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• Mass Media /

Media Convergence

• Updated on  
• Nov 29, 2023

Communication across the world has evolved with the advent of technology and media. There are now several ways to exhibit your work, voice your opinions on issues and spread knowledge and information globally. Related to these, is a phenomenon called Media Convergence. This has emerged due to the immense digitalization and the widespread use of the internet. Industries and organizations across the world have started transforming their methods and have merged the many types of media for better functioning and growth. In this blog, we will go through the various characteristics of media convergence, examples, advantages, and more.

This Blog Includes:

What is media convergence, technological convergence, economic convergence, cultural convergence , importance of media convergence, 3cs of media convergence, disadvantages of media convergence, universalization.

Media Convergence simply refers to the merging of different types of mass media such as Traditional Media, Print Media, Broadcast Media, New Media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms. This results in the combination of 3Cs, i.e. Communication, Computing and Content as all three are integrated through technology. The most relevant example of media convergence is a Smartphone that blends together various media, i.e. print media (e-books, news apps), broadcast media (streaming websites, radio, music apps) as well as new media (the internet) into a single device that performs various functions from calling and texting to photography, videography, gaming and so much more.

The most popular examples of Media Convergence are :

• Smartphones (converging camera, music, the internet, books, and all other media together)
• Online Radio (converging radio with the Internet)
• E-books (converging paperbacks with the digital technology)
• News Websites and Apps

Media convergence has proved to be beneficial in the digital era which is filled with content seeking our attention continuously. Here are the most important advantages of Media Convergence:

• The instant availability of news and moment-based content is one of the top advantages of media convergence between traditional media and new media.
• The content producers can specifically target the best audience or group they are aiming towards by publishing customized content.
• With media convergence, the audience has also become the creator themselves. From memes to social media posts, media convergence has truly been beneficial to integrate audience on a global level.
• Another important benefit of media convergence that it has broadened the limitations of traditional media by blending it with new media, thus providing instant and latest content on an international level.
• With the media convergence between traditional media and new media, the cost of digital marketing has also become economical thus making this process beneficial and affordable.

Types of Media Convergence 

Media convergence is an umbrella term that can be defined in the context of technological, industrial, social, textual, and political terms.

The three main types of Media Convergence are:

Technological convergence is a term that describes the layers of abstraction which enables different technologies to interoperate efficiently as a convergent system. It is when new technologies are created and take over from past technologies and perform the same task in a more efficient manner. Technological convergence is the combination of computing, communication, and content around networked digital media platforms. It further aims to convert existing media into a digital form of technology, for example, viewing a book online (E-books, Kindle). We have compiled some of the basic fundamentals of Technological convergence below: 

• Technologies convergence is when new technologies are created that mostly take over or get upgraded from past technologies and perform the same task but in a more advance manner, for example, people used to listen to music using the radio but now technological convergence but now the convergence has evolved majority use smartphones.
• Technological convergence is the tendency that as technology sometimes evolves towards performing a similar task.

Just like the general definition of Economic convergence which suggests that countries with lower GDPs are going to grow faster than countries with higher GDP, the Economic media convergence allows a single company to target larger interest groups through various kinds of media. Some of its key features are: 

• In Economic convergence large companies use old and new media to their advantage by selling merchandise or the rights of the product. 
• It is the horizontal integration of the entertainment industry companies such as Sony, AOL, Time Warner now has an interest in film, TV books, games, and the internet, music real estate, etc.

This concept of media convergence occurs when two or more cultures adopt each other’s traits and become more alike. Those  Increasing similarities between cultures are not limited to beliefs of consumer brands and media. Some of the major forms of cultural media convergence are: 

• Acculturation : When weaker among two cultures adopt traits from more dominant culture e.g Indians mostly speaking the English language. 
• Assimilation : When original traits of weaker culture are completely erased and replaced by traces of more dominant culture e.g war immigrants no longer speak the native language.  

Wondering why media convergence is important? It is important because it blends together content, communication technologies and computer networks thus leading to the immediate transformation of many established industries, services as well as work practices and through all this, new forms of content are born.

