would […]
• The Connection of Race and Class to Activism In all of these cases, women suffered from sexual abuse, and the movement of #MeeToo rose, helping women save each other from the abuse.
• Race Matters by Cornel West: A Book Review The rise of racist and sexist tendencies due to the lack of affirmative action is doubtful because it is not the only element in the fight against racial and sexual prejudice. However, West is of […]
• The Death of Race by Brian Bantum In the first chapter, the author states that “race is this act of conjuring,”2 a statement that can be used to imply that the creation of the idea of race has been misleading.
• Self-Reflection on John Adams: Slavery and Race This could demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the freedom of speech limitations that are considered in modern America. Therefore, I would like to know the perspectives of different political parties on the events of […]
• Social Causes of Suicide: Sex, Race, Ethnicity, Age Group, and Mechanism of Death Suicide is one of the top ten main causes of death in the United States, making it a major issue. The suicide rate in the West is higher than in the South, Midwest, and Northeast.
• Race and Gender in Physical Education and Sports These factors create the diversity of cultures and nations, and inclusiveness, giving access to the best talents and disclosing the individual’s potential, abilities, and strengths.
• Dealing With Race Discrimination: Impact of Color Blindness However, psychologists have been trying to employ racial color blindness as a strategy to manage diversity and intergroup affairs. However, in other places, such as in enduring structural racism, it serves as a device to […]
• Race as a Social Construct: Issues of Barriers Since it occurs in the conditions of scarcity of resources essential for the survival of citizens, the varying degree of access to them can be determined on the basis of racial background.
• Critical Race Theory: The Power of an Illusion As mentioned above, the central tenet of the Critical Race theory lies in the belief that race is a social construct.
• Conservative Case on Banning Critical Race Theory Critical Race Theory is an educative rebellion that tries to understand how white power is generated and upheld as a cultural, political, and at the same time, legal condition, especially in the United States context. […]
• The Case of Victor Jailed on Counts of Violence: Race, Gender, Age Oblivious of how keen Victor was at a tender age, the actions by his mother and the partners created huge damage to his character and necessitated a violent change in his behavior.
• Sociology and Race Disparities in Health A proper sociological approach to the issue of race as related to health disparities may alleviate it by focusing on the stratifying principles of race, such as socioeconomic disadvantages and discrimination.
• Race and Gender in U.S. Media – “Star Wars” Amidala’s characters and alien female characters, such as Twi’lek women, also focus heavily on the sexual aspects and stereotypical desires of women across races.
• Pop Culture and Race, Ethnicity, Sexual Morality, and Gender On the other hand, there is a historically, politically, and economically determined point of intersection between parts of the feminist movement and the conservative media.
• Construction of Race in “The Eye of the Storm” Video The “Eye of the Storm” video is a fascinating example of how race can be socially constructed in the classroom. Thus, Elliott socially constructed race by suggesting that one group of children is better than […]
• Waves of Immigration: Recognizing Race and Ethnicity In 1965, Congress overturned the discriminatory immigration quota system and passed legislation based on the principles of family reunification and the attraction of a highly-skilled workforce to the United States.
• Defending Haslanger Against Race Essentialism In her conclusion, Haslanger states that it is the responsibility of people to define what gender and race are for theoretical purposes and usage.
• White Counselors Broaching Race and Racism Study The essence of the verbal behavior of the consultants is the ways of their reaction in the process of interaction with the client – the basic skills of counseling, accessibly including race and racism topics.
• Contemporary Debates on Ethnicity and Race Furthermore, outside the perspectives of the UK, the article raises the questions of collective social identity in relation to race and ethnicity.
• The Changes in the View of Race In the 18th century, Blumenbach shared the notion of Caucasian which characterized every white person, disregarding their actual ethnicity and culture.
• Sociology: The Critical Race Theory Some of the cases of racial discrimination that brought about the fight against the implementation and introduction of the critical race theory to the new generation include past cases of racial injustices.
• Race and Class Correlation in America Investigations of the elements of race and class together have endeavored to unravel the impact of the two by parsing out the manners by which the putative impacts of one may be clarified by the […]
• University Diversity Policies and Critical Race Theory All in all, Iverson brilliantly made a critical analysis of diversity action plans and came to the argument that universities’ diversity policies discursively put minorities in the inferior in relation to White students’ position.
• Segregation in the US & Race, Employment and Criminal Record The fictional history stresses whites’ collaboration to preserve the segregation laws, which evolved from furious masses in the initial periods of the Great Migration to the development of elegant community construction.
