essay about pandemic as a student

What Life Was Like for Students in the Pandemic Year

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In this video, Navajo student Miles Johnson shares how he experienced the stress and anxiety of schools shutting down last year. Miles’ teacher shared his experience and those of her other students in a recent piece for Education Week. In these short essays below, teacher Claire Marie Grogan’s 11th grade students at Oceanside High School on Long Island, N.Y., describe their pandemic experiences. Their writings have been slightly edited for clarity. Read Grogan’s essay .

“Hours Staring at Tiny Boxes on the Screen”

By Kimberly Polacco, 16

I stare at my blank computer screen, trying to find the motivation to turn it on, but my finger flinches every time it hovers near the button. I instead open my curtains. It is raining outside, but it does not matter, I will not be going out there for the rest of the day. The sound of pounding raindrops contributes to my headache enough to make me turn on my computer in hopes that it will give me something to drown out the noise. But as soon as I open it up, I feel the weight of the world crash upon my shoulders.

Each 42-minute period drags on by. I spend hours upon hours staring at tiny boxes on a screen, one of which my exhausted face occupies, and attempt to retain concepts that have been presented to me through this device. By the time I have the freedom of pressing the “leave” button on my last Google Meet of the day, my eyes are heavy and my legs feel like mush from having not left my bed since I woke up.

Tomorrow arrives, except this time here I am inside of a school building, interacting with my first period teacher face to face. We talk about our favorite movies and TV shows to stream as other kids pile into the classroom. With each passing period I accumulate more and more of these tiny meaningless conversations everywhere I go with both teachers and students. They may not seem like much, but to me they are everything because I know that the next time I am expected to report to school, I will be trapped in the bubble of my room counting down the hours until I can sit down in my freshly sanitized wooden desk again.

“My Only Parent Essentially on Her Death Bed”

By Nick Ingargiola, 16

My mom had COVID-19 for ten weeks. She got sick during the first month school buildings were shut. The difficulty of navigating an online classroom was already overwhelming, and when mixed with my only parent essentially on her death bed, it made it unbearable. Focusing on schoolwork was impossible, and watching my mother struggle to lift up her arm broke my heart.

My mom has been through her fair share of diseases from pancreatic cancer to seizures and even as far as a stroke that paralyzed her entire left side. It is safe to say she has been through a lot. The craziest part is you would never know it. She is the strongest and most positive person I’ve ever met. COVID hit her hard. Although I have watched her go through life and death multiple times, I have never seen her so physically and mentally drained.

I initially was overjoyed to complete my school year in the comfort of my own home, but once my mom got sick, I couldn’t handle it. No one knows what it’s like to pretend like everything is OK until they are forced to. I would wake up at 8 after staying up until 5 in the morning pondering the possibility of losing my mother. She was all I had. I was forced to turn my camera on and float in the fake reality of being fine although I wasn’t. The teachers tried to keep the class engaged by obligating the students to participate. This was dreadful. I didn’t want to talk. I had to hide the distress in my voice. If only the teachers understood what I was going through. I was hesitant because I didn’t want everyone to know that the virus that was infecting and killing millions was knocking on my front door.

After my online classes, I was required to finish an immense amount of homework while simultaneously hiding my sadness so that my mom wouldn’t worry about me. She was already going through a lot. There was no reason to add me to her list of worries. I wasn’t even able to give her a hug. All I could do was watch.

“The Way of Staying Sane”

By Lynda Feustel, 16

Entering year two of the pandemic is strange. It barely seems a day since last March, but it also seems like a lifetime. As an only child and introvert, shutting down my world was initially simple and relatively easy. My friends and I had been super busy with the school play, and while I was sad about it being canceled, I was struggling a lot during that show and desperately needed some time off.

As March turned to April, virtual school began, and being alone really set in. I missed my friends and us being together. The isolation felt real with just my parents and me, even as we spent time together. My friends and I began meeting on Facetime every night to watch TV and just be together in some way. We laughed at insane jokes we made and had homework and therapy sessions over Facetime and grew closer through digital and literal walls.

The summer passed with in-person events together, and the virus faded into the background for a little while. We went to the track and the beach and hung out in people’s backyards.

Then school came for us in a more nasty way than usual. In hybrid school we were separated. People had jobs, sports, activities, and quarantines. Teachers piled on work, and the virus grew more present again. The group text put out hundreds of messages a day while the Facetimes came to a grinding halt, and meeting in person as a group became more of a rarity. Being together on video and in person was the way of staying sane.

In a way I am in a similar place to last year, working and looking for some change as we enter the second year of this mess.

“In History Class, Reports of Heightening Cases”

By Vivian Rose, 16

I remember the moment my freshman year English teacher told me about the young writers’ conference at Bread Loaf during my sophomore year. At first, I didn’t want to apply, the deadline had passed, but for some strange reason, the directors of the program extended it another week. It felt like it was meant to be. It was in Vermont in the last week of May when the flowers have awakened and the sun is warm.

I submitted my work, and two weeks later I got an email of my acceptance. I screamed at the top of my lungs in the empty house; everyone was out, so I was left alone to celebrate my small victory. It was rare for them to admit sophomores. Usually they accept submissions only from juniors and seniors.

That was the first week of February 2020. All of a sudden, there was some talk about this strange virus coming from China. We thought nothing of it. Every night, I would fall asleep smiling, knowing that I would be able to go to the exact conference that Robert Frost attended for 42 years.

Then, as if overnight, it seemed the virus had swung its hand and had gripped parts of the country. Every newscast was about the disease. Every day in history, we would look at the reports of heightening cases and joke around that this could never become a threat as big as Dr. Fauci was proposing. Then, March 13th came around--it was the last day before the world seemed to shut down. Just like that, Bread Loaf would vanish from my grasp.

“One Day Every Day Won’t Be As Terrible”

By Nick Wollweber, 17

COVID created personal problems for everyone, some more serious than others, but everyone had a struggle.

As the COVID lock-down took hold, the main thing weighing on my mind was my oldest brother, Joe, who passed away in January 2019 unexpectedly in his sleep. Losing my brother was a complete gut punch and reality check for me at 14 and 15 years old. 2019 was a year of struggle, darkness, sadness, frustration. I didn’t want to learn after my brother had passed, but I had to in order to move forward and find my new normal.

Routine and always having things to do and places to go is what let me cope in the year after Joe died. Then COVID came and gave me the option to let up and let down my guard. I struggled with not wanting to take care of personal hygiene. That was the beginning of an underlying mental problem where I wouldn’t do things that were necessary for everyday life.

My “coping routine” that got me through every day and week the year before was gone. COVID wasn’t beneficial to me, but it did bring out the true nature of my mental struggles and put a name to it. Since COVID, I have been diagnosed with severe depression and anxiety. I began taking antidepressants and going to therapy a lot more.

COVID made me realize that I’m not happy with who I am and that I needed to change. I’m still not happy with who I am. I struggle every day, but I am working towards a goal that one day every day won’t be as terrible.

Coverage of social and emotional learning is supported in part by a grant from the NoVo Foundation, at www.novofoundation.org . Education Week retains sole editorial control over the content of this coverage. A version of this article appeared in the March 31, 2021 edition of Education Week as What Life Was Like for Students in the Pandemic Year

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How to Write About Coronavirus in a College Essay

Students can share how they navigated life during the coronavirus pandemic in a full-length essay or an optional supplement.

Writing About COVID-19 in College Essays

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Experts say students should be honest and not limit themselves to merely their experiences with the pandemic.

The global impact of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, means colleges and prospective students alike are in for an admissions cycle like no other. Both face unprecedented challenges and questions as they grapple with their respective futures amid the ongoing fallout of the pandemic.

Colleges must examine applicants without the aid of standardized test scores for many – a factor that prompted many schools to go test-optional for now . Even grades, a significant component of a college application, may be hard to interpret with some high schools adopting pass-fail classes last spring due to the pandemic. Major college admissions factors are suddenly skewed.

"I can't help but think other (admissions) factors are going to matter more," says Ethan Sawyer, founder of the College Essay Guy, a website that offers free and paid essay-writing resources.

College essays and letters of recommendation , Sawyer says, are likely to carry more weight than ever in this admissions cycle. And many essays will likely focus on how the pandemic shaped students' lives throughout an often tumultuous 2020.

But before writing a college essay focused on the coronavirus, students should explore whether it's the best topic for them.

Writing About COVID-19 for a College Application

Much of daily life has been colored by the coronavirus. Virtual learning is the norm at many colleges and high schools, many extracurriculars have vanished and social lives have stalled for students complying with measures to stop the spread of COVID-19.

"For some young people, the pandemic took away what they envisioned as their senior year," says Robert Alexander, dean of admissions, financial aid and enrollment management at the University of Rochester in New York. "Maybe that's a spot on a varsity athletic team or the lead role in the fall play. And it's OK for them to mourn what should have been and what they feel like they lost, but more important is how are they making the most of the opportunities they do have?"

That question, Alexander says, is what colleges want answered if students choose to address COVID-19 in their college essay.

But the question of whether a student should write about the coronavirus is tricky. The answer depends largely on the student.

"In general, I don't think students should write about COVID-19 in their main personal statement for their application," Robin Miller, master college admissions counselor at IvyWise, a college counseling company, wrote in an email.

"Certainly, there may be exceptions to this based on a student's individual experience, but since the personal essay is the main place in the application where the student can really allow their voice to be heard and share insight into who they are as an individual, there are likely many other topics they can choose to write about that are more distinctive and unique than COVID-19," Miller says.

Opinions among admissions experts vary on whether to write about the likely popular topic of the pandemic.

"If your essay communicates something positive, unique, and compelling about you in an interesting and eloquent way, go for it," Carolyn Pippen, principal college admissions counselor at IvyWise, wrote in an email. She adds that students shouldn't be dissuaded from writing about a topic merely because it's common, noting that "topics are bound to repeat, no matter how hard we try to avoid it."

Above all, she urges honesty.

"If your experience within the context of the pandemic has been truly unique, then write about that experience, and the standing out will take care of itself," Pippen says. "If your experience has been generally the same as most other students in your context, then trying to find a unique angle can easily cross the line into exploiting a tragedy, or at least appearing as though you have."

But focusing entirely on the pandemic can limit a student to a single story and narrow who they are in an application, Sawyer says. "There are so many wonderful possibilities for what you can say about yourself outside of your experience within the pandemic."

He notes that passions, strengths, career interests and personal identity are among the multitude of essay topic options available to applicants and encourages them to probe their values to help determine the topic that matters most to them – and write about it.

That doesn't mean the pandemic experience has to be ignored if applicants feel the need to write about it.

Writing About Coronavirus in Main and Supplemental Essays

Students can choose to write a full-length college essay on the coronavirus or summarize their experience in a shorter form.

To help students explain how the pandemic affected them, The Common App has added an optional section to address this topic. Applicants have 250 words to describe their pandemic experience and the personal and academic impact of COVID-19.

"That's not a trick question, and there's no right or wrong answer," Alexander says. Colleges want to know, he adds, how students navigated the pandemic, how they prioritized their time, what responsibilities they took on and what they learned along the way.

If students can distill all of the above information into 250 words, there's likely no need to write about it in a full-length college essay, experts say. And applicants whose lives were not heavily altered by the pandemic may even choose to skip the optional COVID-19 question.

"This space is best used to discuss hardship and/or significant challenges that the student and/or the student's family experienced as a result of COVID-19 and how they have responded to those difficulties," Miller notes. Using the section to acknowledge a lack of impact, she adds, "could be perceived as trite and lacking insight, despite the good intentions of the applicant."

To guard against this lack of awareness, Sawyer encourages students to tap someone they trust to review their writing , whether it's the 250-word Common App response or the full-length essay.

Experts tend to agree that the short-form approach to this as an essay topic works better, but there are exceptions. And if a student does have a coronavirus story that he or she feels must be told, Alexander encourages the writer to be authentic in the essay.

"My advice for an essay about COVID-19 is the same as my advice about an essay for any topic – and that is, don't write what you think we want to read or hear," Alexander says. "Write what really changed you and that story that now is yours and yours alone to tell."

Sawyer urges students to ask themselves, "What's the sentence that only I can write?" He also encourages students to remember that the pandemic is only a chapter of their lives and not the whole book.

Miller, who cautions against writing a full-length essay on the coronavirus, says that if students choose to do so they should have a conversation with their high school counselor about whether that's the right move. And if students choose to proceed with COVID-19 as a topic, she says they need to be clear, detailed and insightful about what they learned and how they adapted along the way.

"Approaching the essay in this manner will provide important balance while demonstrating personal growth and vulnerability," Miller says.

Pippen encourages students to remember that they are in an unprecedented time for college admissions.

"It is important to keep in mind with all of these (admission) factors that no colleges have ever had to consider them this way in the selection process, if at all," Pippen says. "They have had very little time to calibrate their evaluations of different application components within their offices, let alone across institutions. This means that colleges will all be handling the admissions process a little bit differently, and their approaches may even evolve over the course of the admissions cycle."

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Introduction

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has certainly taken an overwhelming toll on everyone. People have lost their jobs, their homes, and even their lives. There is no getting past the fact that the overall impact on the world has been negative, but it is important to realize that positive aspects of the pandemic have been overshadowed by the many negative ones. In an attempt to slow the spread of the disease, many governments made the decision to implement lockdowns, forcing billions to work and take classes from home, in many cases for the first times in their lives. Not only have these lockdowns altered the way that people work and go to school, but they have altered the mental health of everyone and the environmental health of the world around us.

Connection to STS Theory

The positive impacts of technology during the pandemic stems from the Modernization Theory, posing that there is a relationship between societal and technological advancements as societies shift to become updated as opposed to traditional. Technology has brought about lots of resistance to COVID that would not have been possible without the drastic advancements in science over the years. Thanks to these advancements, relationships can stay connected, students can continue to learn, jobs can stay open, and the environment can subtly improve. Our modernized world is well enough suited to take on the troubling times that COVID-19 has brought along.

Technology with School – Relates to College Students

Remote learning has allowed each of us to learn from the comfort of our homes. Working remotely has also allowed us to work from our living rooms. The perks of both are not having to wake up early to drive to work in the mornings, not having to sit at an office desk for eight hours a day, and not having to walk to class. Working remotely and remote learning has also been a time saver for many individuals.

According to Business Insider, there are a few tips that will help students be successful while being virtual. One tip is to clean your workspace. It is important to have a space, just like you would at a desk in a classroom, to ensure that you are paying attention to the professor. It is always important to engage with your professor. It is important to contact your professor outside of the class section to ensure that you are retaining the information. Another tip that the Business Insider recommends is to connect with your classmates. It is vital to build connections with your classmates that will help everyone have a comfortable environment to ask questions.

Personal Growth

In March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak hit the United States. College students were forced to leave their beloved campuses and go home to finish their semesters online. For some, it meant their schoolwork load was lightened and they could sleep until noon. For others, it meant their plans of graduating and having a job for the summer were in jeopardy. Regardless of their situation, one thing was likely the same for all: lots of time alone. Students found things to do to pass the time. Some learned to cook, some started exercising at home, and others had more time to do what they already loved.

Ethan, a student at the University of South Carolina, used the time to start lifting weights in his home gym. In the United States, sales of home gym equipment doubled, reaching nearly $2.4 Billion in revenue. Store shelves were entirely sold out of exercise equipment. Many students like Ethan report that exercising was one of the biggest changes they made during COVID lockdown.

Other students, such as Cam, found an opportunity to get in a better place mentally. “I learned not to take things for granted. My relationship with my family has gotten better. I’m a much stronger person,” the Clemson student reported. Grayson, an athlete at Winthrop University, reported that it made him have a more positive outlook on being by himself. A student that elected to remain anonymous was just happy they could wake up later and not have to brush their teeth as much because of masks. Whether a dentist would approve of that habit or not, an improvement in mental health is a win in anyone’s book.

A select few students decided to challenge themselves in a world where all odds are stacked against them.  Dean, a freshman at the University of South Carolina, decided to start his own bracelet and T-Shirt business in a time when small businesses all over the country were facing a grave threat of going out of business. All the while, he learned to play the guitar and uploaded his songs to SoundCloud, he reported.

Whether college students decided to get a six-pack or learned how to sew, almost everyone found something constructive and positive to do with their extra free time. The college students of COVID-19 learned what it meant to make the best of an unfortunate situation. Things may have looked bleak and frightening, but they learned how to manage those feelings and make something positive out of it.

Change in Workforce

Before the pandemic, many companies did not allow employees to work from home. Also, many companies would not even allow employees to take home items, such as laptops, as a safety precaution. According to Stanford Medicine, rapid innovation and implementation of technology has allowed for the employees to navigate the challenges. It states that it is clear that technology has transformed our typical daily workflow. Technology has also made it easier to connect with the patients during the pandemic.

The Pew Research Center states “about half of new teleworkers say they have more flexibility now and that majority who are working in person worry about virus exposure.” In December 2020, 71% of the workers that were surveyed were doing their job from home all or most of the time. Of those workers, more than half said if they were given the choice that they would want to keep working from home even after the pandemic. Among those who are currently working from home, most say that it has been easy to meet deadlines and complete projects on time without interruptions.

Environmental Improvements

Before the COVID-19 outbreak, a typical day consisted of billions of people across the globe commuting to work or school, whether that be through public buses or trains, driving themselves in cars, or some other means of transportation. As all these vehicles were used, immeasurable amounts of gases and chemicals were released into the atmosphere. As infection numbers and the death toll increased, most nations began enforcing lockdown protocols, and these mandates affected almost 3 billion people (Rume & Islam, 2020). Businesses and factories shut down or people began working from home, meaning they no longer needed to drive to work. In an attempt to stunt transmission, the majority of international travel was halted, limiting tourism, which also had a great impact. Since industrialization has advanced in major cities across the globe, the amount of Greenhouse Gases that have been emitted is alarming. Cars, buses, trains, industries, factories all release harmful chemicals due to the burning of fossil fuels or other energy sources. When these pollutants enter the atmosphere, they cause a variety of issues. It decreases overall air quality and visibility, and can be dangerous to those inhali ng the m.

According to research performed by Shakeel Ahmad Bhat and a group of other scientists from India, China, and the United Kingdom, Delhi, India is one of the most polluted cities in the world (Bhat et al, 2021). The city is highly industrialized and densely populated, contributing to the elevated levels of particulate matter in the air. Particulate matter is small pollutant liquid droplets and solid particles in the air (Environmental Protection Agency, 2020). When inhaled, they can burrow deep into the lungs and even the bloodstream and cause serious damage to a person, “particularly respiratory ailments” (Bhat et al, 2021). The two types of particulate matter are PM10 and PM2.5, and their numbers correspond to the size of the particles (their diameters in units of micrometers). The smaller the particle, the more harmful they are. By National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the level of particulate matter in Delhi is well above the tolerable limits. In 2016 alone, the amount of deaths caused by the poor air quality in India “was approximately 4.2 million” (Bhat et al, 2021).

Lockdowns positively affe cted more than just the air quality around the world; additionally, water quality and beaches were a major beneficiary. Tourism for centuries has led to a significant overuse of beach resources such as fishing and leisure activities, and these in turn led to pollution of the water. If people are using jet skis and boating in lakes or oceans, the fuel and exhaust often leak into the water which can cause significant harm to the wildlife that lives in it. Restricting beach access has allowed them to recover and regain their resources, and has also decreased the pollution levels in the water. The water flowing in the Venice canals are cleaner now than they have been before (Bhat et al, 2021). pH levels, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen levels, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand have all decreased as a result of the lockdowns (Rume & Islam, 2020). These decreases all contribute to the fact that overall water quality levels have increased.

Noise pollution is an often-overlooked type of pollution that affects the world, especially in highly urbanized regions. Noise pollution is elevated levels of sound which are typically caused by human activities including transportation, machines, factories, etc. When the noise levels are elevated for extended periods of time, it negatively affects all organisms in the area. It leads to hearing loss, lack of concentration, high stress levels, interrupted sleep, and many other issues in humans. As for the wildlife, their abilities to detect and avoid predators and prey are hindered by noise pollution. It affects the invertebrates responsible for the control of many environmental processes that maintain balance in the ecosystem (Rume & Islam, 2020). When lockdowns were implemented, traveling and transportation stopped, industries shut down, flights were canceled, and people stayed home. The environment was able to recover and the people and organisms within the ecosystem enjoy a higher quality of life as a result.

