genetic testing essay conclusion

Genetic Testing Essay

In recent discussions of genetic testing, a controversial issue has been whether genetic testing is effective in helping find cure of some diseases. On the one hand, some argue that genetic testing helps us detect genetically passed diseases from parents to children. . On the other hand, however, others argue that genetic testing costs a lot of money is sometimes is not effective in finding diseases. In sum, then, the issue is whether genetic testing is effective and worth the cost to find a genetically past disease. While some believe that genetic testing costs alot of money and should never be done unless necessary, genetic testing is beneficial in many ways for detecting genetically pasted diseases from parents to children. Genetic testing …show more content…

Some genetic tests range from $100 to $1000. Poor families really cannot spend this much money just to see if they carry a genetically passed diseases. I believe that genetic test are worth every penny because if you get tested earlier and doctors find a genetically passed disease then you can get treated as soon as possible and you would save a lot of money later on in your life. In the article “The Outrageous Cost of a Gene Test” by David B. Agus, he implies that DNA tests are very cheap and help identify whether you are a carrier of a disease. “But plenty of other DNA tests are also dirt cheap in comparison. The test that identifies whether a woman carries one of several strains of human papillomavirus -- strains that would sharply increase her risk of getting cervical cancer -- generally costs under $100.”(Agus). According to Agus some DNA tests are relatively cheap and are worth every little penny that you pay. Some of the diseases that can be identified in a genetic tests are cancers, heart disease, asthma, and diabetes. Some rare diseases like hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia can be identified using a genetic test. One can say that genetic tests are very expensive and are not effective, I still maintain that getting a genetic test down helps identify genetically pasted diseases that run in your family. The main disease that is identified is cancer. In female it is breast cancer, and in male it is colon cancer. If you get a genetic test down early you can save a lot of money later in your

Essay about The Ethical Issues of Genetic Testing

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The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be

Genetic Changes And Cancer Essay

I think that everybody should do a genetic test at a very early age in order to know what is going on with their genes. Even if a genetic test is positive, a genetic counselor, doctor, or other health care professional trained in genetics can help an individual or family understand their test results. These professionals can also help explain the incidental findings that a test may yield, such as a genetic risk factor for a disease that is unrelated to the reason for administering the test, so they can clarify the implications of test results for other family members. Doing a genetic test is crucial because on an expanded panel, certain cancer can be entirely reversed with an early intervention like dietary

The Pros of Prenatal Genetic Testing Essay

Another big benefit of testing is the ability to know in advance the health of a baby. It is no longer necessary for parents to be to have to worry about the health of their child. The technology is there to know in advance. Some people have major health problems in their family. This testing could make it possible for them to give birth to healthy long living children. The whole point of prenatal genetic testing is to improve life through good health. There are enough things

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Testing

As you can see genetic testing is very important and can affect a child's and parents lives for the better and the worst. Children all over the world have serious genetic diseases that affect their life on a daily. Some of these diseases are Achondroplasia, Down syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. Many believe genetic testing is a good way to test for these genetic conditions before the child is even born, but others think that it can harm the baby very badly and even cause a miscarriage, so they choose not to do this kind of testing. Knowing about the most serious genetic diseases is very important for expecting parents to be informed as well as being

Determining Genetic Disorders with Blood Tests

When used in healthcare, genetic testing can show the genetic cause of a disease, confirm a suspected diagnosis of an illness, predict future illnesses, and predict responses to

The Ethical Dilemma Of Genetic Testing

Genetic testing identifies changes in ones genes and chromosomes. These changes often lead to diagnoses of conditions, disorders, or diseases. Through testing, “one can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person’s chance of developing or

The Genetic Testing Controversy Essay

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Genetic testing, can affect a person’s life in many ways. Genetic testing is a type of medical testing that identifies changes that occur in chromosomes, proteins, and genes. These changes that occur can be associated, and often are associated with inherited

The Controversial Topic of Genetic Testing

Embryonic screening allows for the elimination of inherited diseases before birth or a treatment plan before birth. In breast cancer patients, genetic testing allows the physician to know if chemotherapy is necessary, which would expand treatment options. Genetic testing could eliminate years of experimental testing and medication use used to diagnose a new disease. Overall, genetic testing is in alignment with the core medical philosophy that early prevention leads to early treatment, which leads to an overall better outcome for the patient.

Ssd2 Assignment 2

These results may also help doctors make recommendations for treatment or monitoring, and give people more information for making decisions about their and their family's health, allowing them to take steps to lower his/her chance of developing a disease. For example, as the result of such a finding, someone could be screened earlier and more frequently for the disease and/or could make changes to health habits like diet and exercise. Such a genetic test result can lower a person's feelings of uncertainty, and this information can also help people to make informed choices about their future, such as whether to have a baby or

Genetic Discrimination In Australia

If the genetic information is only accessible to the individual then there is a decreased chance of such discrimination occurring because the information is disclosed to who the individual wishes to. Genetic information can raise questions about personal responsibility, personal choice versus genetic determinism, and concepts of health and disease. Personal factors, family values, and community and cultural beliefs can mould the reactions to these issues. For example the response to the genetic information and suggestion from physicians after the test will be drastically different in a society where traditions and religion determine life choices, such as India, than to a more individually liberal society like the USA. Even in a progressive society that has had specific ethnic groups for multiple generations disparities with medical technology are common. A study conducted, using the national representative data, in the USA with the sample that consisted of 1724 men and women of non-Hispanic whites, Latinos, and African American background. Results exposed significant differences by racial/ethnic groups in knowledge and concerns about the potential misuse of genetic testing. Significantly higher levels of mistrust in a physician and the medical system was a common thread within minorities. The genetic tests can be a way of ridding anxiety attached to the assumed inheritance of genetic disease due to family background whilst for others the genetic test reveals their reality. The results can have a great deal of a psychological impact upon the individual. The possibility of developing a genetic disease alone can create anxiety within some. The psychological impact from the results revealed is another issue that society is concerned about. A

Genetic Information vs Privacy Essay

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Although the gene chip will enable an individual to know whether he/she has a genetic disease, that person may not want to know the information. Many people are frightened that a positive finding on a genetic test will result in discrimination and ostracism because the society will consider them abnormal (Easthope 2005). The other concern is that with genetic test information one might lose or might be unable to get a job or insurance. There have been concerns that with the knowledge of one’s medical information after a gene test, he/she might suffer a psychological problem especially when the results reveal that one suffers from a terminal disease or has high possibility of suffering from one (Willis 2009).