• Race, Gender and Socially Constructed Rules Considering prompt B, I believe the long-term employee does not have a valid point in claiming that their Mediterranean ancestry and natural biological impulses prevent them from trying to court the new employee.
• Race and Ethnicity in the United States While these concepts depict a correlation between minority groups and the poignant salient aspect of racial conflicts, the penal code is at the forefront of the disproportionate promotion of inequalities in crime prevention.
• Defining the Terms Race and Ethnicity Race is the distinctive group that humans categorize themselves into based on physical characteristics such as the color of the skin, hair texture, or size of the lips.
• Race and Ethnicity Differences and Impacts The first blood law was in the year 1705 and was known as the one-eighth rule where one was considered black if one of their great grandparents was entirely of African decency.
• Immigration, Social Construct, Race and Ethnicity As a result, the movement has impacted the United States positively and negatively, although the pros outweigh the cons. A social construct is defined as the thoughts or ideas established and accepted by individuals in […]
• Race Matters for Asian and African Women Leaders The study by Rosette et al.aims at exploring the influence of racial stereotypes of Asian and African American women on the two types of agentic bias, namely, agentic deficiency and agentic penalty.
• Relationship of Hip-Hop With Race and Identity The beefing between the two hip-hop artists, Iggy Azalea and Azealia Banks, indicates a misapprehension existing on hip-hop’s history. Due to the competitive nature of the market, artists try to survive by beefing with their […]
• COVID-19: How Race, Gender and Marriage Contribute to Humanity A study by Landivar et al.about the effect of the virus on gender and marriage in the US reveals that the pandemic has worsened gender inequality in employment.
• Global Media’s Portrayal of Race and Gender Stereotypical gender images in the media are stable and generalized representations of the mass consciousness about the social functions and models of behavior of men and women, expressed in visual and verbal images.
• Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Programming Paul, Jane & Elizabeth described the race as a social categorization based on phenotype and a social factor that is capable of influencing health and utilization of healthcare.
• Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Racial and ethnical issues are closely associated with the establishment of historical relations between the whites and the blacks in the American society.
• Asian Americans and Latino Families: Race and Ethnicity Diversity also brought out in “Fresh off the Boat” through comparison of Asian-American family values and Caucasian-American ones.
• “Race, Refugees, and International Law” by Achiume In the article “Race, Refugees, and International Law,” the author describes the definition of the term “race” as the social systems of meaning that attach to elements of morphology and ancestry.
• Housing, Race, Class in the Film “Parasite” The Parasite is a symbolic film showcasing the implications of capitalism by highlighting the variance between the rich and the poor.
• Inclusive Policies & Race Relations in the UK Higher Education Sector This study is a research proposal aimed at understanding the efficacy of inclusive policies in promoting race relations in the UK higher education sector.
• Race Is a Social Construct Rather Than Biological In the 15th century England, for instance, phrases such as ‘the race of bishops’ or ‘the race of saints’ were commonly used. The former refers to the drawing of conclusions about people on the basis […]
• Race and Ethnicity Impact on US Municipality Politics The politicians who were opportunists, referred to as the machines, aided the assimilation of the immigrants and helped them have a sense of belonging in the new areas of residence.
• Enterobius Vermicularis: A Worm That Knows No Class, Race or Culture Pinworm infection is generally asymptomatic but the most common symptom is perianal itching (Michelle, Kalyana, 2005).
• Empirical and Theoretical Studies Own-Race Bias The present paper represents a literature review on the subject of own-race bias a set of scientific articles reporting about empirical and theoretical studies in the sphere are analyzed to estimate the present-day progress of […]
• Facebook: Reflection of Race- and Gender-Based Narrative For example, the presentation of Egypt in the Book of Exodus shows the oppressed structure.”The Egyptians became ruthless in imposing tasks on the Israelites, and made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and […]
• Race: A Social Construct or a Term From Biology? The studies of the human genome in the past led to a belief that race is a constant that defines a set of characteristics to which an individual of this race will be predisposed.
• Race and Color Discrimination Against US Employees Jobs should be evaluated and analyzed in order to determine the relative pay of each class of job. Promotions should be based on work performance and the ability and morality of employees.
• Children’s Understanding of Their Race This perception is also imposed on children and, therefore, in the future, they may encounter problems due to the negative understanding of their race.
• Race-Based Jury Nullification Advantages and Disadvantages The jury considers the application of the law unjust to the defendant. In view of this, the nullification of the law is witnessed.