Reflection Questions

• What kinds of positive experiences have you had during the pandemic?
• As stated in the chapter, there are many students who spent their time working out or picked up new hobbies. What new things were you able to focus on during the lockdowns?

Bhat, Shakeel Ahmad et al. “Impact of COVID-Related Lockdowns on Environmental and Climate Change Scenarios.” Environmental research 195 (2021): 110839–110839. Web. https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.clemson.edu/science/article/pii/S001393512100133X?via%3Dihub.

DiDonato, S., Forgo, E., & Manella, H. (2020, June 5). Here’s how technology is helping residents during the COVID-19 pandemic . Scope Blog. https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2020/06/04/how-technology-is-helping-residents-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/.

Environmental Protection Agency. (2020, October 1). Particulate Matter (PM) Basics. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics.

Merkle, Steffen. “Positive Experiences During COVID-19.” Survey. 18 April 2021.

Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., & Minkin, R. (2021, February 9). How Coronavirus Has Changed the Way Americans Work . Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/12/09/how-the-coronavirus-outbreak-has-and-hasnt-changed-the-way-americans-work/.

Rume, T., & Islam, S. M. D.-U. (2020, September 17). Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498239/#bib42.

Shaban, Hamza. “The Pandemic’s Home-Workout Revolution May Be Here to Stay.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 8 Jan. 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/road-to-recovery/2021/01/07/home-fitness-boom/.

Thompson, K. L. (2021, February 2). I’m a college professor who’s teaching virtually during the pandemic. Here are 7 things my most successful students do on Zoom. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/tips-for-zoom-success-as-remote-student-professor-advice-2021-2.

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Covid-19’s Impact on Students’ Academic and Mental Well-Being

The pandemic has revealed—and exacerbated—inequities that hold many students back. Here’s how teachers can help.

The pandemic has shone a spotlight on inequality in America: School closures and social isolation have affected all students, but particularly those living in poverty. Adding to the damage to their learning, a mental health crisis is emerging as many students have lost access to services that were offered by schools.

No matter what form school takes when the new year begins—whether students and teachers are back in the school building together or still at home—teachers will face a pressing issue: How can they help students recover and stay on track throughout the year even as their lives are likely to continue to be disrupted by the pandemic?

New research provides insights about the scope of the problem—as well as potential solutions.

The Achievement Gap Is Likely to Widen

A new study suggests that the coronavirus will undo months of academic gains, leaving many students behind. The study authors project that students will start the new school year with an average of 66 percent of the learning gains in reading and 44 percent of the learning gains in math, relative to the gains for a typical school year. But the situation is worse on the reading front, as the researchers also predict that the top third of students will make gains, possibly because they’re likely to continue reading with their families while schools are closed, thus widening the achievement gap.

To make matters worse, “few school systems provide plans to support students who need accommodations or other special populations,” the researchers point out in the study, potentially impacting students with special needs and English language learners.

Of course, the idea that over the summer students forget some of what they learned in school isn’t new. But there’s a big difference between summer learning loss and pandemic-related learning loss: During the summer, formal schooling stops, and learning loss happens at roughly the same rate for all students, the researchers point out. But instruction has been uneven during the pandemic, as some students have been able to participate fully in online learning while others have faced obstacles—such as lack of internet access—that have hindered their progress.

In the study, researchers analyzed a national sample of 5 million students in grades 3–8 who took the MAP Growth test, a tool schools use to assess students’ reading and math growth throughout the school year. The researchers compared typical growth in a standard-length school year to projections based on students being out of school from mid-March on. To make those projections, they looked at research on the summer slide, weather- and disaster-related closures (such as New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina), and absenteeism.

The researchers predict that, on average, students will experience substantial drops in reading and math, losing roughly three months’ worth of gains in reading and five months’ worth of gains in math. For Megan Kuhfeld, the lead author of the study, the biggest takeaway isn’t that learning loss will happen—that’s a given by this point—but that students will come back to school having declined at vastly different rates.

“We might be facing unprecedented levels of variability come fall,” Kuhfeld told me. “Especially in school districts that serve families with lots of different needs and resources. Instead of having students reading at a grade level above or below in their classroom, teachers might have kids who slipped back a lot versus kids who have moved forward.” 

Disproportionate Impact on Students Living in Poverty and Students of Color

Horace Mann once referred to schools as the “great equalizers,” yet the pandemic threatens to expose the underlying inequities of remote learning. According to a 2015 Pew Research Center analysis , 17 percent of teenagers have difficulty completing homework assignments because they do not have reliable access to a computer or internet connection. For Black students, the number spikes to 25 percent.

“There are many reasons to believe the Covid-19 impacts might be larger for children in poverty and children of color,” Kuhfeld wrote in the study. Their families suffer higher rates of infection, and the economic burden disproportionately falls on Black and Hispanic parents, who are less likely to be able to work from home during the pandemic.

Although children are less likely to become infected with Covid-19, the adult mortality rates, coupled with the devastating economic consequences of the pandemic, will likely have an indelible impact on their well-being.

Impacts on Students’ Mental Health

That impact on well-being may be magnified by another effect of school closures: Schools are “the de facto mental health system for many children and adolescents,” providing mental health services to 57 percent of adolescents who need care, according to the authors of a recent study published in JAMA Pediatrics . School closures may be especially disruptive for children from lower-income families, who are disproportionately likely to receive mental health services exclusively from schools.

“The Covid-19 pandemic may worsen existing mental health problems and lead to more cases among children and adolescents because of the unique combination of the public health crisis, social isolation, and economic recession,” write the authors of that study.

A major concern the researchers point to: Since most mental health disorders begin in childhood, it is essential that any mental health issues be identified early and treated. Left untreated, they can lead to serious health and emotional problems. In the short term, video conferencing may be an effective way to deliver mental health services to children.

Mental health and academic achievement are linked, research shows. Chronic stress changes the chemical and physical structure of the brain, impairing cognitive skills like attention, concentration, memory, and creativity. “You see deficits in your ability to regulate emotions in adaptive ways as a result of stress,” said Cara Wellman, a professor of neuroscience and psychology at Indiana University in a 2014 interview . In her research, Wellman discovered that chronic stress causes the connections between brain cells to shrink in mice, leading to cognitive deficiencies in the prefrontal cortex. 

While trauma-informed practices were widely used before the pandemic, they’re likely to be even more integral as students experience economic hardships and grieve the loss of family and friends. Teachers can look to schools like Fall-Hamilton Elementary in Nashville, Tennessee, as a model for trauma-informed practices . 

3 Ways Teachers Can Prepare

When schools reopen, many students may be behind, compared to a typical school year, so teachers will need to be very methodical about checking in on their students—not just academically but also emotionally. Some may feel prepared to tackle the new school year head-on, but others will still be recovering from the pandemic and may still be reeling from trauma, grief, and anxiety. 

Here are a few strategies teachers can prioritize when the new school year begins:

• Focus on relationships first. Fear and anxiety about the pandemic—coupled with uncertainty about the future—can be disruptive to a student’s ability to come to school ready to learn. Teachers can act as a powerful buffer against the adverse effects of trauma by helping to establish a safe and supportive environment for learning. From morning meetings to regular check-ins with students, strategies that center around relationship-building will be needed in the fall.
• Strengthen diagnostic testing. Educators should prepare for a greater range of variability in student learning than they would expect in a typical school year. Low-stakes assessments such as exit tickets and quizzes can help teachers gauge how much extra support students will need, how much time should be spent reviewing last year’s material, and what new topics can be covered.
• Differentiate instruction—particularly for vulnerable students. For the vast majority of schools, the abrupt transition to online learning left little time to plan a strategy that could adequately meet every student’s needs—in a recent survey by the Education Trust, only 24 percent of parents said that their child’s school was providing materials and other resources to support students with disabilities, and a quarter of non-English-speaking students were unable to obtain materials in their own language. Teachers can work to ensure that the students on the margins get the support they need by taking stock of students’ knowledge and skills, and differentiating instruction by giving them choices, connecting the curriculum to their interests, and providing them multiple opportunities to demonstrate their learning.

One Student's Perspective on Life During a Pandemic

• Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
• Ethics Resources
• Ethics Spotlight
• COVID-19: Ethics, Health and Moving Forward

The pandemic and resulting shelter-in-place restrictions are affecting everyone in different ways. Tiana Nguyen, shares both the pros and cons of her experience as a student at Santa Clara University.

person sitting at table with open laptop, notebook and pen

Tiana Nguyen ‘21 is a Hackworth Fellow at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. She is majoring in Computer Science, and is the vice president of Santa Clara University’s Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) chapter .

The world has slowed down, but stress has begun to ramp up.

In the beginning of quarantine, as the world slowed down, I could finally take some time to relax, watch some shows, learn to be a better cook and baker, and be more active in my extracurriculars. I have a lot of things to be thankful for. I especially appreciate that I’m able to live in a comfortable house and have gotten the opportunity to spend more time with my family. This has actually been the first time in years in which we’re all able to even eat meals together every single day. Even when my brother and I were young, my parents would be at work and sometimes come home late, so we didn’t always eat meals together. In the beginning of the quarantine I remember my family talking about how nice it was to finally have meals together, and my brother joking, “it only took a pandemic to bring us all together,” which I laughed about at the time (but it’s the truth).

Soon enough, we’ll all be back to going to different places and we’ll be separated once again. So I’m thankful for my living situation right now. As for my friends, even though we’re apart, I do still feel like I can be in touch with them through video chat—maybe sometimes even more in touch than before. I think a lot of people just have a little more time for others right now.

Although there are still a lot of things to be thankful for, stress has slowly taken over, and work has been overwhelming. I’ve always been a person who usually enjoys going to classes, taking on more work than I have to, and being active in general. But lately I’ve felt swamped with the amount of work given, to the point that my days have blurred into online assignments, Zoom classes, and countless meetings, with a touch of baking sweets and aimless searching on Youtube.

The pass/no pass option for classes continues to stare at me, but I look past it every time to use this quarter as an opportunity to boost my grades. I've tried to make sense of this type of overwhelming feeling that I’ve never really felt before. Is it because I’m working harder and putting in more effort into my schoolwork with all the spare time I now have? Is it because I’m not having as much interaction with other people as I do at school? Or is it because my classes this quarter are just supposed to be this much harder? I honestly don’t know; it might not even be any of those. What I do know though, is that I have to continue work and push through this feeling.

This quarter I have two synchronous and two asynchronous classes, which each have pros and cons. Originally, I thought I wanted all my classes to be synchronous, since that everyday interaction with my professor and classmates is valuable to me. However, as I experienced these asynchronous classes, I’ve realized that it can be nice to watch a lecture on my own time because it even allows me to pause the video to give me extra time for taking notes. This has made me pay more attention during lectures and take note of small details that I might have missed otherwise. Furthermore, I do realize that synchronous classes can also be a burden for those abroad who have to wake up in the middle of the night just to attend a class. I feel that it’s especially unfortunate when professors want students to attend but don’t make attendance mandatory for this reason; I find that most abroad students attend anyway, driven by the worry they’ll be missing out on something.

I do still find synchronous classes amazing though, especially for discussion-based courses. I feel in touch with other students from my classes whom I wouldn’t otherwise talk to or regularly reach out to. Since Santa Clara University is a small school, it is especially easy to interact with one another during classes on Zoom, and I even sometimes find it less intimidating to participate during class through Zoom than in person. I’m honestly not the type to participate in class, but this quarter I found myself participating in some classes more than usual. The breakout rooms also create more interaction, since we’re assigned to random classmates, instead of whomever we’re sitting closest to in an in-person class—though I admit breakout rooms can sometimes be awkward.

Something that I find beneficial in both synchronous and asynchronous classes is that professors post a lecture recording that I can always refer to whenever I want. I found this especially helpful when I studied for my midterms this quarter; it’s nice to have a recording to look back upon in case I missed something during a lecture.

Overall, life during these times is substantially different from anything most of us have ever experienced, and at times it can be extremely overwhelming and stressful—especially in terms of school for me. Online classes don’t provide the same environment and interactions as in-person classes and are by far not as enjoyable. But at the end of the day, I know that in every circumstance there is always something to be thankful for, and I’m appreciative for my situation right now. While the world has slowed down and my stress has ramped up, I’m slowly beginning to adjust to it.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

The perceived impact of covid-19 on student well-being and the mediating role of the university support: evidence from france, germany, russia, and the uk.

• 1 Department of Management, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
• 2 Department of Management, Kedge Business School, Talence, France
• 3 Department of Management, Kedge Business School, Marseille, France
• 4 Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
• 5 Department Business and Economics, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Berlin, Germany

The rapid and unplanned change to teaching and learning in the online format brought by COVID-19 has likely impacted many, if not all, aspects of university students' lives worldwide. To contribute to the investigation of this change, this study focuses on the impact of the pandemic on student well-being, which has been found to be as important to student lifelong success as their academic achievement. Student well-being has been linked to their engagement and performance in curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities, intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, meaning making, and mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine how student perceptions of their degree completion and future job prospects during the pandemic impact their well-being and what role university support plays in this relationship. We used the conservation of resources theory to frame our study and to develop five hypotheses that were later tested via structural equation modeling. Data were collected from 2,707 university students in France, Germany, Russia, and UK via an online survey. The results showed that university support provided by instructors and administration plays a mediating role in the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on degree completion and future job prospects and levels of student well-being. Student well-being is decreased by their concerns for their degree completion but not by their concerns for future job prospects. In turn, concerns for future job prospects affect student well-being over time. These results suggest that in a “new normal,” universities could increase student well-being by making support to student studies a priority, especially for undergraduates. Also, universities should be aware of the students' changing emotional responses to crisis and ensure visibility and accessibility of student support.

Introduction

Student well-being has become a concern for many colleges and universities globally as they acknowledge the importance of a balance between psychological, social, emotional, and physical aspects of student lives (e.g., Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ; Mahatmya et al., 2018 ). Student well-being could be understood as “reduction in stress, enhanced experienced meaning and engagement in the classroom, and ultimately, heightened satisfaction with life” ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 , p. 191). Student well-being includes concepts of motivation, identity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-regulation in the context of learning and matriculating through the program to get a degree ( Willis et al., 2019 ). Student well-being has shown to increase their engagement in learning activities, meaning making, a sense of belonging, positive relationships with others, autonomy, and competencies ( Sortheix and Lönnqvist, 2015 ; Baik et al., 2016 ; Cox and Brewster, 2020 ) and reduce their burn-out, stress, frustration, dissatisfaction, and withdrawal from active learning ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ; Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ; Yazici et al., 2016 ). Therefore, well-being not only fosters student academic achievement, but also prepares students for lifelong success ( Mahatmya et al., 2018 ). Not surprisingly, many universities across the globe have decided to make well-being their central strategic goal. For example, in Europe, seven universities from seven different regions along with over 100 partnering organizations formed the European University of Well-Being—EUniWell—to promote well-being of students, staff, and communities. Meanwhile, Schools for Health in Europe Network Foundation (2019) is working on health and well-being standards and indicators that offer guidelines to promote health in schools in Europe. In the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Policy Institute (2019) and Advance Higher Education work together to monitor student well-being by continuously collecting and analyzing data from full-time undergraduate students. In the United States, George Mason University, VA, has implemented a university-wide “Well-Being University Initiative” that is coordinated and advanced by a specially created center. The University System of Georgia, USA, has adopted a similar vision of a well-being culture to enhance lives of its community.

Prior to the pandemic, levels of well-being among college students were troublesome ( Poots and Cassidy, 2020 ). For example, in the United States, only one in 10 students graduating from universities measured high in all elements of well-being ( Gallup, 2020 ). In the United Kingdom, undergraduates were reported to have lower well-being than the general population and their well-being was in decline for several years ( Higher Education Policy Institute, 2019 ). This unfortunate state of well-being among students undoubtedly has been devastated by the pandemic that has brought suffering, frustration, discomfort, fear, loss, and other negative emotions and experiences. Students across the world have suddenly been expected to work and learn online, which requires access to good IT infrastructure and equipment, connectivity, and different digital and cognitive skills. Students worry not only about the infection risk but also about their degree completion and unemployment upon graduation, which impacted their well-being even prior to the pandemic ( Moate et al., 2019 ).

Since the outbreak of Covid-19, research has shown the psychological impact of the pandemic on university students and discussed the coping solutions. For instance, disruptions in academic processes due to Covid-19 pandemic have increased student anxiety ( Wang et al., 2020 ), especially for those without adequate social support ( Cao et al., 2020 ). Other health risks, such as depression, alcohol and drug consumption, and eating disorder symptoms, have been reported among German university students ( Kohls et al., 2020 ). Consequently, students with lower levels of mental well-being experience more stress about their academic activities and decreased self-efficacy, satisfaction with coursework, and sense of belonging to university ( Capone et al., 2020 ). Stress also has been found to decrease medical students' enthusiasm to learn and practice medicine upon graduation ( Ye et al., 2020 ). The pandemic has also increased student workload, uncertainty about the semester completion, and confusion about study expectations, which resulted in higher stress levels ( Stathopoulou et al., 2020 ; Van de Velde et al., 2020 ). Due to the limited social life during the pandemic, these students have also reported feeling lonely, anxious, and depressed ( Essadek and Rabeyron, 2020 ). Prior studies highlighted some coping solutions; for example, students searching for information about the pandemic ( Capone et al., 2020 ; Wathelet et al., 2020 ) and for meaning in life ( Arslan et al., 2020 ) have higher levels of mental well-being. Students who spend much time on social media platforms and have strong motivation for online learning also report lower levels of distress ( Al-Tammemi et al., 2020 ). Surprisingly, Capone et al. (2020) found no significant deviation in levels of stress and mental well-being from the accepted norm among college students in Italy.

These and other researchers (e.g., Li et al., 2020 ; Zhai and Du, 2020 ) call for better understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on student psychological states. First, colleges and universities across the globe need to identify and adopt strategies and resources to address the impact of COVID-19, which is likely to be long lasting. These strategies would include a revision of the existing practices and interventions at the curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular levels (e.g., Yamada and Victor, 2012 ; Maybury, 2013 ; Kareem and Bing, 2014 ; Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ) and at the university-wide level ( Mahatmya et al., 2018 ). Second, COVID-19 has created much uncertainty about “a new normal” in student learning and university functioning. Currently, when most countries are still responding to the pandemic, it seems possible, if not likely, that the change to online or hybrid modes of learning will become more prevalent in colleges and universities across the globe. Therefore, new strategies and resources need to be developed to improve student well-being in the online or hybrid environment. Third, to find effective strategies and resources, colleges, and universities have to identify and understand factors and mechanisms through, which COVID-19 affects student well-being. Consequently, this study sought to examine how student perceptions of their degree completion and future job prospects during the pandemic impact their well-being and what role university support plays in this relationship. To achieve this goal, the study used four scales to collect self-reported data from students in four countries, such as France, Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom (UK).

Our research contributions are three-fold. First, the study contributes to the emergent knowledgebase of the impact of COVID-19 on student well-being in general (e.g., Al-Tammemi et al., 2020 ; Capone et al., 2020 ; Li et al., 2020 ) and student well-being in France, Germany, Russia and UK in particular (e.g., Essadek and Rabeyron, 2020 ; Kohls et al., 2020 ; Savage et al., 2020 ). Our findings could contribute to the research on the impact of COVID-19 on students and help the higher education sector internationally develop appropriate strategies. Second, this study identifies the key factors affecting students and their learning during the lockdown period and helps understand adjustments needed for the “new normal” learning environment. We argue that the change to an online or hybrid mode of learning will be the “new normal” for teaching, and, hence, we need to explore and find evidence for students to effectively deal with and learn in an online and hybrid environment. Third, using the conservation of resources theory (CoR; Hobfoll, 1988 , 1989 ), we enrich the application of prior student well-being research and provide a theoretical framework that helps understand the mechanism of university support on student well-being.