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Designer Babies

When used to screen for a specific genetic disease or for risk of getting a disease, although many ethical concerns have surfaced regarding whether genetic testing should be performed for the disease in question, its main advantage is that it avoids selective abortion as the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under

Direct-To-Consumer Testing And Genetic Diseases

When people have a genetic test done, whether it is presymptomatic, prenatal, newborn, or carrier testing, professionals have the ability to access them. This becomes a main concern of those who get genetic tests done because they have the capability of being dropped by their employer or insurance The companies cannot discard a person because of their genetic predispositions, but they can find loopholes to get rid of them legally. Direct-to-Consumer tests, however, cannot be accessed by employers or insurance companies without consent. “Thanks to the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) signed into law in 2008, consumers need not worry about the impacts on their health insurance policy and employee status as a result of pursuing DTC genetic testing” (Su 1). This way, a person can understand their genetic predisposition without the fear of being dropped by an insurance or an employer.“The initial criticism of DTC genetic testing highlighted harms from both advertising of tests and access to tests in the absence of a health care provider intermediary” (Javitt and Hudson 2), but Direct-to-consumer tests remove the fear of outside companies finding out about their susceptibilities to genetic diseases. Many people believe Direct-to-consumer tests can be inaccurate, but with the extensive knowledge of DNA, and what is not discovered, there will be mistakes whether it is done by a medical professional or not.

Summary: Should Insurance Companies Have Access To Genetic Screening

What impact does genetic screening test results have if you can’t afford to treat it? Before anything, one must start basic and understand that genetic screening is the process of experimenting to test the blood flow and circulation. This act indicates which disease is most likely going to strike inside your body. If any, this process is convenient because the fact that the results give you more time to treat it. According to the very many righteous people the life of a human - being comes before the act of discrimination reaching them. Eventually if reports are isolated then most will be going to the insurance company scamming their system, than they will make lots of insurance money. Therefore not all people are / should be entrusted with insurance money trust, the citizens could make over a hundred thousand dollars.

The Benefits of Genetic Therapy Essay

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This would mean that this testing would be more affordable for the commoner. Once testing has been completed and data interpreted, someone will know if they are a carrier for a genetic disorder. If it turns out that they are, instead of waiting for symptoms to arise, genetic treatment of the disease can be done to save the person’s life before it is even in jeopardy. This could prove to be very helpful. People spend thousands of dollars on treatments for a genetic disorder, and the treatments do not even fully rid the patient of the disease. The patient will have to take the medication for the rest of their life to calm the symptoms of that disease. With the advancement of gene therapy, a patient could receive a minimal number of treatments which will not just calm the symptoms but rid the patient of their genetic disorder completely. This, in the long run, could save the patient time, money, suffering, and ultimately it will save their life. This is only the beginning. As time passes, doctors will have the knowledge to save many more lives in the same manner.

Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate.

Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

11 Conclusion

As discussed throughout this report, human health is determined by the interaction of several factors, including the social environment, genetic inheritance, and personal behaviors. Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, social networks/social support, and the psychosocial work environment all have been shown to affect health outcomes ( Chapter 2 ). These social determinants influence health at multiple levels throughout the life course. In addition to the vast array of social determinants that influence health, a person inherits a complete set of genes from each parent that contributes both directly and indirectly to the pathogenesis of disease. Genes have been identified for relatively uncommon, simple Mendelian patterns of disease inheritance, such as Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis, and recently research has begun to explore genetic susceptibility to disease as the consequence of the joint effects of many genes, each with small-to-moderate effects, often interacting among themselves and with the environment ( Chapter 3 ). Behaviors also have been shown to affect health ( Chapter 4 ). For example, tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity are the greatest preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States ( Mokdad et al., 2004 ). Furthermore, complex traits, such as sex/gender and race/ ethnicity, pose both a challenge and an opportunity in our search for a better understanding of environmental, genetic, and behavioral interactions as determinants of health ( Chapter 5 ).

As this report demonstrates, research has documented associations between social factors and health, behaviors and health, and genetics and health. Yet, researchers are only now beginning to study in earnest the potential interactions between genetic and social environmental factors that are likely to be contributing to a large fraction of disease in most populations. Key to the success of research on these interactions is the conduct of such research in a collaborative and transdisciplinary manner, which “implies the conception of research questions that transcend the individual departments or specialized knowledge bases because they are intended to solve … research questions that are, by definition, beyond the purview of the individual disciplines” ( IOM, 2003 ). Furthermore, more comprehensive, predictive models of etiologically heterogeneous disease are needed, and this requires the development and implementation of new modeling strategies and the use of profiling approaches. In order to ensure that findings are applicable beyond a small population, research must be conducted in diverse groups and settings ( Chapter 6 ). Animal models, which are explored in Chapter 7 , have a great deal to offer in understanding the effects of interactions of social, behavioral, and genetic factors on health.

A clear formulation of the concept of interaction, and an understanding of research designs that can be used to test for it, are central to progress in assessing the impact on health of interactions among multiple factors. This report discusses several steps that are needed to advance the science of testing interactions ( Chapter 8 ). These include new, accessible statistical software for implementing tests for interaction on an additive scale and research on developing study designs that are efficient at testing interactions, including variations in interactions over time and development.

Transdisciplinary research on the impact on health of interactions among social, behavioral, and genetic factors places several demands on the research infrastructure, including the need for education and training of researchers, the enhancement and development of appropriate datasets, and the creation of incentives and rewards that will encourage investigators to move beyond the single discipline approach to research. Approaches that the National Institutes of Health can use to address these barriers include providing individual and senior fellowships, transdisciplinary institutional grants, short courses, and datasets that can be enhanced to provide the necessary information. The development of new datasets for topics that have high potential for showing interactions also would be valuable. Other incentives that foster the transdisciplinary research discussed in this report address hiring, promotion and tenure policies, peer review, and the allocation of credit for collaborative research ( Chapter 9 ).

Finally, research that elucidates how social, behavioral, and genetic factors interact to influence health raises important ethical and legal issues, including those involving how individuals and groups understand and use complex scientific findings, as well as the potential impact such findings might have on policy development ( Chapter 10 ).

Furthermore, studying interactions among variations in social, behavioral, and genetic factors requires the collection of information that could entail significant risk to research participants if it is inappropriately accessed. This report offers recommendations for communicating with policymakers and the public, for expanding the research focus to include research on how best to encourage people to engage in health-promoting behaviors, for the establishment of data-sharing policies that ensure privacy, and for improving the informed consent process.

The intent of this report is to encourage and facilitate the growth of research on the impact of interactions among social, behavioral, and genetic factors on health that will further our understanding of disease risk and aid in the development of effective interventions to improve the health of individuals and populations. This report has resulted from collaboration that has occurred between scientists from the social and the biological worlds, and it provides a template for how their theories and methods can be integrated to advance knowledge. It is timely and important because it sets out an agenda for research that is needed to advance the science of gene-environment interactions in explaining individual and population health and health disparities.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating Health Professionals for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003. [ PubMed : 25057636 ]
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004; 291 (10):1238–1245. [ PubMed : 15010446 ]
Cite this Page Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health; Hernandez LM, Blazer DG, editors. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. 11, Conclusion.
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Genetic testing Essays

Genetic testing ethics.