• Race Factor in Offending & Victimization Rates Although the homicide rates have been increasing from the 1950s both in the White and African American communities, the rate of increase in the African American community has been at higher levels.
• Race and Culture Factors in Crime That is why this paper’s objective is to explore different views on how the factors of race and culture can influence the violent and criminal behavior in people, to analyze the evident correlations between the […]
• Differences in Health Status by Race Health disparities are defined as the dissimilarity between groups of people in terms of disproportion in health status, the spread of various diseases, and access to services.
• “Poverty, Race, and the Contexts of Achievement” by Maryah Stella Fram et al. The article “Poverty, race, and the contexts of achievement: examining the educational experience of children in the U.S. Multilevel models were then applied in the analyses of how children varied in their reading scores depending […]
• Race-Based Medicine: Diseases in Different Groups of the Population BiDil and its success in reducing heart failure in African Americans is a clear example of the new benefits that can be seen by this new way of medicine. The benefits of race-based medicine should […]
• “Revisiting America: Readings in Race, Culture, and Conflict” by S. Wyle The diversity in the social and societal background of the United States cannot go without the trends for the historical basis of the nation.
• Has Race Relationship in America Gotten Better or Worse? It is the main problem that contributes to the fact that despite the law being on the side of Black people, they are still the ones who are arrested on the streets more often and […]
• Unlearning Race as Biology It is scientifically proven that race is not a reliable shortcut or proxy but simply a distraction that does not let see the real and the whole picture of one’s condition and situation.
• Hospital Discharge Data Set in Relation to Race The second thing is that some people may not understand the difference or relevance of categories ethnicity and race or use broad categories, for example, Asian, making it necessary to adjust data sheets such as […]
• Race at the Intersections: Sociology, 3rd Wave Feminism, and Critical Race Theory In this reading, the author examines the phenomenon of racism not merely as an issue but a systematic, institutionalized, and cultural phenomenon that is hard to eliminate.
• Race and Ethnicity in Head Coaching Positions Firstly, the extent of the underrepresentation of racial diversity in American sports is one of the most predominant reasons for the industry to seek more African-American coaches.
• The Impact of Gender, Race, and Sexuality in Children’s Films The film Lady and the Tramp, released in 1955, tells the audience a romance story of two dogs, Lady and Tramp, who fall in love with each other.
• Race and Ethnicity, Other Minorities and Discrimination The author argues that the downgrading of the social status of Arabs in the US could be measured through the various “public policies, in mainstream representations, in social patterns of discrimination, separation, and exclusion, and […]
• Race and Gender as Social Constructs Race and gender identity have been the issues that were at the center of the debate around whether there is a genetic component to it.
• Effects of Race on Psychotherapy Process and Outcome The main aim of the research paper is to explore the effect race of the client and the therapist has on the therapy process and short-term outcomes of therapy.
• The Declining Significance of Race: Revisited & Revised If to compare the main events, that Wilson mentions in connection with the development of race relations in the United States, with the facts from the textbook, it appears that the two texts have a […]
• Race as a Global Issue in the 1920s The main intention of prohibiting immigrants from entering the country was to block the Germans whom the Americans saw as a threat to their country.
• Improving Race Relations in the USA The thoughts of people and their attitude to each other cannot be controlled by the government. The people’s attitude to each other depends on their personal beliefs and moral principles which are impossible to be […]
• Race and Racism in the USA: The Origins and the Future In conclusion, the author suggests that the possible solution to the problem of racial conflicts is the amalgamation of different races and ethnics.
• Gender, Class and Race in Household and Paid Work This paper provides the analysis of how gender affects the labor distribution in both household and paid labor, the role of social class in families, and the impact of race and ethnicity on labor distribution, […]
• Morbidity and Mortality by Race in Maryland and Texas The evidence is in the form of average percentages of persons over the age of 18 but under the age of 64.
• American Race Relations in the “42” Movie Although the great number of black men spilt their blood and fought for their country, the society still considered them to be the representatives of the lower social group The USA was one of the […]
• “Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown” by Nayan Shah The book started with the description of the epidemics that broke out at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries in San Francisco.
• Impact of Race, Age or Gender on Teamwork This is based on the difficulty of ascertaining in what way productivity is affected by a change in the age composition of the workforce.
