fashion trend essay

Essays About Fashion: Top 5 Examples and 9 Prompts

If you are writing essays about fashion, check out our guide of helpful examples and exciting writing prompts to get started.

Fashion is individuals’ way of expressing their personalities. They do this through clothes and accessories that display their tastes and preferences. There are different fashion styles and trends, and anyone can choose anything they want to follow. Additionally, fashion has various benefits, such as boosting self-confidence, lightening moods, and developing creativity. Our fashion choices also help us send messages and present our beliefs. Thus, fashion can also be political .

Below are five essay examples and nine writing prompts to help you create an eye-catching essay about fashion:

5 Top Essay Examples

1. why fashion is important by george k., 2. fashion: an important part of life by ankita yadav, 3. fashion as communication by eunice summers, 4. fashion 2022 by edudwar, 5. the effect of fashion on teenagers in school by anonymous on newyorkessays.com, 1. fashion trends and women, 2. fashion evolution, 3. fashion and starting a business, 4. effects of fashion on society, 5. the best fashion styles for men, 6. fashion trends in different countries , 7. careers in the fashion industry, 8. cultural fashion vs. modern fashion, 9. the best and worst of fashion trends.

“The clothes we wear has become more than merely a way to cover our nakedness; instead it has also become one of the primary ways in which people express themselves.”

George K explains that fashion separates individuals from the rest. A person can introduce himself to others for who and what he is through style choices. Further, the author expounds on how fashion is a very competitive industry that depends on one’s search for identity. The author also points out that every person is unique and thus needs a distinct style to fit them. However, because of constant peer pressure and criticism, an individual’s fashion picks can’t be entirely their own. Ultimately, George K reminds the reader that it’s not just the clothes but how individuals wear and feel in them.

“…if we can do something then it is choosing the right stuff like entertainment, adventure, fashion, etc. All these things can make us happy and are also an important part of life. Fashion always attracts and it is available for all,”

Yadav considers how fashion originated from people’s traditions and cultures and became what it is today through individuals adopting each style and making it their own. In the following sections of the essay, she defines fashion and lists its importance, including how it developed new employment options and how styles speak for the wearer. 

In her conclusion, she encourages everyone to choose their styles and not to mind their age. Fashion helps everyone live life to the fullest.

“Fashion is an industry based on creating a need where there is none and nowadays, due to the current recession, I can understand that fashion may not be people’s biggest concern. But we cannot qualify it as ‘trivial’ since we are surrounded by it; each new generation of customers is highly exposed to commercial influences.”

Summers gives her opinion about the book “Fashion as Communication” by Malcolm Barnard . She identifies points in the work and shares her thoughts on them. The first point being those working in the fashion industry aren’t smart. As a Fashion Marketing student, Summers vehemently disagrees with this statement and recounts her experiences to counter it. She continues to analyze Barnard’s other arguments and agrees with some of them. Summers ends her essay by highlighting that fashion is too essential in modern culture and economic organization for it to be considered “trivial.”

“…the youth cares more about what they wear and how they look which could affect their status in their peer group and meddle with their mental health. Following trends and doing what everyone is doing like a sheep is never a good idea. Fashion is there to reflect your personal style, not copying what other people think is trendy.”

User Edudwar reminds people that fashion is not simply following what’s currently trendy. Fashion is there to give people the chance to show off their individualism and personalities and not present a fake version of themselves to be accepted by society. Additionally, he mentions that youth nowadays are more sensitive to what people think of them, so some will always do everything to follow trends, even if they’re not presentable or appropriate.

“Youths of the present times have indulged themselves in so much fashion that they do not receive sufficient time for other work… The time spent on studies is being used in watching TV programmes, reading fashion articles, or even finding the recent trendy outfits on the Internet.”

The essay discusses the real effects of fashion on today’s youth. The author focuses on kids zeroing in on finding the latest style instead of caring for their studies that directly affect their future. The essay also delves into how youths of yesterday had ambitions and goals in life compared to today’s youths, who prefer to have fun rather than study hard.

See our best essay writing tips to help you write an attractive, attention-grabbing essay.

9 Writing Prompts For Essays About Fashion

To assist you with your essay, we’ve compiled nine exciting writing prompts you can use:

Some women follow fashion trends religiously. They are also more conscious of their physical appearance. Some even go to the extreme and do plastic surgeries to look better in clothes. In your essay, discuss what you think these trends do to women’s perception of their worth and beauty. Add which trends you believe are unhealthy and why there’s more societal pressure for women to be fashionable.

Each era had its styles that directly resulted from that time’s circumstances. Make a timeline of how fashion evolved and the factors that influenced them. At the end of your essay, pick what you think is the best fashion era and explain why.

For this prompt, include the relevant things a future fashion clothing boutique owner should bear in mind. For instance, they should always be on top of the fashion trends and know how to balance demand and costs. Then, find a boutique owner and interview them about their experience to make your essay more fun to read.

Tackle what makes people choose the clothes they wear daily. Some prefer their fashion to display their personalities while others merely follow what they think is popular. To make your essay more interesting, you can do a simple experiment: Go out in public on two occasions: while wearing your fashion picks and donning the latest fashionable clothes. Then, add your findings and how people reacted to you.

Fashion for men is different from women. Although most brands dedicate their line to women, men also deserve to know what makes them look fashionable; this essay lists styles that are excellent for men depending on the setting and event. 

What could be considered fashionable in one country can be seen as disrespectful in another. For this prompt, compile fashion trends many do but are unacceptable in other places. Reasons why may include religion or tradition. Use research data and cite reliable sourcing for a compelling piece.

In this essay, identify the career opportunities available in the fashion industry, including the steps to get there. Next, list the different job roles within fashion, and describe the responsibilities for each. Then, add tips on succeeding in that job and standing out from the rest. For an intriguing essay, conduct interviews with professionals within the industry and include this in your piece.

Our ancestors’ culture greatly influenced today’s fashion. Meanwhile, modern styles are those that the current generation uses. Write an essay about cultural and contemporary fashion’s differences, similarities, advantages, and disadvantages. 

Fashion trends come and go. However, not all popular fashion is pleasing to the eyes. For this essay, compile a list of what is, in your opinion, the best and worst fashion trends. Then, describe why you have formed these opinions and describe the details of each outfit.

Are you looking for your next essay subject? Check out our list of the best writing topics for students .

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

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Essay on Fashion for Students and Children

500+ words essay on fashion.

Fashion refers to anything that becomes a rage among the masses. Fashion is a popular aesthetic expression. Most Noteworthy, it is something that is in vogue. Fashion appears in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, hairstyles, lifestyle, and body proportions. Furthermore, Fashion is an industry-supported expression. In the contemporary world, people take fashion very seriously. Fashion is something that has permeated every aspect of human culture.

History of Fashion

The origin of Fashion is from the year 1826. Probably everyone believes Charles Frederick to be the first fashion designer of the world. He also established the first Fashion house in Paris. Consequently, he began the tradition of Fashion houses. Furthermore, he gave advice to customers on what clothing would suit them. He was prominent form 1826 to 1895.

During this period, many design houses hired artists. Furthermore, the job of these artists was to develop innovative designs for garments. The clients would examine many different patterns. Then they would pick the one they like. Consequently, a tradition began of presenting patterns to customers and then stitching them.

At the beginning of the 20th century, new developments in Fashion took place. These developments certainly began in Paris first. Then they spread in other parts of the world. Consequently, new designs first came into existence in France. From Paris, they went to other parts of the world. Hence, Paris became the Fashion capital of the world. Also, Fashion in this era was ‘haute couture’. This Fashion design was exclusively for individuals.

