an essay on alcohol consumption

Effects of Alcohol Consumption Essay

Introduction, nursing intervention.

Alcohol consumption can have various effects on the people who consume it. The effects may be social, psychological, physiological and medical. Some alcoholic brands (like wine) may have positive effects on our health while others (like spirits) may have negative effects. The duration in which a person consumes alcohol determines the intensity of the negative effects of alcohol on the person. One negative effect of alcohol is the damage of body organs like the liver and the colon, when consumed for a long period of time (Cooper, 2000).

Alcohol is categorized as a depressant due to its ability to slow down the nervous system thereby reducing sensitivity to pain through inducement of sleep like feeling. Some of the immediate impacts of alcohol misuse include lack or loss of one’s awareness, distortion of reality, loss of coordination of the brain activities and one’s motor skills (Toppness, 2011). When used for a long time, it leads to addiction, as well as social and economic irresponsibilities by the addicted individuals (Toppness, 2011).

Research has shown that alcohol consumption is a risk factor to colon cancer. However, the type of alcohol brand matters. While wine may have positive impacts in preventing colon cancer, hard liquor like spirits have been found to increase the chances of alcoholics developing colon cancer. Prolonged alcohol consumption also leads to colon irritation, which in turn leads to diarrhoea and constipation (Toppness, 2011). This can make the individuals lose their appetite and become malnourished. Such individuals may end up being socially and economically irresponsible, which may further lead to depression. The depressed individuals become prone to suicide because their thinking and reasoning becomes impaired, and to them, life loses meaning.

Patients who are addicted to alcohol consumption need to be shown love and care not rebuke and contempt. This is one aspect of the nursing profession and other professions like social work. We should show them love and care through talking to them in a courteous manner, and showing them that they are able to come out of their situation.

Many alcohol addicts have their symptoms as adaptive. This means that they develop or acquire some behaviour which helps them cope with the problems they are facing; one such behaviour is alcohol consumption, which later develops into alcohol misuse or abuse. For example, some may assume or think that other people hate them because they are poor or are of low social status. This is an external pressure to them, and in order for them to safeguard their ego, they engage in alcohol consumption in order to cope in staying with the people who hate them. Our intervention should therefore be centred on behaviour and attitude change.

We should show them that alcohol consumption is not the solution to their problems and help them gain the courage to face life the way it is. We should help them acquire new behaviours which are not depended on alcohol. For instance, they could be helped to boost their people’s skills, their confidence as well as improve on their hygiene, which would boost their self-esteem. These interventions could be done in a community setting or at their homes. In severe cases of addiction, they should be taken to rehabilitation, where they could be helped to recover from withdrawal symptoms.

Even though alcohol can have many negative effects on our bodies, it is a good component of our diet when used properly in the right quantities and frequencies. For instance, it makes our meals complete apart from being used as a social drink. Alcohol consumption therefore becomes dangerous to us and our bodies when we misuse it. Alcohol consumption is regarded as a risk factor in causing colon cancer because it causes diarrhoea and inflammation of the colon. The link is however not clearly established and therefore the need for more research to establish the relationship between alcohol consumption and colon cancer (Hales, 2008).

Cooper, D.B. (2000). Alcohol Use. Abingdon OX14 1AA: Radcliffe Publishing.

Hales, D. (2008). An Invitation to Health. New York: Cengage Learning.

Toppness, H. (2011). Alcohol Effects on the Colon. Web.

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Alcohol Consumption, Essay Example

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The current paper examines peer-reviewed journal article that investigated risk factors associated alcohol consumption and frequency of alcohol consumption in men and women. The purpose of the study is to support the hypothesis that increased alcohol drinking frequency is associated with a decreased mortality rate in people that consume a lower dose of alcohol. Data for this project was obtained from a 2008 Behavioral Risk Surveillance System survey. The survey contained risk factors from adult men who consumed less than two drinks per day and women who consumed less than one drink per day.  The results of the study showed that individuals who consumed alcohol less frequently, but in larger amounts, were more likely to be associated with the risks exceeding the US Dietary Guidelines of drinking limits.  In addition, it was found that drinkers who drank less frequently and at high dosages were at a higher risk for health problems.  (Naimi et al. 1534)

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), men are more likely to drink than women.  In addition, the CDC indicates that excessive drinking is associated with health and safety issues, as well as increased frequency of drinking increases the risk.  Furthermore, the CDC reports that men are more likely to binge drink, which refers to consuming large amounts of alcohol at once.  (CDC)  In comparison with the study conducted by Naimi et al., the CDC reports that excessive drinking and binge drinking is associated with health problems and risks; however, Naimi et al., indicates that less frequent drinkers who consume more alcohol than more frequent daily drinkers at 1-2 drinks per day, are more at risk for health problems.  There seems to be a missing piece of information in the study.  In order for the study conducted by Naimi et al. to be accurate, other factors should be analyzed, such as age, health condition, type of alcohol etc.  For instance, the people who drink more frequently at a lower dose may drink wine versus harder alcohol, such as vodka or whiskey.  Therefore, there are other factors that should be analyzed in this study before implying low-risk drinking guidelines for frequent drinkers.

Works Cited

CDC.  Alcohol and Public Health . 2014.  Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/mens-health.htm

Naimi,T., Xuan, Z. Brown, DW., Saitz, R. Confounding and studies of ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption: the case of drinking frequency and implications for low-risk drinking guidelines . 2013. Addiction(ADDICTION). Sep; 108 (9): 1534-43.