M6D1 Ethics and Genetic Testing As we all can agree, our genes play a highly important role in making us who we are as humans. If the information produce by genes is normal than everything can turn out normal and infants can be born healthy. There are those incidents the genetic information produce by genes is wrong and results of this information can lead to injury, disease, and/or illness of the fetus (Munson, 2012). The ability to predict or diagnosis miss information produced by genes is called

Benefits Of Genetic Testing

The Benefits of Genetic Testing Today, there is more genetic data available for humans than there has ever been. (Regalado 56) Genetic testing has been vital in learning this new information. A genetic test is a test that identifies changes in a patient’s chromosomes, genes or proteins. Genetic testing is completely voluntary and making the decision to have a test done is very complex (What are the Benefits of Genetic Testing? 1). While there are many benefits of genetic testing, there are also

Genetic Testing Effects

The Effect of Genomic Testing on Families and Individuals Genetic testing has given scientists and doctors much knowledge into the way disease processes work and has improved the efficacy of treating them. While there are many positive outcomes with genetic testing, there are also some negative ways families and individuals can be impacted. Some ethical dilemmas involving family and genetic testing are: should newborn testing be mandatory or voluntary, do parents have the right to make the decision

Genetic Testing For Kids: Is It A Good Idea?

Should Think Twice About Giving Genetic Tests to Our Kids” ,by Michael White, and “Genetic Testing for Kids:Is It a Good Idea?”, by Bonnie Rochman, parents should not give these tests to their children.If the children did take the test the result would outway the benefits, they would have anxiety, and the testing doesn’t always work. One main reason that a child should not the test is ,they could have anxiety for the rest of their lives. If a child took the genetic test they could learn they have

The Benefits Of Genetic Testing

Genetic testing is the process of examining DNA where the DNA is examine for chromosome, genes and proteins changes. Mainly used to detect genetically inherited disease, if the individual is a carrier of a genetically inherited disease or any possible presence of genetically inherited disease, but this method can also be used to determine a child's biological parents, a person's ancestry (usually to make a family tree), finding genetic diseases in the fetus, screening embryos for diseases, and figuring

The Pros And Cons Of Genetic Testing

Genetic testing involves taking small samples of hair or blood that contain a large amount of personal information. Genetic testing allows health care practitioners, and patients to know of a person’s vulnerability to inherited diseases, determination of a child parentage, or a person’s ancestry. “Predictive genetic testing has considerable potential for accurate risk assessment and appropriate targeting of screening and preventive strategies (Evans, 2001, para. 1). Storage of such personal information

those who are planning to become parents in the future, we must take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of Genetic Home testing. We must be mindful that some disadvantage of genetic testing can potentially be harmful because of inappropriate test utilization, misinterpretation of test results, and lack of follow-up and other adverse consequences. Genetic testing has advantage benefits whether the results are positive or negative for a gene mutation. Test results can provide a sense

access one’s genetic information, genetic testing has been an option for those who desired to utilize the information to predict, assess, and evaluate the likelihood of their susceptibility to a disease or even gain knowledge of their ancestry. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (also known as DTC), provided by companies like 23 and Me, has made the service more accessible. With its prevalence in the realm of genetic testing, the lack of federal protection regarding direct access to testing results in

Genetic Testing Pros And Cons

Ghimirey ENG102 Mrs. Beno 17 November 2015 Genetic Testing of Children: Is it safe? How do you feel about genetic testing? How would you feel if you or one of your family members had to make life-changing decision? There are lots of pros and cons behind genetic testing and other problem that may arise. Genetic testing has been a controversial topic in the 21st century. Genetic testing was first introduced in 2008. Genetic Home Reference defines genetic testing as, “a type of medical test that identifies

Persuasive Essay On Genetic Testing

Genetic Testing If you had the decision to predict your future, would you take it? Or would you let things pan out as your life goes along? Since the discovery of the DNA molecule in 1952, doctors are striving to predict your future. Now, doctors are able to do this by genetic testing which allows you to see if you have a gene alteration in your DNA sequence. Many people assume of course they would take it because it will predict if they are at risk of getting a disease or not. However, if I had

last twenty years. DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953, which is only sixty-five years ago. Our culture is discovering new areas of genetics each day; genetic information is growing exponentially. Scientists learned from the Human Genome Project that there are “more than 1,800 disease genes” (NIH Research Timelines). Upon discovering this, many genetic tests have been made available to the general public. These tests can reveal details about family history and possible inherited diseases as

to receive genetic testing? nowadays, genetic testing is an issue that many people debate. It is a type of a medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of testing can help people to make the decisions about managing their health care. However, the results can affect very much to people who had tested. Many of the risks associated with genetic testing involve the emotion, social, and financial. the first reason we shouldn't get genetic testing is about psychologically

information regarding the many diseases and disorders that have the potential to afflict us; such is the case with genetic testing. Genetic testing allows providers to screen individuals for changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins and either confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2018). Although we now have the ability to test for thousands of genetic disorders, does not mean that we should test for these disorders. There are many instances, especially in

history of DNA testing goes as far back as the 1920s when scientists first identified blood types in humans, which was initially used for medical procedures. Through the 1990’s other relevant blood typing procedures were used to identify individuals, as in forensics, biological relationships, as well as targeting specific regions were mutations or markers are found. In the 2000’s scientist developed different types of genetic tests to identify ancestry, predisposition to genetic medical and/or mental

is called Genetic testing. This type of testing started around the year 2000 according to the National Human Genome Research Institute; they also define genetic testing as, “Uses laboratory methods to look at your genes, which are the DNA instructions you inherit from your mother and your father. Genetic tests may be used to identify increased risks of health problems, to choose treatments, or to assess responses to treatments.” In this essay I will be writing about what genetic testing is, the different

1. Genetic testing and design has come a long way in a short few decades. From the invasive method of amniocentesis (procedure where the needle must be inserted through mother’s belly and into amniotic sac), fast forward to 2016. Today non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPTs) exist where a mother simply has a blood sample taken from her. It can give a 99% accurate prediction of whether the fetus will have Down Syndrome and it the test can be conducted as early as 9-10 weeks, whereas more invasive methods

Genetic Testing Research Paper

Genetic testing is medical tests performed by every man and woman who’s premarital, and this to make sure that there is no genetic disease like Down Syndrome, Thalassemia, so these genetic diseases can be transmitted to sons. Parents should do the test to protect their children, and to have children in a good health not infected. Moreover, the test includes: medical history of the two families, and clinical, laboratory test for each of the betrothed. A factor that contributes to the spread of genetic

Genetic Testing Persuasive Essay

From a lawyer 's point of view I think that genetic testing should be done if someone wants or needs to do it. Genetic testing is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover some genetic differences anomalies or mutations that may prove pathological. Everyone has the same right and we all have the ability to do what we want. Genetic testing has helped us get closer to discovering medicines for diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited life-threatening disorder that damages

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Testing

heard of the term genetics? How about genetic testing? If you haven’t even a clue as to what these two terms mean, I’ll dive into it with a brief summary. Genetics itself is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics, while genetic testing is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover any genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove to be pathological. Genetic testing is usually conducted by a medical professional, such as a genetic counselor, though

Introduction to Genetic Testing: Currently, genetic testing is a voluntary test. It is taken to identify the presence of a gene that causes disease or to identify mutations that can lead to a disease. Chromosomes, proteins, and genes are tested through several different methods, including molecular, chromosomal, and biochemical methods. Some have argued that it should be required for all babies. On one day in 1993, every child born that day in the state of Pennsylvania was tested for several diseases

Advanced Diagnostic Procedures: The Individual Impact of Genetic Diagnosis Essay

Introduction, genetic testing, individual impact of genetic diagnosis, implications for genetic counseling.