In the mid-20th century, a change took place. Now Fashion garments underwent mass production. There was a significant increase in the rate of production of Fashion garments. As a result, more and more people became involved with Fashion garments. By the end of the 20th century, a sense of Fashion awareness was very strong. Now people began to choose clothes based on their own style preference. Hence, people began to create their own trends instead of relying on existing trends.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Fashion Trend

Political influences certainly play a major role in influencing Fashion. Many politicians become fashion symbols. Notable examples are First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and Princess Diana. Also, political revolutions make a huge impact on the Fashion trend. For example, in 1960’s America, liberal clothing styles became popular among the younger generation. This was due to the Liberal revolution.

Another significant factor which influences Fashion trend is technology. There certainly has been a rapid growth of technology in the Fashion industry. For example, wearable technology has become a popular Fashion trend. Furthermore, 3D printing technology and the internet have also made an impact on Fashion.

Social influences are probably the strongest influences on the Fashion trend. Many music stars strongly influence Fashion choice. For example, wearing hoodies became famous due to rap musicians. Furthermore, movie and television actors create a big impact on Fashion. Many youngsters love to emulate the Fashion sense of their favourite celebrity.

To sum it up, Fashion certainly has become a part and parcel of human life. It certainly is a force that is here to stay. Most noteworthy, Fashion has immersed every place on Earth.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Fashion — The Evolution of Fashion Trends

The Evolution of Fashion Trends

• Categories: Fashion

About this sample

Words: 511 |

Published: Feb 7, 2024

Words: 511 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

The ancient origins of fashion, the influence of royalty and aristocracy, revolutions and societal change, the industrial revolution and mass production, the twentieth century and beyond, the role of technology and media, conclusion and the ongoing cycle.

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✍️Essay on Fashion: Samples in 100, 150, 200 Words

• Updated on  
• Oct 26, 2023

Fashion is a non-verbal form of expression that describes a person’s character and sense of style. Before, it was just the realm of the famous, and aristocracy. However, the average person, particularly young people, can now afford to wear fashionable clothing. Additionally, fashion started out as a trend but through time came to be accepted as a certain way of living, whether it be in terms of behaviour, apparel, or lifestyle. Speaking of which, in this blog, we will talk about how fashion has evolved over time in our sample essays. Let’s dive in. 

This Blog Includes:

History of fashion, essay on fashion in 100 words, essay on fashion in 150 words, essay on fashion in 200 words.

Not just fashion designers but other people are curious to know the history of fashion. According to historians, Charles Frederick Worth was the first fashion designer. When clothing was still created by unidentified seamstresses, he founded the House of Worth, a fashion design studio, in Paris. Contemporary fashion is characterized by a blend of diverse influences, styles, and trends from various cultures and time periods. Fashion has become more accessible and inclusive, with designers experimenting with sustainability, technology, and innovative materials to create unique and socially conscious clothing

Also Read: Essay on Nature: In 100 Words, 200 Words, 300 Words

Fashion encompasses clothing, accessories, and even behaviours, reflecting culture and individuality. Fashion evolves continuously, driven by designers, influencers, and changing norms. It has the power to convey identity, status, and creativity. Whether classic or avant-garde, fashion allows individuals to make statements and connect with others through a shared aesthetic.

It mirrors the zeitgeist, responding to economic, environmental, and social shifts. In a world of fast fashion and sustainability concerns, redefining our approach to style becomes essential. Fashion’s allure lies in its ability to blend art, identity, and innovation, shaping our visual language.

Fashion is a form of self-expression that plays a significant role in our lives. It includes clothing, accessories, and personal style, reflecting one’s personality and cultural influences. Fashion trends constantly evolve, influenced by designers, celebrities, and societal shifts.

The 1920s saw the rise of flapper dresses and a rebellious spirit, while the 1960s embraced mini skirts and the counterculture movement. In recent years, sustainability and ethical fashion have gained prominence, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly choices and responsible consumption.

Fashion is more than just aesthetics; it is an industry that impacts economies, employing millions worldwide. It serves as a medium for creative expression, and social movements often utilize fashion to convey powerful messages.

In conclusion, fashion is a versatile cultural force that goes beyond mere clothing. It reflects our society’s values and artistic expression.

Also Read: Essay on My Favourite Book: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Fashion is an evolving form of self-expression that has penetrated our daily lives, bringing more clothing choices to become a reflection of culture, identity, and individuality. 

Fashion, throughout history, has mirrored societal norms and values. It has been a canvas for rebellion or conformity. Whether it’s the flapper dresses of the 1920s, the bell-bottoms of the 1970s, or the minimalist styles of the 21st century, fashion has been a powerful communicator.

Moreover, the fashion industry is an economic powerhouse, shaping global trends and contributing significantly to various economies. It influences not only what we wear but also the jobs we create and the environmental impact we have.

Fashion’s role in personal identity is undeniable. People use clothing to express their personalities, tastes, and beliefs. It empowers individuals to feel confident and unique.

However, the fast fashion industry has been criticized for its environmental footprint and labor practices. However, over time calls for sustainable, ethical fashion have gained momentum, emphasizing the need for responsible consumption.

In conclusion, fashion is more than just attire; it’s a reflection of our culture, an economic force, a personal identifier, and a global conversation. As we navigate the complex world of fashion, it’s essential to strike a balance between personal expression, industry responsibility, and environmental sustainability.

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The development of clothing, footwear, accessories, cosmetics, and jewellery with varied cultural aesthetics and their mixing and matching to create outfits that represent distinct styles of dressing are referred to as fashion. 

Fashion is a form of expression that is not restricted to clothing, this term often refers to designer clothing and accessories.

Dressing up shows how we look at someone. They help create an idea of what we think of someone’s personality. Wearing makes someone comfortable and people will respect your individuality. Therefore, this is an important part of fashion. 

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay-writing page and follow Leverage Edu ! 

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Malvika is a content writer cum news freak who comes with a strong background in Journalism and has worked with renowned news websites such as News 9 and The Financial Express to name a few. When not writing, she can be found bringing life to the canvasses by painting on them.

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• Fashion Essay

Introduction

Fashion is a non-verbal way of communication that conveys a lot about the person’s personality, background and style. Earlier it was exclusively the world of the affluent, celebrities and royalty. However, fashion is now within the reach of the common man, especially the youth. Besides, dress fashion is an evolution of ideas, which begins as a fad, but in course of time gets accepted in society as a style, which could be in attire, behaviour or lifestyle. Fashion is mostly associated with glamour. It makes people feel confident and bold. People can express themselves openly. Today fashion is not limited to western countries; now, every country has come out with their fashion sense, not only the clothing but the accent of that country, the living style.

Vedantu experts have crafted an essay on fashion that covers its significance and how it reflects in your personality. This essay has promoted the thought perfectly that fashion is also about carrying yourself in society without having an attractive or trendy attire.  It is about being comfortable with yourself and not being a doppelganger of another person.

Why is Fashion Important?

Fashion is important because it reflects the culture of a country. It makes our life colourful and changes our life with time. In a way it also adds variety to life, providing an opportunity in trying out something new. Fashion is not only limited to clothing or makeup but in a much broader sense includes accessories like shoes, perfume, hairstyle, mannerism, etiquette and attitude towards life. Fashion is not restricted to self-expression only but also a means of self-empowerment and confidence. It encompasses the total spectrum of human activity, which relates to a specific period. It is an outlook of life.

Fashion is how you carry yourself in society without wearing anything trendy. It is how you attempt to make yourself look flawless even without any make-up. It helps you in revealing your true identity.

Evolution of Fashion

The world of fashion is always evolving.  It is amazing to see how the different events in history have influenced and changed the way people dressed and looked throughout time. Thus long dresses, veiled headgear that was trends of the Victorian era, have been replaced with micro and mini dresses and the jeans culture associated with the modern era. 

From the 1920s to the 1990s fashion just not changed in clothing but also in accessories, footwear and hairstyles. The trends of wearing hats, carrying purses, shoes and men wearing long ties and bows have been continuously changing with periods, occasions and culture.