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A Personal Exploration of Alcohol Consumption: Behavioral Change With Addiction

Behavior identification:.

Alcohol consumption is not only a common thing but is also considered a social habit that sometimes goes out of control, becoming alcoholism or alcohol use disorder. There are over seven billion people in the world, and roughly a quarter of them consume an average of thirty-three grams of alcohol per day. Significantly, about 300 million people are afflicted with alcohol use disorder due to chronic, heavy drinking, commonly known as binge drinking ( Alcohol-related death . (2023). The prevalent nature of this phenomenon shows that it needs to be tackled at a global level because alcohol is often general and even more widely abused than several illegal drugs.

Experiencing the Addictive Behaviors

Taking a journey towards behavioral change along with drinking brought about some deep feelings that involved recurrent cravings and occasional relapse. The attraction caused by alcohol, deeply embedded in the social and cultural settings, proved to be a real impediment to temperance and, eventually, even total abstinence. The many aspects and processes in dealing with addiction included interventions that ranged from personal commitment to societal support mechanisms. The resilience element in this context became peer support that formed a basis for understanding problems concerning alcoholic drinks (Roerecke et al., 2019). The influence of shared experiences within a supportive social network was demonstrated when peers provided empathy, encouragement, and coping. Peer support intervention was applied professionally and utilizing evidenced-based treatment approaches. The therapy would involve seeking counseling and attending support meetings like Alcoholics Anonymous, among other components of the intervention’s strategy (Stephenson et al., 2023). The interventions did not only address the current issues related to the consumption of alcohol, but they also explored the psychological and emotional aspects that resulted in addiction patterns. All these interventions emphasize the need for personalized therapeutic programs because addictions have multiple facets and comprise physiological, cognitive, and situational components.

Successes and failures along this journey through addictive behaviors gave me profound lessons to me. Unpacking the intricacies of addiction revealed the importance of perseverance, dedication to oneself, and being aware of personal danger signs. Each time there was a relapse, it was an opportunity to light on areas with need (Roerecke et al., 2019). From this journey, acquired experience shows that the recovery process from different behaviors is not linear; it has ups and downs and needs determination and multi–dimensional support.

Success or Failure

Changing alcohol consumption behavior is complicated and involves many issues at many stages, which determine success or failure. However, it depends on whether an individual can maintain positive changes throughout time. For me, success was reflected by continuous sobriety and markedly increased satisfaction with life. Some factors that led to this success include an individual’s determination in addition to various support systems and evidenced-based intervention. The key to success is acceptance of the problem and a genuine intention of what should be changed. The challenges of alcohol consumption included engaging in therapy, support groups, and healthy coping mechanisms. In addition, associating with others who had been through the same difficulties and provided a feeling of connection and understanding further reaffirmed the value of social networks in recovery.

Conversely, times of relapse signified instances of acknowledged defeat. Though these hindrances were discouraging and painful, they offered critical lessons on the intricacy of drug abuse. Understanding what precipitated these relapses and how behavior change could be better approached was necessary. Instead, relapses were treated as milestones of what could be improved upon. Moreover, this underscored the significance of being strong enough to take on adversities. These moments were acknowledged, with a pledge of reviewing and readjusting strategies to achieve the eventual success of the behavior-change process. Fundamentally, the change in alcohol consumption behavior is quite complex and full of successes and complications (Stephenson et al., 2023). However, success does not refer merely to abstinence for life. It includes persistent positive changes that lead to better health outcomes and continued development for good. Identifying the cyclical form of behavioral change empowers people to overcome obstacles through toughness, reflect on mistakes, and build on their previous efforts towards sustainably good outcomes.

Implications for Future Practice

This experience depicts the impact of such experiences with overcoming the consummation of alcohol on future practice in addiction counseling and intervention. Therefore, every individual’s struggle with addiction has to be unique; hence, the treatment should address the particular disease conditions and causes for each person’s drinking excessively (Roerecke et al., 2019). Practitioners should always conduct critical assessments to trace any triggers, other medical issues, and inherent characteristics that may form a foundation of client-specific remedies. In this case, social support is critical in the recovery process. Therefore, future practitioners should integrate proactive steps to involve and mobilize support groups for those individuals. This could encompass taking in family therapy, going to support group meetings, or simply interacting with the local people. However, this journey never occurs independently because it always happens in the broader context of society. An understanding of interpersonal dynamics will also support sustained recovery. This paves the way for future approaches to expectation management and resiliency since these are part of the path to recovery. Practitioners should suggest a few coping tactics to clients and clarify that it is normal for the transformation process to have some failures, as failure is not due to failure. Such reframing helps people see life as manageable, so the difficulties should be dealt with in an uplifted spirit, and assistance must be continued after the recovery. Lastly, the multifaceted nature of dealing with addiction has to be considered by professionals.

Alcohol-related death . Alcohol Rehab Guide. (2023, November 7). https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/resources/medical-conditions/alcohol-related-death/#:~:text=Alcohol%20poisoning%20is%20a%20major,ages%20of%2035%20and%2064.

Roerecke, M., Vafaei, A., Hasan, O. S., Chrystoja, B. R., Cruz, M., Lee, R., & Rehm, J. (2019). Alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  The American journal of gastroenterology ,  114 (10), 1574.