Here are the key points why Media Convergence is important:

• It transforms the modes of communication, news reporting, and journalism. For example, Media journalism.
• It led to cross-media since a huge amount of content is now being accessed through portable devices. For instance, news organizations no longer simply rely on print or AV transmission.
• Many new media forms are born like news portals, podcasts, news feeds, blogging, websites and mobile applications.
• The newly converged media platforms provide online access to the archives, and endless opportunities for users to comment on the story or provide links to relevant material.

The 3Cs of Media Convergence are C omputing, C ommunications, and C ontent. Media Convergence unites these 3Cs of Computing, Communications and Content and is an immediate result of digitization and promotion of the Internet. To put it even more simply, the convergence of Content with Communication technologies and Computer Networks is what leads to Media Convergence.

While the advantages of this form of convergence focus on content integration, faster access and international reach, disadvantages highlight the impact of convergence on consumers as well as technology. Here are the major disadvantages of media convergence:

• Difficulty in assessing consumer responses and reactions scattered across diverse converged platforms.
• More competition for consumer’s time and attention with various media platforms in one device.
• Audiences often feel overwhelmed with massive amounts of information overload.
• The older generation and the disabled sections of the community find it hard to learn the digital skills to use different types of media
• Highly relied on technology and the internet thus the areas deprived of these two aspects can face issues with using online information.
• Prone to cyber-attacks and malfunctioning .

Universalization is another lesser-known aspect of mass media that has been highlighted with convergence. Media convergence has led to the promotion of diversity and inclusion in our world as we get to know about various cultures, their traditions and values and further learn to imbibe a respect for every culture. Globalisation has played a central role in universalization of cultures through media as the world is striving to become more inclusive of everyone, irrespective of their culture, religion, gender, etc. Here’s how media convergence has led to universalization of popular culture:

• By providing open access to cultures around the world
• Increased cross-cultural consumption through digital media
• Promotion of pop culture on the Internet
• Diversity and inclusion in media (be it through the content we consume or content creators)
• The internet is an hybridization of cultures and identities as we consume content from around the world and learn about diverse cultures.

Media Convergence is known broadly as the coming together of computing, telecommunication, and media in a digital environment. In 1978, the term Convergence was first coined by Nicholas Negroponte which stated that modern devices in combination with technology, social media, and the internet form the basic structure of Convergence in media. It brings together the “3 C’s”,i.e communication, computing, and content which is a direct result of the digitization of media content and high usage of the Internet.

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• Correspondents
• Staff or Freelance Writers
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Media Convergence means the interconnection of communication technologies, computer networks, media content and information. It is constituted of 3Cs, i.e. Computing, Communication and Content and is a result of digital media content and the inception of the internet.

The best examples of media convergence are Smartphones, laptops and ipads that converge different types of digital media like radio, camera, TV, music, content and more in a simple single device.

There are three main types of media convergence: 1. Technological Convergence 2. Economic Convergence 3. Cultural Convergence

Media Convergence has proven beneficial for small and large businesses both as well as have provided us with the rapid accessibility and availability of information and content at the touch of our screen. Media convergence has also made communication better thus making our society more globalised though it has resulted in our unhealthy addiction to our devices too.

Hopefully, this blog helped you acquire the basic knowledge of Media convergence. \If you are passionate about making your career in this field and are confused about how to go about it, then get in touch with experts at Leverage Edu . We will help you in choosing the Top Mass Communication Colleges but also will help you to choose the right career path!

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15 comments

Good stuff really learned a lot and the grammar is very easy to comprehend

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Thank you so much! Would you be able to share the disadvantages of Media convergence as well?

Well explained Thank you so much, you helped me out with my assignment

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Thank you, Ritu!

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Digital Media and Convergence Culture

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Digital Media and Convergence Culture by Ethan Tussey LAST REVIEWED: 02 May 2023 LAST MODIFIED: 23 August 2017 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0269