Hairstyles also have been changing throughout time. Short boyish haircuts were popular during the 1920s to 1940s. Wigs were more popular in the 1960s and thereafter hairstyles kept changing from short to bob cut then to mid-back cut and now maintaining long hair.

Fashion Industry

As fashion evolved, the industry was formulated to manage the process for the consumers. The fashion world has given shape to a new industry, the ‘Fashion Industry’.

The fashion industry was created to design, manufacture and market clothes, footwear and accessories. Before creating the apparel industry, people made clothes for themselves. The mass production of clothing began in the mid-nineties when some creators began to make garments that did not require any fitting session with the tailors. The fashion industry in its true sense was established in the twentieth century when the neighbourhood tailors decided to become the manufacturing business.

Fashion impacting the Youth

The positive side of fashion is it enhances your life. It not only allows you to dress fashionably but also allows being independent in thinking and maintaining self-esteem. At the same time, fashion is negatively impacting the youth. It has taken up the life of the youth so much that the youngsters are highly obsessed with creating style statements at an age where they need to focus on their studies and other important aspects of life. The fashion trend has become a cult with today’s generation. They blindly try to imitate the models and celebrities without understanding the true essence of fashion.

Advantages of Vedantu Essay on Fashion

Vedantu gives you ideas about the necessary things to include in an essay on fashion. The experts available on the Vedantu have included moral based thoughts in this particular essay that help students connect with the meaning of the phrases. 

Vedantu has uploaded essays on subjects relevant to the students or trending in the world platform, which have more chances of occurring in the examination.

Content of Fashion Essay

Vedantu has provided you with a piece of detailed information on the essential points to include in the essay on fashion. After a thorough study, experts have added the following points.

While writing about fashion, you have to put some extra effort to explain evolution in both positive and negative ways.

The fashion world has given a new face to the clothing market. It has turned into a fashion industry.

Impact of fashion on teenagers

Teenagers are more cautious about their attire; they are aware of only one prevalent face of fashion.

What is the importance of fashion?

The need is therefore to strike a balance between being fashionable and wearing what suits you. The young generation needs to understand that fashion in the true sense is the attitude that you carry and just not fashionable clothes and accessories.

FAQs on Fashion Essay

1. What is the core of fashion?

Fashion is not only about wearing trendy clothes or footwear. The core of fashion lies inside the person. Fashionable core comes active when you wear something with confidence to show your choices to the world. And that is the only thing to make fashion a trend from time to time. Vedantu experts, after a detailed study, have explained this stuff, and that’s what makes an essay on fashion a complete package to deliver to the audience.

2. How is fashion impacting today’s generation?

Fashion affects today’s generation with its useless and dented influence that fashion is limited to costly clothes and gadgets. Teenagers are easy targets for those who consider themselves influential personalities under the name of fashion. Many of the time, the child gets intrigued by looking at the lifestyle of another person. They fall into the eye-pleasing trap and try to copy the same. It leads them to lose their own identity and wear fake costly attire to please their hunger for recognition among their friends.

3. How does Vedantu help in essay writing?

Vedantu offers you essays on different topics that have a chance of coming in the exams or already had in the exams. Experts of Vedantu have explained the requirement of the essay and suggested the points to include in a good essay. Also, with Vedantu, you learn various facts about various topics that can help you retain the process of making an excellent essay. Go to vedantu.com to explore more topics, and start writing essays of your own to express your understanding of the topics.

4. Does fashion help in your growth?

Yes, fashion does help you grow if you understand the right meaning of it. Following any person and famishing for recognition is not a fashion that can help you grow. It helps you when you understand fashion is more about being right with your choices regarding the dressing, accent, or culture of your community or country. Fashion is nothing more than a term for the things that makes you comfortable and enhance your confidence in being you.

5. Are fashion and trends different?

Yes, fashion and trends are different. The trend follows the fashion; fashion never leaves the frame, it gets highlighted from time to time, and at some particular time, it becomes a trend that everybody follows. Trends have a short life, but fashion stays for life. It gets older with time, like the dhoti kurta culture of India has become old, but it gets rejuvenated with the new look, and it becomes a trend for a while. Fashion is more real than trends.

6. What is Fashion?

Fashion is self-expression in the form of clothing, accessories, footwear, hairstyle, perfume, etiquettes and attitude.

7. Who is known as the Father of Fashion?

Charles Frederick Worth is known as the father of fashion.

8. How is Fashion impacting Today’s Generation?

Fashion has become a cult in this modern era. Youngsters especially blindly want to imitate celebrities and models. They are forgetting the true essence of fashion. They think that fashion is confined to only clothing, footwear and accessories.

9. Why is Fashion Important?

Fashion is important because it is the reflection of our society and culture.

Free Fashion Essay Examples & Topics

The way a person presents says a lot about their character. And everyone has their style. However, not everyone is fashionable. Fashion is the popular and prevailing way of dressing, which often follows particular trends in a given era. Unlike style, it is characterized by change. Fashion follows cycles and constantly evolves together with society.

What is fashion, if not a form of art? Of course, it is a tool and a statement. But very often, fashion trends are reflective of their time. They are influenced by real-life events, politics, values, and socioeconomic changes. Fashion culture reveals human culture, and this is why it is so important.

If you require help writing a fashion essay, you’ve come to the right place. Our experts have prepared tips and tricks that will be useful in your academic paper. Below, you will also find fashion essay examples and topics.

Structure-wise, a fashion essay is no different from any other academic paper. However, some tips and tricks will make your job significantly easier.

Here are recommendations on how to improve your essay on fashion:

• Pick an idea that is not too broad. It is best to avoid exploring general topics. A question like “Is it very important nowadays to be in trend?” is not specific enough for you to examine. If your title is too broad, then you won’t be able to include details and specifics. The best topics are always narrowed down to allow room for insight.
• Check whether you can research your topic. It is good to have a precise idea of what you want to write. However, make sure that you aren’t backing yourself into a corner. If your topic turns out to be too narrow, you will not be able to do any research. This is why it is a good idea to check for credible sources while you are still researching.
• Form arguments and find examples from the start. It is a good idea to start thinking of your thesis statement once you have settled on a topic. It is a central argument of your paper, and our thesis generator can formulate it for you. Of course, you will need to back it up with evidence. Collect your facts from the very beginning and keep everything organized for efficiency.
• Outline your fashion essay. Just like always, you will need an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Jot down topic sentences for each of your body paragraphs before you begin writing. Outlining your essay simplifies the process and makes your task easier.
• Make sure that the content of your paper fits the topic. Now that you have everything that you need in front of you, it is time to revise. Fashion is a complex subject, and it is easy to get carried away. The most critical thing for you is to stay on topic and not drift off into irrelevant questions.
• Double-check the instructions before you begin writing. It is a good idea to take another look at the assessment criteria. This will give you a general understanding of what is expected of you. If you feel like you are heading in the wrong direction, double-check your instructions.
• Use a catchy title to capture the readers’ attention. Since fashion is about expression, your essay has to live up to the standards. This will lend more credibility to your work. Show your passion by spending some extra time on your title to make it stand out.

Amazing Fashion Essay Topics

Are you writing a fashion trend essay? Or maybe you want to tackle early 2000s fashion? Or maybe, you still have no idea what you will be writing. In that case, here we have created an extensive list of fashion topics .

Otherwise, you can check the following ideas:

• History of fashion in the 21 st century.
• Vogue : how fashion magazines influence trends.
• What is fast fashion, and is it ethical?
• Zara : a case study of fashion marketing.
• Teenage fashion among students in Japan.
• Fashion and design – a study of the fashion show runway.
• Clothes and fashion on the red carpet of the Silver Age.
• How do fashion designers predict the next big craze?
• Why are unisex clothes prevalent in today’s fashion?
• The importance of sustainable fashion.
• Present-day fashion in the workplace – what changed?
• The evolution of the fashion industry in China.
• Modern high fashion and gender.
• The importance of fashion in my life.
• Throwback to the 90s: the obsession with retro fashion today.