Stephenson, M., Lannoy, S., & Edwards, A. C. (2023). Shared genetic liability for alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and suicide attempt: Evaluating the role of impulsivity.  Translational psychiatry ,  13 (1), 87.

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Essay on Alcoholism

Students are often asked to write an essay on Alcoholism in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Alcoholism

Understanding alcoholism.

Alcoholism is a serious issue. It is a disease where a person cannot control their desire to drink alcohol. They keep drinking even when it causes harm.

Alcoholism can be caused by genetics, environment, and mental health. Some people are more prone to it because of their family history. Others might start drinking due to stress or depression.

The Effects

Alcoholism can lead to health problems like liver disease. It can also cause problems at work, school, or with relationships. It’s important to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling.

250 Words Essay on Alcoholism

Introduction.

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic disease characterized by an inability to control or abstain from alcohol use despite its negative consequences. It is a pervasive global issue with significant health, social, and economic implications.

Causes and Risk Factors

The etiology of alcoholism is multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Genetic predisposition accounts for about 50% of the risk for AUD, with certain genes influencing how alcohol affects the body and brain. Environmental factors such as cultural norms, peer pressure, and stress can also contribute to the onset of alcoholism.

Impacts and Consequences

The impacts of alcoholism are far-reaching. Physiologically, it can lead to liver disease, cardiovascular problems, and neurological damage. Psychologically, it can result in depression, anxiety, and increased risk of suicide. Socially, it can disrupt relationships, lead to job loss, and contribute to social isolation.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support groups. Prevention strategies include education about the risks of excessive alcohol consumption, early intervention for at-risk individuals, and policies to limit alcohol availability.

Alcoholism is a complex disease with a multitude of contributing factors and consequences. Understanding its causes, impacts, and treatment options is key to addressing this pervasive issue. As future leaders, we must advocate for effective prevention strategies and accessible treatment services to combat alcoholism.

500 Words Essay on Alcoholism

Alcoholism, also known as Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), is a chronic disease characterized by an inability to control or abstain from alcohol use despite its negative repercussions. It is a multifaceted disease, with complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.

Genetic Underpinnings of Alcoholism

Scientific research has established a strong genetic component to alcoholism. Certain genes can make individuals more susceptible to alcohol addiction, demonstrating that alcoholism is not merely a result of personal weakness or lack of willpower. It is estimated that genetics accounts for about 50% of the risk for AUD. However, having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee the development of alcoholism, indicating the significant role of environmental factors.

Environmental Factors and Alcoholism

Environmental influences play a critical role in shaping an individual’s risk for alcoholism. These include cultural attitudes towards drinking, peer pressure, stress, early exposure to alcohol, and a history of physical or emotional abuse. Socio-economic status and mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, also contribute to the risk. Understanding the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors can help in developing effective prevention strategies.

The Psychological Impact of Alcoholism

Alcoholism inflicts significant psychological damage. It can lead to a range of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and increased risk of suicide. Furthermore, alcoholism can negatively impact cognitive functions, impair judgment, and lead to behavioral changes. It is also closely linked to social problems, such as domestic violence, child abuse, and other forms of crime.

Treatment and Recovery

Alcoholism is a treatable disease, with various therapeutic strategies available. These include behavioral treatments, medications, and mutual-support groups. Behavioral treatments aim to change drinking behavior through counseling, while medications can help to manage withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Mutual-support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous provide a supportive community for individuals recovering from alcoholism.

Prevention is Better than Cure

Prevention strategies are crucial in combating alcoholism. These include enforcing age restrictions on alcohol sales, regulating alcohol advertising, providing education about the risks of excessive alcohol consumption, and implementing screening programs to identify individuals at risk.

Alcoholism is a complex, multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive approach for its prevention and treatment. Understanding its genetic, environmental, and psychological dimensions can inform effective strategies to combat this pervasive public health issue. While alcoholism is a serious disease, recovery is possible with the right support and treatment. Therefore, it is essential to foster a supportive environment for those struggling with this disorder, free from stigma and judgment.

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Alcohol consumption in India– An epidemiological review

V. m. anantha eashwar.

1 Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

2 Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chrompet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

S. Gopalakrishnan

One of the most important products of global addiction demand is an alcoholic beverage. In developing countries like India, alcohol consumption tends to be a major problem because of the various socio-cultural practices across the nation, different alcohol policies and practices across the various states, lack of awareness of alcohol-related problems among the community, false mass media propaganda about alcohol use, various alcohol drinking patterns among the alcohol consumers and the emergence of social drinking as a habit because of the widespread urbanisation across the country. Stringent alcohol policies are needed across the various states to reduce alcohol consumption, and alcohol consumers have to be educated about the various harmful effects of alcohol consumption and the effects it can have on their mind, body and soul. This review article focuses on the burden of alcohol consumption in context with its various harmful effects on the mind and body with a note on the alcohol policies in the country.

Introduction

The term alcohol refers to 'ethyl alcohol'. It is consumed as an alcoholic beverage in diluted concentrations of absolute (i.e., 100%) ethyl alcohol. There are various types of alcoholic beverages that are consumed around the world. One standard alcoholic beverage corresponds to 10 g of absolute alcohol. The quantity differs among the types of alcoholic beverages. The most commonly used alcoholic beverages are beer, wine, whiskey, rum, vodka, gin and brandy and locally brewed beverages like arrack and toddy. Alcohol consumption becomes a problem when the individual engages in problematic drinking pattern that puts him at the risk of developing adverse health events.[ 1 ] The various drinking patterns of alcohol consumption[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] are given in Table 1 .