In the following sections, we introduce the concept of student well-being, provide an overview of the CoR theory ( Hobfoll, 1988 , 1989 ), and review resources that universities provide to enhance student well-being. Then we develop hypotheses, describe the study methodology, and present the results and discussion. We conclude with research limitations and future research direction.

Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development

Conservation of resources theory.

The CoR theory ( Hobfoll, 1988 , 1989 ) suggests that people experience stress when they feel the threat of resource loss, a real net loss of resources, and/or a lack of gained resources after resource investment. Two types of resources are examined by this theory. On the one hand, individuals' external resources are object resources (e.g., for university student, laptop for taking online courses, living expenses), social resources (e.g., family help), and condition resources (e.g., stable internet and digital support offered by the university). On the other hand, individuals' internal resource includes personal resources (e.g., self-efficacy and self-control during distance learning) and energy resources (e.g., time and health; Chen et al., 2015 ; Hagger, 2015 ). The CoR theory is relevant to better understand the impacts of Covid-19 on university students' well-being as they need to follow fully or partially online courses, they are forced to reduce the social activities to the minimum level, and they should try to manage daily life in the new normal. Simultaneously, Covid-19 remains an international threat to both life and economies, resulting in widespread public nervousness This continuing global pandemic concurrent with the changes in university life are likely to decrease student well-being.

Applying the CoR theory to the current pandemic, Ojo et al. (2020) found that individual reaction and subsequent response to the crisis varies. Some people can bounce back easily and shortly ( Luthans et al., 2006 ; Malik and Garg, 2020 ) while some people will develop the symptoms such as depression or other psychiatric disorders. University students who are able to optimize the resource gains, cope with changes in daily life, and manage their emotions are more likely to perceive the crisis positively. This in turn not only shows their current level of resilience but additionally enables them to develop their resilience capability. Within this dynamic process, their resilience has served to reduce the stress ( Vinkers et al., 2020 ). In this vein, while students are balancing the resource gains (e.g., university support) and resource loss (e.g., change-related stressors), they show different levels of resilience and which affect their capability to maintain well-being.

Student Well-Being

Some researchers explain well-being in terms of equilibrium by stating that everybody has a baseline of happiness. According to Headey and Wearing (1991) , resources, psychic incomes, and subjective well-being are in a dynamic equilibrium. This equilibrium comprises “physical well-being, plenty of physical resources; absence of fatigue; psychological well-being and evenness of temper; freedom of movement and effectiveness in action; good relations with other people” ( Herzlich, 1974 , p. 60). From this perspective, well-being could be defined as the balance point between an individual's resource pool and the challenges faced ( Dodge et al., 2012 ; Chen et al., 2015 ).

During their program completion under the impacts of COVID-19, students face numerous challenges, demands, and turbulences that influence their well-being. For example, they experience diverse social and economic pressures ( Wood et al., 2018 ), have to balance their education, family, and work responsibilities ( Moate et al., 2019 ), and encounter social isolation, discrimination, language barriers, and cross-cultural differences ( Daddow et al., 2019 ). To successfully address these demands and succeed in their pursuit of education and a profession, students at all levels of education and across all disciplines have to have timely and adequate resources ( Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ; Wood et al., 2018 ). These resources help to address students' needs and, hence, reduce their burn-out and stress and increase their engagement in learning activities, meaning making, and life satisfaction ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ).

Universities can deploy these resources via curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ; Yamada and Victor, 2012 ; Maybury, 2013 ). In the classroom, clear assessment criteria, classroom policies, and project deadlines can eliminate student frustration, dissatisfaction, and withdrawal from active learning ( Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ). Sports and physical activity have also been shown to decrease depression and stress and increase student well-being ( Yazici et al., 2016 ). Campus libraries contribute to promoting student well-being by ensuring easy access to learning resources and a learning space for all students ( Cox and Brewster, 2020 ). These practices can also help students to increase intrinsic motivation to learn, voice their concerns, enact their identities, and make sense of their experiences. In contrast, a campus environment that does not efficiently address unhealthy and unethical social interactions, for example, bullying ( Chen and Huang, 2015 ), cyberbullying ( Musharraf and Anis-ul-Haque, 2018 ), and cyber dating abuse ( Viillora et al., 2020 ) increases student depression and anxiety and decreases student quality of life. This can lead to students starting to feel less happy and less intrinsically motivated to learn, which affects their well-being.

The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Degree Completion and Student Well-Being

During COVID-19, more than 100 countries implemented either nationwide or local “lock-down” measures at least once. Such closures meant that face-to-face courses have been transitioned to online learning ( Kwok et al., 2020 ). The impact of COVID-19 on student life becomes significant. These can be, for example, experiencing more workload, adapting oneself to an online learning mode immediately, or moving back to home without sufficient preparation but can also include more worries due to uncertainty and fear of pandemic. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 on each student varies. Some students have limited access to connectivity; some do not have adequate IT equipment to attend online classes, and others cannot afford the extra cost to improve their IT resources ( UNESCO, 2020 ). Meanwhile, students' subjective socioeconomic loss affects their life outcomes. In their study, Kohls et al. (2020) argue that income changes during the pandemic affect the levels of depressive symptoms. In other words, socioeconomic loss leads to increasing stress. For instance, many students rely on part-time jobs to gain their living expenses, and due to the lockdown and economic crisis, they either cannot get a renewed contract or they become unemployed. Unemployment leads not only to earning loss, but also to psychosocial asset loss, social withdrawal, and psychological and physical well-being loss ( Brand, 2015 ). All in all, the unavailable external resources can impact the student learning experience, for example, interrupted learning, lack of participation in in-class discussion, absenteeism in class, and restraints to taking their final exams, all of which can result in students accepting lower-status jobs in order to survive. Additionally, some students have also faced discrimination ( Hardinges, 2020 ) during COVID-19, which may lead to mental health problems ( Kang et al., 2020 ). Students from minority groups (e.g., Asian students, in particular the Chinese) have encountered social isolation and stereotypes, which could impact their student experience and job prospects.

Furthermore, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the world has been substantial. With insufficient knowledge of the virus and no available vaccine for months, students may be prone to develop more negative emotions. Prior studies have shown that negative emotions have a critical impact on well-being ( Gross, 2015 ; Puente-Martínez et al., 2018 ). Students may experience real and potential loss of resources and a mismatch between task demand at the universities and their resource availability ( Hagger, 2015 ). With the increasing negative emotions, their well-being could be affected as they become more concerned about the impact of COVID-19 on their studies.

We, therefore, predict that COVID-19 would lead to students' negative well-being because students may experience more stress related to uncertainties in their academic success, negative economic impact, and lack of perceived support ( Cao et al., 2020 ). Meanwhile, students would feel the need to deploy more time and energy to protect themselves against and recover from resource loss ( Hobfoll et al., 2018 ) in order to avoid putting their well-being at risk. We propose the following hypothesis:

H1: The perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for degree completion will negatively predict levels of student well-being.

The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Student Concerns for Future Job Prospects and Student Well-Being

COVID-19 has triggered a worldwide economic recession ( OECD, 2020 ). With the lockdown measures implemented by many governments, business opportunities become restricted in many sectors and unemployment is rising. Many companies have reported layoffs. As predicted during the first wave of the pandemic by OECD (2020) , the second wave of infections in late 2020 worsened the economic situation, and more companies suffered from the economic crisis, which has impacted job losses, financial well-being, and standards of living. As a result, students search for job opportunities to ensure their return on education investment would be limited. Thus, there are more job demands than supply. According to the CoR theory, when resources are lost or perceived to be threatened, people experience stress and are motivated to gain back their resources ( Baer et al., 2018 ). Under the economic lockdown and recession, more students may have difficulties in finding jobs and/or internships, which could negatively affect students' self-esteem (personal resource) and their individual economic well-being (object resource) for instance. Without a guarantee to job prospects, students feel more stressed about their future and return on education investment, which decreases their engagement in learning activities and increases their negative emotions ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ). Therefore, the more concerned students feel about the impact of COVID-19 on their future job prospects, the lower their level of well-being and the higher the level of negative affect. We suggest the second hypothesis:

H2: The perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for future job prospects will negatively predict levels of student well-being.

The Mediating Role of University Support

Universities play an important role in ensuring and increasing student well-being. In the classroom, specific interventions, including positive psychology assignments ( Maybury, 2013 ), stress management and journaling ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ), and mindful awareness practices ( Yamada and Victor, 2012 ) have been shown to improve student well-being. A supportive and enabling environment on campus has been proved to ensure student well-being ( Kareem and Bing, 2014 ; Daddow et al., 2019 ) by fostering their sense of belonging, positive relationships with others, autonomy, and competencies ( Baik et al., 2016 ). For example, through informal social interactions students explore and relate to individual, group, and even the entire university values, which increases their well-being ( Sortheix and Lönnqvist, 2015 ). Mahatmya et al. (2018) describe a set of integrated and interrelated courses that incorporate both traditional and experiential learning activities for undergraduate students. To monitor and manage student well-being outside the classroom, universities provide other services and interventions, including, for example, stress management ( Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ), counseling ( Kareem and Bing, 2014 ), inter-faith, and cultural diversity programs ( Daddow et al., 2019 ). In summary, these services and interventions represent the support that students can access and, therefore, can make students feel more positive about their resource gains. The perceived impact of COVID-19 may result in students perceiving university support to be limited, insufficient, or non-existent. Therefore, students would need extra resources to achieve the university success and increase their well-being. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis:

H3a: University support will mediate the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for degree completion and levels of student well-being.

Similarly, students need support from their universities to increase their chances of employment before and upon graduation ( McMurray et al., 2016 ; Donald et al., 2018 ). These are activities and initiatives provided by academic and student services, campus libraries and student organizations to help students cope with the study demands, develop professional networks, practice job interview skills, write resumes, and gain internships. However, COVID-19 has greatly impacted these resource offering. For example, career services would typically provide more support in a face-to-face format (e.g., career fairs and case championships), but now universities may face difficulties (e.g., time, money, and available talent) to develop effective comparable online services. If universities help students find jobs and internships, students could feel supported, less stressed, and more optimistic about their future careers. Hence, we propose the following hypothesis:

H3b: University support will mediate the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for future job prospects and levels of student well-being.

Methodology

Sample and procedure.

The sample was collected from university students in France, Germany, Russia, and UK between April and June, 2020. In total, 2,707 questionnaires were collected. However, 765 had missing values; after removing them, 1,932 observations were included for further analysis. Out of these 1,932 participants, 119 were recruited from UK, 227 from Russia, 1,314 from Germany, and 272 from France (see Table 1 ). From the students in the sample 63.8% were female, 35.8% male, and 0.4% other. The mean age was 22.87 years old. Most students lived at home (68.5%) and studied full-time (85.1%). Over half of the respondents were first- and second-year undergraduate students.

Table 1 . Demographics.

The questionnaire was administered with Qualtrics XM software. Participants received the link and filled in the questionnaire individually, voluntarily, and anonymously. The project followed ethical standards of research required by each participating university.

The first part of the self-reported questionnaire consisted of demographic details such as gender, age, country, place of residence, study mode, and study year. The main part of the questionnaire included the following four scales.

University Support

University support was measured by asking students to rate to which extent they got support from their lecturers and universities. Two items reflected university support and were measured on a 5-point Likert scale (e.g., Please rate these as they apply to your current experience: I get support that I need from the following:—My lecturers). This was based on the social support scale developed by Pierce et al. (1991) . Good internal consistency was achieved (α = 0.72).

Well-being can be conceptualized as having such components as valence and intensity ( Warr, 2003 ). Therefore, two scales were used to capture well-being in different states: in the moment and general.

In the Moment Well-Being

To test the valence of student well-being in response to predictors, it is important to represent well-being in terms of independent dimensions of positive and negative emotional states ( Tellegen et al., 1999 ). In the moment well-being was measured by a 5-point Likert scale developed and validated by Russell and Daniels (2018) . This scale helps to measure specific positive and negative emotional states relevant to a particular event in time, or “right now.” This ensures affect is measured at its lowest level in terms of duration demonstrating a specific emotional response ( Frijda, 1993 ). Examples of positive states include happy, motivated, and active; examples of negative states include anxious, annoyed, and tired. Good internal consistency was found for negative (α = 0.70) and positive (α = 0.79) dimensions.

General Positive Well-Being

To draw comprehensive conclusions as to the effects of predictors on student well-being, it is necessary to also use a summative circumplex model of well-being ( Feldman Barrett and Russell, 1998 ). This measures the second level of mood-based affect that is not directly anchored to an event and, therefore, at a different intensity to momentary affect ( Brief and Weiss, 2002 ). General positive well-being was measured with World Health Organization (1998) 5-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” This scale helps to assess student mood-based affect for the past 2 weeks. A sample item is “I have felt cheerful and in good spirits and I have felt calm and relaxed.” Good internal consistency was found (α = 0.84).

Student Concerns

This scale was devised to assess participants' concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on the basis of seven items. The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “not at all stressed” to “extremely concerned.” Varimax orthogonal rotation with Kaiser normalization was used for factor analysis extraction. All factors with eigenvalue >1, explaining 60% of the variance, were considered for further analysis. Coefficients smaller than 0.5 were excluded to get a reasonable number of factors with larger share of variance ( Field, 2009 ). Adequacy of sample size measured by KMO and Bartlett's test of sphericity established a test score of 0.818 ( p < 0.001). Communalities for variables taken for analysis were >0.5. Based on the dimension reduction technique, two latent variables were found to account for 77.38%, so the following two subscales were identified:

Concerns for degree completion measured the perceived effect of COVID-19 on student ability to complete their degree and meet academic expectation. The following four items comprised the subscale: “my exams and assessments,” “my ability to complete my course,” “my final degree/course qualification grade,” and “my grades.” This subscale had a good internal consistency (α = 0.89).

Concerns for future job prospects measured the perceived effect of COVID-19 on student ability to become employed upon graduation. These three items comprised the subscale: “my employability,” “the wider economy,” and “job prospects.” This subscale had a good internal consistency (α = 0.86).

Data Analysis

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version (26) with AMOS was used to analyze the data. Descriptive analysis was used to determine means, standard deviations, confidence intervals, skewness, and correlations among the six main variables (see Table 2 ).

Table 2 . Descriptive statistics, correlations, and reliability coefficients.

Since the purpose of this study was to understand the antecedents of well-being, a path analysis was performed by employing structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood estimation method. The use of structural equation modeling in social science and education when testing mediation is recommended as it allows to test multiple pathways to assess the viability of the hypothesized model ( Wu and Zumbo, 2007 ).

The study was exploratory; therefore, two types of university concerns served as independent variables: support from university as a mediating variable and general well-being together with either negative or positive in the moment well-being as the dependent variables. To determine model fit, we applied two types of fit indices: absolute fit measures (χ 2 , RMSEA, AGFI) and incremental fit measures [NFI, NNFI (TLI), CFI; Hooper et al., 2008 ]. Chi-square (χ 2 ) in the range between 2.0 and 5.0 and the probability level with insignificant p -value ( p > 0.05) were acceptable for threshold levels. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) in the range of 0.03–0.08 provides a good fit. Values >0.95 were suitable for the adjusted goodness-of-fit statistic (AGFI), normed-fit index (NFI), Tucker-Lewis index in AMOS (TLI) or non-normed fit index in EQS (NNFI), and comparative fit index (CFI; Hooper et al., 2008 ).

First, path analysis was run to further evaluate the relationships between student concerns for degree completion and future job prospects, university support, general well-being, and negative in the moment well-being. Path analysis was also used to test the mediation model in terms of overall fit. The model shows satisfying results with the following model fit statistics: p = 0.089, χ 2 = 2.901, RMSEA = 0.031, AGFI = 0.991, NFI = 0.999, NNFI (TLI) = 0.991, CFI = 0.999, and path coefficients presented in Figure 1 .

Figure 1 . Path analysis with negative in the moment well-being.

Second, similar analysis was performed to explore the relationships between student concerns, university support, general well-being, and positive in the moment well-being. This model demonstrates the following statistics: p = 0.055, χ 2 = 3.677, RMSEA = 0.037, AGFI = 0.989, NFI = 0.999, NNFI (TLI) = 0.990, CFI = 0.999 (see Figure 2 ).

Figure 2 . Path analysis with positive in the moment well-being.

All coefficients were significant beyond 0.05 level. The analyses of direct, indirect and total effects of student concerns on general well-being and both negative and positive in the moment well-being are shown in Tables 3 , 4 , respectively.

Table 3 . Direct, indirect, and total effects of student concerns on general well-being.

Table 4 . Direct, indirect, and total effects of student concerns on in the moment well-being.

The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Student Concerns for Degree Completion and Student Well-Being

The direct effect of student concerns for degree completion on general well-being and positive in the moment well-being is significant and negative (−0.18 and −0.40, respectively). However, when we consider negative in the moment well-being, concerns for degree completion had negative direct effect on general well-being (−0.26) and positive in the moment well-being (0.37). Moreover, the analysis of indirect effects demonstrates that university support mediates the effect of concerns for degree completion on general well-being (−0.31) and positive in the moment well-being (−0.07). In the same way, this construct influences negative in the moment well-being affect (0.05) and general well-being (−0.23). These results suggest that the perceived impact of COVID-19 on concerns for degree completion has a significant negative effect on student well-being while university support plays a mediating role between these two variables, therefore fully supporting H1and H3a.

The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Future Job Prospects and Student Well-Being

Concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on future job prospects have a direct effect on general well-being, which is significant and negative (−0.06), together with positive in the moment well-being and a significant positive effect on negative in the moment well-being (0.133). These results suggest that increased levels of concerns about the effect of COVID-19 on future job prospects leads to lower levels of general well-being and higher levels of negative in the moment well-being. Therefore, H2 is partially supported. Furthermore, university support attenuates the effect of concerns about future job prospects on negative in the moment well-being (−0.013) ( Table 4 ). These results support H3b, thereby suggesting university support has a beneficial effect on student well-being.

Regarding the future job prospects, degree completion, and well-being, we ran the analysis of variation (ANOVA) to understand the differences between undergraduates ( n = 1,625) and post-graduates ( n = 288) separately. Post-graduates did not show any significant differences regarding degree completion [ F (1, 286) = 0.065, p = 0.798], future job prospects [ F (1, 286) = 0.585, p = 0.445], and general well-being [ F (1, 286) = 0.626, p = 0.430]. However, significant differences between the undergraduate groups were observed for all three variables, namely, concerns for degree completion [ F (4, 1, 620) = 7.77, p < 0.001], future job prospects [ F (4, 1, 620) = 30.2, p < 0.001], and general well-being [ F (4, 1, 620 ) = 4.99, p < 0.001]. Then, a year-by-year comparison analysis was performed by applying Tukey's honestly significant difference test to examine how this is impacted by the year of study. As a result, first-year undergraduates (3.34 ± 1.09 min) expressed significantly higher levels of concerns for degree completion than third- (2.99 ± 1.17 min, p < 0.001) and fourth-year (2.98 ± 1.29 min, p = 0.01) students. Similarly, second-year undergraduates (3.34 ± 1.12 min) expressed significantly higher levels of concerns for degree completion than third- (2.99 ± 1.17 min, p < 0.001) and fourth-year (2.98 ± 1.29 min, p = 0.01) students. However, the findings were opposite when we compared the future job prospects means between years of study. The fourth-year students (3.76 ± 1.18 min) demonstrated higher significant concerns in comparison with other undergraduate groups, namely first-year (2.71 ± 1.12 min, p < 0.001), second-year (2.89 ± 1.25 min, p < 0.001), and even third-year (3.33 ± 1.26 min, p = 0.007) as well as those who study abroad or through placement programs (3.31 ± 1.15 min, p = 0.016). As for general well-being, the most optimistic group was undergraduates who participated in placement programs or studied abroad. These respondents expressed significantly higher levels regarding general well-being over the past week (3.09 ± 0.93 min) than first-year (2.84 ± 0.92 min, p = 0.039) and second-year (2.72 ± 0.97 min, p < 0.001) students. However, there were no statistically significant differences between placement/study abroad undergraduates and third-year (2.85 ± 0.94 min, p = 0.095) and fourth-year (2.93 ± 0.92 min, p = 0.641) students.