And that is all for now. We sincerely hope that you found our tips and topics useful! If you’re looking for more ideas, you can always find more fashion essay examples below.

Thank you for reading!

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100 Fashion Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Fashion has always been a fascinating and ever-evolving industry that captures the attention of millions of people worldwide. Whether you're a fashion enthusiast, a student studying fashion design, or simply someone looking for inspiration, writing an essay about fashion can be both fun and educational. To help you get started, here are 100 fashion essay topic ideas and examples that you can explore:

• The evolution of fashion trends over the decades
• The impact of social media on fashion
• The role of sustainability in the fashion industry
• The influence of celebrity fashion on mainstream trends
• The history of high fashion and couture
• The rise of streetwear culture
• The psychology behind fashion choices
• The cultural significance of traditional dress
• The relationship between fashion and identity
• The role of fashion in shaping gender norms
• The impact of fast fashion on the environment
• The history of fashion magazines
• The role of fashion in art and design
• The influence of technology on fashion design
• The future of wearable technology in fashion
• The impact of globalization on fashion production
• The ethics of fur and leather in fashion
• The importance of diversity and inclusivity in fashion
• The role of fashion in political activism
• The history of fashion icons and trendsetters
• The impact of economic recession on fashion trends
• The evolution of fashion photography
• The relationship between fashion and music
• The influence of subcultures on mainstream fashion
• The history of fashion weeks around the world
• The impact of body positivity movements on fashion
• The role of fashion in film and television
• The influence of street style on high fashion
• The history of fashion advertising
• The significance of uniforms in fashion
• The impact of social media influencers on fashion trends
• The role of fashion in consumer culture
• The evolution of swimwear trends
• The relationship between fashion and architecture
• The influence of vintage fashion on modern trends
• The history of fashion in sports
• The impact of climate change on fashion production
• The role of fashion in challenging beauty standards
• The significance of fashion collaborations between designers
• The evolution of fashion accessories
• The influence of art movements on fashion design
• The history of fashion in sub-Saharan Africa
• The impact of colonialism on fashion in Asia
• The role of fashion in self-expression
• The significance of fashion in religious rituals
• The influence of nature on fashion trends
• The history of denim and jeans in fashion
• The impact of body modification on fashion
• The role of fashion in creating social change
• The evolution of footwear trends
• The influence of military uniforms on fashion
• The history of fashion in the LGBTQ+ community
• The impact of the fashion industry on body image
• The role of fashion in mental health awareness
• The significance of fashion in protest movements
• The influence of technology on sustainable fashion
• The history of fashion in Indigenous communities
• The impact of social media filters on beauty standards
• The role of fashion in cultural appropriation
• The evolution of lingerie trends
• The influence of dance on fashion design
• The history of fashion in the Middle East
• The impact of fashion on self-esteem
• The role of fashion in creating social hierarchies
• The significance of fashion in rites of passage
• The influence of literature on fashion trends
• The history of fashion in the punk subculture
• The impact of fashion on mental health
• The role of fashion in gender fluidity
• The evolution of handbag trends
• The influence of street art on fashion design
• The history of fashion in the digital age
• The impact of fashion on body dysmorphia
• The role of fashion in creating cultural stereotypes
• The significance of fashion in the disability community
• The influence of drag culture on fashion
• The history of fashion in the hip-hop community
• The impact of fashion on self-identity
• The role of fashion in social mobility
• The evolution of jewelry trends
• The influence of the Renaissance on fashion design
• The role of fashion in gender

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Fashion Essay

Fashion is something that is in vogue, it specifically refers to clothes, hairstyle, shoes and various accessories.

People these days are very particular about living in style and thus religiously follow fashion trends.

There are many types of fashion trends all over the world at all times.

India is a country of diverse culture and thus different fashion trends are followed in different parts of the country.

Short Essay on Fashion 200 words:

Fashion is something that becomes a rage among the general public, we see different fashion trends enter and fall in the market like a storm.

Clothing is particularly an arena that sees a changing fashion trend followed by a large number of people.

These days people like to wear nice dress to look presentable in society.

To keep up with the changing times, people upgrade their style according to the latest trend in the market.

Women especially have an inclination towards following fashion and thus keep an eye on the latest trends, kurtis were in fashion until a few years ago.

Almost every woman, especially women living in urban areas, were seen wearing long kurtis in different designs, patterns and styles.

After a few years, there was a trend of wearing short kurtis and women immediately replaced short kurtis.

Anyone wearing a long kurti out of trend, feels bit awkward.

In today’s time, people have become very particular about fashion because it gives them a sense of belonging.

It helps them to be one with the society and does not see the heterosexual out.

Fashion has become more than a style these days and has become a necessity of almost everyone.

Fashion Essay 300 words:

A Fashion has become extremely important among students.

Passed are the days when parents used to keep their children away from the fashion world and put them in simple clothes so that their entire focus is on their studies.

These days, parents encourage their children to follow the latest fashions to be smart and presentable.

They buy new clothes and accessories for their children and make sure that they dress smartly.

Parents responsible for fashion craze among students:

Everybody wants to look good these days and it’s not a bad thing, however, its very impact can have a negative impact especially on students.

At their age when they should be encouraged to study and participate in extra-curricular activities to find out their interest, parents are often concerned about their looks.

Our society is becoming a place where everyone wants to show off.

People want to show how good they are, how good they look, they have full knowledge about the latest fashion trends and how they are equipped with the latest gadgets.

They not only dress their children best during social gatherings, but they also visit nearby malls or parks. They also buy the latest gadgets for their children.

Fashion among college students:

Colleges have always been a place where students get the freedom to wear what they want.

Everyone wants to look good and thus look for the best clothes, shoes, accessories and bags that suit the latest fashion. Both girls and boys are seen wearing beautiful fashionable clothes.

They are also seen wearing smart watches and using the latest mobiles which are in vogue.

Fashion trends change frequently and college students frequently shop to change their wardrobe and show off the latest trend.

Conclusion:

These days students have become very particular about fashion. She loves flaunting the latest fashion trends and making her own style statement.

Effect of Fashion on Student Life Essay 400 words:

The youth of our country follow the fashion trend like no other generation.

Unlike older people, young people like to experiment with their look, they do not hesitate to try new things and accept change.

Therefore, they are always on the lookout for new fashion trends.

Fashion and Youth- fashion essay:

The youth in our country have not been made so much aware of fashion as it is in the present time, culture in our country is changing day by day.

People these days work in corporate offices that follow a culture of socialization.

Corporate parties and social gatherings are thrown every time.

People wear the best of their dresses at these parties to impress their colleagues and customers.

The appearance of a person goes a long way in making an impression and therefore dressing is well valued.

Now, dressing-up is well synonymous with dressing according to the latest fashion, keeping in mind the location and occasion.

Youth very often make time to shop for fashionable outfits, watches, bags / purses and shoes, to look their best not only during special events, but also on a regular day.

Role of Social Media:

Social media has also increased the craze of fashion among the youth. People, especially youth, show everything on social media.

They post their pictures wearing trendy clothes, using the latest gadgets and venturing out to the most happening pubs and restaurants.

All this has become fashionable today, posting pictures and looking at pictures posted by others is a favorite time of youth today.

They inspire each other to look fashionable through such pictures and posts.

They buy fashionable clothes and visit places happening in their city and show it through social media platforms.

Feel Good Factor:

In today’s time, when there is too much competition and tension around, fashion provides a sense of freedom from all these things.

It has been rightly said, when you look good you feel good.

The youth follow this mantra religiously, it is a good factor to follow fashion and stay in style and there is a desire to take the youth on this path.