• Gender Race and Sex Body in Relations to Politics and the Law Sexualized body is a site of a political contestation and has the following effects to politics. Some people see sex as a site of exploiting others; women and young girls are subjected to the agenda, […]
• The Issues of Race in the Military Consequently, to fully comprehend and assimilate the nature of racial and ethical discrimination meted out on the black military personnel’s or to better put it for military officers of different race or colour, one will […]
• Race, Class and Gender. Racism on Practice The separation and the segregation on an individual or group is what is based on the grounds of racism, and this has been well illustrated in the book the Ethics of Living Jim Crow where […]
• Minorities, Race, Gender, Sexuality in America Race, gender, and sexuality are closely linked to the concept of minorities in the sense that people who are in small numbers in these three categories stand out from the rest of the population.
• Reasons Why Aborigines Were Doomed Race in the 19th Century They were embarrassed with this community due to their exploitation of the environment and also they saw them as a primitive community.
• Conceptual Border of Race in the Present Day Society The population of the country, which territory is rich in oil, was sacrificed to the interests of the developed countries. This demonstrates one of the sociological issues and the citizens’ assurance, that the government did […]
• Tragedy of Lynching in the Race Relations of America The White people in the south had the determination to bring to an end the engagement of the black people in the local affairs in the region following the close of the Reconstruction in the […]
• Race Consciousness for Racial Equity Race consciousness has resulted in the development of a mentality among the minorities that some of the challenges such as the oppression of the minor races can be opposed and resisted and hence such groups […]
• How Laws, Policies and Reforms Have Contributed to Race and Class Biased Outcomes Despite the intensive efforts that have been made in trying to deal with past bias in the United States, racism has remained elusive and has always impacted a lot on the policymaking in the country.
• The Three Great Leaders of the Black Race in America Born to slavery, he had a white father and a black slave mother in Virginia, he got good schooling and prevailed among the African American community, and was favored by the white politicians to be […]
• Race Relations in Britain. Immigration Situation This was the first large-scale migration of colored immigrants as compared to the minimal migrations that Britain had gotten used to.
• The Issue of Race and Ethnicity in Canada Canada is one of the countries that accommodate the highest number of immigrants in the world. This has led to the entry of immigrants into the country who possess the work skills that are needed.
• Women, Race & Class It is expected that most women will joyously accept the advent of what may result from that assumption “househusband,” but unfortunately, “the desexualization of domestic labor would not alter the oppressive nature of the work” […]
• Synopsis of Gwen Ifill’s Book “The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama” On January 20, 2009, Barack Hussein Obama II became the 44th President of the United States and the first African American to hold the office of the Presidency.
• Race Relations Between the U.S.A. and Brazil The literature is comprehensive, exploring the past and current status of racial relations in both U.S.A.and Brazil, the development of the “conventional wisdom”, the factors that led to this knowledge, and aspects that should be […]
• Age, Race, Sex, and Women Defining Differences Society is presented as a state of macabre where the people have been used for their benefits and purposes and continue to be used in this manner.
• Comments on Flynn’s Views on IQ, Race and Class Reforms aimed at the modification of educational opportunity allocation also do not help in the reduction of the advantages enjoyed by the elites in education attainment.
• Obama Speech on Race – March 2008 Although the Constitution promised its people justice, equality and liberty, it has never been able to rid the slaves off their bondage and provide the people of every race and color their privileges and equal […]
• How Gender and Race Structure Poverty and Inequality Connected? In essence, feminization of poverty has been constructed in the context of the rise in households headed by female and the family participation in the low income generating activities, thus creating three distinct areas of […]
• Ideology of Race and the New Democratic Nation His main argument in this matter is that whilst racism did not at first lead the colonists in enslaving the blacks, the concept of the native hereditary inferiority on the component of Africans and African […]
• Race, Class and Gender in Los Angeles in the 20th Century The people of the high class or the rich who were mainly white determined the economic structure and process of Los Angeles.
• Race, Class, and Politics of Charlotte Regarding charlotte his main concern was to research why most of the charlotte’s cotton mills are built on the edge of the town, the impact of the southern values on the Charlotteans including racial have […]
• The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama In the book The Breakthrough, Gwen Ifill addresses the political background and what part the women and men the author calls “the breakthrough politicians” or what the editor of the New Yorker David Remnick refers […]
• “Race and the Opposition to Obama” Critical Analysis The opinion of the author is correct because if the people hate Barack Obama due to his race and opposition, they should adore Bill Clinton and George W.