The purpose of this study was to examine how student perceptions of their degree completion and future job prospects during the pandemic impact their well-being and what role university support plays in this relationship. We developed and tested the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19, university support, and student well-being. Our results showed that the perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for degree completion negatively predicts levels of student well-being. In other words, the more worried students are about the impact of COVID-19 on their studies, the more their levels of well-being decrease. This result is in line with the findings of Poots and Cassidy (2020) who found support to be a positive predictor of well-being and a significantly negative relationship between academic stress and support. COVID-19 disrupted the balance point between the students' resource pool relevant to their academic pursuits and the numerous challenges they face ( Dodge et al., 2012 ). Programs, processes, and services have gone online leading to student poor well-being. Therefore, the impact of the pandemic, and similar crises, extends beyond student perceptions of their success in their main role as students but also to their perceptions of happiness ( Pollard and Lee, 2003 ), life satisfaction ( Diener and Diener, 1996 ), and being intensely alive and authentic ( Ryan and Deci, 2001 ).

Also, the results revealed that the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for degree completion and levels of student well-being is mediated by university support. This result illustrates the importance of university support on student perceptions and emotional states, including stress, meaning making, and life satisfaction ( Flinchbaugh et al., 2012 ). This university support represents a resource that is outside of individuals ( Hobfoll et al., 2018 ). When this support is timely and adequate ( Mokgele and Rothman, 2014 ; Wood et al., 2018 ), students can successfully deal with the demands of their educational pursuits. However, the study also indicates that when students perceive the negative impact of COVID-19 on their degree completion and well-being, they are less likely to perceive their university as supportive. We explain this situation with the different perceptions in effective support. Students and universities have differences in their views about which priorities support well-being ( Graham et al., 2016 ). Students perceive university support as valuable and effective when they can obtain lecturers' timely feedback to their emails, transparent, and fast communication in relation to the changes from the COVID-19 situation, dynamic online courses, and emergency financial support amongst other factors. Students are becoming more exigent on the resources that universities could offer to support their academic success and how efficiently the support is delivered. From the university perspective, they need to develop solutions that are in line with institutional or governmental measures, but little concrete information exists. Universities may find it difficult to cope with changes related to COVID-19 immediately (e.g., adopt fully online learning environments whilst not all the lecturers have the capabilities or facilities to teach online). Therefore, students perceive that university support is not sufficient to their academic success while universities have already made great efforts to ensure online learning and working-from-home policies. Given that students' immediate priority is their academic performance, they are trying to gain more educational resources than universities may be able to offer. Students, therefore, may perceive their university support as insufficient to their degree completion. This could also be explained by one of the principles of the CoR theory that states that resource loss is disproportionately more prominent than resource gain ( Hobfoll et al., 2018 ). Therefore, students seem to be very sensitive to a lack of or very little immediate and long-term university support to their academic success.

The study also found unexpected results related to the student perceptions of their future job prospects. First, there is no direct relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on future job prospects and student well-being. In other words, student concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on their future job prospects does not decrease their level of well-being. This result needs further research. It is possible to suggest that students do not see an immediate threat because job prospects are about the future ( Xu et al., 2015 ). For instance, students that are not in their final academic year could feel less of a threat of resource loss in terms of future employment. Instead, they are more stressed and concerned about the impact of the pandemic on their degree completion that is more urgent at the moment. Interestingly, students who are more stressed about the impact of COVID-19 on their future job prospects are more likely to perceive their university as giving higher levels of support. As fewer employment opportunities exist in the labor market, students expect university networks to offer them some potential job opportunities.

The study also showed that students at different levels of education perceived the impact of the pandemic in different ways. The most vulnerable group was undergraduates who expressed significantly higher levels of concerns for degree completion. Perhaps, due to the uncertainty related to the duration of lockdowns, social distance measures, and other restrictions as well as vaccine effectiveness and availability, first year students struggled to see how they are able to complete their program the most. They also have fewer life experiences to cope with different types of stress that appeared simultaneously. At the same time, last year students struggled the most with potential job prospects. This is somewhat expected because this group of students usually tries to find full-time jobs upon the degree completion. University management can mitigate these student concerns by introducing relevant practices based on the student study year.

Theoretical Implications

This study offers several contributions to better understand the mechanism of university support on student well-being during the COVID-19. First, our findings are in line with the prior studies on the relationships between stress and well-being, and support and well-being. The research on the impact of COVID-19 on student concerns for degree completion and job prospects is underdeveloped. Therefore, by examining student resource loss, we have extended the application scope of the CoR theory and enriched COVID-19 related research.

Second, our findings highlight that students may not perceive university support in the same way when it is related to their concerns for degree completion or job prospects. Prior studies have acknowledged the positive relationship between university support and student well-being ( Baik et al., 2019 ). Our findings imply that perceived effective support is context-specific. Under the impact of COVID-19, all students are concerned about their academic performance and are more exigent on university support. When students feel that they are not able to get support to achieve the balance between resource investment (e.g., spending more time to work online for group-based activities) and the challenge of continuing with their studies (e.g., receiving no immediate feedback when they have inquiries for lecturers or administrators), they may have a lower level of well-being ( Dodge et al., 2012 ). To mitigate the risk to their well-being, students feel the need to deploy more time and energy to protect themselves against resource loss and recovery ( Hobfoll et al., 2018 ).

Third, this study assessed negative in the moment well-being. Our results show that university support could mediate the relationship between impacts of COVID-19 (both on degree completion and job prospects) and student well-being. However, when students perceive a high level of support from the university, they feel a higher level of well-being and a lower level of negative in the moment well-being. This once again implies that university support plays an important mediating role in student perceptions of well-being.

Practical Implications

This study confirms the mediating role of university support that helps turning negative impact of COVID-19 into positive feelings of well-being. Universities could increase student well-being by giving support to student studies and their career and job prospects. This support should come from a wide range of university services that are responsible for all aspects of the student learning experience. For example, program faculty and directors should provide students sufficient and timely information about upcoming mandatory internships. Career centers should utilize their partnerships and networks in the local community to assist in finding their first job after graduation and/or internships. This support should include course instructors, program directors, university management and administration, digital and IT support, and supports from partnership universities for international exchange programs. Supervisors and administration should work closely with students conducting research projects related to their theses or dissertations. They should support them in setting the dissertation topic and research questions, data collection and data analysis, discussion of initiation findings, text drafting, and defending.

The study also suggests that a lack of questioning or concerns related to university support from students does not imply that students feel that they are receiving this support. This could indicate that students may feel forgotten, abandoned, or hopeless about receiving support from the university. Therefore, universities should ensure visibility and accessibility of support, which in the context of online learning would require integration and collaboration between academic and university support services (e.g., IT support, career centers, academic advising, and international exchange programs). They help students navigate the support systems and access all the resources they require to succeed academically and professionally. Universities should not only provide the resources needed for students to engage with online learning, but also propose training on different online pedagogies to course instructors, as these two points could ensure more a positive learning experience for students and their well-being outcome. In addition, universities should monitor the student well-being experience and provide relevant resources and interventions.

Also, with online learning, face-to-face social interactions are missing. Therefore, lecturers and administrative staff should concentrate more on relationship building. They should facilitate the online learning experience, adopt clear communication strategies, improve the learning tools (e.g., PowerPoint and recorded lectures) and diversify assessment methods (e.g., moving from traditional exams to video-based oral presentation and using applications to motivate students to engage in online discussions).

From the student perspective, universities should be aware of the students' changing emotional responses from positive to negative during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that the impact of COVID-19 would probably induce more negative emotional states, universities should offer more support for emotional management. This should encourage students to talk about their concerns, worries, and anxiety toward COVID-19 and to help them destigmatize the fear of COVID-19 on their studies and future. This support should not be a one-time-event, but ongoing. With positive emotions, students are more capable to counterbalance the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 on their degree completion and job prospects by effectively using different resources to reduce resource loss.

Finally, it is important to note that staff well-being is essential in order to support this student learning experience. Therefore, whilst universities propose different support activities to promote student learning, academic performance, and future job opportunities, they should also put in place a variety of resources to support staff. Pedagogy training, digital support, online well-ness programs, high quality information related to Covid-19, peer learning, appreciation attitude, and positive thinking should be promoted. University support and well-being feeling of their staff are a must for their adjustment to this “new normal” work context and a better service to students. It should be acknowledged that although many of the recommendations in this section are best practice in non-crisis times, this research has shown that the current acute pandemic situation and its effect on students (and staff) requires a sustained and reliable response, which utilizes existing policies and procedures to their maximum potential.

Limitations and Future Research

The study used a cross-sectional design, so the results cannot illustrate the process and evolution of how the identified variables influence student well-being. Considering the nature of the COVID-19 crisis, it would be very useful to develop a longitudinal study. Given the subjective nature of perceptions of well-being, there is an opportunity to extend the research and give a deeper understanding of the students' experience by taking a qualitative study approach. For example, phenomenology could help researchers understand lived experiences of students ( van Manen, 1990 ) during COVID-19. Phenomenology could also help to find out how students experience their well-being or how they “perceive it, describe it, feel about it, judge it, remember it, make sense of it and talk about it with others” ( Patton, 2002 , p. 104). Further studies could also explore potential variables that may be more likely to show differences in a cross-cultural context, for example, how various types of social support may be perceived differently in various cultural contexts. The study used self-reported data that could have created a certain bias, so future studies should consider using observations and document analysis to triangulate data.

The study found that there were no student concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on their future job prospects and this did not decrease their level of well-being. This result needs further research. For example, there may be some benefits of using a qualitative and cross-cultural approach such as diary methods. A longitudinal study could help tracking how student concerns for their future job prospects change. Many countries have overcome the second wave of COVID-19, but uncertainty about the economy and high unemployment rates remains. Similarly, it would be useful to understand how students address their concerns for their job prospects and employment and search for and obtain jobs.

The study showed the usefulness of the CoR theory in helping universities and students to understand the emotional responses and impacts on student well-being of the sudden and dramatic changes to the learning experience of an unexpected global crisis. It was found that a major crisis negatively impacts student well-being and their concerns about their studies. However, the longer-term concerns about job prospects and careers had no negative impact on well-being. Support was shown to be an important mediator in the overall impact on student well-being.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University of Hertfordshire SSAHEC with Delegated Authority. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

GP and KM were substantially involved in planning and conducting the study. NV, SN, and SR-T carried out the data analysis. MP, CJ, and DY wrote the article with contributions by NV, GP, SN, and KM. All authors revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, read, and approved the submitted version. All authors were involved in distribution of the survey.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Keywords: COVID-19, university students, subjective well-being, university success, job prospects

Citation: Plakhotnik MS, Volkova NV, Jiang C, Yahiaoui D, Pheiffer G, McKay K, Newman S and Reißig-Thust S (2021) The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Student Well-Being and the Mediating Role of the University Support: Evidence From France, Germany, Russia, and the UK. Front. Psychol. 12:642689. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642689

Received: 16 December 2020; Accepted: 09 June 2021; Published: 12 July 2021.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2021 Plakhotnik, Volkova, Jiang, Yahiaoui, Pheiffer, McKay, Newman and Reißig-Thust. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Natalia V. Volkova, nv.volkova@hse.ru

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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How to Write About the Impact of the Coronavirus in a College Essay

U.S. News & World Report

October 21, 2020, 12:00 AM

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The global impact of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, means colleges and prospective students alike are in for an admissions cycle like no other. Both face unprecedented challenges and questions as they grapple with their respective futures amid the ongoing fallout of the pandemic.

Colleges must examine applicants without the aid of standardized test scores for many — a factor that prompted many schools to go test-optional for now . Even grades, a significant component of a college application, may be hard to interpret with some high schools adopting pass-fail classes last spring due to the pandemic. Major college admissions factors are suddenly skewed.

“I can’t help but think other (admissions) factors are going to matter more,” says Ethan Sawyer, founder of the College Essay Guy, a website that offers free and paid essay-writing resources.

College essays and letters of recommendation , Sawyer says, are likely to carry more weight than ever in this admissions cycle. And many essays will likely focus on how the pandemic shaped students’ lives throughout an often tumultuous 2020.

[ Read: How to Write a College Essay. ]

But before writing a college essay focused on the coronavirus, students should explore whether it’s the best topic for them.

Writing About COVID-19 for a College Application

Much of daily life has been colored by the coronavirus. Virtual learning is the norm at many colleges and high schools, many extracurriculars have vanished and social lives have stalled for students complying with measures to stop the spread of COVID-19.

“For some young people, the pandemic took away what they envisioned as their senior year,” says Robert Alexander, dean of admissions, financial aid and enrollment management at the University of Rochester in New York. “Maybe that’s a spot on a varsity athletic team or the lead role in the fall play. And it’s OK for them to mourn what should have been and what they feel like they lost, but more important is how are they making the most of the opportunities they do have?”

That question, Alexander says, is what colleges want answered if students choose to address COVID-19 in their college essay.

But the question of whether a student should write about the coronavirus is tricky. The answer depends largely on the student.

“In general, I don’t think students should write about COVID-19 in their main personal statement for their application,” Robin Miller, master college admissions counselor at IvyWise, a college counseling company, wrote in an email.

“Certainly, there may be exceptions to this based on a student’s individual experience, but since the personal essay is the main place in the application where the student can really allow their voice to be heard and share insight into who they are as an individual, there are likely many other topics they can choose to write about that are more distinctive and unique than COVID-19,” Miller says.

[ Read: What Colleges Look for: 6 Ways to Stand Out. ]

Opinions among admissions experts vary on whether to write about the likely popular topic of the pandemic.

“If your essay communicates something positive, unique, and compelling about you in an interesting and eloquent way, go for it,” Carolyn Pippen, principal college admissions counselor at IvyWise, wrote in an email. She adds that students shouldn’t be dissuaded from writing about a topic merely because it’s common, noting that “topics are bound to repeat, no matter how hard we try to avoid it.”

Above all, she urges honesty.

“If your experience within the context of the pandemic has been truly unique, then write about that experience, and the standing out will take care of itself,” Pippen says. “If your experience has been generally the same as most other students in your context, then trying to find a unique angle can easily cross the line into exploiting a tragedy, or at least appearing as though you have.”

But focusing entirely on the pandemic can limit a student to a single story and narrow who they are in an application, Sawyer says. “There are so many wonderful possibilities for what you can say about yourself outside of your experience within the pandemic.”

He notes that passions, strengths, career interests and personal identity are among the multitude of essay topic options available to applicants and encourages them to probe their values to help determine the topic that matters most to them — and write about it.

That doesn’t mean the pandemic experience has to be ignored if applicants feel the need to write about it.

Writing About Coronavirus in Main and Supplemental Essays

Students can choose to write a full-length college essay on the coronavirus or summarize their experience in a shorter form.

To help students explain how the pandemic affected them, The Common App has added an optional section to address this topic. Applicants have 250 words to describe their pandemic experience and the personal and academic impact of COVID-19.

[ Read: The Common App: Everything You Need to Know. ]

“That’s not a trick question, and there’s no right or wrong answer,” Alexander says. Colleges want to know, he adds, how students navigated the pandemic, how they prioritized their time, what responsibilities they took on and what they learned along the way.

If students can distill all of the above information into 250 words, there’s likely no need to write about it in a full-length college essay, experts say. And applicants whose lives were not heavily altered by the pandemic may even choose to skip the optional COVID-19 question.

“This space is best used to discuss hardship and/or significant challenges that the student and/or the student’s family experienced as a result of COVID-19 and how they have responded to those difficulties,” Miller notes. Using the section to acknowledge a lack of impact, she adds, “could be perceived as trite and lacking insight, despite the good intentions of the applicant.”

To guard against this lack of awareness, Sawyer encourages students to tap someone they trust to review their writing , whether it’s the 250-word Common App response or the full-length essay.

Experts tend to agree that the short-form approach to this as an essay topic works better, but there are exceptions. And if a student does have a coronavirus story that he or she feels must be told, Alexander encourages the writer to be authentic in the essay.

“My advice for an essay about COVID-19 is the same as my advice about an essay for any topic — and that is, don’t write what you think we want to read or hear,” Alexander says. “Write what really changed you and that story that now is yours and yours alone to tell.”

Sawyer urges students to ask themselves, “What’s the sentence that only I can write?” He also encourages students to remember that the pandemic is only a chapter of their lives and not the whole book.

Miller, who cautions against writing a full-length essay on the coronavirus, says that if students choose to do so they should have a conversation with their high school counselor about whether that’s the right move. And if students choose to proceed with COVID-19 as a topic, she says they need to be clear, detailed and insightful about what they learned and how they adapted along the way.

“Approaching the essay in this manner will provide important balance while demonstrating personal growth and vulnerability,” Miller says.

Pippen encourages students to remember that they are in an unprecedented time for college admissions.

“It is important to keep in mind with all of these (admission) factors that no colleges have ever had to consider them this way in the selection process, if at all,” Pippen says. “They have had very little time to calibrate their evaluations of different application components within their offices, let alone across institutions. This means that colleges will all be handling the admissions process a little bit differently, and their approaches may even evolve over the course of the admissions cycle.”

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Writing about COVID-19 in a college admission essay

by: Venkates Swaminathan | Updated: September 14, 2020

Print article

For students applying to college using the CommonApp, there are several different places where students and counselors can address the pandemic’s impact. The different sections have differing goals. You must understand how to use each section for its appropriate use.

The CommonApp COVID-19 question

First, the CommonApp this year has an additional question specifically about COVID-19 :

Community disruptions such as COVID-19 and natural disasters can have deep and long-lasting impacts. If you need it, this space is yours to describe those impacts. Colleges care about the effects on your health and well-being, safety, family circumstances, future plans, and education, including access to reliable technology and quiet study spaces. Please use this space to describe how these events have impacted you.

This question seeks to understand the adversity that students may have had to face due to the pandemic, the move to online education, or the shelter-in-place rules. You don’t have to answer this question if the impact on you wasn’t particularly severe. Some examples of things students should discuss include:

• The student or a family member had COVID-19 or suffered other illnesses due to confinement during the pandemic.
• The candidate had to deal with personal or family issues, such as abusive living situations or other safety concerns
• The student suffered from a lack of internet access and other online learning challenges.
• Students who dealt with problems registering for or taking standardized tests and AP exams.

Jeff Schiffman of the Tulane University admissions office has a blog about this section. He recommends students ask themselves several questions as they go about answering this section:

• Are my experiences different from others’?
• Are there noticeable changes on my transcript?
• Am I aware of my privilege?
• Am I specific? Am I explaining rather than complaining?
• Is this information being included elsewhere on my application?

If you do answer this section, be brief and to-the-point.

Counselor recommendations and school profiles

Second, counselors will, in their counselor forms and school profiles on the CommonApp, address how the school handled the pandemic and how it might have affected students, specifically as it relates to:

• Grading scales and policies
• Graduation requirements
• Instructional methods
• Schedules and course offerings
• Testing requirements
• Your academic calendar
• Other extenuating circumstances

Students don’t have to mention these matters in their application unless something unusual happened.

Writing about COVID-19 in your main essay

Write about your experiences during the pandemic in your main college essay if your experience is personal, relevant, and the most important thing to discuss in your college admission essay. That you had to stay home and study online isn’t sufficient, as millions of other students faced the same situation. But sometimes, it can be appropriate and helpful to write about something related to the pandemic in your essay. For example:

• One student developed a website for a local comic book store. The store might not have survived without the ability for people to order comic books online. The student had a long-standing relationship with the store, and it was an institution that created a community for students who otherwise felt left out.
• One student started a YouTube channel to help other students with academic subjects he was very familiar with and began tutoring others.
• Some students used their extra time that was the result of the stay-at-home orders to take online courses pursuing topics they are genuinely interested in or developing new interests, like a foreign language or music.