Over the second half of the 20th century, there have been great scientific breakthroughs and inventions in the medical field. These breakthroughs have resulted in the creation of sophisticated medical equipment and advanced diagnostic procedures. One of the more novel advances has been in the form of genetic testing which is the ability to determine the presence of a genetic marker for a specific disease or condition.

This testing is especially significant in light of research findings which estimate that 1 in every 20 newborns in America are born with a severe disorder that is presumed to be genetic in origin (Pillitteri, 2009). Genetic diagnosis therefore gives people the means with which to forecast the presence of or susceptibility to some diseases.

This knowledge of a genetic mishap in advance gives a person the opportunity to take up preventive measures to counter the disease if it is possible. However, genetic diagnosis has an inescapable effect on the individual and in some cases his family as well.

This paper will set out to detail the impact that genetic diagnosis can have on the individual. The paper will highlight the positive as well as negative effects that genetic testing may result in. The implications that this impacts can have on genetic counseling shall also be considered so as to highlight the significance of counseling in genetic diagnosis.

The World Health Organization (2005) defines Genetic Testing as “DNA analysis to determine the carrier status of an individual; to diagnose a present disease in the individual; or to determine the individual’s genetic predisposition to developing a particular condition in the future.”

The use of genetic testing for diagnosis purpose is increasing at a high rate as a result of the novel possibilities that genetic testing holds for clinical care. Lerman and Shields (2004, p.225) advance that it is anticipated that genetic testing can eventually allow health care providers to positively identify individuals who will develop certain types of sicknesses and therefore allow them to tailor preventive care based on a person’s genotype.

In addition to this, the number of inherited disorders and risk factors that can be detected through genetic testing increases rapidly as more research on the subject is carried out. The impacts of genetic testing are therefore likely to be felt by an even larger section of the population.

Positive Impacts

Genetic testing may result in reduced anxiety for the individual and provides information necessary to make sound decisions. Decisions such as not to have babies, preventive care or abortions can be made based on test results. Many couples have fears as to whether their children may have some inheritable disease which would render them disabled in some way.

A study by Claes et al. (2004) showed that some of the motives for people wanting predictive genetic testing were so as to clarify the risks for their children. Genetic testing (prenatal testing) can help ease the heart and mind of such people by giving them information as to the likelihood of their baby suffering from any gene disorder (Boskey, 2007).

From the results, the woman can decided to terminate a pregnancy or even not have babies at all. Genetic testing therefore removes the anxiety that the person would feel from not knowing about the health prospects of their baby should they decide to have one.

Genetic diagnosis can provide knowledge of a genetic risk. This information may result in the behavioural change by the individual. The behavioural change is brought about by the revelation of higher susceptibility to the specific condition by the individual.

Heshka et al. (2008, p.24) reveals that following disclosure of genetic test results for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, mammography screening rates over the next year increased significantly. While the increased screening rates for all tested people, mammography use was higher in carriers than in non-carriers.

Other patients on being made aware of the presence of diseases take up action to manage their conditions. Some individuals go as far as attain technical knowledge on their conditions so as to increase their competence in treating themselves (Petersen 2006, p.37).

Genetic diagnosis may influence the lifestyle choices of the individual. Some diseases may come about as a result of the lifestyle choices of the individual. These diseases such as lung cancer can therefore be avoided through change in lifestyle.

The ability of genetic susceptibility testing to impact positive on behavioural changes in individual are confirmed by Sandeson et al. (2008) research which revealed that smokers were more motivated to quit smoking following genetic testing results which placed them at high risk of having lung cancer.

The reason for this was because the smoker who believed that they were genetically susceptible to a smoking related disease had a stronger motivation to quit smoking. Lifestyle-related genetic susceptibility tests may therefore have a positive impact on the life of an individual since they provide an incentive to lead a healthier lifestyle.

Genetic testing can give explicit information therefore preventing the stress that comes from unconfirmed suspicions. In some instances, the people who elect to undergo genetic diagnosis have some evidence of the disease in question. For these individuals, the distress levels are considerably decreased as a result of obtaining conclusive test results.

This decreased or normal distress level is as a result of a high sense of control over the disease once someone is made aware of its presence. A research by Horowitz et al. 2001, p.191) revealed that most of the people who elected to be tested for HD already had symptoms of the disease even though they may not be aware of their carrier status.

These findings are corroborated by Kasparian et al. (2006) who reveal that at least 33% of the participants in genetic screening research expected to be carriers of a mutated gene. The suspicions that an individual harbors about him being afflicted by a disease produced considerable stress.

Research carried out by Horowitz et al (2001) on the impact of news of genetic risk for Huntington Disease indicated that individuals who leaned that they were carriers exhibited less psychological distress over time compared to the at-risk group who did not get tested.

Individuals who exhibit neurological impairment without knowing that they already have the disease may be prone to depression and an increased risk of harming themselves. Having their condition confirmed through genetic diagnosis makes it possible for clinical staff at genetic counseling and testing centers to offer them the help they need to alleviate this situation.

Negative Effects

As a result of carrier testing which identifies inherited gene mutations, the carrier can be subjected to social stigmatization. Unlike some conditions like HIV/AIDS which have visible symptoms, genetic conditions have few symptoms. Petersen (2006, p.22) notes that genetic conditions are only potentially stigmatizing if people are made aware of their presence through genetic testing.

Lernam et al. (2003) documents that in a quantitative study examining adult’s experience with carrier testing, results indicates that while both carriers and non-carriers did not exhibit any negative self image as a result of the diagnosis, non-carriers developed a negative attitude to the carrier status.

While the carriers initially did not exhibit any negative attitude to their status, stigmatization may have negative implementation. It may result in anxiety and an inferior social status, all of which are unhealthy for the individual’s psychological well being.

This psychological distress is sometimes unnecessary since the presence of markers showing genetic alteration might only indicate susceptibility for a certain disease and not the certainty of the disease.

Testing may result in worry and apprehension therefore diminishing the quality of a person’s life. A major characteristic of the information obtained from genetic testing is that it is highly probabilistic and there exist levels of uncertainty. For example, Predictive genetic testing “offers the opportunity to identify whether an asymptomatic person has inherited a genetic predisposition ” (Claes et al 2004, p.264).

As such, even when one obtains positive test results for the Huntington Disease gene, there is no information on when the disease will occur. For diseases such as cancer and cutaneous malignant melanomagenetic, genetic testing only indicates a hereditary predisposition to the diseases and not whether the disease will in fact occur to the person.

Genetic testing might result in worry by the individual who has positive results. This worry affects a person’s life since they do not know the time when the disease will afflict them.

Paranoia and unnecessary fear may result from genetic test results. This is especially the case when carrier testing is undertaken. Carrier testing is a type of genetic test performed for sex linked disorders so as to identify if a person is a carrier of a gene mutation. A positive result indicates that one has a carrier status which indicates their predisposition to certain conditions.