Various patterns of alcohol consumption

WHO: World Health Organization

Global prevalence of alcohol consumption

According to recent data published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the total per capita consumption of alcohol by individuals above 15 years of age is 6.2 L of pure alcohol per year, which equals 13.5 g of pure alcohol per day. However, there is a wide variation between the WHO regions and member states. Nearly 5.1% of the global burden of disease is attributable to alcohol consumption, and it causes nearly 3.3 million deaths every year.[ 1 ]

Alcohol consumption and its associated factors in various parts of India

Alcohol consumption practices vary across different parts of India because of various socio-cultural diversity and difference in laws governing individual States within India. Table 2 shows the prevalence of alcohol consumption in various parts of India and the associated factors governing alcohol use.[ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]

Disease burden because of alcohol consumption

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which includes a level that's is sometimes called alcoholism) is a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly decrease or stop drinking. The prevalence of AUDs is highest in Europe (7.5%) and the lowest among eastern Mediterranean regions, which includes Afghanistan, Bahrain and Egypt. Globally, 50% of the deaths caused by liver cirrhosis, 30% of the deaths because of oral and pharyngeal cancers, 22% of the deaths caused by inter-personal violence, 22% of the deaths because of self-harm, 15% of the deaths caused by traffic injuries, 12% of the deaths because of tuberculosis (TB) and 12% of the deaths caused by liver cancer were attributed to alcohol consumption.[ 1 ]

The 12-month prevalence of AUDs in India in the year 2010 was 2.6% and that of alcohol dependence was 2.1%. In 2012, 33.1% of all the road traffic accident deaths were attributable to drunk and driving. The National Mental Health Survey of India 2015–16 found the prevalence of AUDs to be 9% in adult men. In India, the alcohol-attributable fraction (AAF) of all cause deaths was found to be 5.4%. Around 62.9% of all the deaths due to liver cirrhosis were attributable to alcohol use.[ 19 ]

Medical consequences of alcohol use

When alcoholic beverages are consumed, alcohol gets absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. It is distributed through blood circulation to every organ in the body. The alcohol gets absorbed by the liver at a rapid pace and excreted through the kidneys, which accounts for 95% to 98% of the alcohol consumed.[ 5 ] In a study done by Gururaj et al ., it was concluded that, because of the increase in the alcohol consumption occurring all over the country, the hospital admission rates because of alcohol consumption were also increasing with 20% to 30% of admissions because of direct or indirect problems caused because of alcohol consumption.[ 20 ]

The various medical complications because of alcohol consumption are:

• Gastrointestinal (GI) complications: The direct effect of alcohol on the lining of the stomach can lead to acute gastritis and present as vomiting, usually associated with heavy drinking. Repeated damage can lead to hyperacidity leading to peptic ulcer disease. Alcohol is one of the most important reasons for haemorrhagic gastritis. The most common complication of long-term alcohol is alcoholic liver disease (ALD)[ 5 ]
• Cancer : Drinking as few as 1.5 drinks per day increases a woman's risk of breast cancer 1.4-fold. For both the genders, four drinks per day increase the risk for oral and oesophageal cancers by approximately three-fold and rectal cancers by 1.5 fold.[ 5 ] In a study done by Bangardi et al ., it was found that alcohol most strongly increased the risk of cancers of the pharynx, oral cavity, oesophagus and larynx[ 21 ]
• Changes in the genitourinary system : Acutely, modest doses of ethanol can not only increase sexual drive but can also lead to decrease in the erectile capacity in men. Even in the absence of liver impairment, significant minority of chronic alcoholic men show irreversible testicular atrophy with shrinkage of seminiferous tubules, resulting in decrease in ejaculate volume and a low sperm count.[ 22 ] In a study done by Chandra et al ., it was found that there was disproportionately high association of alcohol abuse with high-risk sexual behaviour and HIV infection[ 23 ]
• Muscular changes : Between one-half and two-thirds of alcoholics can have skeletal muscle weakness caused by the acute alcoholic myopathy, which may improve with abstinence, but it is not fully cured. Effects of alcohol consumption on the skeletal system can include lower bone density.[ 22 ] In a study done by Venkat et al ., it was found that those who suffer from chronic alcoholism suffered from avascular necrosis of the femoral head and reduced bone density[ 24 ]
• Neurological complications : The short-term effects of alcohol consumption that can get relieved after stopping alcohol consumption include blackouts, blurred vision, impaired memory and slower reaction times.[ 25 ] In a study done by Peng et al ., it was found that chronic alcohol use can lead to the development of alcoholic tremors, myopathy, Wernicke's encephalopathy and cerebellar degeneration[ 26 ]

In a case-control study of completed suicides in Bangalore done by Gururaj, it was found that alcohol consumption was a major risk factor for suicide with nearly a 25 times increase among the alcohol users. Suicide rates among women increased by nearly six times who were a spouse of alcohol abusers.[ 20 ] A study done by Vijayakumar et al ., in Chennai, found that suicide rates were higher among alcohol users as compared with non-users.[ 28 ]