“Convergence culture” is a term used to describe the ways in which digital media has changed the relationship between institutions and their patrons, governments and their citizens, and storytellers and their audiences. Digital media technologies provide interactive and networked communication that accelerates the feedback loop between these groups. Digital media did not create active and creative audiences, but this technology has amplified and enhanced activities that previously had been popular with ardent fans and subcultures with strong social ties. The proliferation of digital media corresponds with marketing and messaging strategies designed to entice people to interact with companies and organizations. These groups encourage people to seek information on their own, “join the conversation,” and “take charge” of their lives through the capabilities of digital devices. In convergence culture, the boundaries between work and leisure, professional and amateur, and artist and audience have blurred. These changes have inspired research on the potentials and limitations of interactivity, immediacy, and interconnectedness. Some work focuses on the effects of these changes on democracy, including the status of journalism, the ability to organize social movements, and the effects of Balkanization in an era of algorithms. Along similar lines, research on privacy and surveillance warns of the darker side of networked technology. Claims about the social impact of digital media build on analysis of the technological affordances of the platforms, software, hardware, and code that governs participation. Many have detailed the ways in which the technology and culture of computing is laden with ideology that shapes its uses. Arguments such as these are especially relevant to the forward-thinking work done on what is referred to as the “Internet of Things,” which theorizes what life will be like when computer chips network all objects in an attempt to organize the chaos of the world through “big data” initiatives. Research on digital media and convergence culture relies on case studies, institutional analysis, theoretical exploration, and software studies. The variety of methodological approaches and the inherent interdisciplinarity of this work speaks to the ways in which digital media has affected all corners of modern life. The enthusiasm, creativity, and rigor of the research on convergence culture demonstrate the dedication of academia to bring clarity to a world reeling from a seismic shift.

Foundational theories and arguments about digital media and convergence culture are discussed in this section. Comprehensive descriptions of the capabilities, affordances, and specificities of digital media are available in Bolter and Grusin 2000 and Manovich 2001 . Early considerations of the relationship between old and new technologies appear in anthologies such as Everett and Caldwell 2003 . Jenkins 2006 and Jenkins, et al. 2013 crystallized public understanding of the changing relationship between producers and consumers and the role of digital media in the circulation of ideas. Building on this work, Bruns 2008 provides the term “produser” to describe how identity and creative labor changes in convergence culture. Chun 2011 and Nakamura 2007 provide in-depth analysis of the implications of convergence culture on the capabilities of the technology and the identity formation they allow. Finally, Zittrain 2009 provides a useful history of the evolution of the Internet that details how the emergence of commercial logic has changed the nature of collaboration and the experience of using digital media. Together these works provide an overview of the potentials, pitfalls, and major claims that consistently appear in the field of digital media and convergence culture.

Bolter, Jay David, and Richard Grusin. Remediation: Understanding New Media . Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2000.

Describes the ways in which emerging technology replicates earlier media technology through the prisms of “hypermediacy” and “immediacy.” Bolter and Grusin reveal the truly unique way that digital media replicates and enhances the abilities of its predecessors.

Bruns, Axel. Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage . Digital Formations 45. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.

Considering a variety of sites of convergence culture, such as blogs, Wikipedia, and Second Life, Bruns argues that digital technology complicates the distinctions between consumer and producer. The case studies consider the implications of the hybrid identity “produser.”

Chun, Wendy. Programmed Visions: Software and Memory . Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2011.

DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015424.001.0001

Theorizes that cycles of hype, renewal, and obsolescence around such phenomenon as flash mobs, dial-up computing, and cloud computing contribute to the cultural memory of new media that is foundational to the habits and assumptions people make about the potential of convergence culture.

Everett, Anna, and John T. Caldwell, eds. New Media: Theories and Practices of Digitextuality . London: Routledge, 2003.

This early anthology provides useful concepts such as Everett’s “digitextuality” and Caldwell’s “second-shift aesthetic” that begin to map scholarly lines of inquiry in the field of convergence culture.

Fuller, Matthew, ed. Software Studies: A Lexicon . Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2008.

The field of software studies is crucial to understanding convergence culture as collaboration, and interaction on digital media platforms is shaped significantly by the functionality and logic of interfaces. This collection is a useful introduction to the issues and areas of inquiry in software studies.

Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide . New York: New York University Press, 2006.

An influential work that shaped an understanding of digital media across academic disciplines, Jenkins positions digital media within long-standing discussions of audience collaboration and meaning making. Jenkins argues that digital media enhances these activities and gives rise to participatory culture in which consumers and citizens have a larger role to play in the activities of the entertainment industry and government institutions.

Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture . New York: New York University Press, 2013.

The authors describe the social dynamics, traditional distributors, and networked technology that makes it possible for digital culture to spread across the Internet. Their website Spreadable Media includes essays from digital media scholars who investigate other factors about widespread digital distribution.

Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media . Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2001.

This book is an essential examination of the affordances of digital media technology and their attending ideology. Manovich breaks down the specific capabilities and logics that distinguish digital media from other technologies. In addition, his interest in the art world and cinema provides a number of useful corollary theories to help clarify the specific functionality of digital media.

Nakamura, Lisa. Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.

The Internet seems to offer the opportunity to develop a digital persona unbound from real-life identities. Nakamura demonstrates that the division between digital persona and real-life identity is not easily severed by showing the ways in which digital interactions are informed by the realities of race, ethnicity, and gender.

Zittrain, Jonathan. The Future of the Internet—and How to Stop It . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.

Surveying the history of the Internet and tracking the shift from “generative” principles to the service-oriented system that favors commerce, Zittrain provides a thorough and accessible look at the factors contributing to the evolution of the Internet.

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Media Convergence, an Introduction

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Media convergence is a theory in communications where every mass medium eventually merges to the point where they become one medium due to the advent of new communication technologies. The Media Convergence research theme normally refers to entire production, distribution, and use process of future digital media services from contents production to service delivery through various channels such as mobile terminals, digital TV, or the Internet.

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Chakaveh, S., Bogen, M. (2007). Media Convergence, an Introduction. In: Jacko, J.A. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. HCI Intelligent Multimodal Interaction Environments. HCI 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4552. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73110-8_88

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Convergence and divergence in media: different perspectives

A current issue in the media industry is coping with the effects of convergence. The concept of convergence is frequently used both in the academic field and within the media industry to denote the ongoing restructuring of media companies as well as to describe the latest developments in media forms, distribution, and consumption. However, there is currently no generally accepted definition of the concept. Depending on the context, the meaning and connotations vary. Some researchers suggest that convergence is a result of a change toward a more modern media society while others treat the concept as denoting the actual process toward a more efficient management of the media value chain. This paper discusses various definitions of convergence, both in a historical perspective and as it is used and understood in contemporary media and communications research, one aim being the evaluation of how the meaning of the concept has evolved during the past decade. The study is based on literat...

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Dealing with the on-going structural changes in the media landscape is one of the most urgent challenges in today's society, both for people working in the media industry and for consumers trying t ...

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Media convergence, the dominant perspective to understanding the recent intertwining development of media and digital technologies, has been criticized for not reflecting the phenomenon of the current media landscape. The convergence-deconvergence-coexistence triad is proposed as the better framework to understand such phenomenon. Therefore, this article implements this triadic interaction to analyze the evolution of Liputan6.com, one of the most prominent online news media in Indonesia. This study employs in-depth interviews, observation, and document/archive analysis. This study identifies three periods of development of Liputan6.com since its establishment in 2000, and each period has different relation dynamics of the three aspects within the triad framework. By applying the convergence-deconvergence-coexistence triadic perspective, this article offers a multifaceted and multilayer analysis of the evolution of online news media such as Liputan6.com.

Fernández Sanz, Juan José; Rubio Moraga, Angel L.; Sanz Estables, Carlos; (eds.). Prensa y periodismo especializado V. 1 ed. Madrid: Departamento de Historia de la Comunicación Social (UCM)/Asociación de la Prensa de Guadalajara; 2012. p. 431-474.

Javier Díaz Noci

SHUAIB MOHAMED HANEEF

The field of journalism has always been inflected by technological disruptions that take place continually. Disruption ushered in by the digitalisation and convergence of media has changed the ways journalists perform their routine journalistic tasks. Non-human actants like mobile phones, smart phones, messaging apps, and social media among others have influenced journalistic practices in the realm of converged media. This research paper attempts to explore how smart phones, social media and other convergent media and related practices alter or translate the journalistic network of news production. To understand the phenomena, the researchers conducted in-depth interview with twelve journalists from the Hindustan Times and Hindustan Dainik, Lucknow and Dainik Jagran, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. The audio recordings of interviews were transcribed and coded as per the three stages of thematic analysis using qualitative data analysis software NVivo. Emerging literature on convergence jou...