Experiences like this can be good topics for the CommonApp essay as long as they reflect something genuinely important about the student. For many students whose lives have been shaped by this pandemic, it can be a critical part of their college application.

Want more? Read 6 ways to improve a college essay , What the &%$! should I write about in my college essay , and Just how important is a college admissions essay? .

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The impact of Covid-19 on student achievement: Evidence from a recent meta-analysis ☆

Giorgio di pietro.

a European Commission- Joint Research Centre 1 , Edificio Expo, Calle Inca Garcilaso, 3, 41092, Seville, Spain

b Institute of Labour Economics (IZA), Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5-9, 53113, Bonn, Germany

Associated Data

Data will be made available on request.

This work attempts to synthetize existing research about the impact of Covid-19 school closure on student achievement. It extends previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses by (a) using a more balanced sample in terms of country composition, (b) considering new moderators (type of data and research design), and (c) including studies on tertiary education students in addition to primary and secondary education students. Our meta-analysis findings show that the pandemic had, on average, a detrimental effect on learning. The magnitude of this learning deficit (about 0.19 standard deviations of student achievement) appears to be roughly comparable to that suffered by students who have experienced a significant disruption in their schooling due to a major natural disaster (e.g., Hurricane Katrina). Students are also found to have lost more ground in math/science than in other subjects. Additionally, one year or more after the first lockdown, students seem to have been unable to catch up on unfinished learning from the pandemic. This result suggests that more efforts should be made to ensure students recover their missed learning in order to avoid negative long-term consequences for them and society.

• • We perform a meta-analysis to study the effect of Covid-19 on student achievement.
• • Our dataset includes 239 estimates from 39 studies covering 19 countries.
• • The pandemic had an overall negative effect on learning outcomes.
• • Students lost more ground in math/science than in other subjects.
• • One year or more after Covid-19 students have not recovered from the initial learning loss.

1. Introduction

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a major disruption in the schooling system around the world. In most countries, educational institutions had to close for several weeks or months in an attempt to reduce the spread of the virus ( UNESCO, 2020a ). Students had to continue their schooling from home using different learning tools such as video conferencing, radio and TV. However, the outbreak of Covid-19 was so sudden that there was little or no time for many schools to design and implement learning programs specifically designed to support children's learning while at home. A significant proportion of teachers were unprepared for online learning as they lacked appropriate pedagogical and digital skills ( School Education Gateway, 2020 ). Similarly, many students also struggled to adjust to the new format of learning. In addition to problems in accessing appropriate technology (computers, reliable internet connection, etc.), not all students had a home environment free of disturbances and distractions, hence conducive to learning ( Pokhrel & Chhetri, 2021 ). A large number of parents had serious difficulties in combining their work responsibilities (if not joblessness) with looking after and educating their children ( Soland et al., 2020 ). Moreover, there is evidence showing that Covid-19 and the related containment measures have had a detrimental effect on children's wellbeing ( Xie et al., 2020 ). Longer periods of social isolation might have adversely affected students' mental health (e.g., anxiety and depression) and physical activity ( Vaillancourt et al., 2021 ). This is also likely to have contributed to negatively impact their academic performance given the close association between mental and physical health and educational outcomes ( Joe et al., 2009 ).

While in the literature there is already a relatively large consensus that student learning suffered a setback due to Covid-19, as pointed out by several researchers (e.g., Donnelly & Patrinos, 2022 ; Patrinos et al., 2022 ), more research in this area is still needed. Findings from new studies are important given that, as stated in a recent article published in the World Economic Forum, the full scale of the impact of the pandemic on the education of children is “only just starting to emerge” ( Broom, 2022 ). Not only is a better understanding of the educational impact of Covid-19 needed, but special attention should be paid to investigate the legacy effects of the pandemic. As argued in several papers (e.g., Hanushek & Woessmann, 2020 ; Psacharopoulos et al., 2021 ), there is the risk that the disruption in learning caused by Covid-19 may persist over time, having long-term consequences on students’ knowledge and skills as well as on their labour market prospects. It is therefore very important to determine if and to what extent those children whose schooling was disrupted by Covid-19 subsequently got back on track and reduced their learning deficits. 2 Similarly, it is relevant to gain a more solid understanding of how the educational impact of Covid-19 varies across students and circumstances. This would help educators and policymakers identify those groups of students who may need extra support to recover from the learning deficit caused by the pandemic.

This paper uses meta-analysis in an attempt to synthetize and harmonize evidence about the effect of Covid-19 school closures on student learning outcomes. Meta-analysis, which is widely employed in education as well as in other fields, combines the findings of multiple studies in order to provide a more precise estimate of the relevant effect size and explain the heterogeneity of the results that have been found in individual studies. A total of 239 separate estimates from 39 studies are considered. We extend previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses 3 in four main ways. First, compared to previous meta-analyses, this study covers a larger number of countries (i.e., 19). Not only are several new countries considered in the analysis (e.g., Slovenia, Egypt), but US and UK studies do not dominate the collected empirical evidence. For instance, while in Betthäuser et al. (2023) about 71.1% of the effect sizes are derived from these studies, in our paper the corresponding figure is approximately 33.9%. 4 This makes our results of more general relevance. 5 Second, the current meta-analysis adds to previous meta-analyses by including also studies looking at the impact of Covid-19 among tertiary education students in addition to primary and secondary education students. This is important because, as individuals progress through the education system, academic challenges increase and so does the pressure to perform well. Several studies from various countries (e.g., Bratti et al., 2004 ; Dabalen et al., 2001 ; Koda & Yuki, 2013 ) show that the final grade awarded to students successfully completing university is an important predictor of their labour market prospects. Third, while some relevant moderator variables have already been noted (e.g., subject, level of education, geographical area), the present meta-analysis adds several new ones including type of data and research design. The relevance of these factors in explaining the heterogeneity of results across studies is well-known in the meta-analysis literature. For instance, Havránek et al. (2020) indicate that researchers conducting meta-regression analysis in economics should consider data types. Similarly, Stanley and Jarrell (1989) suggest that variables capturing differences in methodology need to be included among moderators in meta-regression models. More in general, moderators are situational variables as well as characteristics of studies that might influence the effect estimate ( Judd, 2015 ). Fourth, in contrast to previous similar meta-analyses (e.g., König & Frey, 2022 ), we look closely at the issue of the specification of the meta-regression model. As observed by Stanley and Doucouliagos (2012) , this is a more relevant problem in meta-analysis than in primary econometric studies given the higher risk of exhausting degrees of freedom in the former than in the latter. Following recent literature (e.g., Di Pietro, 2022 ), we employ different methods to select the moderator variables to be included in the meta-regression model.

The remainder of the paper is set as follows. Section 2 describes the process of selecting studies and collecting data. It also discusses the empirical approach and the possibility of publication bias. Section 3 reports and discusses the empirical results. Section 4 concludes.

To perform this meta-analysis, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) ( Moher et al., 2009 ).

2.1. Inclusion criteria

With the purpose of this study in mind, a set of inclusion criteria was defined. They guided the selection of the studies included in this meta-analysis. Specifically, the following four inclusion criteria were used:

• ● the study should quantitatively examine the effect of Covid-19 on student achievement in primary, secondary or tertiary education. This means that the data used in this study were collected before and during the pandemic (or only during the pandemic if, when schools were closed, some students were still receiving in-person teaching thereby simulating pre-pandemic conditions), therefore clearly distinguishing between a control and a treated group, respectively.
• ● the study should use objective indicators (e.g., test scores) to measure student achievement.
• ● the study should be based on real data.
• ● the study should report data on an effect size (or sufficient information to compute it) and its standard error (or t -statistic, or p -value, or sufficient information to calculate it).

2.2. Search ad screening procedures

To identify the relevant studies, we searched in six different electronic databases (i.e., Google Scholar, 6 EconLit, ScienceDirect, Education Resources Information Center, JSTOR and Emerald). The following keywords were used: “Covid-19 (OR coronavirus OR pandemic OR Cov) AND student (OR academic OR scholastic) performance (OR achievement OR learning OR outcome) OR test score”.

This search, which ended on 15 th July 2022, delivered 6,075 hits. 717 duplicates were removed. We kept updated or published versions of any working paper we found. Next, the titles and the abstracts of the remaining 5,358 records were assessed. Following this, 5,205 studies were excluded as they use qualitative approaches (e.g., interviews), report teachers'/parents’ views about the educational impact of Covid-19 (e.g., Kim et al., 2022 ; Lupas et al., 2021 ), or provide a theoretical discussion about how the pandemic is likely to affect education (e.g., Di Pietro et al., 2020 ). Similarly, studies containing predictions and/or projections were also removed (e.g., Kuhfeld et al., 2020a ). After this initial screening, the content of the remaining 153 studies was carefully examined, and only those fulfilling all the inclusion criteria were considered. In this phase, we excluded studies that, although attempting to understand how the pandemic impacted student learning, employ a different outcome measure (e.g., dropout rate) than the one considered in this meta-analysis (e.g., Tsolou et al., 2021 ). In the same vein, we removed studies using student self-reported outcome measures as well as those examining the educational impact of Covid-19 on specific subgroups of students (e.g., Agostinelli et al., 2022 ). Finally, in order to ensure that key sources were not missed, we also screened the references included in previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Two more relevant articles were identified through this search. A total of 39 studies was included in this study. Fig. 1 summarizes the literature search and the screening procedure.

Flow chart of the search and screening process.

While all the titles and abstracts were screened only by the author, the next stages of the study selection process were carried out by the author and by another researcher who independently classified the studies as relevant and irrelevant based on the predefined inclusion criteria. While the inter-rater agreement was very high (i.e., 97%), studies on which there was disagreement were discussed in depth until consensus was reached.

2.3. Study coding

All the studies included in this meta-analysis were read in-depth, and relevant information and findings were extracted. Study coding was performed following the same procedure used for the final stages of the study selection process. The inter-rater agreement was again high (i.e., 93%).

In line with the current best practice in meta-analysis ( Polák, 2019 ), we use all relevant estimates included in the selected studies. As argued by Cheung (2019) , not doing so results in missed opportunities to take advantage of all the available data to answer the research question/s under investigation. However, a fundamental issue with this approach lies in the dependence between multiple estimates from the same study given that effect sizes are assumed to be independent in meta-analysis ( Cheung & Vijayakumar, 2016 ). As discussed later in the paper, several methods are used to account for within-study dependence.

2.3.1. Effect size calculation

In order to be able to aggregate the various impact estimates reported in the selected studies, one needs to convert them into a common metric. Consistent with previous relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses, we use the Cohen's d as a scale-free effect size measure. Cohen's d refers to standardised mean differences and is calculated by dividing the mean difference in student performance between pre-Covid and Covid periods by the pooled standard deviation. While in some cases the Cohen's d was retrieved from the studies, in others it was calculated using information directly available from them. Where the latter was not possible, the studies' author/s was/were contacted to obtain the relevant data. If not reported, the Cohen's d standard error was computed using the formula given in Cooper and Hedges (1994) . In case no information on sample sizes were available from the studies but exact p -values were instead reported, the formula provided by Higgins and Green (2011) was employed to obtain standard errors. In some instances, we also used information on effect sizes contained in the electronic supplement of the meta-analysis article by König and Frey (2022) . For instance, this was the case when a study does not report Cohen's d but this information has been already collected by König and Frey who have contacted the relevant author/s.

2.3.2. Moderator variables

For each effect size, we code several moderator variables, that is, factors potentially influencing the size of the effect of Covid-19 on student achievement. These moderator variables can be divided into two categories: 1) context and 2) characteristics. Regarding the former, we consider:

a) The level of education. Several arguments suggest that remote schooling is more challenging for younger students compared to their older counterparts. To start with, younger learners are less likely to have access, and be able to independently use digital devices. They may be unable to sign into an online class without assistance, may need help or supervision to perform an online task, and may more easily get distracted. Parental engagement therefore plays a crucial role in the success of younger pupils in an online learning environment. However, even though critical, the supervision required for online schooling while younger children are at home may turn out to be unsustainable for many parents who are at the same time engaged with remote working ( Lucas et al., 2020 ). There is also evidence showing that younger students are less likely to have a quiet space to work at home than their older peers. For instance, Andrew et al. (2020) found that in the UK during the first Covid-19 lockdown while the proportion of primary school students reporting not to have a designated space to study at home was about 20%, the corresponding figure for secondary school students was approximately 10%. Furthermore, children in early grades may especially miss in person teaching as they depend on situational learning ( Storey & Zhang, 2021b ). A great emphasis is placed on relationships and interactions with others in order to acquire knowledge. Younger learners are also more likely to need movement and exploration, and these are things that one cannot do while sitting at home and looking at a screen ( Hinton, 2020 ). Finally, some studies ( Domínguez-Álvarez et al., 2020 ; Gómez-Becerra et al., 2020 ) showed that during Covid-19 younger children present more emotional problems than older children. Tomasik et al. (2021) argued that the former group are more likely to have difficulties in coping with socio-emotional stressors associated with the pandemic. Perhaps also as a result of this, there was greater attention to pastoral care than curriculum coverage among primary school students, as opposed to secondary school students ( Julius & Sims, 2020 ).

In an attempt to investigate how the educational impact of the pandemic varies across student age groups, we distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary education students.

b) Subject. It is often claimed that the effect of the pandemic on student achievement varies depending on the subject being assessed. Specifically, three main arguments have been advanced to suggest that the pandemic has made students lose more ground in math than in other subjects.

First, while the Covid-19 lockdown has called for increased parental involvement in their children's learning, parents often feel they have difficulties in assisting their children in math. Panaoura (2020) looked at parents' perception of how they have helped their children in math learning during the pandemic in Cyprus. She found that parents' lack of confidence or their low self-efficacy beliefs were enhanced during this period. More teachers' guidance and training would have been needed. Using data on Chinese primary school students during Covid-19, Wang et al. (2022) concluded that parental involvement had a positive impact on children's achievement in Chinese and English, but not in math. While parents are likely to be knowledgeable about the learning content of Chinese and English lessons, this may not be the case for math lessons. In daily life, language practice is more used than math practice. Furthermore, parents may be familiar with math methods different from the ones used by teachers ( Shanley, 2016 ).

Second, teaching math in a fully online context is very challenging. Using data from a survey addressed to math lecturers between May and June 2020, Ní Fhloinn and Fitzmaurice (2021) found that most of the respondents agreed that it is harder to teach math remotely. This is partly due to the idiosyncratic nature of this discipline. It is especially difficult for math instructors to adapt their teaching style to online learning conditions. While many of them used to handwrite the material in real time during their lectures, only a small proportion have the technology to continue doing so online. On the other hand, also students may have problems in communicating math online. Not only do students need to learn and accustom themselves to use technology in order to write mathematical symbols, but this is not always possible in online platforms such as chats ( Mullen et al., 2021 ). Online engagement in math is particularly difficult. Involving students in online discussions around an exact science like math may turn out to be very challenging.

Third, the economic and health problems caused by Covid-19 coupled with the sudden shift to online learning are likely to have increased math anxiety among students. This can be defined as a negative emotional reaction that interferes with the solving of math problems ( Blazer, 2011 , p. 1102). Math anxiety prevents students from learning math because it leads to low self-esteem, frustration, and anger ( Fennema & Sherman, 1976 ). Mamolo (2022) found that the students’ math motivation and self-efficacy decreased during the pandemic. Similarly, Mendoza et al. (2021) and Arnal-Palacián et al. (2022) provided evidence about higher levels of math anxiety experienced by university and primary school students, respectively, during Covid-19.

In light of the above, subjects have been grouped into three different broad categories: math/science, humanities, and a mix category.

c) Timing of student assessment during Covid-19 . As stated earlier, an important question is the extent to which the pandemic has long-lasting effects on learning outcomes. Several arguments suggest that the negative effect of Covid-19 on student achievement may decline as we move to a later stage of the pandemic. To start with, a number of provisions are likely to have been taken in order to help students catch up after the first lockdown and following the re-opening of schools (at least temporarily). An UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank and OECD report (2021) showed that in the third quarter of 2020 many countries around the world were planning to adopt support programs with the aim of reducing the learning deficit suffered by students earlier in the year. These programs include increased in-person class time, remedial programs, and accelerate learning schemes. Additionally, one would expect students and their parents to have become more used to remote learning during successive school closures and periods of online classes. Finally, many teachers and schools have probably learned important lessons from the first lockdown. These lessons might have helped them design and implement more effective remote learning measures in the subsequent phases of the pandemic.

However, despite the aforementioned considerations, it is possible that it will take some time before students are able to recover from the learning deficit caused by Covid-19. Students may experience problems in re-engaging with education activities following the re-opening of schools. There is evidence showing that, after several months of remote schooling, students have become more passive ad feel disengaged from their learning ( Toth, 2021 ). The stress and anxiety stemming from the pandemic are likely to have caused a fall in student motivation and morale. The uncertainty of the learning environment under Covid-19 could have also contributed to reduce students’ educational aspirations ( OECD, 2020 ). Additionally, during the academic year 2021–2022, as a result of successive waves and different variants of Covid-19, schools had to face several problems including significant staff shortages, high rates of absenteeism and sickness, and rolling school closures ( Kuhfeld & Lewis, 2022 ). Evidence from the US shows that the pandemic has aggravated the problem of teacher shortage ( Schmitt & deCourcy, 2022 ). Following school re-opening, teachers faced new requirements (e.g., hybrid teaching, more administrative tasks) that added to their already full workloads prior to Covid-19 ( Pressley, 2022 ). This increased their stress levels, which made them more likely to leave their job. While many teachers have quit their job during the pandemic, this reduction in staff has not been fully offset by new hires.

In an attempt to look at how the educational impact of Covid-19 changes over time, we distinguish whether the student learning outcome was assessed in 2020 or 2021.

d) The geographical area where the study takes place. We make a distinction between Europe (i.e., Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland and the UK) and non-Europe (i.e., Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Mexico, South Africa and the US).

Coming to 2) characteristics, we code:

e) the type of data . We distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal data. As noted by Werner and Woessman (2021), cross-sectional data do not allow to separate the Covid-19 effect from the cohort effects. Using this type of data, the performance of a cohort of students who have been affected by Covid-19 school closures is typically compared to the performance of a previous cohort of students who took the same test in a pre-Covid-19 period. However, this approach does not take into account the possibility that other factors influencing student achievement (e.g., change in education policies) might have changed coincidentally at the same time as Covid-19. Student-level longitudinal (panel) data help to address the cohort effects bias. They allow to look at changes in student performance before and after the lockdown and compare them with the progress made by similar students over the same period of previous years.

f) the type of research design . A number of different methodologies have been used in an attempt to identify the effect of Covid-19 school closures on academic achievement. In this study, we code the type of research design into the following three categories: descriptive, correlational, and quasi experimental/experimental ( Locke et al., 2010 ). Studies using a descriptive research design (e.g., Moliner & Alegre, 2022 ) provide information about the average gap in test scores between the Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 cohorts without accounting for differences between these two cohorts (for example in terms of individual characteristics such as gender and socio-economic background) that could affect academic performances. 7 On the other hand, studies employing a correlational research design (e.g., Ludewig et al., 2022 ) attempt to isolate the effect of Covid-19 from that associated with other factors that could influence student achievement, but their results cannot be given a causal interpretation. Finally, studies using a quasi-experimental or experimental design (e.g., Engzell et al., 2021 ) move closer to a causal interpretation of the relationship between Covid-19 and student performance.

g) the publication year . This study characteristic is a typical moderator variable in meta-analyses. It controls for time-trend effects ( Schütt, 2021 ). In line with the approach followed by several recent meta-analyses (see, for instance, Di Pietro, 2022 ), we consider the year of the first appearance of a draft of the study in Google Scholar. This measure is preferred to publication year on the ground that journals significantly differ with respect to the time between online availability date of an article and the date when the article is given a volume and issue number 8 ( Al & Soydal, 2017 ). Additionally, in our dataset, there are two journal articles that are only available online and it is unclear in which issue of the journal they will be published. The publication years considered are: 2020, 2021, and 2022.

h) the type of publication. This moderator variable is considered in an attempt to control for the quality of the studies included in our sample. We distinguish between journal articles and other publication formats. Articles published in journals are expected to be of higher scientific rigour since they are more likely to have gone through a review process. Additionally, non-journal articles are more likely to contain typos in their regression tables ( Cazachevici et al., 2020 ).