Positive results can cause worry to the individual and this may translate to paranoia about the disease risk. Research by Kasparian et al. (2006) on the psychological responses to genetic testing for melanoma indicated that some of the participants exhibited an increased sun-safe behaviour. The participants also had a desire to impose the said model sun safe behaviours on their children and relatives as well.

Guilt is another significant effect that genetic diagnosis can have on an individual. This is because unlike other diagnosis, a genetic diagnosis may has implications for an individual’s entire family. Petersen (2006, p.41) notes that the unique challenges on people with genetic conditions arises from the knowledge that they have conditions that they can pass on to others.

The impacts of genetic testing therefore go far beyond the individual who is having the test. A mother who has received positive results for Fibrosis may feel guilty about transmitting the same to her daughters. The same mother may feel guilty about being a career for a genetic disorder which later affects her children.

Unlike other diagnoses which are followed by curative measures, many of the genetic tests that are carried out do not clearly promote treatment and cure of the condition. The results from genetic diagnosis have been known to result in increased anxiety levels as well as suicidal tendencies in some people.

This is because some of the results of genetic testing can indicate the presence of incurable diseases that a person had no idea or beforehand. Genetic diagnosis can therefore result in feelings of hopelessness when the person is diagnosed to be a carrier of some mutated gene (Lernam et al.2003, p.790).

While research does indicate that patients have a higher anxiety and depression levels before genetic testing, this does not discount the presence of a small number of patients who exhibit high levels of stress and disturbance after the results of the genetic testing.

Claes et al. (2004, 165) states that DNA-tests hold a possibility of adverse psychological effects such as “increased anxiety, feelings of guilt and remaining uncertainty about the future health status”. These adverse effects occur regardless of whether one is diagnosed. As such, the importance of counseling both before and after genetic diagnosis cannot be overstated.

Genetic counseling is defined as “the provision of accurate, full, and unbiased information in a caring, professional relationship that offers guidance, but allows individuals and families to come to their own decisions” (Sharper and Carter 4).

Before the genetic testing, counseling serves the purpose of enabling the individual to make an informed choice based on information about the genetic test and its risks. The individual must be made to look at the positive impacts of genetic screening with the negative impacts in mind.

Another consideration to be made by the counselor is the impact that genetic testing has on others. As has been stated herein, the genetic test results may have significant impact on the individual’s family. For genetic conditions, the patient ceases to be an individual but the whole family and as such, it is important for the individuals experience to be looked at within the family and community context.

Halbert (2004, p.136) asserts that with this in mind, the risks to family members should be emphasized by the counselor during the pre-test sessions. With this in mind, genetic counselor can be structured so as to minimize the negative effects of genetic testing hence letting the individual optimally enjoy the benefits of the test.

The increase in the perceived gains of genetic testing have resulted in it being considered as an essential part of the health care system and future prospects are that it will be a fundamental component in medicine. The adverse effects that may arise from genetic diagnosis are considered to be a risk when one chooses to be tested.

This paper set out to articulate the various impacts that an individual may have as a result of genetic testing. From the discussions presented, it can be seen that there exist significant risks associated with the practice e.g. psychological distress. This negative factors if not well managed may result in a reduction in the quality of life for the individual.

Measures such as pre and post-test counseling which can reduce the negative effects should therefore be employed. From this paper, it can be authoritatively stated that any genetic testing should be preceded and followed by appropriate counseling services for the individual(s) affected.

Boskey, E 2007, America Debates Genetic DNA Testing, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.

Claes, E Denayer, L Evers-Kiebooms, G Boogaerts, A & Legius, E 2004, “Predictive testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: motivation, illness representations and short-term psychological impact”, Patient Education and Counseling 55 (2004) 265–274.

Halbert, CH 2004, “Decisions and outcomes of genetic testing for inherited breast cancer risk”, Annals of Oncology 15 (Supplement 1): i35–i39.

Heshka, JT Palleschi, C Howley, H Wilson, B & Wells, PS 2008, “A systematic review of perceived risks, psychological and behavioural impacts of genetic testing”, Genetics In Medicine , Vol. 10, No. 1.

Horowitz, MJ Field, NP Zanko, A Donnelly, EF Epstein, C & Longo, F 2001, “Psychological Impact of News of Genetic Risk for Huntington Disease”, American Journal of Medical Genetics 103:188±192.

Lernam, C Croyle, RT Tercyak, KP & Hamann, H 2003, “Genetic Testing: Psychological Aspects and Implications”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 3, 784–797.

Lerman, C & Shields, A 2004, “Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility: the promise and the pitfalls”, Nature Reviews , Vol 4.

Kasparian, NA Meiser, B Butow, PN Soamse, RF & Mann, JG 2006, “Better the Devil You Know? High-Risk Individuals’ Anticipated Psychological Responses to Genetic Testing for Melanoma Susceptibility”, Journal of Genetic Counseling , Vol. 15, No. 6, December 2006.

Petersen, A 2006, “The best experts: The narratives of those who have a genetic condition”, Social Science & Medicine 63 (2006) 32–42.

Pillitteri, A. 2009, Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sandeson, SC Humphries, ES Hubbart, C Jarvis, JM & Wardle, J 2008, “Psychological and Behavioural Impact of Genetic Testing Smokers for Lung Cancer Risk: A Phase II Exploratory trial” Journal of Health Psychology 2008 13: 481.

Sharpe, NF & Carter, RF 2006, Genetic testing: care, consent, and liability , John Wiley and Sons.

WHO 2005, Genetics, genomics and the patenting of DNA Review of potential implications for health in developing countries < https://www.who.int/genomics/FullReport.pdf >

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This paper covers genetic testing in the modern world and its effects in the society. Naturally it is a prayer of every parent to be to conceive a baby of robust health. This comes out of the worry of bearing a child with abnormalities, untreatable or hereditary health problems. The availability of genetic test can be of the essence in the establishment, and built of the necessary confidence of reassurance, and information concerning the pregnancy.

Genetic testing on fetuses plays a primary role in recognition of the health problems that are likely to affect both the mother and the unborn. The heath problems that are identified can be either treatable or untreatable. Nonetheless, the tests have a number of accompanying pros and cons which the pregnant mother should be fully aware and informed about and by extension think of the necessary steps to be taken if a certain health problem is identified. Genetic tests on fetus can help identify the characteristics of the unborn which include sex, size and position in the uterus, the possibility that the unborn has genetic, congenital and chromosomal defects and other types of fetal defects that include heart malfunction, Alzheimer among others.

The most rampant issue about genetic testing is the accessibility of the information and individual and society's responsibility on genetic information.

Literature review

Genetic testing like many other sectors of medicine that have been affected by technology has evolved over the recent years to great heights. According to Human Genome Project Information, there are many setbacks in the medical options which can be utilized in interpreting the test results. These may include the satisfaction of one's anxiety, show of favoritism and social stigmatization.