For the youth, following fashion has become a way of life.

They keep an eye on the latest fashion trends through the internet and incorporate them into their lives.

They are inspired by celebrities and try to imitate their style to look like them.

Modern Fashion Essay 500 words:

The fashion trend changes with each passing season.

Those who dress according to the latest fashion trends are considered to mark, while those who stick to the old are called outdated.

Today, our fashion and style reflect our personality to a large extent.

Fashion trends among young girls:

Young girls come out on top most list when it comes to fashion trends. They have a plethora of choice when it comes to fashionable clothes, accessories, bags, shoes and hairstyles.

Whereas in earlier times, young girls used to think about the latest trends from fashion magazines, latest television shows and movies, in today’s times it has become very easy to find out what is in vogue.

While the Internet has made it easier, the advent of social media has made it easier.

Young girls follow fashion forums and blogs to trend in the fashion world.

They also follow their favorite celebrities on social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook to see their latest photos.

They are inspired by beautiful clothes, hairstyles and accessories of celebrities and try to contain them.

Denim jeans have been in vogue for young girls for decades and are still in fashion, however, many new western clothes are in fashion these days.

The girls are seen wearing skirts, spaghetti tops, shorts, short dresses, ripped t-shirts, crop tops, off shoulder and a lot of other items.

Different T-shirts and dresses with different cuts and designs come into fashion from time to time and the market is filled with the same.

Fashion trend among youth:

These days young men has also become very fashion conscious.

They also follow their favorite celebrities on social media and try to look cool like them.

These days, young boys have started going to salons more than ever, they dye their hair and trim their nails.

They also search for the latest fashion clothes and dress accordingly.

Young men are particularly fond of watches and shoes. They keep a track of the latest watches launched by various brands and tailor them to their style.

Likewise, they also keep an eye on the latest shoe trends and incorporate them. Many men look up to certain celebrities and dress up just like them.

Fashion trends among middle Ages:

Not only are the youth of the country but the middle-aged people equally are fashion conscious.

They detest being called old and outdated and thus consistently follow the latest fashion trends.

When it comes to middle-aged men and women, there are many options and these trends change.

While clothes and accessories are more vibrant for the young, fashion wear is more subtle for middle-aged people and gives them a beautiful look.

The trend of fashion is constantly changing.

Though we like wearing clothes as per the latest fashion, but before blindly following any trend we should make sure that the particular style suits us.

Essay on Fashion 600 words:

Fashion has become an integral part of our society in modern times.

We belong to a society where people value the form of a person more than anything else.

A person’s social status and personality is judged by his or her outward appearance.

People follow the latest fashion trends to look good and impress others.

Fashion: To keep pace with the Society.

These day’s’ people have become very fair and more than the manner and character of a person, they value his physical appearance.

A person who dresses according to the latest fashion and style, everyone likes it.

Everyone likes to befriend such a person. He becomes an inspiration to others.

People mistake this external beauty for intelligence and seek opinions from such people and like socializing with them.

It is as if following fashion has become necessary to maintain the momentum of society.

A person who is well dressed according to the latest fashion is seen by others.

Different locations and different fashion trends:

India is a country of different cultures. The culture of a place plays an important role in establishing the fashion trend of that place.

While Kanchivaram sarees are in fashion in Tamil Nadu, Chhoti Kurti and Patiala salwar is prevalent in Punjab.

Similarly tunics, churidars and muflar are in fashion in Kashmir, while lungi is in style in Kerala.

The cuts and patterns of these attire change over time and people follow these latest trends.

Fashion: Inspired by Celebrities:

While fashion trends differ in different regions of India, people living in the metropolitan cities of the country follow a common trend that is mostly inspired by Bollywood celebrities.

New fashion trends accompany new movies and television shows, the new look is given to the actors to make each character stand out.

New types of attire, hairstyles and accessories are introduced and they become a rage among people.

People in our country see Bollywood celebrities as style icons, they keep an eye on every new trend that follows them and try to involve them.

At times, T-shirts, dresses, suits, shoes, belts and jewelery worn by celebrities have become extremely popular among the public.

Replicas of their designer wear are made available in the market and they are sold like hot buns.

These trends persist for a few weeks or months and are replaced by new ones. People do not hesitate to change their wardrobe with changing fashion.

Fashion Essay: Inspired by the West:

Today, most of India’s fashion trends are inspired by the West, oldern days when people wore only saris, salwar kameezes and kurta pajamas.

The youth of the country is inspired by Western culture and this is reflected not only in their thinking, but also in their fashion trends.

The girls are seen wearing a wide variety of western outfits along with jeans, T-shirts, skirts, frocks and other clothing items.

Boys also prefer to wear trousers, shorts, denim jeans and T-shirts instead of Indian attire. Western clothes appear more free and comfortable and have become a fashion in this way.

Indian Fashion Designer: Inspiring the West:

We have not only taken inspiration from the West, but have also inspired them for fashion.

Casual cotton kurtas and designer Indian sarees have become quite popular in Western countries. Bindi has also become a fashion trend among women in the West.

RELATED ESSAYS:

SOCIAL MEDIA ESSAY | ESSAY ON MYSELF | MOB LYNCHING ESSAY

Conclusion for fashion essay:

Thus, fashion today occupies an important place in people’s lives. It has become a way of expression.

 As Bill Cunningham states, “Fashion is the armor to live everyday life”.

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What does 2024's babydoll trend say about the progress of the female gaze?

By Nuria Luis

Today, fashion seems to be seen through thick doll's eyelashes. You can see it referenced during some of fashion's recent moments. Marc Jacobs proposed playing with the proportions of his cut-out silhouettes . Meanwhile, in the week of haute couture, John Galliano (sorry, Maison Margiela) made the internet go crazy with his mysterious porcelain skin effect. The concept could equally be transferred to clothing, with the babydoll dress as a metaphor linked to the sixties nostalgia of the spring 2024 collections of Gucci or Marni or the romantic aesthetics of Cecilie Bahnsen and Sandy Liang.

Some have seen in its current return the union of the comfort sought in the pandemic and the subsequent desire to have fun through excess. This hollowed-out look certainly has the liberation of its seams, but also the dilemma of its semantics. With origins linked to children's wear and women's lingerie, it has historically been subservient to the male gaze. Pop culture is full of significant examples that infantilized and sexualized women, such as the well-known Lolita (the movie, not the novel) or, curiously, Baby Doll, Baby Doll a 1956 film of the same name about an older man married to a little girl. In this cultural landscape, the babydoll design came to become the uniform of a decade as revolutionary as it was incongruous. "Everything is more complex than it seems," argues historian and fashion theorist Sílvia Rosés, “If patriarchy is not yet eradicated, we can't ask for it to be eradicated in the 1960s.”

Without leaving this garment aside, one could also mention the coquette phenomenon that has flooded the catwalk and social media with bows , ruffles and pink details. Together, both inspirations integrate a totum revolutum with a certain sense when talking about their common elements, traditionally hyper-feminine codes that seem to be back (with all that that entails). "If we talk about a delicate and tender woman, all the alarms go off. Itties in with the tradition of being weak, a concept forged in Romanticism ," says Rosés. The question is, on the one hand, whether an aesthetic can be recovered by ignoring its controversial significance. In the Z generation, this revisionism of past eras is quite common: they tried it with the dosmilera fashion and they seem to do it again with the coquette universe. "Since it became popular, the focus has been more on makeup , fashion and décor than on what others might conceive of as sexy," notes Kellen Beckett whose TikTok profile has become a benchmark for this style on social media .