Finally, consistent with the approach taken in several studies (e.g., de Linde Leonard & Stanley, 2020 ), i) the effect size's standard error is also included among our moderator variables.

2.4. Sample characteristics

The dataset used for the meta-analysis includes a total of 239 different impact estimates extracted from 39 separate studies. Each study included in the dataset contains a number of estimates that vary from 1 to 32. Several reasons explain why most studies (i.e., 79%) reported multiple estimates. Many studies (e.g., Bielinski et al., 2021 ; Borgonovi & Ferrara, 2022 ; Feng et al., 2021 ; Gambi & De Witte, 2021 ; Maldonado & De Witte, 2022 ) estimated the effect of Covid-19 on student performance in several subjects. Similarly, a large number of studies (e.g., Ardington et al., 2021 ; Contini et al., 2021 ; Domingue et al., 2021 ; Gore et al., 2021 ) examined the impact of the pandemic on the achievement of students of different levels of education or even of students of different grades within the same level of education. For instance, Meeter (2021) analysed how Covid-19 affected the math performance of primary school children of grades 2–6. Some studies also provided different estimates showing both the short and long-term effects of Covid-19 on student achievement. For example, Kuhfeld et al. (2022) looked at changes in student test scores in fall 2020 and fall 2021 relative to fall 2019.

Table 1 presents the studies included in the dataset. Studies are listed alphabetically. For each study, we report information on the author(s), year of publication, 9 country examined, type of test used to measure student performance, number of the effect sizes collected and their mean value. 10 The studies cover a total of 19 countries. The largest source countries are the US (71 estimates), Germany (39 estimates) and Belgium (33 estimates).

Sources for meta-analysis.

Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the moderator variables used in the meta-regressions. While Column (1) displays simple averages (and standard deviations), Column (2) reports averages (and standard deviations) weighted by the inverse of the number of estimates reported in each study. Column (3) reports the number of effect sizes for each moderator variable.

Descriptive statistics.

2.5. Risk of bias assessment

In line with the approach adopted by Betthäuser et al. (2023) and Hammerstein et al. (2021) , the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies was assessed in 38 11 studies using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool ( Sterne et al., 2016 ). Each study was independently evaluated by the author and another researcher, and any disagreements were resolved through discussion to reach a consensus. Studies were scored on six different domains: confounding, participant selection, classification of interventions, missing data, measurement of outcomes, and reporting bias. 12

Table 3 shows the risk of bias ratings for each domain (as well as an overall judgement) for the 38 studies. The lack of appropriate methods to control for confounders, sample selection problems and missing data appear to be the most common sources of potential bias. In several studies, vulnerable students, who have been among the most hardly hit by the pandemic, tend to be under-represented in the Covid-19 sample. This may lead to an underestimation of the pandemic-related learning delays. For example, the study by Gambi and De Witte (2021) relies on a sample where schools participating in the 2021 survey have a more advantaged student population in terms of neighbourhood of residence and mother's education, and have a smaller fraction of students that are considered to be slow learners. Similarly, in the longitudinal data used by Ardington et al., 2021 attrition is significantly higher for the Covid-19 group and attrition is associated with poorer pre-pandemic reading proficiency levels. In Kuhfeld et al. (2022) , between fall 2019 and fall 2021, the number of students testing in a grade dropped significantly more in high-poverty schools compared to their low-poverty counterparts. In other studies, which use non-representative samples including convenience samples (e.g., Moliner & Alegre, 2022 ), the direction of the bias is unclear. One exception is the paper by Meeter (2021) . In his sample the proportion of schools with a more disadvantaged student population appears to be slightly oversampled compared to all schools in the Netherlands, thus potentially biasing upwards the estimated impact of the pandemic on educational achievement. Finally, the question of how the use of non-appropriate methods to control for confounders might affect the estimated relationship between Covid-19 and student performance is addressed later when we discuss the results from the meta-regression analysis. As stated earlier, type of research design is one of our moderator variables.

Risk of bias domain: ROBINS-I.

2.6. Estimators and models

Two approaches frequently used in the meta-analysis literature are: 1) the Fixed Effects (FE) model, and 2) the Random Effects (RE) model. They rely on different assumptions. The FE model assumes that there is one true effect size common to all studies and that all differences in the observed effects can be attributed to within-study sampling error. By contrast, the RE model states that the effect size may vary between studies not only due to within-study sampling error, but also because there is heterogeneity in true effects between studies. Such additional variability is typically modelled employing a between-study variance parameter. Considering the characteristics of the studies included in our sample, it is difficult to assume that there is a common true effect that every study shares. Hence, it is anticipated that the RE model would be more suitable. Specifically, following the approach of Kaiser and Menkhoff (2020) , we estimate the mean of the distribution of true effects using a RE meta-analysis based on a Robust Variance Estimation (RVE). The RVE approach allows to account for the possibility that multiple effect sizes from the same study are not independent from each other. The benefits of this method are that there is no need to drop any effect size (to ensure their statistical independency) and no information is required about the intercorrelation between effect sizes within studies.

In an attempt to investigate factors driving heterogeneity among effect sizes, a meta-regression model is estimated:

where T i denotes the estimated Cohen's d effect size, Z i n is a vector of moderator variables, and ε i is the meta-regression disturbance term. The subscript i stands for the number of effect sizes included in the sample and the subscript n represents the number of moderator variables. In order to deal with the issue of heteroskedasticity in meta-regression analysis, we use Weighted Least Squares (WLS) with weights equal to the inverse of each estimate's standard error. This method is considered to be superior to widely employed RE estimators ( Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2013 ).

A relevant problem in estimating equation (1) lies in the identification of the moderator variables to be included in the model. Selecting incorrect variables leads to misspecification bias and invalid inference ( Xue et al., 2021 ). In line with several recent studies (e.g., Di Pietro, 2022 ; Gregor et al., 2021 ), the “general to specific” approach and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) methodology are used to address model uncertainty. The advantages of the former method are that it addresses the issue of specification-searching bias and minimizes multicollinearity. Moderator variables are removed from the general specification in a stepwise fashion, dropping those with the largest p -value first until all the remaining variables are statistically significant. BMA is a method that runs many regressions containing different combinations of potential explanatory variables and weights them by model fit and complexity. Weighted averages of the estimated coefficients (posterior means) are computed using posterior model probabilities (akin to information criteria in frequentist econometrics). Each coefficient is also given a Posterior Inclusion Probability (PIP), which is the sum of posterior model probabilities of the models including the relevant variable and indicates how likely such a variable is to be contained in the true model ( Havránek et al., 2018 ).

2.7. Publication bias

Publication bias has long been identified as a major problem in meta-analysis ( Dwan et al., 2008 ). Such an issue occurs because editors and scholars tend to prefer publishing papers with statistically significant or non-controversial results. This may lead to distorted conclusions as published findings may end up overstating the true effect. Evidence of publication bias has been found in meta-analyses covering different fields (see, for instance, Begg and Belin (1988) in the case of medical studies).

In line with previous studies (e.g., Di Pietro, 2022 ), we use the Doi plot to graphically evaluate publication bias. Not only does the Doi plot enhance visualization of the asymmetry (in absence of publication bias there is no asymmetry), but it also allows for measuring the asymmetry through the Luis-Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. LFK index values within ±1 suggest no asymmetry, LFK index values exceeding ±1 but within ±2 indicate minor asymmetry, while LFK index values exceeding ±2 denote major asymmetry ( Furuya-Kanamori et al., 2018 ). As shown in Fig. 2 , the Doi plot shows no asymmetry (LFK index = 0), indicating that no publication bias is detected.

To further examine the risk of publication bias, we employ the Egger's test ( Egger et al., 1997 ) where the effect size is regressed against its precision (indexed by its standard error). Results indicate that we can safely accept the null hypothesis of no publication bias ( p -value = 0.380).

Our findings are consistent with those in previous relevant meta-analyses. König and Frey (2022) as well as Betthäuser et al. (2023) conclude that the presence of publication bias is unlikely.

3. Results and discussion

This Section is divided into three parts: first, we estimate a summary effect size (Section 3.1 .); second, we investigate potential sources of heterogeneity (Section 3.2 .); and third we provide a discussion of the main results (Section 3.3 .).

3.1. Summary effect size

In order to calculate the overall summary effect, we fit an intercept-only RE RVE model to our set of effect sizes. In such a model, the intercept can be interpreted as the precision-weighted mean effect size adjusted for effect-size dependence ( Friese et al., 2017 ).

The RVE RE mean effect size turns out to be −0.186 13 (SE = 0.0646, p -value = 0.0065, 95% CI [-0.316, −0.055]). It is also important to note that in this model the small-sample corrected degrees of freedom is greater than 4 (i.e., 39), suggesting that the p -value for the associated t -test accurately reflects the type I error ( Tanner-Smith et al., 2016 ).

Next, we compute the I 2 statistic to assess the heterogeneity of the results across studies ( Higgins et al., 2003 ). The appropriateness of the RE model is confirmed as I 2 has a value of 100%. 14 This suggests that all the variability in the effect-size estimates is due to heterogeneity as opposed to sampling error. Additionally, we also look at τ 2 (between-study variance), 15 which denotes the variability in the underlying true effects. Its large value of 1.74 further corroborates the hypothesis of substantial heterogeneity of the effect sizes ( Takase & Yoshida, 2021 ).

One should observe that our findings from the RVE analysis are broadly consistent with those from previous meta-analyses. Storey and Zhang (2021a) concluded that due to Covid-19 students lost, on average, 0.15 standard deviations of learning, König and Frey (2022) found average losses of 0.175 standard deviations, and Betthäuser et al. (2023) estimated average losses at 0.14 standard deviations. 16 Two considerations help put these results into perspective. First, one may notice that the delayed learning suffered by students as a result of Covid-19 school closure is roughly comparable to that experienced by their peers after major natural disasters. For instance, Sacerdote (2012) found that in the spring of 2006 students who were displaced by Katrina and Rita hurricanes saw their test scores fall by between 0.07 and 0.2 standard deviations. A similar result, though of a smaller magnitude, is obtained by Thamtanajit (2020) . He showed that in Thailand floods reduced student test scores by between 0.03 and 0.11 standard deviations, depending on the subject and educational level. Second, following Hanushek and Woessmann (2020) , a learning deficit of about 0.186 standard deviations can be considered to be equivalent to the loss of just over half of a school year. 17

While our results suggest that the pandemic lowered student performance on average by about 0.19 standard deviations, there is a large consensus that it did not affect students equally. For instance, several studies (see, for example, Engzell et al., 2021 ; Hevia et al., 2022 ) showed that Covid-19 had a detrimental effect especially on the achievement of students from less advantaged backgrounds. During school closures, these students are less likely to have had access to a computer, an internet connection, and a space conducive to learning ( Blaskó et al., 2022 ; Di Pietro et al., 2020 ). Moreover, as argued by Ariyo et al. (2022) , one would expect children of less educated parents to have received less parental support while learning at home than children of more educated parents. Greenlee and Reid (2020) provide evidence on this, showing that in Canada during the pandemic the frequency of children's participation in academic activities increased with parental educational levels.

3.2. Heterogeneity

Table 4 shows the results of regressing our standardised measure of student achievement against the moderator variables described above. Column (1) of Table 4 presents estimates from a regression where all potential explanatory variables are included. However, including all 13 variables (in addition to the constant term) in the regression may inflate standard errors and lead to inefficient estimates given that some of the variables may turn out to be redundant. Therefore, the “general-to-specific” approach is employed in an attempt to identify the influential factors. Following this strategy, as shown in Column (2) of Tables 4 , 6 independent variables (in addition to the constant term) are included in the model. To account for the potential dependence of multiple estimates reported by a given study, in Column (3) of Table 4 standard errors are clustered at the study level. Furthermore, since there are relatively few clusters (i.e., 39), following Cameron and Miller (2015) we apply the correction for small number of clusters by employing wild score bootstrapping ( Kline & Santos, 2012 ). Estimates shown in Column (3) indicate that a few moderator variables are robustly important. In line with expectations, students experienced larger learning deficits in math/science. More precisely, other things being equal, student achievement in math/science is on average found to be 0.17 standard deviations smaller than in humanities/subject mix. Our findings indicate also that the negative effect of Covid-19 on student achievement appears to be more pronounced when using experimental/quasi experimental techniques than when using descriptive or correlational research designs. Additionally, studies employing cross-sectional data as well as those focusing on non-European countries tend to suggest greater learning deficits.

Meta-regression results.

Note. Standard errors are in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered at study level (39 clusters) in Columns (3) and (4). In square brackets we report score wild cluster bootstrap p -values ( Kline & Santos, 2012 ) generated using boottest command in Stata with 999 replications ( Roodman, 2016 ). In Columns (1), (2), and (3) the regressions are estimated by weighted least squares where each effect size estimate is weighted by its inverse standard error. In Column (4), the regression is estimated by weighted least squares where each effect size estimate is weighted by its inverse variance.

*, **, and *** denote statistical significance at 10, 5, and 1%, respectively.

As a robustness test, the model depicted in Column (3) of Table 4 is re-estimated but this time each effect size is weighted by its inverse variance. As shown in Column (4) of Table 4 , with the exception of the estimate on longitudinal data, the sign and the magnitude of the other coefficients are broadly in line with those depicted in Column (3).

Next, the BMA approach is employed as an alternative to address the problem of uncertainty in the specification of the meta-regression model. 18 In BMA, following the rule of thumb proposed by Kass and Raftery (1995) , the significance of each explanatory factor is considered not to be weak if the PIP is larger than 0.5. The results, which are reported in Table 5 , show that all the variables that are consistently identified by the BMA methodology as relevant (i.e., Math/Science , Europe and Journal article ) are also included in the specification whose estimates are reported in Columns (2), (3) and (4) of Table 4 . Although the PIP associated with Quasi experimental / experimental does not quite make the relevant threshold, it is relatively close to it.

Bayesian model averaging (BMA).

3.3. Discussion of the main results

Our meta-analysis delivers six main results.

First, we find that, on average, the pandemic depressed student achievement by around 0.19 standard deviations. While this result is in line with the conclusions of earlier meta-analyses and systematic reviews, it should be taken into account that we use a more balanced sample in terms of country composition. This would suggest that our finding is more generalizable than that of previous studies.

Second, the pandemic caused a larger learning deficit in math/science compared to other subjects. This means that extra-support in math/science may be especially needed to help students catch up following the disruption caused by Covid-19.

Third, the effect of Covid-19 on student achievement does not appear to statistically differ across levels of education. Consistent with the findings of Betthäuser et al. (2023) , our results suggest that pandemic-related learning delays are similar across primary and secondary school students. In addition, this research has shown that these learning delays are not statistically different from the learning deficits suffered by tertiary education students. While, as discussed in Subsection 2.3.2 , one would have expected Covid-19 school closures to have had a more negative impact on the achievement of younger students than older students, this effect could have been offset by the greater support in terms of parental involvement received by the former group of students during online learning. Bubb and Jones (2020) found that in Norway, during the peak of the Covid-19 lockdown period, the proportion of parents/carers who reported having gained more information about their children's learning was higher in lower grades than in higher grades. Besides learners' age considerations, one should also observe that the shift towards online learning could have had a detrimental impact on the knowledge and skills of those students, mainly at secondary and tertiary levels, whose curriculum includes experiential learning experiences (e.g., field trips, hands-on activities) that cannot take place virtually ( Tang, 2022 ). However, at the same time, given that our analysis was not conducted at grade level, one cannot rule out the possibility that the pandemic has disproportionately affected the achievement of very young pupils (e.g., grade 1). In other words, there could be heterogeneity within primary school children.

Fourth, our results indicate that in 2021 students were not able to recover from the learning deficits caused by Covid-19 school closures in 2020. There is no statistically significant difference in student performance between assessments that have taken place several months or more than one year after the outbreak of the coronavirus and those that have occurred in the early stages of the pandemic. A similar finding has been obtained by Betthäuser et al. (2023) . It is important to note that, if not addressed, the learning deficits suffered by students may result in significant long-term consequences. Without remedial education upon school re-opening, not only may students who have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic continue to fall behind, but their learning achievements may also suffer a further setback as time goes on ( Angrist et al., 2021 ). Kaffenberger (2021) estimates that if learning in grade 3 is reduced by one-third, the equivalent of about a three-month school closure, learning levels in grade 10 would be a full year lower. Özdemir et al. (2022) forecast that the pandemic could erase decades-long gains in adult skills for affected cohorts unless interventions to alleviate learning deficits are quickly implemented. Additionally, several papers show that there is a relationship between test scores and labour market performance. For instance, Chetty et al. (2014) find that raising student achievement by 0.2 standard deviations is expected, on average, to increase annual lifetime earnings by 2.6%.

Fifth, the extent of the learning deficit seems to be smaller among students in Europe relative to their peers in the rest of the world. Although the reasons behind such a result are unclear, this might be due to several factors. First, one should note that the European countries considered in this study have, on average, a higher gross domestic product per capita than most of the non-European countries included in the analysis (this is not true for the US and Australia). As suggested by Donnelly and Patrinos (2020) , high-income countries are likely to have experienced smaller learning deficits as a result of Covid-19 because of their higher technological capability and the lower share of households living below the poverty line. 19 Second, Schleicher (2020) observes that the impact of the virus on education might have been less severe in many European countries and Southern Hemisphere countries whose 2019–2020 academic calendars had scheduled breaks (up to two weeks) that fell within the school closure period due to Covid-19. Third, there is evidence, but only available at higher education level, that European educational institutions were better prepared to respond to the challenges posed by the pandemic than their counterparts in other parts of the world. A survey carried out by the International Association of Universities immediately after the outbreak of the coronavirus shows that the percentage of higher education institutions where classroom teaching was replaced by distance teaching and learning was higher in Europe than in other continents ( Marinoni et al., 2020 ).

Sixth, our findings seem to suggest that studies using non-causal methods tend to underestimate the negative effect exerted by Covid-19 on student performance. The study by Betthäuser et al. (2023) also hints at the same conclusion, but their meta-analysis does not provide any evidence on this. As pointed out by Engzell et al. (2021) , non-causal methods fail to account for trends in student progress prior to the outbreak of Covid-19 and, hence, by assuming a counterfactual where achievement has stayed flat, they generate estimates of learning deficits that are biased downwards. The underestimation of pandemic-related learning delays may have important policy implications as it could result in under-provision of remedial support to students who are falling behind due to Covid-19.

4. Conclusions

We have assembled and studied a new sample of estimates about the impact of Covid-19 on student achievement. The sample includes 239 estimates from 39 studies covering 19 countries. One of the key findings emerging from our study is that the detrimental effects of Covid-19 school closure on student learning appear to be long-lasting. This calls for more efforts to help students recover from missed learning during the pandemic. As initiatives and programs aimed at learning recovery can be quite costly, several researchers (e.g., Patrinos, 2022 ) stress the importance of protecting the education budget whilst considering the competing financial needs of other sectors such as, for instance, health and social welfare ( UNESCO, 2020b ). Therefore, given the current policy climate where public resources are in high demand by various sectors, it is more important than ever to identify and adopt cost-effective measures.

While there seems to be a relatively large consensus in the literature that small group tutoring programs are a cost-effective way to mitigate the learning deficits caused by the pandemic (see, for instance, Burgess, 2020 ; Gortazar et al., 2022 ), less attention has been paid to a number of time- and cost-effective pedagogical practices ( Carrasco et al., 2021 ). Promoting the development of metacognition skills is, for instance, a powerful way to enhance student learning and performance ( Stanton et al., 2021 ). Metacognition allows students to think about their own learning, and this may increase their self-confidence and motivation. Similarly, increased collaboration and dialogue between students can support learning. Peers may help students clarify study materials and develop critical thinking. Overall, a better understanding is needed about the different types of educational interventions available and their cost-effectiveness. It would be desirable if governments at national, regional and local levels could exchange their experiences in this field and learn from each other.