A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. Gene testing is the analyzing of the DNA molecule itself and the identification of changes in chromosomes, proteins and genes. Gene testing is used for various reasons some being: carrier testing, prenatal testing, forensic testing, newborn screening, pharmacogenomics and presymptomatic testing. In practice, genetic tests are carried out on a sample of blood, skin, amniotic fluid, hair or other tissue. Over the recent years, many people have embraced prenatal testing, which is, the testing of the fetus with the aim of prenatal sex discernment, paternity testing and detection of birth defects. There are two methods used in prenatal testing: invasive, for example, amniocentesis which involves the insertion of needles into the uterus and non-invasive, for example, ultrasonography.

The Human Genome Project Information claims that already genetic testing has improved many lives since it has been used in diagnostic testing and directing physicians to appropriate treatments while at the same time allowing families to avoid having children with devastating diseases.

Genetic testing is used for routine prenatal checkups. Prenatal testing is also used to determine the sex of the fetus, if the fetus has any kind of genetic abnormality and the paternity of a fetus. Though prenatal sex discernment has been banned in some countries, it is used to determine of the sex of a fetus for eager parents. Prenatal testing is also useful to parents who have an increased risk of genetic abnormality or in circumstances where the pregnancy puts the life of the mother or fetus at risk. This is vital as it helps families get prepared financially, psychologically, socially and medically too. In legal matters or other situations where the paternity of a fetus or embryo is in question, then genetic testing is always a major way of solving the problem.

Genetic testing on the fetus allow for the treatment of the unborn condition as early as even during pregnancy, for instance, a baby with Rh incongruity problems can receive blood transfusions. In addition, the parents can make early and appropriate decisions concerning the delivery of the baby. The decisions can be a schedule for a cesarean delivery so as to minimize the chances of birth related injuries, for instance, for a baby with spina bifida.

Genetic testing allows for the proper preparation of the parents to take care of a baby with special needs. The preparation can be both emotionally and financially incase the baby will require expensive medical attention or incase of a stillborn. Finally, genetic testing allows parents to make a decision on whether to determinate or continue with the pregnancy. The decision can either be based on sex or the abnormalities.

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View of genetic testing in the 21st century

Use of prenatal testing to determine the sex or other physical attributes of a fetus has become very common. Some couples will prefer to abort until they have achieved the preferred sex or admired characteristics in their off springs. This is discrimination against the unborn, and it has elevated mixed feelings from members of the society making abortion one of the most controversial topics in the modern world today. Most people are of the opinion that abortion is an issue of morals and ethics leaving so many more in a dilemma on the topic.

Genetic testing has its cons and as Genetics Home Reference claims. Tests can be inadequate as they might not be detailed about an inherited condition. Genetic testing has its major pros though like in diagnostic testing where doctors are able to make appropriate conclusions in method of treatment.

The major drawback of genetic testing is its deficiency in the identification of all problems. The tests cannot guarantee the birth of a perfectly strong and healthy baby. Again, the tests do not give an elaborative extent of the problem in terms of severe ness, hence difficulty in determining the kind and quality of life the baby will enjoy. The genetic tests specifically prenatal test can be continuous to the extent that getting out of it will be a problem, for instance, a test result which indicates a possibility of having a baby with down syndrome can result in a follow-up AFP test, an amniocentesis, an ultrasound and even more risky and invasive procedures.

Genetic testing is of great use in our current society and scientists should come up with improvements in the testing process in order to understand more on genetic mutation and changes in chromosomes. Regardless of the few negative effects of genetic testing, mostly it has proven to be of phenomenal assistance to the world of medicine and to the human race in general.

Any individual with knowledge about his or her genetic information should take bold steps to try to inform and educate or sensitize the society about the importance of carrying out genetic tests. His or her knowledge about the information should be a source of empowering tool to the society. The individual should encourage the populace to carry voluntary genetic tests so that they can establish their health status. In addition, he/she should organize for conferences to look into the future of a society with sufficient knowledge on genetically linked diseases.

The come together will create a better psychological on individuals who are preparing to undergo the check freely. The individual will help alleviate the fears that the rest in the individuals minds concerning the stigma that accompanies ones knowledge about his or her health conditions. The positive experience that has resulted due to the individuals' acquisition of the genetic findings should be used as an encouragement for others who have feared to carry the tests.

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Ethical Issues In Genetic Testing: Free Sample Essay To Follow

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Genetics , Medicine , Genetic , Health , Testing , Andrews , Workplace , People