Social consequences of alcohol use

Alcohol consumption not only affects the individuals but also his family members get affected in one way or the other. The person in an intoxicated state may indulge in domestic violence with his family members; may exhaust the savings of the family, which can negatively affect the education of his children, and the children of alcoholic fathers will have strained relationship with their family members, which can affect their psychological wellbeing. In a study done by Gururaj et al ., in Bangalore, it was found that emotionally abusing the spouse was found to be 2.5 times more common among persons who consume alcohol, 23.3% of the users physically abused their spouse and 7.8% of them physically abused their spouse resulting in injuries.[ 29 ] In a study done by Markowitz et al ., domestic violence was reported by 20% of women and husband's practice of alcohol consumption was reported by them as the most significant cause for domestic violence.[ 30 ]

Impact of alcohol use on economic and family finances

The economic impact of alcohol consumption plays a major role in families belonging to lower socio-economic strata. In a study done by Bonu et al ., it was found that there was an empirical association found between the use of alcohol and tobacco and impoverishment through borrowing and selling off assets in distress because of hospitalisation.[ 30 ]

In a study done by Benegal et al ., it was found that alcohol-dependent persons spent more money than they earned, they were forced to take loans to spend for their expenses related to alcohol consumption, on an average, 12.2 working days were lost to the habit and around 60% of the families were financially supported by the income from other family members.[ 31 ] In a study done by Ramanan et al ., half of the persons who consume alcoholic beverages had strained relations with their family members especially their spouse and children.[ 12 ]

Road traffic accidents

One of the major problem of alcohol consumption are road traffic accidents which occur due to driving vehicles under the influence of alcoholic beverages. Both developing and developed countries report high rates of road traffic accidents because of alcohol consumption.[ 5 ]

In a study conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in 12 major hospitals of Bangalore city, it was found that nearly 28% of injuries because of road traffic accidents were directly attributable to alcohol. The roadside survey revealed that nearly up to 40% of the drivers were under the influence of alcohol.[ 31 , 32 ] In a study done by Aditya et al ., it was found that 20% of the fatal road traffic accidents were because of alcohol use. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 38% of those alcohol users were above the permissible limits.[ 27 ] In a study done by Gururaj it was found that alcohol abuse was reported in over 20% of the traumatic brain injuries.[ 33 ] According to the latest data released by the National Crime Records Bureau (2015), Tamil Nadu recorded the highest number of drunk and driving accidents in the country.[ 34 ] In a study done by Korlakunta et al ., high-risk behaviour was more common among alcohol-dependent individuals with road traffic accidents being the most frequently observed.[ 35 ]

Legal problems because of alcohol consumption

Another important area where complications arise because of alcohol abuse is legal problems. Crimes that are committed following alcohol intoxication include sexual/physical assault, rape, exploitation of women in commercial sex work and homicide. According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the different crimes that are related to alcohol consumption fall under four major acts namely, the Prohibition Act, Gambling Act, Psychotropic Substance Act and Excise Act. However, the major reason because of which the public nuisance created because of alcohol abuse goes unnoticed is that those crimes are classified under petty crime and they largely go unrecognised or they may get overlooked.[ 29 ]

Benefits of alcohol consumption

There are many studies that have pointed out that drinking alcohol in moderate amounts is good for the heart as they help in preventing coronary artery diseases (CADs). However, individual susceptibility plays a major role in the protective benefits of alcohol consumption. The American Heart Association (AHA) states that 'it is not possible to predict in which people alcoholism will become a problem' and advice not to consume alcohol for the benefits it may carry.[ 36 ]

In a multi-centre study done in India, it was found that even light or occasional consumption of alcohol might increase the risk of CAD. So, the benefits of alcohol consumption may not be true for Indians at least.[ 37 ]

Alcohol policy in India

Although the prohibition of alcohol use is encouraged in the constitution of India, alcohol policy is a state subject. States are having full control of alcohol-related legislation, excise rates and the production, distribution and sale of alcohol. Newly independent India, which was born post-independence, retained alcohol prohibition until mid-1960s, and by 1970, only the state of Gujarat had a complete alcohol prohibition policy.[ 29 ] In Bihar, there is complete prohibition of alcohol use since 4 April 2016. However, following a year after the ban, trade of illicit liquor flourished along the borders, as the neighbouring states have no prohibition on alcohol. In addition, there seems to be illicit trade of narcotic drugs as people have begun to look for other substances for addiction.[ 38 ]

Another controversial 'Dry State' is Manipur, where the prohibition of alcohol consumption is in force since 1991, but scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) were allowed to brew their traditional liquor. In 2002, the government lifted the ban of alcohol in some districts in Manipur. Manipur is now popularly called 'Wettest Dry State'. Government is now looking to remove the prohibition act, as illicit liquor use, deaths because of methanol poisoning and substance abuse are on the rise.[ 39 ] The major reason states experience fluctuation on the alcohol prohibition at the policy level is that it generates nearly 15% to 20% of their revenue from alcohol taxation, contributing a significant amount to the state treasury.[ 40 ] In states like Gujarat, where complete prohibition is in force, the rich have continued access to alcoholic beverages and the lower class and poor people resort to illegal brewing of alcohol with increase in deaths because of methanol poisoning.[ 39 ] In countries like United States of America (USA) increased taxation on alcoholic beverages has been used to reduce alcohol consumption. In India, those measures will not work, as the alcohol consumers have easy access to illicit liquor and substances. Other laws related to the regulation of alcohol-use like hours of sale, drunken driving and sale to minors are regularly breached.[ 41 ] Legal drinking age is the minimum age after which a person is allowed to buy alcohol. The legal age in different states in India is given in Table 3 .[ 42 ]