Funding details

This work has not been supported by any grants.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Giorgio Di Pietro: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

☆ The author would like to thank four anonymous referees for their helpful and constructive comments. The usual disclaimer applies.

2 In this study, the term “learning deficit” refers to the lower learning outcomes achieved by students due to the pandemic relative to what would have been expected if the pandemic had not occurred.

3 Previous meta-analyses include König and Frey (2022) who extracted 109 effect sizes nested in 18 studies, Storey and Zhang (2021a) who synthetized 79 effect sizes from 10 studies, and Betthäuser et al. (2023) who considered 291 effect sizes from 42 studies. The reviews by Patrinos et al. (2022) , Moscoviz and Evans (2022) , Donnelly and Patrinos (2022) , Hammerstein et al. (2021) and Zierer (2021) summarised the results of 35 studies, 29 studies, 8 studies, 11 studies and 9 studies, respectively.

4 Similarly, in Storey and Zhang (2021a) 7 out of the 10 studies considered in the meta-analysis are from the US or the UK.

5 One should, however, bear in mind that studies from high-income countries are strongly over-represented.

6 For Google Scholar, in line with the approach of Romanelli et al. (2021) , only the first 100 relevant references at each search were retrieved, as results beyond the first 100 entries were largely irrelevant given the purpose of this study.

7 These studies typically report in a table the mean test scores of the Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 cohorts, together with their corresponding standard deviations and information about the respective sample sizes of the two cohorts. Mean test scores ( X 1 , X 2 ) and their standard deviations ( S 1 , S 2 ) can be used to compute the Cohen's d (i.e., ( X 2 − X 1 ) ( S 1 2 + S 2 2 ) 2 ). Next, Cohen's d standard error can be computed using the formula given in Cooper and Hedges (1994) where information about the sample sizes of the two cohorts and the estimated Cohen's d are used.

8 For instance, in our sample, the journal article by Maldonado and De Witte was available online in 2021 but was published in 2022. On the other hand, the journal article by Ardington et al. was available online and published in 2021.

9 In this table, we report the actual year of publication of the latest version of the study (for journal articles this is the year when they are assigned a volume and issue number) rather than the year of the first appearance of a draft of the study in Google Scholar.

10 All the extracted effect sizes and their standard errors can be found in the supplementary Appendix.

11 One of the studies included in our sample (i.e., Kofoed et al., 2021 ) does use a randomized design.

12 Following Betthäuser et al. (2023) , the domain “deviation from intended interventions” was not considered. As noted by Hammerstein et al. (2021) , information on this domain is very rarely included in the relevant studies because Covid-19 school closures were not intended interventions.

13 The robumeta command in Stata is employed. An intercept-only model is run where the estimate of the meta regression constant is equal to the unconditional mean effect size across studies. With this command, it is possible to specify a value for rho , the expected correlation among dependent effects. Following Tanner-Smith and Tipton (2013) , we use different values of rho ranging from 0 to 1 in intervals of 0.1 in an attempt to check the consistency of results. All models yield the same outcome regardless of the specified value of rho .

14 A value of I 2 greater than 75% is considered large heterogeneity ( Higgins et al., 2003 ).

15 This is calculated using the method-of-moments estimator provided in Hedges et al. (2010) .

16 Relevant systematic reviews have also found similar learning deficits. Donnelly and Patrinos (2022) found average delays of 0.13 standard deviations, Zierer (2021) estimated average losses at 0.14 standard deviations, and Hammerstein et al. (2021) reported average deficits of 0.10 standard deviations.

17 They found that the loss of one third of a school year of learning is equivalent to approximately 11% of a standard deviation of lost test results. This finding is broadly consistent with that obtained by Hill et al. (2008) who conclude that a value of Cohen's d of 0.4 (with a margin of error of ±0.06) corresponds to the average annual reading achievement gains in fourth grade.

18 We treat all moderator variables as auxiliary covariates while the constant is treated as a focus regressor. Each effect size is weighted by its inverse standard error.

19 Results from the meta-analysis by Betthäuser et al. (2023) support this proposition.

Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100530 .

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article:

Data availability

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Why Oregon schools' pandemic recovery lags behind much of the nation

Katia Riddle

Oregon schools are struggling to recover academic learning losses, according to a recent study from researchers at Harvard and Stanford. Brian A Jackson/Getty Images hide caption

Oregon schools are struggling to recover academic learning losses, according to a recent study from researchers at Harvard and Stanford.

Sitting in his living room with his mom, fourth grader Judah Moisan holds up a post-it note where he's written the words "Priority," and "Frenzy."

They're song titles, he explains, for his first album with his future punk rock band, which will be called Siblings of War. Judah plays bass. Their band will be kind of like Green Day, he says, except made up of ten-year-olds instead of "old guys." Obviously.

Just writing down these song names is a small act of progress for this future rock star. Judah has been struggling with writing in the last few years. He is one of many of Oregon's students who are still grappling with pandemic related setbacks.

Oregon schools are struggling more than others across the country to close this gap, according to a recent study from researchers at Harvard and Stanford evaluating state efforts to recover academic learning losses. The federal government invested billions of dollars in aid to states towards this effort.

Surveyed schools in Oregon remain nearly two-thirds of a year behind pre-pandemic levels in reading and three-fourths of a year behind in math, according to the study. Learning loss in Oregon is roughly two to three times worse than national averages.

K-12 students learned a lot last year, but they're still missing too much school

Judah is a kid who likes to go deep into his interests. His mom, Jane Moisan, recalls her son reading her the liner notes from Beatles' albums when he was four years old. His favorite book? Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe . His favorite story? "The Tell-Tale heart."

Because of his natural curiosity and aptitude, Jane wasn't overly concerned about his scholastic development during the pandemic. The Moisans abandoned the online learning platform the school provided in favor of their own curriculum.

But Jane says she didn't realize that, even though Judah was pursuing his own academic interests, he wasn't writing enough. At one point, she recalls, she noticed he had 157 missing assignments. His handwriting and thought process around getting his ideas down on paper were suffering. When he got back to school, self consciousness around the issue led to behavior problems.

"The worksheets were going back to his teacher with these kind of flippant answers," she says, "because Judah wasn't feeling, maybe, confident in writing out his thinking. So he was sort of like having this attitude of, 'This is dumb anyway.'"

"It was kind of sad," says Judah, "I couldn't express my ideas."

The Moisans hired a tutor for their son this year, and he's made significant progress.

"High-dosage tutoring" is one intervention that experts say is highly effective in closing learning gaps, and many states across the country invested in providing it to all kids who needed it.

It's impossible to know exactly why Oregon's students struggled more than many others, but experts say one likely reason is a lack of statewide consistency in tutoring interventions.

"Oregon has a long history of not wanting to tell school districts what to do," says Sarah Pope, executive director of the Oregon-based education policy organization, Stand for Children. "I think that really hurt us in the COVID response."

Pope points out that many states with high performance on the recovery efforts – like Tennessee and Ohio – had strong directives from state leadership in implementing interventions including statewide tutoring, summer learning opportunities and teacher training.

By contrast, Oregon's 197 school districts spent their money on a range of needs including infrastructure, staffing and health and safety measures. Thomas Kane, a Harvard researcher who worked on the multi-state study, said some Oregon districts did invest in strategies like tutoring and summer learning, but the efforts were less widespread.

"Just imagine if during the pandemic the federal government had just distributed dollars to local public health departments and said to them, 'Okay, you guys figure out your own solution to the pandemic,'" he says. "Some communities implemented more effective strategies than others."

Battling student absenteeism with grandmas, vans and a lot of love

Amara Lavato, who teaches in the Portland suburb Gresham, says she's seen Oregon's struggle first-hand.

"They don't know how to handle frustration," she says of her students, many of whom are low-income.

Lavato teaches second grade, a cohort that was preschool age during the pandemic. Even in this group, says Lavato, the learning delays are apparent.

"They have a hard time focusing," she says. "One-to-one tutoring could be very effective...but we don't have enough staff to do that."

Teacher training is another effective intervention in catching kids up, and one that some teachers here like Lavato say they could use more of.

In another elementary school outside Portland, second-grade teacher Jackie Ayala points to a board of sticky notes in her classroom. After that day's math lesson, each student had to write one addition problem and put it on the wall.

"This kind of helps me see who gets it," says Ayala.

It's a quick assessment that gives her invaluable information in order to make sure kids don't slip through the cracks.

But Ayala, a veteran teacher of several decades, says she didn't learn this strategy in Oregon. She spent most of her career teaching in Nevada, a state she says that provided much more training. She observes that her colleagues just haven't had the same opportunities.

"I knew this math program because I used it in my last district," says Ayala. "I was told that because it was a pandemic that there wasn't that training."

State leaders point to the many needs and priorities that districts were juggling during the pandemic to explain the state's varied response.

"It was a tough time for folks," says Dr. Charlene Williams, director of the Oregon Department of Education.

During the pandemic educators everywhere struggled to figure out how to prioritize spending, she points out, balancing priorities including health, safety, students' emotional and social wellbeing, and staffing.

"They had to make some hard decisions," says Williams.

Williams says like the rest of the country, the state has learned from this stress test and points to a new summer learning program and early literacy initiative as efforts to reach kids on a statewide level.

"While we know the data does not tell a good story," says Williams. "We also know what it takes in order to start getting students what they need."

Other Papers Say: Face up to tech in education

The following editorial originally appeared in The Seattle Times:

The latest large-scale analysis of remote learning and its effects on student achievement underscores what every parent saw with devastating clarity during the pandemic: Children need human connection to thrive.

In fact, according to a recent New York Times investigation, attending school through a computer screen during the COVID-19 crisis was as deleterious to learning as growing up in poverty.

The takeaway should not be more finger-pointing and blame for officials who kept schools closed. That advances nothing. But a muscular and forward-looking confrontation with questions around technology in education is sorely needed.

One reason is that kids will likely face future emergencies that necessitate remote learning, so it’s imperative to get better at delivering education this way. But even now, with students back in class, the same technology that hijacked their attention at home remains present — cellphones. Before the pandemic, these handheld screens were not a ubiquitous force in every classroom. Now, teachers appear powerless against them.

Seattle Public Schools attempted to take a stand by filing a lawsuit against the social media companies running Facebook, TikTok and the like. That is hardly the most direct approach.

Better to do like the Reardan-Edwall district in Eastern Washington, which this year prohibited younger students from possessing cellphones during the school day. Or the Peninsula and Aberdeen school districts, which also have strict anti-cellphone policies.

“We’re having actual, human conversations again,” said a relieved Eric Sobotta, superintendent of the Reardan-Edwall schools, “and we’ve seen a dramatic reduction in bullying.”

Taking responsibility this way puts these districts in Washington’s vanguard. Technology has enormous power, and its potential in education — for good or ill — must be addressed head-on at the state level, not with limp demurrals about local control.

Rep. Stephanie McClintock, R-Vancouver, attempted to get a law passed during this year’s legislative session that would have restricted cellphone use in Washington schools. Her bill never made it out of committee, but she plans to reintroduce it next year.

A study from the London School of Economics found that the mere presence of a phone in class can hamper student achievement, especially for kids who are already struggling.

Earlier this year, state Superintendent Chris Reykdal issued guidance on using artificial intelligence in classrooms, urging teachers to embrace it as a tool to power human inquiry.

That’s a welcome step forward. But it’s just a beginning. To protect kids’ developing brains and capitalize on technology’s undeniable promise, all of Washington’s education leaders need to get a lot smarter about managing these tools — fast. The future is not coming at us; it’s already here.

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NJ schools still face high absenteeism and discipline problems thanks to pandemic

4-minute read.

Students in New Jersey and nationwide are still reeling from the COVID-19 pandemic's outsized impact on their mental well-being, according to attendance and discipline data released for the 2022-23 academic year by the state Education Department on Wednesday.

Chronic absenteeism rates and the number of violent and bullying incidents remain higher than before the pandemic, giving schools a lot of work to do in addition to addressing the accompanying problem of learning loss caused by the pandemic.

A student is considered chronically absent if they miss 10% of a 180-day school year.

"These numbers are well above where we were pre-pandemic," Jessica Merville, data expert and director of the department's Office of Performance Management, told State Board of Education members, referring to absenteeism data.

Story continues below photo gallery .

The number of suspensions and incidents of bullying and violence in New Jersey's public schools went up in academic year 2022-23. There were 44,262 cases of removals from school, compared with 36,791 in 2021-22 and 37,964 in 2018-19. Numbers were not reported for 2019-20, when schools were closed during the pandemic and students learned remotely.

Chronic absenteeism is still high

Chronic absenteeism is also up, two years after schools reopened full-time and in-person in 2021. The rate in New Jersey is 16.1 % — still higher than pre-pandemic levels, but among the lowest nationally.

The state's chronic absenteeism rate was 10.6% in 2018-19. It went up to 13.1% in 2020-21 and was the highest, at 18.1%, in 2021-22. Rates were not calculated in 2019-20.

Children may be staying home more often when they feel ill, and busing or transportation problems are factors driving the problem, but continuing anxiety and depression among youth is a major factor, Kathleen Ehling, assistant commissioner of the Education Department, told board members.

Chronic absences nationwide nearly doubled, rising from 16% before the pandemic to nearly 30% by the 2021-22 school year, reports the monitoring website AttendanceWorks. In New Jersey, 45% of 651 districts experienced high chronic absenteeism in 2022, compared with 25% in 2018.

New website to address absenteeism

The Murphy administration has started to address New Jersey's absenteeism problem, after watchdog groups and reports repeatedly called attention to these issues for two years after the COVID-19 health emergency ended.

State officials said Wednesday that the Education Department was releasing a new website dedicated to helping schools address their absenteeism problems with strategies and data that helps target individual students and root causes.

The website, called Conditions for Learning, Strategies for Success, will come with a toolkit and information encouraging districts to use remaining federal COVID relief funds to further engage students.

State Board of Education members parried with department officials, asking what the state was doing to mitigate the trend. In 2023, over 70% of schools had 10% or higher chronic absentees, compared with only 32% of schools in 2018-19, Merville said. Students experiencing homelessness and those in foster care are most affected, followed by low-income students and those with disabilities.

"Even though it's an improvement, I'd say the house is on fire," one board member said, referring to New Jersey's lower absenteeism rates compared with other states. "If students are not there, you can't teach them."

"Think of this as one data point. Think of it as the tip of the iceberg," Ehling said. "We've developed guidance that allows districts to look at their data to identify what are their root causes. We've learned that it's very different for each school, each district."

Schools with 10% or higher absenteeism must submit corrective action plans to the state, she said.

The number of students reporting anxiety and depression is "still alarmingly high" Ehling said, noting the strong connection between mental health and absenteeism in New Jersey and other states. "We are concerned as well," she said, adding that the state is diving into these numbers to address the issue and help districts.

The danger of using remaining COVID relief funds to address this issue is that once the money goes away, you no longer have it, said board member Fatimah Burnam-Watkins. Some students became severely disaffected during the pandemic, especially in communities that experienced drastic trauma.

"Some districts you have to bring the support to the school," she said. "We have to urge the districts to be very holistic and extremely diligent. The 16.1% is not just going to go away."

"We are taking this very, very seriously," said Kevin Dehmer, newly appointed acting state education commissioner. "We were recently down in D.C. talking to other states. They were saying their goal was to bring their numbers down to 30%, and we were very very happy to be at 16%. But we're not sitting on our hands."

Schools are required to use climate surveys to assess student and staff engagement and mood, which is another tool leaders can use to understand whether any of it contributed to absenteeism, Ehling said.

Schools have a charge: finding answers to the question of why students aren't showing up to school. It remains to be seen how well they succeed, and providing necessary supports is up to the state. Root causes could also be external, such as teacher absenteeism and disengagement, board members said. In some cases, they said, families don't support schools' efforts to engage their children.

The increase in "disciplinary removals" from schools reflects national trends, state officials said. The number of school-based mental health professionals is set to increase, with more funding coming from federal grants to target discipline and attendance, but some board members wondered whether that was enough.

A year later: Reflections on learning, adapting, and scaling education interventions during COVID-19

Subscribe to the center for universal education bulletin, tendekai mukoyi , tendekai mukoyi education program coordinator - youth impact molly curtiss wyss , and molly curtiss wyss senior project manager and senior research analyst - global economy and development , center for universal education jenny perlman robinson jenny perlman robinson nonresident senior fellow - global economy and development , center for universal education @jennyperlman.

April 2, 2021

Already more than a full year into the COVID-19 pandemic, it is sobering to reflect on the ongoing responses to the global pandemic, as well as future disruptions to children’s learning. The past year has really put to the test scaling principles and elucidated important lessons about catalyzing and sustaining transformative change in rapidly evolving contexts. Many of these principles—such as adaptive learning and systems thinking—are being unpacked and explored in Real-time Scaling Labs (RTSL), a collaboration with the Center for Universal Education at Brookings and local institutions and governments around the world to learn from, document, and support education initiatives in the process of scaling.

In Botswana, Young 1ove and CUE have been partnering on an RTSL convened by the Ministry of Basic Education (MoBE) focused on scaling Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL). The experience of the Botswana scaling lab over the past year offers several important insights and reflections that may be useful more broadly for those working to affect large-scale improvements in children’s learning, particularly in low-resource environments.

Insight 1 : National scale can be pursued from the top down and bottom up

Expanding and deepening the impact of an education intervention requires nurturing partnerships from grassroots to national levels, with the understanding that buy-in and ownership for scale needs to involve players at all levels. Young 1ove has been collaborating closely with the MoBE at the central offices to support progress toward the ultimate goal of infusing TaRL into daily teaching practices in all primary school classrooms in Botswana. However, the past year has revealed significant potential for scaling via regional pathways, as many stakeholders at the highest levels of government have been consumed by national responses to COVID-19-related school closures and health crises.

For example, MoBE partners in the North East region took the lead in reinstating TaRL as schools reopened by mobilizing teachers and school-based youth volunteers to restart the program even amid shorter shift-system school days (where students attend classes in shift for half the day rather than for the full day). North East regional leaders also adapted TaRL delivery in response to COVID-19, including creating safety protocols that adhere to COVID-19 health protocols and taking full ownership of TaRL data collection and submission by utilizing existing school-based tablets. Student learning results from the region show a 79 percent decline in innumeracy, a near doubling of students who could perform all mathematical operations, and 57 percent of students learning a new operation, further evidencing how strong regional leadership can catalyze change that directly impacts children’s learning.

The success in North East illustrates how scale-up efforts can be made more powerful and sustainable when led by regional directors in the MoBE. The partnership between Young 1ove and the MoBE jointly supporting TaRL implementation prior to COVID-19 likely facilitated this approach, as regional stakeholders already had the tools and knowledge in place to take TaRL implementation and run with it.

Insight 2: Local champions leading the charge on the ground can be particularly important, even in a virtual world

Key to a regional scaling approach has been the role of a supportive and enthusiastic MOBE regional director. Young 1ove already knew that changemakers in bureaucracy are central to the scaling process, but this has proven especially true at the regional level, where an engaged director who champions TaRL can make significant progress in advancing and prioritizing TaRL within the region.

Further, Young 1ove has found that embedding a staff member in the regional government has been a particularly powerful scaling asset. Even as the world has shifted to virtual meetings and phone calls, having someone from Young 1ove physically present has helped the organization remain actively involved in and aware of conversations and schooling decisions. Moreover, the integration of this staff member in the regional government supports the shift to seeing TaRL as a sustainable government program led by strong regional champions. In regions where they do not have a staff member embedded, Young 1ove has found lapsed communication over the past year and faced more challenges “restarting” TaRL after COVID-19 school closures.

Insight 3 : Short-term shocks can lead to long-term learnings

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the absolute need to be flexible, adaptive, and responsive to changes in the education landscape in real-time. This experience has also underscored the importance of evidence and learning alongside adaptation and rapid response.