Words: 1400

Published: 03/08/2023

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Technology advancement in the medical sector has had an important contribution in the pathology of many diseases. One of the innovations has been, testing human DNA, commonly referred to as Genetic testing. The procedure involves determining the DNA sequence and changes in the DNA sequence of specific genomes in a human body (McCormick and Connors 317). The tests are used to diagnose traits and diseases, assess the severity of a given disease, and determine gene changes that can be inherited from one generation to another, determining medical treatments and gene changes that have a higher risk of causing a disease (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). However, the different genetic tests raise ethical issues for society, medicine, public health policies regarding the confidentiality, implementation and use of the tests (McCormick and Connors 317). Also, there are cases where the tests results have been used to discriminate people for example in employment and insurance covers (McCormick and Connors 321). This paper is a response to a case study of the ethical issues in genetic testing. Genetic testing is done on tissue samples from saliva, blood, hair, skin, tumors, amniotic fluid and the inside part of cheeks (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). There are different types of gene testing based on the purpose of the test (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). The diagnostic test is done to determine an already existing ailment. Predictive and presymptomatic tests the probability of a person developing a disease (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). Carrier testing is done on persons who have a gene change that can cause a disease but do not portray any symptom of the disease. Carriers can pass the gene to their offsprings for the disease to manifest itself (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). The test is done by historical medical records in a family. Fetuses diseases can also be tested through a prenatal genetic testing, and a can also be screened a day or two after birth. There is also pharmacogenomic testing that determines how an individual body process a given medicine (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). Lastly, research genetic testing is done for knowledge improvement in a given area of medicine (Sakharkar and Chow 984-985). Autonomous agents advocate for individual reasoning, willingness, and decision making to be respected by all social, legal and moral norms without any interference (Andrews 247). In the context of genetic testing and screening, autonomy refers to one’s right to make an informed, independent choice whether to take a genetic test and receive the test results. Also, a person should have a right to control their destiny irrespective of their genetic status without interference from others (Andrews 247). Many religious ethicists are against discrimination of people on genetic testing grounds. The major challenge of gene testing is insurability; some people may be discriminated from getting employment and medical services (Andrews 247). In 1989, the Church and Society Commission of the World Council of Churches released a study document, “Biotechnology: Its Challenges to the Churches and the World,” which draws attention to “unfair discrimination in work, healthcare, insurance and education.” Similarly, in the proposal approved by its 1992 General Conference, the United Methodist Church Genetic Task Force listed prominently among possible Human Genome Programs repercussions, “discrimination: the suffering and/or hardship that may result from “The use of results of genetic screening of adults, newborns and the unborn for the purpose of discrimination in employment and insurance is unacceptable.” (Andrews 250). Although screening has its advantages in medical settings, employers may take advantage of the information to cut medical insurance premium costs for employees with hereditary medical conditions, adding a new class of poor, vulnerable and uninsured people (Andrews 248). High-risk individuals pay a higher premium for medical covers and at times denied the cover. The law protects human dignity and it is on this ground that adults have autonomous decision-making rights. We should make decisions on reliable information provided to us; health care providers should disseminate valuable information to patients to inform their decisions (Andrews 248). Information may detail any potential risks, benefits of the tests and prognosis nature and offer alternatives. A patient has a right to control the use of any tissues obtained from their body, there are some limitations to this right in some states where research on humans can be carried out on blood samples provided for the purpose of gene testing like in the case of newborn screening, on conditions that the sample remains anonymous, and the use had not been anticipated prior to the sample collection (Andrews 249). Otherwise, if there was a prior motive to use the sample, consent must be obtained. A person also has a right to their privacy that should not be intruded, in David’s case, His sister was not in a position to force David to take action regarding the news she gave him, and he had to decide on his own to take the tests. On taking a test, an individual has the right to decide who can view their results without feeling coerced to reveal any information to employers, spouses, insurers, family members, researchers or any other third parties that might be interested in the same information (Andrews 249). However, the right to privacy scope is limited, and cannot override the interest of other people. Health care providers should always consider the issue of confidentiality when dealing with the samples entrusted to them by patients and results of patients (Andrews 250). There should be controlled access to patients’ medical information even to employers and insurance companies. Confidentiality rules are a must for patient and social welfare; these rules foster trust and encourage people to seek medical care when ill (Andrews 251). Rules also provide a platform for autonomy and privacy principles. There are instances when these rules are limited for the purpose of protecting other values like preventing serious harms, communicable diseases and venereal diseases (Andrews 251). Moreover, the prevention justification given for limiting patients’ rights does not directly apply to most genetic diseases. Currently, most of the genetic diseases are not being prevented, but rather the controls are to prevent the birth of a particular individual (McCormick and Connors 317). This issue is one of the questions David battled with whether they would be forced to terminate Nancy’s pregnancy. People’s views on disabilities differ, and the intervention took also raises questions among different schools of thoughts. Religious morals do not advocate for abortion. Genetic screening may increase the abortion rate among those who get to learn the genetic risks to their fetus (McCormick and Connors 324). Furthermore, people with a particular genetic disorder may feel threatened and view this as an attempt to eliminate them. Also, it can have an impact on their self-esteem bearing the fact that the condition cannot be corrected, and they have to live with it for a long time (Andrews 253). Thus, the unexpected revelation from genetic testing can haunt the person. Christians believe that every human life is sacred and should be protected as it belongs to God. Despite one having deformities, Christians should take it as part of sharing in the suffering of Christ, and they should not seek to modify the creation of God through genetic modifications. Modifying human genetics is considered as “playing God” and attack on the sovereignty of God (McCormick and Connors 325). The notion that we are all created in the image and likeness of God serves as a reminder to respect all kinds of people. Contrary to this is the co-creation task that humans are called to. God commanded us to procreate and complete the creation He began at the beginning of the earth. However, our ability to create is limited to altering materials existing in the Genesis creation order (McCormick and Connors 325). Genetic screening benefits to society cannot be ignored. However, there should be limits to what extend the procedures compromise our moral standards, the dignity of humans, social rights, and religion teachings.

Works Cited

Andrews, Lori B. Assessing Genetic Risks. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994. Print. McCormick, Patrick T, and Russell B Connors. Facing Ethical Issues. New York: Paulist Press, 2002. Print. Sakharkar, K. R., and V. T. K. Chow. "Exploring Genome Architecture Through GOV: A WWW-Based Gene Order Visualizer." Bioinformatics 20.6 (2004): 984-985. Web.

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204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College and High School

Genetics studies how genes and traits pass from generation to generation. It has practical applications in many areas, such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, gene editing, and genetic testing. If you’re looking for exciting genetics topics for presentation, you’re at the right place! Here are genetics research paper topics and ideas for different assignments.