Jose Alberto García Avilés , Andy Kaltenbrunner , Klaus Meier

Newsrooms are in a makeover process, reflecting the complex changes taking place in the market,along with a shift towards the digital domain within the media value creation chains. Our comparative study monitors convergence and integration processes in newsrooms in Spain (El Mundo), Germany (Die Welt) and Austria (Der Standard). Five years ago, we established threetypical newsroom models and a convergence matrix for analysis and comparison: Full Integration,Cross-Media and Coordination of Isolated Platforms. The models and matrix have now beenconfirmed and enriched with new details and descriptors regarding newsroom organization, workflows and change management. At the same time, audience participation is becoming a key strategic question in all newsroom models, whereas the traditional logic and rhythms of daily newspaper production are losing ground.

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 17512786 2014 885678

Andy Kaltenbrunner

Nathan O Emmanuel, Ph.D

Internet has reinvented and redefined society; it has introduced a new culture, refurbished and reshaped the existing ones. This study is an assessment of new trends and practices in Nigerian media environment. Conducted within the context of mediamorphosis theory, the research used qualitative tools such as semi-structured interviews, direct-observation, while some secondary data from different sources were triangulated with the primary data in order to enhance the richness and trustworthiness of the findings. In terms of sampling, multiple-staged sampling method was adopted and this resulted in the selection of 15 media practitioners which were drawn from different media genres. The findings show that digital delivery of media contents has occupied superlative position in modern journalism practice in Nigeria and this has given birth to " non-media " social media influencers, such as celebrities, corporate organisations, who promote their brands through their various social media accounts on Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs, among others. Findings also reveal that there is a yawning gap between journalism practice and journalism education in Nigeria, as the newsroom is believed to be ahead of classroom. The study therefore recommends that if the ship of the fourth estate of the realm must not sink, the future journalism education must also involve professionals in the industry in teaching of journalism in journalism and mass communication institutions. This is because the potency of the next generation of journalism education can be measured by its ability to maximise opportunities and minimise the challenges associated with digital technologies.

Media Studies . 2011, Vol. 46 Issue 3, Special section p1-19. 19p.

Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech

Media researchers have been interested in the problem of media convergence since the 1980s. But the huge wave of publications, conferences and discussions about media convergence began just after the publication of Henry Jenkins’ book Convergence Culture. Where old and new media collide. It brought questions about the realm of the concept, typologies and previous research. The aim of this text is to answer the questions: What is media convergence and what types of convergence could we specify in media studies? Before the presentation of the various contexts and dimensions of media convergence, some sources and the history of the concept will be presented as well as outcomes of recent media convergence research.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Intercultural Communication — Media convergence

The Concept and Effects of Media Convergence and Digitalization

• Categories: Globalization Intercultural Communication Society

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Words: 499 |

Published: Jan 26, 2022

Words: 499 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

The essay explores the impact of digitization and media convergence on the film and television industry. It acknowledges that these technological advancements have revolutionized filmmaking, making it more efficient and flexible, with high-definition digital cameras becoming the norm. Digitization and convergence have provided new creative possibilities, allowing filmmakers to capture perspectives and details beyond what the human eye can perceive, resulting in visually stunning productions like "Avatar." The essay emphasizes that this digital revolution has opened up endless possibilities for creativity and imagination in filmmaking.

However, the essay also points out the potential downsides of over-reliance on digital technology and a focus on visual effects at the expense of artistic depth and meaning in films. It argues that the pursuit of commercial success has led to an imbalance, where technology overshadows the artistic and thoughtful aspects of filmmaking. The author raises concerns that some filmmakers may prioritize digital effects and audiovisual stimulation over the profound artistry and intellectual depth that should define the medium.

Additionally, the essay touches on the impact of digitization on television, highlighting the challenges related to copyright and piracy in the digital age. It discusses the transformation of TV programming into two distinct models: traditional professional journalism versus user-generated content, emphasizing the changing role of journalists in news events.

Cultural convergence

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Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt Essay

Introduction, research hypothesis, research questions, literature review, methodology, works cited.

The media played an important role during the Arab Spring, and this showed the world the need to use various communication tools to influence people (Khalil 11). This part will present a general picture of the Egyptian Revolution and explain to the audience how the events of this period were disastrous yet unexpected.

The background part will show the evils or weaknesses of the existing regimes before people took to the streets (Korany and El-Mahdi 39). This part will form the root of the research because it will present how the media played significant roles in educating people about their rights before they started demonstrating.