The TaRL implementation cycle in Botswana is typically designed to last 30 days. However, as a result of COVID-19, the implementation period was cut by over half during the first term of the 2020 school year with an average implementation period of eight days across schools. To understand the impact of this significant shift, Young 1ove collected data on student learning outcomes and discovered that despite the reduced intervention time, students demonstrated strong learning gains—almost equal to previous 30-day cycles as shown in Figure 1.

This finding not only suggests that even relatively short periods of high-quality implementation can improve student learning, but also underscores the importance of tracking results—even during unexpected adaptations. In this case, tight feedback loops provided evidence of possibilities for refining the TaRL model beyond this pandemic in ways that maximize effectiveness and scalability.

Learnings for beyond the pandemic

The RTSL experience adapting and scaling TaRL in Botswana in the midst of a global pandemic offers key insights that are applicable well beyond this immediate pandemic:

• An orientation toward rapid learning and evidence generation is key to maintain alongside innovation and adaptation, especially in a crisis like COVID-19. Balancing the need for adjustments and iteration with the collection and use of timely data and learning can help respond to disruptions of scaling efforts.
• Focusing on regional/grassroots partnerships for scaling can be particularly effective as those closest to the problems are most often best placed—and have the most incentive—to respond. Even where the ultimate goal is national scaling or ownership of the initiative by the central government, a more decentralized approach to scaling can be an effective way to make progress toward this goal, especially when national-level actors are consumed by crisis-response.
• And, finally, even in a more virtual world, regional and local champions present on the ground are important for maintaining scaling momentum and expanding impact.

Photo credit: Thimonyo Karunga, Northeast Sub-Regional Coordinator at Young 1ove

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12 Ideas for Writing Through the Pandemic With The New York Times

A dozen writing projects — including journals, poems, comics and more — for students to try at home.

By Natalie Proulx

The coronavirus has transformed life as we know it. Schools are closed, we’re confined to our homes and the future feels very uncertain. Why write at a time like this?

For one, we are living through history. Future historians may look back on the journals, essays and art that ordinary people are creating now to tell the story of life during the coronavirus.

But writing can also be deeply therapeutic. It can be a way to express our fears, hopes and joys. It can help us make sense of the world and our place in it.

Plus, even though school buildings are shuttered, that doesn’t mean learning has stopped. Writing can help us reflect on what’s happening in our lives and form new ideas.

We want to help inspire your writing about the coronavirus while you learn from home. Below, we offer 12 projects for students, all based on pieces from The New York Times, including personal narrative essays, editorials, comic strips and podcasts. Each project features a Times text and prompts to inspire your writing, as well as related resources from The Learning Network to help you develop your craft. Some also offer opportunities to get your work published in The Times, on The Learning Network or elsewhere.

We know this list isn’t nearly complete. If you have ideas for other pandemic-related writing projects, please suggest them in the comments.

In the meantime, happy writing!

Journaling is well-known as a therapeutic practice , a tool for helping you organize your thoughts and vent your emotions, especially in anxiety-ridden times. But keeping a diary has an added benefit during a pandemic: It may help educate future generations.

In “ The Quarantine Diaries ,” Amelia Nierenberg spoke to Ady, an 8-year-old in the Bay Area who is keeping a diary. Ms. Nierenberg writes:

As the coronavirus continues to spread and confine people largely to their homes, many are filling pages with their experiences of living through a pandemic. Their diaries are told in words and pictures: pantry inventories, window views, questions about the future, concerns about the present. Taken together, the pages tell the story of an anxious, claustrophobic world on pause. “You can say anything you want, no matter what, and nobody can judge you,” Ady said in a phone interview earlier this month, speaking about her diary. “No one says, ‘scaredy-cat.’” When future historians look to write the story of life during coronavirus, these first-person accounts may prove useful. “Diaries and correspondences are a gold standard,” said Jane Kamensky, a professor of American History at Harvard University and the faculty director of the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute. “They’re among the best evidence we have of people’s inner worlds.”

You can keep your own journal, recording your thoughts, questions, concerns and experiences of living through the coronavirus pandemic.

Not sure what to write about? Read the rest of Ms. Nierenberg’s article to find out what others around the world are recording. If you need more inspiration, here are a few writing prompts to get you started:

How has the virus disrupted your daily life? What are you missing? School, sports, competitions, extracurricular activities, social plans, vacations or anything else?

What effect has this crisis had on your own mental and emotional health?

What changes, big or small, are you noticing in the world around you?

For more ideas, see our writing prompts . We post a new one every school day, many of them now related to life during the coronavirus.

You can write in your journal every day or as often as you like. And if writing isn’t working for you right now, try a visual, audio or video diary instead.

2. Personal Narrative

As you write in your journal, you’ll probably find that your life during the pandemic is full of stories, whether serious or funny, angry or sad. If you’re so inspired, try writing about one of your experiences in a personal narrative essay.

Here’s how Mary Laura Philpott begins her essay, “ This Togetherness Is Temporary, ” about being quarantined with her teenage children:

Get this: A couple of months ago, I quit my job in order to be home more. Go ahead and laugh at the timing. I know. At the time, it was hitting me that my daughter starts high school in the fall, and my son will be a senior. Increasingly they were spending their time away from me at school, with friends, and in the many time-intensive activities that make up teenage lives. I could feel the clock ticking, and I wanted to spend the minutes I could — the minutes they were willing to give me, anyway — with them, instead of sitting in front of a computer at night and on weekends in order to juggle a job as a bookseller, a part-time gig as a television host, and a book deadline. I wanted more of them while they were still living in my house. Now here we are, all together, every day. You’re supposed to be careful what you wish for, but come on. None of us saw this coming.

Personal narratives are short, powerful stories about meaningful life experiences, big or small. Read the rest of Ms. Philpott’s essay to see how she balances telling the story of a specific moment in time and reflecting on what it all means in the larger context of her life.

To help you identify the moments that have been particularly meaningful, difficult, comical or strange during this pandemic, try responding to one of our writing prompts related to the coronavirus:

Holidays and Birthdays Are Moments to Come Together. How Are You Adapting During the Pandemic?

Has Your School Switched to Remote Learning? How Is It Going So Far?

Is the Coronavirus Pandemic Bringing Your Extended Family Closer Together?

How Is the Coronavirus Outbreak Affecting Your Life?

Another option? Use any of the images in our Picture Prompt series to inspire you to write about a memory from your life.

Related Resource: Writing Curriculum | Unit 1: Teach Narrative Writing With The New York Times

People have long turned to creative expression in times of crisis. During the coronavirus pandemic, artists are continuing to illustrate , play music , dance , perform — and write poetry .

That’s what Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell, an emergency room doctor in Boston, did after a long shift treating coronavirus patients. Called “ The Apocalypse ,” her poem begins like this:

This is the apocalypse A daffodil has poked its head up from the dirt and opened sunny arms to bluer skies yet I am filled with dark and anxious dread as theaters close as travel ends and grocery stores display their empty rows where toilet paper liquid bleach and bags of flour stood in upright ranks.

Read the rest of Dr. Mitchell’s poem and note the lines, images and metaphors that speak to you. Then, tap into your creative side by writing a poem inspired by your own experience of the pandemic.

Need inspiration? Try writing a poem in response to one of our Picture Prompts . Or, you can create a found poem using an article from The Times’s coronavirus outbreak coverage . If you have access to the print paper, try making a blackout poem instead.

Related Resources: 24 Ways to Teach and Learn About Poetry With The New York Times Reader Idea | How the Found Poem Can Inspire Teachers and Students Alike

4. Letter to the Editor

Have you been keeping up with the news about the coronavirus? What is your reaction to it?

Make your voice heard by writing a letter to the editor about a recent Times article, editorial, column or Opinion essay related to the pandemic. You can find articles in The Times’s free coronavirus coverage or The Learning Network’s coronavirus resources for students . And, if you’re a high school student, your school can get you free digital access to The New York Times from now until July 6.

To see examples, read the letters written by young people in response to recent headlines in “ How the Young Deal With the Coronavirus .” Here’s what Addie Muller from San Jose, Calif., had to say about the Opinion essay “ I’m 26. Coronavirus Sent Me to the Hospital ”:

As a high school student and a part of Generation Z, I’ve been less concerned about getting Covid-19 and more concerned about spreading it to more vulnerable populations. While I’ve been staying at home and sheltering in place (as was ordered for the state of California), many of my friends haven’t been doing the same. I know people who continue going to restaurants and have been treating the change in education as an extended spring break and excuse to spend more time with friends. I fear for my grandparents and parents, but this article showed me that we should also fear for ourselves. I appreciated seeing this article because many younger people seem to feel invincible. The fact that a healthy 26-year-old can be hospitalized means that we are all capable of getting the virus ourselves and spreading it to others. I hope that Ms. Lowenstein continues spreading her story and that she makes a full recovery soon.

As you read, note some of the defining features of a letter to the editor and what made these good enough to publish. For more advice, see these tips from Thomas Feyer, the letters editor at The Times, about how to write a compelling letter. They include:

Write briefly and to the point.

Be prepared to back up your facts with evidence.

Write about something off the beaten path.

Publishing Opportunity: When you’re ready, submit your letter to The New York Times.

5. Editorial

Maybe you have more to say than you can fit in a 150-word letter to the editor. If that’s the case, try writing an editorial about something you have a strong opinion about related to the coronavirus. What have you seen that has made you upset? Proud? Appreciative? Scared?

In “ Surviving Coronavirus as a Broke College Student ,” Sydney Goins, a senior English major at the University of Georgia, writes about the limited options for students whose colleges are now closed. Her essay begins:

College was supposed to be my ticket to financial security. My parents were the first ones to go to college in their family. My grandpa said to my mom, “You need to go to college, so you don’t have to depend on a man for money.” This same mentality was passed on to me as well. I had enough money to last until May— $1,625 to be exact — until the coronavirus ruined my finances. My mom works in human resources. My dad is a project manager for a mattress company. I worked part time at the university’s most popular dining hall and lived in a cramped house with three other students. I don’t have a car. I either walked or biked a mile to attend class. I have student debt and started paying the accrued interest last month. I was making it work until the coronavirus shut down my college town. At first, spring break was extended by two weeks with the assumption that campus would open again in late March, but a few hours after that email, all 26 colleges in the University System of Georgia canceled in-person classes and closed integral parts of campus.

Read the rest of Ms. Goins’s essay. What is her argument? How does she support it? How is it relevant to her life and the world?

Then, choose a topic related to the pandemic that you care about and write an editorial that asserts an opinion and backs it up with solid reasoning and evidence.

Not sure where to start? Try responding to some of our recent argumentative writing prompts and see what comes up for you. Here are a few we’ve asked students so far:

Should Schools Change How They Grade Students During the Pandemic?

What Role Should Celebrities Have During the Coronavirus Crisis?

Is It Immoral to Increase the Price of Goods During a Crisis?

Or, consider essential questions about the pandemic and what they tell us about our world today: What weaknesses is the coronavirus exposing in our society? How can we best help our communities right now? What lessons can we learn from this crisis? See more here.

As an alternative to a written essay, you might try creating a video Op-Ed instead, like Katherine Oung’s “ Coronavirus Racism Infected My High School. ”

Publishing Opportunity: Submit your final essay to our Student Editorial Contest , open to middle school and high school students ages 10-19, until April 21. Please be sure to read all the rules and guidelines before submitting.

Related Resource: An Argumentative-Writing Unit for Students Doing Remote Learning

Are games, television, music, books, art or movies providing you with a much-needed distraction during the pandemic? What has been working for you that you would recommend to others? Or, what would you caution others to stay away from right now?

Share your opinions by writing a review of a piece of art or culture for other teenagers who are stuck at home. You might suggest TV shows, novels, podcasts, video games, recipes or anything else. Or, try something made especially for the coronavirus era, like a virtual architecture tour , concert or safari .

As a mentor text, read Laura Cappelle’s review of French theater companies that have rushed to put content online during the coronavirus outbreak, noting how she tailors her commentary to our current reality:

The 17th-century philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote: “The sole cause of people’s unhappiness is that they do not know how to stay quietly in their rooms.” Yet at a time when much of the world has been forced to hunker down, French theater-makers are fighting to fill the void by making noise online.

She continues:

Under the circumstances, it would be churlish to complain about artists’ desire to connect with audiences in some fashion. Theater, which depends on crowds gathering to watch performers at close quarters, is experiencing significant loss and upheaval, with many stagings either delayed indefinitely or canceled outright. But a sampling of stopgap offerings often left me underwhelmed.

To get inspired you might start by responding to our related Student Opinion prompt with your recommendations. Then turn one of them into a formal review.

Related Resource: Writing Curriculum | Unit 2: Analyzing Arts, Criticizing Culture: Writing Reviews With The New York Times

7. How-to Guide

Being stuck at home with nowhere to go is the perfect time to learn a new skill. What are you an expert at that you can you teach someone?

The Times has created several guides that walk readers through how to do something step-by-step, for example, this eight-step tutorial on how to make a face mask . Read through the guide, noting how the author breaks down each step into an easily digestible action, as well as how the illustrations support comprehension.

Then, create your own how-to guide for something you could teach someone to do during the pandemic. Maybe it’s a recipe you’ve perfected, a solo sport you’ve been practicing, or a FaceTime tutorial for someone who’s never video chatted before.

Whatever you choose, make sure to write clearly so anyone anywhere could try out this new skill. As an added challenge, include an illustration, photo, or audio or video clip with each step to support the reader’s understanding.

Related Resource: Writing Curriculum | Unit 4: Informational Writing

8. 36 Hours Column

For nearly two decades, The Times has published a weekly 36 Hours column , giving readers suggestions for how to spend a weekend in cities all over the globe.

While traveling for fun is not an option now, the Travel section decided to create a special reader-generated column of how to spend a weekend in the midst of a global pandemic. The result? “ 36 Hours in … Wherever You Are .” Here’s how readers suggest spending a Sunday morning:

8 a.m. Changing routines Make small discoveries. To stretch my legs during the lockdown, I’ve been walking around the block every day, and I’ve started to notice details that I’d never seen before. Like the fake, painted window on the building across the road, or the old candle holders that were once used as part of the street lighting. When the quarantine ends, I hope we don’t forget to appreciate what’s been on a doorstep all along. — Camilla Capasso, Modena, Italy 10:30 a.m. Use your hands Undertake the easiest and most fulfilling origami project of your life by folding 12 pieces of paper and building this lovely star . Modular origami has been my absolute favorite occupational therapy since I was a restless child: the process is enthralling and soothing. — Laila Dib, Berlin, Germany 12 p.m. Be isolated, together Check on neighbors on your block or floor with an email, text or phone call, or leave a card with your name and contact information. Are they OK? Do they need something from the store? Help with an errand? Food? Can you bring them a hot dish or home-baked bread? This simple act — done carefully and from a safe distance — palpably reduces our sense of fear and isolation. I’ve seen the faces of some neighbors for the first time. Now they wave. — Jim Carrier, Burlington, Vt.

Read the entire article. As you read, consider: How would this be different if it were written by teenagers for teenagers?

Then, create your own 36 Hours itinerary for teenagers stuck at home during the pandemic with ideas for how to spend the weekend wherever they are.

The 36 Hours editors suggest thinking “within the spirit of travel, even if many of us are housebound.” For example: an album or a song playlist; a book or movie that transports you; a particular recipe you love; or a clever way to virtually connect with family and friends. See more suggestions here .

Related Resources: Reader Idea | 36 Hours in Your Hometown 36 Hours in Learning: Creating Travel Itineraries Across the Curriculum

9. Photo Essay

Daily life looks very different now. Unusual scenes are playing out in homes, parks, grocery stores and streets across the country.

In “ New York Was Not Designed for Emptiness ,” New York Times photographers document what life in New York City looks like amid the pandemic. It begins:

The lights are still on in Times Square. Billboards blink and storefronts shine in neon. If only there were an audience for this spectacle. But the thoroughfares have been abandoned. The energy that once crackled along the concrete has eased. The throngs of tourists, the briskly striding commuters, the honking drivers have mostly skittered away. In their place is a wistful awareness that plays across all five boroughs: Look how eerie our brilliant landscape has become. Look how it no longer bustles. This is not the New York City anyone signed up for.

Read the rest of the essay and view the photos. As you read, note the photos or lines in the text that grab your attention most. Why do they stand out to you?

What does the pandemic look like where you live? Create your own photo essay, accompanied by a written piece, that illustrates your life now. In your essay, consider how you can communicate a particular theme or message about life during the pandemic through both your photos and words, like in the article you read.

Publishing Opportunity: The International Center of Photography is collecting a virtual archive of images related to the coronavirus pandemic. Learn how to submit yours here.

10. Comic Strip

Sometimes, words alone just won’t do. Visual mediums, like comics, have the advantage of being able to express emotion, reveal inner monologues, and explain complex subjects in ways that words on their own seldom can.

If anything proves this point, it is the Opinion section’s ongoing visual diary, “ Art in Isolation .” Scroll through this collection to see clever and poignant illustrations about life in these uncertain times. Read the comic “ Finding Connection When Home Alone ” by Gracey Zhang from this collection. As you read, note what stands out to you about the writing and illustrations. What lessons could they have for your own piece?

Then, create your own comic strip, modeled after the one you read, that explores some aspect of life during the pandemic. You can sketch and color your comic with paper and pen, or use an online tool like MakeBeliefsComix.com .

Need inspiration? If you’re keeping a quarantine journal, as we suggested above, you might create a graphic story based on a week of your life, or just a small part of it — like the meals you ate, the video games you played, or the conversations you had with friends over text. For more ideas, check out our writing prompts related to the coronavirus.

Related Resource: From Superheroes to Syrian Refugees: Teaching Comics and Graphic Novels With Resources From The New York Times

11. Podcast

Modern Love Podcast: In the Midst of the Coronavirus Pandemic, People Share Their Love Stories

Are you listening to any podcasts to help you get through the pandemic? Are they keeping you up-to-date on the news? Offering advice? Or just helping you escape from it all?

Create your own five-minute podcast segment that responds to the coronavirus in some way.

To get an idea of the different genres and formats your podcast could take, listen to one or more of these five-minute clips from three New York Times podcast episodes related to the coronavirus:

“ The Daily | Voices of the Pandemic ” (1:15-6:50)

“ Still Processing | A Pod From Both Our Houses ” (0:00-4:50)

“ Modern Love | In the Midst of the Coronavirus Pandemic, People Share Their Love Stories ” (1:30-6:30)

Use these as models for your own podcast. Consider the different narrative techniques they use to relate an experience of the pandemic — interviews, nonfiction storytelling and conversation — as well as how they create an engaging listening experience.

Need ideas for what to talk about? You might try translating any of the writing projects above into podcast form. Or turn to our coronavirus-related writing prompts for inspiration.

Publishing Opportunity: Submit your finished five-minute podcast to our Student Podcast Contest , which is open through May 19. Please read all the rules and guidelines before submitting.

Related Resource: Project Audio: Teaching Students How to Produce Their Own Podcasts

12. Revise and Edit

“It doesn’t matter how good you think you are as a writer — the first words you put on the page are a first draft,” Harry Guinness writes in “ How to Edit Your Own Writing .”

Editing your work may seem like something you do quickly — checking for spelling mistakes just before you turn in your essay — but Mr. Guinness argues it’s a project in its own right:

The time you put into editing, reworking and refining turns your first draft into a second — and then into a third and, if you keep at it, eventually something great. The biggest mistake you can make as a writer is to assume that what you wrote the first time through was good enough.

Read the rest of the article for a step-by-step guide to editing your own work. Then, revise one of the pieces you have written, following Mr. Guinness’s advice.

Publishing Opportunity: When you feel like your piece is “something great,” consider submitting it to one of the publishing opportunities we’ve suggested above. Or, see our list of 70-plus places that publish teenage writing and art to find more.

Natalie Proulx joined The Learning Network as a staff editor in 2017 after working as an English language arts teacher and curriculum writer. More about Natalie Proulx