• “School Daze” by Spike Lee: Race, Class, and Language In terms of race, it can be seen that even in an all black characters, this category has a huge affect on the perception of the characters of themselves. In that regard, the film is […]
• Inversion of Norms Regarding Race: The Madonnas of Echo Park and Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories The book portrays feelings, lives, and thoughts of characters that are integrated by living in a barrio, the area of the city with primarily a Spanish-speaking population.
• Hernandez vs. Texas as a Race and Ethnicity Case The case of Hernandez v. Although the case of Hernandez v.
• Race and Ethnicity: Capitalism, Law, and Biology Stemming from the bigoted perspective that the colonialist thinking provided, legal regulations and biological theories have aggravated the quality of relationships between members of different racial and ethnic groups, creating the scenario in which the […]
• Social Institutions and Race in American Elections With the 2020 elections approaching, the subject of race in the US is very important in the context of political debate.
• Recognizing Race and Ethnicity For this reason, the primary aim of the given project is to delve into the current associations between race and ethnicity, their alteration under the impact of beliefs and people’s choices.
• Race, Sex and Knowledge From Feminist Perspective According to the author, the adoption of the neo-liberal economic policies in most countries of the world resulted in the creation of the situation when, as of today, the workers’ bargaining power continues to decline […]
• Capital Punishment and Race Factor in the US First of all, it is necessary to briefly discuss the history of race in the U.S.to provide a foundation for the bias and explain its causes.
• Race and Gender: “The Gang’s All Queer” by Vanessa Panfil In her research, the author incorporates all the factors impacting the life of gay African Americans in an urban criminal gang and answers the question concerning the life of such people inside a gang.
• Social Media Conversations About Race In the article provided, it is evident that these platforms have been used to discuss racial matters of particular groups of people, for instance, in the US blacks have a hashtag, #BlackLivesMatter, which they use […]
• Student Engagement: Gender, Race, Ethnicity Factors On the one hand, the lack of student engagement among the specific student population may increase the level of self-esteem and pride among other groups of students.
• Race & Gender Inequality and Economic Empowerment
• Ethnicity Studies: Race in American Society
• How to Reformat a Hard Drive?
• Class and Race Barriers in America: Can We Overcome?
• Race Factor in University Admission Decisions
• Race and Gender Privileges in Society
• Gender, Race and Political Empowerment: Canning Workers
• Race, Gender, and Sexuality Issues in Sports
• Race and Gender: “Moonlight” Film and “Boy, Snow, Bird” Book
• American Race Relations as a Social Construct
• Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real About Race in School
• Courageous Conversations about Race
• Race and Education Level Relationships
• Race, Violence and Captivity in the Pacific War
• Race Relationships Management: Knowledge Is Power
• Education Improving Race Relations
• Race in the United States and the Dominican Republic
• Race and Culture in Langston Hughes’ Poems
• Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America
• Juvenile Justice and Race
• Gang Formation Fighting: Race and Ethnic-Specific Strategies
• Barack Obama and Race Impact on American Politics
• Race Perception in American and Nigerian Cultures
• American Race Culture in Historical Aspects
• Race, Ethnicity and Disasters in the United States
• The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Cardiovascular Health
• Race and Ethnicity Relations in the United States
• Written Communication and Race in South Africa
• Differential Treatment: Race and Ethnicity Role in Courts
• Race and Ethnic Groups Diversity in America
• Race and Identity in African-American Culture
• Language in Race and Socio-Cultural Inequality Construction
• Race Mixture in Nakashima’s An Invisible Monster
• Race and Gentrification in Harlem, New York City
• Race Literature Comparison: Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith
• Race Conflict in London: Mark Duggan Case
• The Evolution of the Race Meaning
• Race and Politics in the United States
• Gender, Race and Class Issues in Education
• Race and the Related Issues: the Culture Clash
• Race and Ethnicity Representation in Art and Films
• Devious Maids – How Television Portrays Race?
• The Concept of Race in Colonial America
• History of the Race Evolution
• Race Ethnicity and Gender in the American Education
• Exploring Race and Ethnicity
• Race and Ethnicity in Cartoons
• Race Relations and Women’s Status
• Race and Culture which Defines Us
• Race and Ethnicity in Children’s Cartoons
• Racial Diversity in the Media
• Law Enforcement Race and Domestic Calls
• Race Relations in the United States
• Race Discrimination in the USA
• Understanding Race and Racism
• Race, Class, and Gender: Rothenberg’s book
• African Americans: Race and Ethnic Discrimination
• Analysis of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History
• Relevance of Race and Ethnicity Issues: Asian Americans
• Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspective
• Theoretical Orientations in Race, Class and Gender in Adult Learning
• Race Politics in America
• Depiction of Race in Early American Writing
• The Social Web Divided by Race
• Globalization and Race: The Black Other and African Diaspora
• Social Construction of Race and Gender
• Race and Ethnicity in “Divergent Social Worlds” by Peterson & Krivo
• Race Superiority: Comparison between a Research Carried Out by Suein Hwang and Richard E. Nisbett.