By Prabal Sharma

By Alessandra Signorelli

By Vogue Staff

For Rosés, the implication of this hyper-femininity in 2024 depends on how it is conjured and the intention behind it, such as Courtney Love's twist on the babydoll dress. "Also, there is no single hyperfeminine aesthetic," she points out. Although today it is not a bounded terrain, some factors contribute to democratising it even more. Ilya Parkins mentions the activism for body diversity and also the approach of the LGTBIQ + collective: "With their gender play as something performative and artificial, these communities really contribute to the advancement of this trend", declares this professor who specializes in fashion and gender studies at the University of British Columbia. In her opinion, this style is approached today with a satirical point of view, influenced in part by the influence of drag culture : "It is an ironic and conscious appropriation of femininity. It leads to playfulness with exaggeratedly feminine elements that we are seeing in current babydoll fashion."

The rise of this aesthetic also invites a rereading of the concept. "A few years ago it was considered unattractive to still like bows or lace. Now we have girls who love these stereotypically 'girly' details and support those who like them too," Becket muses. If pink is not incompatible with the feminist struggle, as journalist Alba Correa reflected in an article in Vogue.es, the traits that are presupposed to it cease to have that negative patina in certain areas."To me, an adult woman who knows what she wants, whatever colour she wears, pink or not, who is romantic because she is passionate and compassionate, who risks being vulnerable, seems to me more courageous, feminine and human," she reflects. Patrícia Soley-Beltranauthor of Divinas! Models, power and lies , winner of the 2015 Anagrama Essay Prize. However, at a social level, there seems to be a certain rejection of this type of code. "There was a conservative response against Barbie, and although it could be understood as a reaction against feminism, I also think it was against the hyper-femininity perceived in the film," Parkins argues when talking about the film in the context of this aesthetic. Along these lines, Sílvia Rosés speaks of a social polarization: "We are at a point of exaltation of the family and traditional values. The right wing is pulling towards their interests".

Trying to give a framework to this return, Dazed aligned girly aesthetics with the excess that the New Romantics wore to escape in times of crisis. That this gesture is a movement with a greater meaning generates different opinions. "It's a game, it's not going to change our lives," Soley-Beltran muses. For Parkins, it does not necessarily imply a proclamation, but it contributes to the first step in decontextualizing conventional femininities . As Rosés says, all fashion is political, not just maximalist fashion.

This story first appeared on vogue.es

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Expos 20 | Fashion Icons: Power and Style

• HOLLIS: Searching Panoramically Across Harvard's Discovery Space
• Fashion Icons: Research Guide

Understand What HOLLIS Is

Know how to build good searches, take control of your search results.

• Tools for Deep-Searching, Close-Looking, or Special Focus
• Generating Research Leads From What You Have in Hand
• Getting around Paywalls on the Web
• Citing Your Sources

HOLLIS  is two databases in one. 

It combines the extensive contents of our library catalog , the record every item owned by every Harvard Library with those of another, large and multidisciplinary database of journal, newspaper, and magazine articles. 

Think of HOLLIS as a discovery platform -- a way to search panoramically across subjects, languages, time periods, and information formats.

In HOLLIS, you'll only get at articles by using the default "Catalog & Articles" option. That's the most common way users approach HOLLIS: they take a wide-angled approach to their information seeking and work to sharpen their focus from there.

Creating search strings with some of the techniques below can help you get better results up front. 

While the broad and panoramic approach to searching  HOLLIS  can be mind-opening, you can sometimes find yourself overwhelmed by either the numbers or types of results your search returns.

When that happens, try one of these easy tricks to bring your results into sharper focus:

Limit your search results set to BOOKS or BOOK CHAPTERS.

• Your numbers will immediately get smaller. And with book chapters, you may discover a great resource that you might not have seen by relying solely on the titles of books.

 Limit your search results set to PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES.

• You'll eliminate newspaper and magazine materials as well as books, of course, but you'll also raise the visibility of scholarly journal articles in what displays. 

Think about limiting your results to publications from the last 5, 10, 15, or 20 years.

• By doing so you'll get a snapshot of the most recent research trends and scholarly approaches in a field (or around a particular issue).

Try adding an additional keyword (or keywords) to add precision or definition.

• handbook   or companion or encyclopedia   are common words to help identify good background or overview sources.
• history is a way to get at full-length studies not just of countries or events, but also of ideas and concepts and broad subjects. 
• debate or controversy (or controvers * to pick up variants), or contested or  disputed are words that will often help you surface works that identify the "stakes" of a particular argument, action, conclusion, etc. 
• biography: for book-length studies of an individaul or an inistitution (like.a fashion house). 
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Gen-Z Doesn’t Care About Table Manners. So What?

By Clare Finney

“‘Sit up straight,’ said mom to Mabel, ‘and keep your elbows off the table!’” This was the silly, somewhat nonsensical rhyme my stepmom used to reprimand us with whenever our table manners got out of line. My brothers and I still chant it now—in jest, of course. For one thing, we’re adults, and for another, who cares anymore? To pull someone up for leaning a casual elbow on the table as they reach for a few more fries feels as outdated as critiquing them for mishandling a grapefruit spoon.

In fact, it’s worse than outdated; it feels actively rude, a form of class-based snobbery akin to mocking hand-me-downs or regional accents. Which is why, when a recent U.K. survey declared certain table manners were “a thing of the past,” I was neither outraged nor surprised. According to the British restaurant chain Prezzo, “almost three quarters (73 percent) of Brits believe people care less about table manners compared to previous generations,” or so they found when they polled 2,000-odd diners.

As for what those table manners include: there are the aforementioned elbows on the table, which 77 percent of Gen-Z don’t care about; starting before other diners’ food has arrived (38 percent don’t care); using a knife and fork “correctly” (77 percent don’t care); and eating off each other’s plates (37 percent don’t care). You could argue, as many will, that this is yet more proof we’re headed to hell in a handcart, or you could see it as a reflection of a more progressive, communal, and enjoyable dining scene.

Take those elbows, for example. The act of leaning in to better reach a dish or hear the conversation reflects enthusiasm for the whole dining experience. Ditto eating off someone else’s plate, which is arguably the result of our growing preference for a sharing-style approach to food. In the last 30 years, the dining landscape on both sides of the pond has transformed beyond all recognition. It’s more diverse, more inclusive, led by good produce rather than propriety. Starched white tablecloths have—for the most part—been replaced with easily cleaned marble or wooden tables, which are far better suited to sharing plates and their attendant splashes and spills.

Then there’s waiting for everyone else’s food to arrive before starting to eat yours, even though you can see its heat dissipating in front of you. Of course, in days of yore, it would have been rude to crack on while your fellow diners were still empty-plated—but that’s because their dishes would have been mere seconds away. In this boldly flavored new world, we’re told, food comes “when it’s ready”—and when it does, we all cry, “Start, please, while it’s hot!” to the lucky recipient. That’s assuming, of course, that we’re not splitting it with them—which, let’s face it, is highly likely. We live in a city in which even pasta and cocktails are designed to be shared.

This isn’t a mark of disrespect towards those we’re eating with; it’s a mark of respect for the quality of the food and the restaurant experience . Most of us don’t eat out because we’re incapable of cooking or to see or be seen anymore; we eat out for the love of the atmosphere and the dishes being served. To that end, the manners that matter are those that enhance this experience, such as offering around the last croqueta before nabbing it—a custom only 13 percent of diners overlook, apparently. It’s telling, too, that the few things we still apparently regard as non-negotiable are those that pertain to conviviality and basic hygiene rather than propriety. Talking with food in your mouth, snapping your fingers at servers, and being overly loud in a restaurant are “the rudest things you can do whilst out for a meal” according to the majority of those surveyed—closely followed by using your phone.

For me, it’s the last one that’s a real sticking point – and the one breach of etiquette that almost everyone I know is guilty of. “Sorry, do you mind if I just…” we mutter, as we go ahead and take a call or snap a photo. It’s a “real buzz barrier” one restaurateur told me; “an insidious presence” complained another. It is the opposite of conviviality (and hygiene, too, given how many germs phones carry), and we all know it.