Legal drinking age in various states in the country[ 42 ]

Drunken driving (Motor Vehicle Act)

When a person consumes an alcoholic beverage, there is a rise in BAC because of which there is gradual and progressive loss of driving ability because of increase in the reaction time, overconfidence, degraded muscle coordination, impaired concentration and decreased auditory and visual acuity. This is known as drunken driving. There are laws to govern drunken driving in India. The BAC limits are fixed at 0.03%. As per the Motor Vehicle Act, any person whose BAC values are found to be more than this limit are booked under the first offence and may be fined about INR 2,000 to 10,000 and/or he or she may face a maximum of 6 months to 4 years imprisonment.[ 43 ]

Alcohol advertisements

As per the Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill, advertising of alcoholic beverages was banned in India. Still, private channels are often permitting alcohol companies to advertise using surrogate means like using brand names for soda or water or music. However, as the target audience is moving from watching television to mobile phones, liquor companies have now begun to invest in online video marketing.[ 43 , 44 ]

Alcohol prohibition in Tamil Nadu

Before independence, the Madras Abkari Act, imposed in the year 1886, enacted strict rules and regulations that prohibited the local manufacturing of alcoholic beverages and confined it to the central distilleries, where excise duty was paid to the government before being sold in the market. This favoured foreign liquors resulted in anti-alcohol agitation by Indian freedom movements like Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation Movement. In 1937, alcohol prohibition was imposed in Salem district, which was later extended throughout the presidency.[ 45 ] After independence, Tamil Nadu continued liquor ban until 1971. After 1971, the then chief minister (CM) lifted the prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Again, in 1981, the CM during that period closed down all arrack and toddy shops but left the Indian-made foreign liquor untouched. That was the time when it was noticed that, whenever alcohol prohibition was imposed, illegal sales of toddy and arrack and consumption of methanol would rise, resulting in loss of many lives; thus, the ban would be lifted.[ 6 ] In 2002, the retail sale of alcohol was brought under government control. A panel of five IAS officers governs it. It has nearly 6,800 retail alcohol outlets across the state.[ 46 ] As of now, no steps are being taken by the government on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the state.

Primary care intervention for alcohol-related problems

In developing countries like India, primary care physicians are the first contact of patients with the healthcare system. It is a major platform for screening to identify at-risk individuals and diagnose AUDs. As recommended by the WHO, the AUDs Identification Test (AUDIT), for use in a primary care setting, is a validated screening tool. It can be used to identify alcohol consumers who are harmful/hazardous drinkers and alcohol-dependent individuals.[ 2 , 47 , 48 ] Systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that brief intervention in primary care setting by one-to-one counselling can help at-risk drinkers and those with mild alcohol-related problems.[ 49 ] Based on evidence, primary care management of alcohol-related problems include three core steps, namely, counselling the patient on the ill-effects of alcohol and, if necessary, prescribing medications like disulfiram and connecting with the patients by organizing treatment programs and forming support groups. If necessary, they have to refer the patient to higher centres for further care and management.[ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]

Alcohol consumption is emerging as a major public health problem in India. Multi-centric scientific community-based research studies have to be conducted in various individual states to understand the problem better. Various policymakers, media, professionals and society have to be educated about the consequences of chronic alcohol through sensitisation programmes and health education campaigns. There is a dire need for rational alcohol control policy with specific objectives like alcohol taxation, production and promotion policy.

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Teen alcohol and nicotine use in Europe is up, WHO urges preventive measures

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Smoking and drinking is on the rise among teenagers in Europe, Central Asia and Canada, and girls now match or even exceed boys when it comes to substance use, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in a new report on Thursday.

Data covering all three areas revealed that more than one in two 15-year-olds experimented with alcohol, while one in five teenagers recently used e-cigarettes, the UN health agency said, in a call for urgent preventive measures. 

“The widespread use of harmful substances among children in many countries across the European Region – and beyond – is a serious public health threat,” said Dr Hans Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe. 

“Considering that the brain continues to develop well into a person’s mid-20s, adolescents need to be protected from the effects of toxic and dangerous products.” 

Alcohol prevails, e-cigarettes follow  

Alcohol use remains prevalent among teenagers; 57 per cent of 15-year-olds claim to have tried it and 37 per cent drinking it within the last month. Roughly one in 10 young people across all age groups has experienced significant drunkenness, including being drunk at least twice in their lifetime. This rate climbs from five per cent at age 13 to 20 per cent by age 15, demonstrating an escalating trend in alcohol abuse among youngsters. 

E-cigarettes have also surged in popularity , surpassing traditional cigarettes, with 32 per cent of 15-year-olds trying them and 20 per cent using them in the last 30 days. This compares with 25 per cent of 15-year-olds who have smoked a conventional cigarette in their lifetime and 15 per cent who tried one in the past month. 

Perhaps surprisingly, cannabis use slightly declined : 12 per cent of 15-year-olds surveyed tried it in 2022, compared with 14 per cent in 2018. Early cannabis use can lead to dependence and problematic use patterns later in life, the report warns.  

The report also highlighted that although boys have traditionally drunk and smoked more than girls, this trend appears to be changing, with girls either matching or even exceeding boys in smoking, alcohol, and e-cigarette use by age 15.

Harmful product placement   

WHO experts expressed alarm at product placement for all substances in video games, entertainment programmes and other content aimed at young people via multimedia platforms, in a call for the implementation of comprehensive preventive measures.  