• Representation of African-American Identity and Race, Gender and Class in the Bamboozled
• Race and Crime in the United States
• African Diaspora: Gender Hierarchies and Global Race
• Intelligence and Race Correlation
• Affirmative Action: Achieving Race Equality in School Admissions
• Social Media Issues Relating To Race and Religion
• Race and Citizenship in the Early Republic
• The Role of Race and Class in the U.S. History until 1865
• Race biases in face recognition
• Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
• The Relationship between Race and Gender as Delineated in the Loons, City Lovers, and Ravensong
• Impact of Race, Gender and Place/Location on the Shape and Course of the African American Experience Between 1860 and 1915
• Comparative argument about race, class, or gender stratification
• Race, Ethnicity, Gender Identity
• Race in United States
• Messages about Race in the Media
• Fundamental Causality and Race
• Race V Class, Understanding American History After 1945
• Race Relations During the Progressive Era
• The Effect of Gender, Age, and Race on the Use of Intravenous Drug
• Race and Gender: What Binds People Together
• Interracial Marriage in the U.S.
• Employment Discrimination: Race/Ethnicity/Color/National Origin/Religion
• Barrack Obama and Race in Politics and Culture
• Racial Stratification in the U.S. and Canada
• The Italian Race and Violent Crime
• Treating Race and Ethnicity in History
• Concept of Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Immigration History
• Race and Discrimination
• The Race Equality Concept
• Modern Brazil: The Narrative of Race and Inequality
• Race, Inclusion, Exclusion, and Segregation
• Race and Ethnicity in the U.S
• Ethnicity and race in the USA
• The Concept of Race
• Colorblind Society: Race and Skin Color in America
• Globalisation, Immigration, Race and Ethnicity in Vancouver
• Race in turn of the century: America
• How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook
• Race in World War II
• Annotation of Immigration Effects on Homicide Offending for Total and Race/Ethnicity-Disaggregated Populations
• Race Disparities in Sentencing
• Impact of race and ethnicity in American history
• Fantasies of the Master Race
• Inequality in Race, Religion, and Ethnicity
• What Is the Relationship Between Race, Poverty and Prison?
• Race in a Southern Community
• Importance of the Race and Gender in the Segment of a Market
• Race and the Body: How Culture Both Shapes and Mirrors Broader Societal Attitudes Towards Race and the Body
• Trends in Smoking Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity
• The Chicago Race Riot of 1919
• Influence of Race in My Community
• African Americans: Race and Ethnicity Identification
• Race, Gender and Sexuality
• The Illusive Race Question
• Are Bad Race Relations Still an Issue?
• Does Race Form an Identity?
• How Does the Dominant Groups Affect Society Define Race?
• How Does Race Affect Student Learning?
• What Is the Correlation Between Race and Education Level?
• What Are the Five Elements of Critical Race Theory in Education?
• How Does You Race, Religion, Nationality, Gender and Culture Define You?
• What Is the Most Common Race in the World?
• What Is the Problem With Diverse Aging and Health Inequality by Race?
• Can the One-Drop Rule Tell Us Anything About Race Discrimination?
• What Is the Poorest Race in Canada?
• Did Teachers’ Verbal Ability and Race Matter in the 1960s?
• Does Race Affect Treatment Within CJS?
• What Is the Dependence between Mortality, Inequality and Race in America?
• Are Infants Face Preferences Guided by Intersectionality of Sex and Race?
• What Is the Meaning of Race Conflict?
• How Bullying Affects People Based on Gender or Race?
• What Is the Least Common Race in the World?
• Which Race Is the Richest?
• What Race Has Lowest Income?
• What Is the Most Diverse Country by Race?
• What Race Is the Poorest in the United States?
• What Race Uses Food Stamps the Most?
• What Is the Meaning of Race in History?
• What Are the Connection between Race, Inequality and Educational Accountability?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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IvyPanda . 2024. "308 Race Essay Topics & Examples." March 1, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/race-essay-topics/.

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IvyPanda . "308 Race Essay Topics & Examples." March 1, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/race-essay-topics/.

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