Of course, one could argue that this behavior is also a reflection of the quality of restaurant food these days. When dishes are as Instagrammable as they are now, we’re going to take photos of them; when menus feature ingredients we don’t recognize, we can surely be forgiven for looking them up. Eating out has become a more interactive experience generally, and most people I know are more capable of googling than putting their phones away.

But while I’m as guilty as the next punter, I think the problem of phones at the table is one of those few rules that transcend class, countries, and culture. It offends something at our very core. So I welcome the wane of certain, silly table manners. I’ll happily put my elbows on the table and steal a chip from someone else’s plate using my fish fork. But in embracing the emergence of a more elbow-lead, don’t-hold-back approach to feasting, we should be wary of the thing that most threatens it. Put your elbows on the table by all means, Mabel—but put away your phone.

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Trump’s Backers Are Determined Not to Blow It This Time Around

By Thomas B. Edsall

Mr. Edsall contributes a weekly column from Washington, D.C., on politics, demographics and inequality.

In a rare display of unity, more than 100 conservative tax-exempt organizations have joined forces in support of Donald Trump and the MAGA agenda, forming a $2 billion-plus political machine.

Together, these organizations are constructing a detailed postelection agenda, lining up prospective appointees and backing Trump in his legal battles.

Most of the work performed by these nonprofit groups is conducted behind closed doors. Unlike traditional political organizations, these groups do not disclose their donors and must reveal only minimal information on expenditures. In many cases, even this minimal information will not be available until after the 2024 election.

Nonprofits like these are able to maintain a cloak of secrecy by positioning themselves as “charitable organizations” under section 501(c)(3 ) of the tax code or as “social welfare organizations” under section 501(c)(4 ).

Not only are these tax-exempt organizations attractive to large contributors who want to keep their role secret; 501(c)(3) groups have an added benefit: Donors can deduct their gifts from their taxable income.

The benefits don’t end there. The minimal reporting requirements imposed on political nonprofits lend themselves to self-dealing, particularly the payment of high salaries and consulting fees, and the award of contracts to for-profit companies owned by executives of the charitable groups.

“The growth of these groups is largely flying under the radar,” Sean Westwood , a political scientist at Dartmouth, wrote by email in response to my inquiry. “This level of coordination is unprecedented.”

Theda Skocpol , a professor of government and sociology at Harvard, replying by email to my inquiry, wrote, “These are detailed plans to take full control of various federal departments and agencies from the very start and to use every power available to implement radical ethnonationalist regulations and action plans.”

This activity, Skocpol continued, amounts to a “full prep for an authoritarian takeover, buttressed by the control Trump and Trumpists now have over the G.O.P. and its apparatuses.”

In this drive by the right to shape policy, should Trump win, there are basically three power centers.

The first is made up of groups pieced together by Leonard Leo , a co-chairman of the Federalist Society, renowned for his role in the conservative takeover of the Supreme Court and of many key posts in the federal and state judiciaries.

If cash is the measure, Leo is the heavyweight champion. Two years ago, my Times colleagues Kenneth P. Vogel and Shane Goldmacher disclosed that a little-known Chicago billionaire, Barre Seid , who made his fortune manufacturing electronic equipment, turned $1.6 billion over to the Marble Freedom Trust , a tax-exempt organization created by Leo in 2021, helping to turn it into a powerhouse.

The second nexus of right-wing tax-exempt groups is the alliance clustered on Capitol Hill around the intersection of 3rd Street SE and Independence Avenue — offices and townhouses that fashion themselves as “ patriots’ row .”

Former Trump campaign aides, lawyers and executive appointees, including Mark Meadows , Stephen Miller , Edward Corrigan and Cleta Mitchell , run these organizations. After Trump was defeated in 2020, the cash flow to these groups surged.

The third center is coordinated by the Heritage Foundation , which, under the leadership of Kevin D. Roberts , who assumed the presidency in 2021, has become a committed ally of the MAGA movement.

Heritage, in turn, has created Project 2025 in preparation for a potential Trump victory in November. In a statement of purpose, the project declared:

It is not enough for conservatives to win elections. If we are going to rescue the country from the grip of the radical Left, we need both a governing agenda and the right people in place, ready to carry this agenda out on day one of the next conservative administration.

There are more than 100 members of Project 2025, and they include not only most of the patriots’ row groups but also much of the Christian right and the anti-abortion movement.

In the view of Lawrence Rosenthal , chairman and founder of the Berkeley Center for Right-Wing Studies, the convergence of so many conservative organizations leading up to the 2024 election marks a reconciliation, albeit partial, between the two major wings of the Republican Party — the more traditional market fundamentalists and the populist nationalists.

“In 2024,” Rosenthal wrote by email,

the free-market fundamentalists are making their peace on a more basic level than simply tax cuts. Their historic long-term goal — rolling back the federal government to pre-New Deal levels — corresponds to the nationalists’ goal of “deconstruction of the administrative state.” This is what the likes of the now thoroughly MAGA-fied Heritage Foundation is putting together. Recasting the administrative state as the “deep state,” a veritable launchpad for conspiracy-mongering innuendo, easily brings the populists along for the ride despite a What’s-the-Matter-with-Kansas-like abandonment of their own economic interests on the part of a sector of the population particularly dependent on the range of targets like Social Security and Medicare that the administrative-state deconstructors have in their sights. In return the populists are seeing avatars of Christian nationalism in unprecedented roles of political power — to wit the current speaker of the House.

The populist-nationalist wing has an agenda that “goes beyond what the free-market fundamentalists have had in mind,” Rosenthal continued:

The model here is by now explicitly Orbanism in Hungary — what Viktor Orban personally dubbed “illiberal democracy.” By now MAGA at all levels — CPAC, media, Congress, Trump himself — has explicitly embraced Orban. Illiberal regimes claim legitimacy through elections but systematically curtail civil liberties and checks and balances, structurally recasting political institutions so as to make their being voted out of office almost unrealizable.

The centerpiece of Leonard Leo’s empire of right-wing groups is the Marble Freedom Trust. The trust described its mission in a 2022 report to the I.R.S.: “To maintain and expand human freedom consistent with the values and ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.”

In 2016, according to an April 2023 I.R.S. complaint against Leo filed by the Campaign for Accountability , a liberal reform advocacy group, Leo created a consulting company, BH Group, LLC, and then in 2020 acquired a major ownership interest in CRC Advisors, Inc . Both are for-profit entities based in Virginia.

The Campaign for Accountability’s complaint alleges that “Leo-affiliated nonprofits” paid BH Group and CRC Advisors a total of $50.3 million between 2016 and 2020. During this period, according to the complaint, Leo’s lifestyle changed:

In August 2018, he paid off the 30-year mortgage on the McLean, Va., home, most of which was still outstanding on the payoff date. Later that same year, Leonard Leo bought a $3.3 million summer home with 11 bedrooms in Mount Desert, an affluent seaside village on the coast of Maine, using, in part, a 20-year mortgage of $2,310,000. Leonard Leo paid off the entire balance of that mortgage just one year later in July 2019. In September 2021, Leonard Leo bought a second home in Mount Desert for $1.65 million.

The complaint was based partly on a March 2023 Politico story by Heidi Przybyla. She wrote that her “investigation, based on dozens of financial, property and public records dating from 2000 to 2021, found that Leo’s lifestyle took a lavish turn beginning in 2016,” citing Leo’s purchases of the Maine properties along with “four new cars, private school tuition for his children, hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations to Catholic causes and a wine locker at Morton’s Steakhouse.”

In October 2023, Przybyla disclosed (also in Politico ) that Leo was refusing to cooperate with an investigation by Brian Schwalb , the attorney general for the District of Columbia, “for potentially misusing nonprofit tax laws for personal enrichment.”