The Arab Revolutions in Egypt transformed journalism and placed media houses in unchallenged positions (Cook 41). This section will explore the avenues used by media houses to express various issues about the ruling regime and demonstrators during the uprising. It will present a position that has come to be accepted by citizens and politicians regarding the place of media houses in Egypt.

There are various issues that the world needs to understand about the civil unrest that broke out in Egypt (Iskandar 15). This section will use questions to evoke reasoning and enable the audience and researchers to examine the events of Egypt Revolution from different perspectives. It will challenge the audience to have an objective understanding of various issues regarding the media and how the revolution strengthened its course in Egypt.

The media has a lot to offer about the revolution, and thus, it is a source of information about the events of that period. Primary and secondary sources will be used to support, criticize, and compare information about the events that unfolded in Egypt.

Data Collection

Most international and local media houses covered the events of Egypt Revolution either live or through other sources (Bradley 51). This section will explore how various media houses obtained their information and disseminated it to the public. It will use selected media houses and evaluate their roles in the unrest.

The Arab Revolution was a horrible event, and few journalists had the courage to cover events as they unfolded (Mehrez 22). This part will explore various ways that journalists and other researchers used to collect data about the demonstrations. It will research and present how different media houses played their roles in exposing the brutal murders of demonstrators and the crumbling of Egypt’s ruler.

Data Analysis

The events of Egypt Revolution were like movie scenes because nobody expected a long-serving president would be ousted from power by civilians (Cline 37). Other forces, like the media and international community, played different roles that had impacts on the outcomes of the demonstrations. This section will explore the contributions of various communication houses in promoting unity among demonstrators and how they used other media channels to plan their activities (Schmidt 42).

Implications

This section will focus on the importance of the media in the revolution. It will present and discuss the effects of media convergence on journalism in Egypt and other regions that experienced similar unrest (Sowers 50). This part will use the report findings to present the role of the mainstream and social media in influencing the behavior of protestors, journalists, and political leaders.

Recommendations

This part will present recommendations on how media houses and journalists can use crises to boost their relationships and advance their goals (Ide 76). This section will analyze the predicaments that forced media personalities and houses to converge in Egypt and the impacts of their actions on journalism.

The role of the media in Egypt Revolution cannot be underestimated. This section will present the issues that were discovered about media and journalism in Egypt during the uprising. It will expose to the reader the motives, roles, and influences of media and journalists during the revolution and present whether it was positive or negative to the development of journalism in this and other countries.

Bradley, John. Inside Egypt: The Road to Revolution in the Land of the Pharaohs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print.

Cline, Erick. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (Turning Points in Ancient History). New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014. Print.

Cook, Steven. The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square (Council on Foreign Relations). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print.

Ide, Derek A. Egypt’s Past and Potential: Nationalism, Neoliberalism, and Revolution. Hampton: Hampton Institute Press, 2014. Print.

Iskandar, Adel. Egypt in Flux: Essays on an Unfinished Revolution. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2013. Print.

Khalil, Ashraf . Liberation Square: Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 20132. Print.

Korany, Bahgat and Rabab El-Mahdi. The Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Print.

Mehrez, Samia. Translating Egypt’s Revolution: The Language of Tahrir. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Print.

Schmidt, Erick. The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives. New York: Vintage Books, 2014. Print.

Sowers, Jeannie. The Journey to Tahrir: Revolution, Protest, and Social Change in Egypt. London: Verso Books, 2012. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2024, January 1). Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-convergence-effects-on-journalism-in-egypt/

"Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt." IvyPanda , 1 Jan. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/media-convergence-effects-on-journalism-in-egypt/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt'. 1 January.

IvyPanda . 2024. "Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt." January 1, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-convergence-effects-on-journalism-in-egypt/.

1. IvyPanda . "Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt." January 1, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-convergence-effects-on-journalism-in-egypt/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Media Convergence Effects on Journalism in Egypt." January 1, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-convergence-effects-on-journalism-in-egypt/.

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A Tale of Young Flames, and Their Dark Futures, After a Coup

In Lily Meyer’s first novel, “Short War,” love and family ties are tested by a nation’s upheaval.

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By Jamie Fisher

Jamie Fisher is a writer who focuses on culture and literary criticism. She is working on a biography of the musician and songwriter Elliott Smith.