“Today, children are constantly exposed to targeted online marketing of harmful products , while popular culture, like video games, normalizes them,” Dr Kluge said. To preserve the health of youngsters, WHO is already working with countries to protect them from toxic and addictive products that could affect their quality of life in the years. 

To curb alcohol, nicotine, and tobacco use among youngsters, WHO wants countries to raise taxes, restrict product availability and sales locations, enforce the minimum legal purchasing age.

The UN health agency has also called for all flavourings to be prohibited, including menthol, in nicotine and tobacco products, while also imposing a comprehensive ban on advertising across mainstream and social media platforms. 

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We know how to deter British children from alcohol, say experts, after concerns over WHO report

Study found Great Britain had worst rate of child alcohol consumption in world, but youth drinking is said still to have ‘declined sharply’

In 2000, about 19% of children under 16 in England smoked, according to Action on Smoking and Health. By 2018, this had declined to 5%.

But, according to a major report by the World Health Organization released on Thursday , a third of 11-year-olds and over half of 13-year-olds had drunk alcohol, the highest rate of any country worldwide. Girls were found to be more likely than boys to have drunk at the age of 15.

Although the findings have caused concern, experts say rates of youth drinking have still been sharply declining. Dr Katherine Severi, the chief executive of the Institute of Alcohol Studies, said that, although the findings from the WHO report were troubling, it “should be acknowledged that youth drinking has declined sharply from highs around the year 2000, particularly drinking among boys”.

She added: “We still don’t know exactly what is driving this trend, but research suggests young people are socialising in different ways and better recognise the health harms of alcohol.”

Severi said that the evidence was clear on what could further be done to discourage alcohol consumption, particularly among young people, across the UK.

“We have known for decades how to reduce alcohol harm: reduce its affordability through duty increases and minimum pricing policies, give local areas control over its availability and restrict alcohol marketing,” Severi said. “We know that alcohol marketing leads to children starting to drink from an earlier age and at heavier levels than they would have done.”

The report also found that the proportion of 15-year-old girls in England who had ever smoked had risen from 20% in 2018 to 28% in 2022. But, for boys, the trend was reversed, with 25% of boys having smoked in 2018 in England dropping to just 16% in 2022.

Dr Sabina Hulbert, a senior research fellow at the University of Kent, said that the rise in smoking among young girls in England, but not boys, could be because of the decline of gender stereotypes in modern society.

“What we think is probably leading that gender inversion in trend is that social stereotypes are diminishing, and gender stereotypes are being overcome, meaning that gender equality is much more achieved nowadays,” Hulbert said. “But with that comes the risk of girls wanting to do what boys did, and almost wanting to catch up and to show that they can, and that because boys do it so can we.”

The analysis also found that 40% of girls in England and Scotland had vaped before 15, and did so at a higher rate than countries such as France and Germany. Hans Kluge, the WHO regional director for Europe, said that the rise in vaping among young people could be related to children being exposed to these products online, as well as them being marketed directly to children.

He said: “Considering that the brain continues to develop well into a person’s mid-20s, adolescents need to be protected from the effects of toxic and dangerous products.

“Unfortunately, children today are constantly exposed to targeted online marketing of harmful products, while popular culture, like video games, normalises them.”

Dr Jo Inchley a reader at the University of Glasgow, said the availability of vapes could be part of the rise. She said: “Disposable vapes seem to be fairly readily accessible to young people, and schools are reporting that’s a major issue they’re having to deal with on a day-to-day basis. Young people are telling us that too.

“Having ready access to any kind of substance like that obviously makes it more attractive and available, so that is a big issue.”

• Young people

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Drug, Alcohol Abuse Goes Untreated in Many Ex-Prisoners

By Dennis Thompson HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, April 25, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Most ex-cons are unlikely to receive substance use treatment following their release from prison, even though odds are high they are struggling with addiction, a new study finds.

National estimates suggest as many as 85% of inmates leave prison with some form of substance abuse problem, researchers said.

But only 17% of ex-cons on Medicaid in Virginia have been diagnosed with substance use disorders, and even fewer have been prescribed addiction-fighting medication, investigators found.

“This research shows that many people aren’t getting the medical attention they need as they transition back to their communities,” said lead researcher Peter Cunningham , interim chair of the Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Health Policy.

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For the study , researchers used data from Virginia’s health and corrections departments to track the number of people diagnosed and treated for addiction following their release from prison.

More than 4,600 adults were released from county jails and state prisons in 2022, and 85% enrolled in Medicaid within one month of release, the study found.

“The good news is that we see a high number of individuals enrolling in Medicaid soon after they are released from prison, and that is in large part due to the state expanding Medicaid coverage in 2019,” Cunningham said in a university news release.

However, only 17% had seen a doctor and been diagnosed with a substance use disorder within three months of their release, including 13% with an opioid use disorder.

Only about 25% of ex-cons addicted to opioids were prescribed medications to treat their addiction, researchers found -- far less than the 78% of all Medicaid enrollees who received meds after diagnosis with opioid use disorder.

Medications like methadone and buprenorphine can help people with an opioid addiction manage their habit.

“Based on national statistics, we expected more people to receive a diagnosis and treatment for opioid addiction,” Cunningham said. “This is concerning because having an undiagnosed, untreated opioid use disorder greatly increases the risk of overdose.”