In a study covering more recent data , Accountable US , another liberal reform group, reported that from 2020, when Leo acquired a share of CRC Advisors, to 2022, seven “groups with immediate ties to Leo’s network have made payments totaling at least $69.77 million to CRC Advisors.”

Those figures were, in turn, confirmed by Bloomberg’s Emily Birnbaum , who reported that “the sums paid to CRC Advisors by seven nonprofit groups have doubled since Leo came aboard as co-owner and chairman in 2020.”

Leo defended the payments, telling Bloomberg that criticism of the money flowing to CRC Advisors is “baseless” and that CRC performs high-quality work. “CRC Advisors employs nearly 100 best-in-class professionals that put its clients’ money to work,” he told Bloomberg.

In the drive to set the stage for a future Trump administration, the second conservative power center is dominated by the Conservative Partnership Institute , which coordinates its own pro-Trump network.

From 2018 to 2020, the Conservative Partnership was a minor player in Washington’s right-wing community. From 2018 to 2020, according to its 990 report to the I.R.S., revenues totaled $16.9 million. In the next two years, donations shot up to $80.7 million.

Seven executives at the partnership in 2022 made in excess of $300,000 a year, topped by Mark Meadows, Trump’s last White House chief of staff, whose annual compensation at the Conservative Partnership totaled $889,687 in 2022.

The Conservative Partnership and allied groups do not disclose donors, and none of the data on how much they raised and spent in 2023 and 2024 — or the identity of grant recipients — will be available before Nov. 5, 2024, Election Day.

The Conservative Partnership, like many of its sister groups, filed its 990 report for 2022 to the I.R.S. on Nov. 15, 2023. Assuming the same pattern continues — it also filed 990 reports for 2020 and 2021 on Nov. 15 — its report covering 2023 will not be filed until Nov. 15, 2024, and its report for 2024 not until Nov. 15, 2025.

The partnership lists its address as 300 Independence Avenue SE, Washington, D.C., a three-story office building on “patriots’ row ” that was originally the German-American Building Association.

Groups using the same mailing address include the Center for Renewing America (“God, country, and community are at the heart of this agenda”), the Election Integrity Network (“Conservative leaders, organizations, public officials and citizens dedicated to securing the legality of every American vote”), Compass Legal Group , American Creative Network (“We will redefine the future of media-related conservative collaboration”), the American Accountability Foundation (“Exposing the truth behind the people and policies of the Biden Administration that threaten the freedoms of the American people”), America First Legal (“Fighting Back against lawless executive actions and the Radical Left”), Citizens for Renewing America and Citizens for Sanity (“To defeat ‘wokeism’ and anti-critical thinking ideologies that have permeated every sector of our country”).

Since it was formed in 2020, Stephen Miller’s America First Legal foundation has been a case study in rapid growth. In its first year, it raised $6.4 million. In 2021, this rose to $44.4 million and then to $50.8 million in 2022.

America First lawyers wrote two of the amicus briefs arguing to the Supreme Court that Trump should be restored to Colorado’s ballot . In one of the briefs , America First defended Trump’s actions and rhetoric on Jan. 6, 2021:

President Trump did not “engage in” insurrection. To engage in something is to take an active, personal role in it. Comparisons in modern language abound. When news emerges that nations have “engaged in military exercises,” one expects to read that “ships and planes” have been deployed, not tweets or press releases. Similarly, if someone has been described as “engaging in violence,” one expects that the person being spoken about has himself used force on another — not that he has issued some taunt about force undertaken by a third party. Engaging in a matter and remarking publicly about it are not the same, even with matters as weighty as wars or insurrections.

While the Heritage Foundation had relatively modest revenues of $95.1 million in 2022, according to its I.R.S. filing , its Project 2025 has become an anchor of the MAGA movement.

Trump has said he does not feel bound to accept all of the Project 2025 proposals, but the weight of institutional support from the right and Trump’s own lack of interest in detailed planning suggest that those proposals may well shape much of the agenda in the event of a Trump victory.

The authors of Project 2025 want to avoid a repetition of 2017, when Trump took office with scant advance planning and little notion of who should be appointed to key positions.

Spencer Chretian , associate director of Project 2025, put this concern delicately in a January 2023 essay published by The American Conservative , pointedly avoiding any criticism of Trump:

In November 2016, American conservatives stood on the verge of greatness. The election of Donald Trump to the presidency was a triumph that offered the best chance to reverse the left’s incessant march of progress for its own sake. Many of the best accomplishments, though, happened only in the last year of the Trump administration, after our political appointees had finally figured out the policies and process of different agencies, and after the right personnel were finally in place.

One function of the project is to put as much ideological muscle as possible behind Trump to ensure that if he wins the White House again, he does not wander afield.

From the vantage point of the right, that muscle is impressive, ranging from Oren Cass’s populist American Compass to Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America , from the tradition-minded American Conservative to the Independent Women’s Forum .

In the foreword to the project’s nearly 1,000-page description of its 2025 agenda, “ Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise ,” Roberts, the president of Heritage, wrote:

This book is the work of the entire conservative movement. As such, the authors express consensus recommendations already forged, especially along four broad fronts that will decide America’s future: 1. Restore the family as the centerpiece of American life and protect our children. 2. Dismantle the administrative state and return self-governance to the American people. 3. Defend our nation’s sovereignty, borders and bounty against global threats. 4. Secure our God-given individual rights to live freely — what our Constitution calls “the Blessings of Liberty.”

Perhaps the most impressive part of Project 2025 is the detailed and ideologically infused discussion of virtually every federal department and agency, all guided by the goal of instituting conservative policies.

Take the 53-page chapter, including 87 footnotes, focused on the Department of Health and Human Services, written by Roger Severino , vice president for domestic policy at Heritage. The top priority of the department in January 2025, he wrote, must be “protecting Life, Conscience and Bodily Integrity.” The secretary “must ensure that all H.H.S. programs and activities are rooted in a deep respect for innocent human life from day one until natural death: Abortion and euthanasia are not health care.”

Going deeper, Severino contends that the department must flatly reject “harmful identity politics that replaces biological sex with subjective notions of ‘gender identity’ and bases a person’s worth on his or her race, sex, or other identities. This destructive dogma, under the guise of ‘equity,’ threatens American’s fundamental liberties as well as the health and well-being of children and adults alike.”

Severino does not stop there. In his view, the department must be in the business of “promoting stable and flourishing married families” because “in the overwhelming number of cases, fathers insulate children from physical and sexual abuse, financial difficulty or poverty, incarceration, teen pregnancy, poor educational outcomes, high school failure, and a host of behavioral and psychological problems.”

Regarding the Centers for Disease Control, in Severino’s analysis:

By statute or regulation, C.D.C. guidance must be prohibited from taking on a prescriptive character. For example, never again should C.D.C. officials be allowed to say in their official capacity that school children “should be” masked or vaccinated or prohibited from learning in a school building. Such decisions should be left to parents and medical providers.

At the start of the book, Paul Dans , executive director of Project 2025, pointedly wrote that “it’s not 1980,” when Heritage produced the first “Mandate for Leadership” to guide the incoming administration of Ronald Reagan. Instead, Dans argued, the United States in 2024 is at an apocalyptic moment:

The game has changed. The long march of cultural Marxism through our institutions has come to pass. The federal government is a behemoth, weaponized against American citizens and conservative values, with freedom and liberty under siege as never before. The task at hand to reverse this tide and restore our Republic to its original moorings is too great for any one conservative policy shop to spearhead. It requires the collective action of our movement. With the quickening approach of January 2025, we have one chance to get it right.

This time, the conservative movement plans to exercise maximum surveillance over an incoming Trump administration. In other words, there will be no kidding around.

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Thomas B. Edsall has been a contributor to the Times Opinion section since 2011. His column on strategic and demographic trends in American politics appears every Wednesday. He previously covered politics for The Washington Post. @ edsall