SHORT WAR, by Lily Meyer

The translator and critic Lily Meyer’s first novel opens in Santiago, Chile, with a lovely, eerie assuredness, a moment like an incantation: a girl walking toward a boy through a crowded party, illuminated. “He knew, with inexplicable, terrifying certainty, that she was coming for him,” the boy, Gabriel Lazris, thinks. He refers to this later as “the true start of his life,” the night he met Caro Ravest, in 1973.

Gabriel is 16, Jewish, American; he came to Santiago with his family as “a monolingual 8-year-old terrified to make eye contact with the school priests or anyone else” and is barely more confident now. His friend Nico gently calls him “our quiet American.” When Caro kisses Gabriel, he has a “soft, cracked-open feeling.” They clink beers in the kitchen, Gabriel reciting the Lazris family toast, an almost charmingly imperialistic relic of the Second World War. “Short war,” he says, and they drink.

But the reader knows what Gabriel doesn’t: that they are all five months away from a coup.

It’s the texture of Gabriel’s story that grabs you, much more than its portrait of American complacency and complicity. Gabriel waiting outside Caro’s school, faint with nerves, “the candied-nut cart streaming sugary smoke” in the plaza. His sullen mother and her tennis diamonds, his conservative journalist father and his bullying dinner-table arguments over black-market fish that has seen better days.

Gabriel knows his father peddles lies about President Salvador Allende to American audiences; when he goes rummaging in his father’s office, he realizes that the C.I.A. will orchestrate a takeover. In June, as Santiago is sealed off and Gabriel prepares to return to the United States, Caro tells him she’s pregnant.

“Short War” is a novel built from novellas, and we move next to Gabriel’s daughter, Nina, in 2015, when she’s a grad student researching a protest movement in Buenos Aires. She thinks of herself as a scholar of connection, someone who believes in learning “to pay real, sustained attention to others.” At the same time she’s started to worry that her career is only an excuse to waste time on social media. Gabriel looms at the edges of her story — depressed and lonely in Chicago, calling Nico on weekends, too broken by loss to return to Santiago even now. “Short war,” he says to Nina before she leaves for Argentina, clinking her glass.

Meyer’s interest is the absurdity of that phrase, a toast, we learn in her acknowledgments, borrowed from her own family. The book that changes Nina’s life — with its intertwined stories of kidnapping, torture and survival — is called “Guerra Eterna,” its title a refutation: eternal war. She reads about a Chilean survivor sheltering in Mexico City with her Jewish toddler and her nightmares, and feels a stab of foreboding when she learns the child’s father was American. She calls Gabriel and asks him, over the hiss of the line: Are you in a book? “I was afraid this would happen,” he says. And Nina begins to piece together her family’s haunted past.

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As Caro walks toward a teenage Gabriel at the party in 1973, he knows the rest of his life is about to begin. Nothing for Nina will ever be so clear.

SHORT WAR | By Lily Meyer | Deep Vellum | 275 pp. | Paperback, $16.95

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Computer Science > Information Retrieval

Title: mixed supervised graph contrastive learning for recommendation.

Abstract: Recommender systems (RecSys) play a vital role in online platforms, offering users personalized suggestions amidst vast information. Graph contrastive learning aims to learn from high-order collaborative filtering signals with unsupervised augmentation on the user-item bipartite graph, which predominantly relies on the multi-task learning framework involving both the pair-wise recommendation loss and the contrastive loss. This decoupled design can cause inconsistent optimization direction from different losses, which leads to longer convergence time and even sub-optimal performance. Besides, the self-supervised contrastive loss falls short in alleviating the data sparsity issue in RecSys as it learns to differentiate users/items from different views without providing extra supervised collaborative filtering signals during augmentations. In this paper, we propose Mixed Supervised Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendation (MixSGCL) to address these concerns. MixSGCL originally integrates the training of recommendation and unsupervised contrastive losses into a supervised contrastive learning loss to align the two tasks within one optimization direction. To cope with the data sparsity issue, instead unsupervised augmentation, we further propose node-wise and edge-wise mixup to mine more direct supervised collaborative filtering signals based on existing user-item interactions. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that MixSGCL surpasses state-of-the-art methods, achieving top performance on both accuracy and efficiency. It validates the effectiveness of MixSGCL with our coupled design on supervised graph contrastive learning.

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