Most inmates qualify for Medicaid while incarcerated, but only emergency hospital services are covered as they serve their sentence, researchers noted. Addiction treatment, as well as most other benefits, are prohibited by federal law until after their release.

“The first few months after a person is released from incarceration is a particularly vulnerable time. They often have to figure out all aspects of their life at the same time,” said researcher Hannah Shadowen , a medical/doctoral student at Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Population Health in Richmond.

“Many people don’t have a stable residence, mailing address or phone number, which makes it difficult for the Medicaid agency to contact them for health services,” Shadowen added in a university news release.

Ex-cons also can face a delay in registering with Medicaid and scheduling an appointment with a doctor, said researcher Sarah Marks , a medical/doctoral student at Virginia Commonwealth.

“Even having the required photo identification and Medicaid card to visit a doctor’s office is going to be much harder to do during this period of tremendous instability,” Marks said.

Researchers now are surveying formerly incarcerated Medicaid patients to figure out the exact barriers they experienced when seeking addiction treatment after prison.

Increasing access to addiction treatment prior to release might be one way to make sure ex-cons are getting the help they need, Cunningham said.

“If providers are able to diagnose substance use disorders and initiate treatment plans before a person is released from prison, this might reduce the risk of overdoses and improve health outcomes when they return to their community,” Cunningham noted.

More information

The National Institute on Drug Abuse has more about addiction treatment .

SOURCE: Virginia Commonwealth University, news release, April 22, 2024

Copyright © 2024 HealthDay . All rights reserved.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Alcohol Abuse — A Report on Alcohol Abuse and Its Consequences

A Report on Alcohol Abuse and Its Consequences

• Categories: Alcohol Abuse

About this sample

Words: 3936 |

20 min read

Published: Oct 2, 2020

Words: 3936 | Pages: 9 | 20 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, current status, harmful effects of alcohol abuse, possible solutions, future implications.

• Strengthen restrictions on the availability of alcohol.
• Enhance and enforce measures to combat drink-driving.
• Facilitate access to screening, brief interventions, and treatment.
• Enforce bans or comprehensive restrictions on alcohol advertising, sponsorship, and promotion.
• Increase alcohol prices through excise taxes and pricing policies.
• Primary prevention: Educating patients about the adverse effects of alcohol abuse.
• Secondary prevention: Conducting screenings and early identification of alcohol abuse.
• Tertiary prevention: Providing treatment options such as rehabilitation programs and medications to reduce the urge to consume alcohol.
• Collect routine alcohol and other drug histories.
• Implement primary prevention measures, including anticipatory guidance and alcohol abuse education.
• Assess potential alcohol-related problems.
• Formulate diagnoses of abuse based on patient assessments and data analysis.
• Undertake suitable nursing interventions.
• Identify acute alcohol-related illnesses and make appropriate referrals to physicians or specialists in addiction nursing.
• Provide ongoing care, including follow-up, monitoring, health maintenance, or healthcare support during recovery.

References:

• World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Understanding alcohol use disorder. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-use-disorders
• Rehm, J., Shield, K. D., Gmel, G., Rehm, M. X., & Frick, U. (2019). Modeling the impact of alcohol dependence on mortality burden and the effect of available treatment interventions in the European Union. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.04.006
• Esser, M. B., Hedden, S. L., Kanny, D., Brewer, R. D., Gfroerer, J. C., & Naimi, T. S. (2014). Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009-2011. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11, E206. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140329
• Shield, K. D., Parry, C., & Rehm, J. (2013). Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 35(2), 155-173. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr352/155-173.pdf
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2018-nsduh-annual-national-report
• World Health Organization. (2021). SAFER: A World Health Organization initiative to prevent and reduce alcohol-related death and disability. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/safer-alcohol-control-initiative

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Former Hocking County prosecutor says alcoholism played role in office conduct

The former Hocking County prosecutor said his behavior while in office — including allegations of sexual harassment and engaging in an affair with a county commissioner — was due in part to his mental health and alcoholism.

Ryan Black, 41, made the comments through his attorney in a written response to a disciplinary complaint filed against him with the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct.

Black resigned from his position as county prosecutor effective Friday.

Earlier this month, a formal complaint was filed against Black with the professional conduct board, which oversees discipline of attorneys in Ohio.

The complaint accused Black of:

• Creating a hostile work environment and frequently using obscenity to the point of making staff members uncomfortable
• Commenting on a female subordinate's clothing in a sexual manner
• Sending unsolicited images of himself shirtless to a female subordinate
• Having a sexual relationship with a county commissioner, whom Black would be responsible for representing as the county's prosecutor. That commissioner is currently suspended from her position for unrelated allegations of misconduct.

Black responded to the complaint on Tuesday through his attorney, Alvin Mathews. In the response, Black does not address several of the allegations, which are the subject of an ongoing federal civil lawsuit alleging sexual discrimination.

Black denies the allegations against him in the lawsuit, including allegations he pressured a female employee to engage in sexual conduct.

However, Black said that while he was serving as prosecutor Black "suffered from a mental health disorder and an alcohol use disorder," the response says, adding that Black is "seeking ongoing treatment." The disorders "contributed to cause any conduct for which (Black) is responsible," the response says.

The disciplinary case will next be scheduled for a hearing before a three-member panel. The members of that panel will consist of three attorneys or judges who do not reside in the area of the state where Black practices law.

Potential discipline, should the panel determine discipline is necessary, could involve the suspension of Black's law license or disbarment.

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