🧬 TOP 7 Genetics Topics for Presentation 2024

🏆 best genetics essay topics, ❓ genetics research questions, 👍 good genetics research topics & essay examples, 🌟 cool genetics topics for presentation, 🌶️ hot genetics topics to write about, 🔎 current genetic research topics, 🎓 most interesting genetics topics.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Testing
Should Parents Have the Right to Choose Their Children Based on Genetics?
The Potential Benefits of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Pineapples and Their Benefits
The Importance of Heredity and Genetics
Cause and Effect of Genetically Modified Food
Genetic and Social Behavioral Learning Theories
Link Between Obesity and Genetics Obesity affects the lives through limitations implemented on the physical activity, associated disorders, and even emotional pressure.
Genetically Modified Organisms: Pros and Cons Genetically modified organisms are organisms that are created after combining DNA from a different species into an organism to come up with a transgenic organism.
A Career in Genetics: Required Skills and Knowledge A few decades ago, genetics was mostly a science-related sphere of employment. People with a degree in genetics can have solid career prospects in medicine and even agriculture.
Genetics of Developmental Disabilities The aim of the essay is to explore the genetic causes of DDs, especially dyslexia, and the effectiveness of DNA modification in the treatment of these disorders.
Genetic and Environmental Impacts on Teaching Work If students do not adopt learning materials and the fundamentals of the curriculum well, this is a reason for reviewing the current educational regimen.
Human Genetics: Multifactorial Traits This essay states that multifactorial traits in human beings are essential for distinguishing individual characteristics in a population.
Ban on Genetically Modified Foods Genetically modified (GM) foods are those that are produced with the help of genetic engineering. Such foods are created from organisms with changed DNA.
Simulating the Natural Selection and Genetic Drift This lab was aimed at simulating the natural selection and genetic drift as well as predicting their frequency of evolution change.
Ethical Concerns on Genetic Engineering The paper discusses Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats technology. It is a biological system for modifying DNA.
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Benefits of Genetic Engineering The potential increase of people’s physical characteristics and lifespan may be regarded as another advantage of genetic engineering.
Genetically Modified Food as a Current Issue GM foods are those kinds of food items that have had their DNA changed by usual breeding; this process is also referred to as Genetic Engineering.
Genetics of Personality Disorders The genetics of different psychological disorders can vary immensely; for example, the genetic architecture of schizophrenia is quite perplexing and complex.
Medicine Is Not a Genetic Supermarket Together with the development of society, medicine also develops, but some people are not ready to accept everything that science creates.
Plant Genetic Engineering: Genetic Modification Genetic engineering is the manipulation of the genes of an organism by completely altering the structure of the organism.
Advantages of Using Genetically Modified Foods Genetic modifications of traditional crops have allowed the expansion of agricultural land in areas with adverse conditions.
Medical and Psychological Genetic Counseling Genetic counseling is defined as the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Causing Alcoholism and Effects of Alcohol Abuse The term alcoholism may be used to refer to a wide range of issues associated with alcohol. Simply put, it is a situation whereby an individual cannot stay without alcohol.
Genetic Engineering: Gene Therapy The purpose of the present study is to discover just what benefits gene therapy might have to offer present and future generations.
Genetic Engineering: Dangers and Opportunities Genetic engineering can be defined as: “An artificial modification of the genetic code of an organism. It changes radically the physical nature of the being in question.
Behavioral Genetics in “Harry Potter” Books The reverberations of the Theory of Behavioral Genetics permeate the Harry Potter book series, enabling to achieve the comprehension of characters and their behaviors.
Genetic Testing and Privacy & Discrimination Issues Genetic testing is fraught with the violation of privacy and may result in discrimination in employment, poor access to healthcare services, and social censure.
Technology of Synthesis of Genetically Modified Insulin The work summarizes the technology for obtaining genetically modified insulin by manipulating the E. coli genome.
Genomics, Genetics, and Nursing Involvement The terms genomics and genetics refer to the study of genetic material. In many cases, the words are erroneously used interchangeably.
Genetically Modified Foods and Their Impact on Human Health Genetically modified food has become the subject of discussion. There are numerous benefits and risks tied to consumption of genetically modified foods.
Genetic Engineering: Cloning With Pet-28A Embedding genes into plasmid vectors is an integral part of molecular cloning as part of genetic engineering. An example is the cloning of the pectate lyase gene.
Mendelian Genetics and Chlorophyll in Plants This paper investigates Mendelian genetics. This lab report will examine the importance of chlorophyll in plants using fast plants’ leaves and stems.
Literature Review: Acceptability of Genetic Engineering The risks and benefits of genetic engineering must be objectively evaluated so that modern community could have a better understanding of this problem
Impacts of Genetic Engineering of Agricultural Crops In present days the importance of genetic engineering grew due to the innovations in biotechnologies and Sciences.
Genetic and Genomic Healthcare: Nurses Ethical Issues Genomic medicine is one of the most significant ways of tailoring healthcare at a personal level. This paper will explore nursing ethics concerning genetic information.
GMO: Some Peculiarities and Associated Concerns Genetically modified organisms are created through the insertion of genes of other species into their genetic codes.
How Much Do Genetics Affect Us?
What Can Livestock Breeders Learn From Conservation Genetics and Vice Versa?
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How Dolly Sheep Changed Genetics Forever?
What Is the Nature and Function of Genetics?
What Are the Five Branches of Genetics?
How Does Genetics Affect the Achievement of Food Security?
Are Owls and Larks Different in Genetics When It Comes to Aggression?
How Do Neuroscience and Behavioral Genetics Improve Psychiatric Assessment?
How Does Genetics Influence Human Behavior?
What Are Three Common Genetics Disorders?
Can Genetics Cause Crime or Are We Presupposed?
What Are Examples of Genetics Influences?
How Do Genetics Influence Psychology?
What Traits Are Influenced by Genetics?
Why Tampering With Our Genetics Will Be Beneficial?
How Genetics and Environment Affect a Child’s Behaviors?
Which Country Is Best for Genetics Studies?
How Does the Environment Change Genetics?
Can Crop Models Identify Critical Gaps in Genetics, Environment, and Management Interactions?
How Can Drug Metabolism and Transporter Genetics Inform Psychotropic Prescribing?
Can You Change Your Genetics?
How Old Are European Genetics?
Will Benchtop Sequencers Resolve the Sequencing Trade-off in Plant Genetics?
What Can You Study in Genetics?
What Are Some Genetic Issues?
Does Genetics Matter for Disease-Related Stigma?
How Did the Drosophila Melanogaster Impact Genetics?
What Is a Genetics Specialist?
Will Genetics Destroy Sports?
Is ADHD Genetically Passed Down to Family Members? Genetic correlations between such qualities as hyperactivity and inattention allowed us to define ADHD as a spectrum disorder rather than a unitary one.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic Risk and Ethical Considerations Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that causes brain shrinkage and the death of brain cells. It is the most prevalent form of dementia.
Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crop In 1996, the commercial use of genetically modified (GM) crop production techniques had increasingly been accepted by many farmers.
Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering Mechanisms This paper discusses gene transfer mechanisms and the different genetic engineering mechanisms. Gene transfer, a natural process, can cause variation in biological features.
Nutrition: Obesity Pandemic and Genetic Code The environment in which we access the food we consume has changed. Unhealthy foods are cheaper, and there is no motivation to eat healthily.
Relation Between Genetics and Intelligence Intelligence is a mental ability to learn from experience, tackle issues and use knowledge to adapt to new situations and the factor g may access intelligence of a person.
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Environmental Ethics in Genetically Modified Organisms The paper discusses genetically modified organisms. Environmental ethics is centered on the ethical dilemmas arising from human interaction with the nonhuman domain.
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Detection of Genetically Modified Products Today, people are becoming more concerned about the need to protect themselves from the effects of harmful factors and to buy quality food.
Genetically Modified Organisms Solution to Global Hunger It is time for the nations to work together and solve the great challenge of feeding the population by producing sufficient food and using fewer inputs.
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Researching of Genetic Engineering DNA technology entails the sequencing, evaluation and cut-and-paste of DNA. The following paper analyzes the historical developments, techniques, applications, and controversies.
Genetically Modified Crops: Impact on Human Health The aim of this paper is to provide some information about genetically modified crops as well as highlight the negative impacts of genetically modified soybeans on human health.
Genetic Engineering Biomedical Ethics Perspectives Diverse perspectives ensure vivisection, bio, and genetic engineering activities, trying to deduce their significance in evolution, medicine, and society.
Down Syndrome: The Genetic Disorder Down syndrome is the result of a glandular or chemical disbalance in the mother at the time of gestation and of nothing else whatsoever.
Genetic Modifications: Advantages and Disadvantages Genetic modifications of fruits and vegetables played an important role in the improvement process of crops and their disease resistance, yields, eating quality and shelf life.
Labeling of Genetically Modified Products Regardless of the reasoning behind the labeling issue, it is ethical and good to label the food as obtained from genetically modified ingredients for the sake of the consumers.
Convergent Evolution, Genetics and Related Structures This paper discusses the concept of convergent evolution and related structures. Convergent evolution describes the emergence of analogous or similar traits in different species.
Genetic Technologies in the Healthcare One area where genetic technology using DNA works for the benefit of society is medicine, as it will improve the treatment and management of genetic diseases.
Are Genetically Modified Organisms Really That Bad? Almost any food can be genetically modified: meat, fruits, vegetables, etc. Many people argue that consuming products, which have GMOs may cause severe health issues.
Type 1 Diabetes in Children: Genetic and Environmental Factors The prevalence rate of type 1 diabetes in children raises the question of the role of genetic and environmental factors in the increasing cases of this illness.
Discussion of Genetic Testing Aspects The primary aim of the adoption process is to ensure that the children move into a safe and loving environment.
The Normal Aging Process and Its Genetic Basis Various factors can cause some genetic disorders linked to premature aging. The purpose of this paper is to talk about the genetic basis of the normal aging process.
Defending People’s Rights Through GMO Labels Having achieved mandatory labeling of GMOs, the state and other official structures signal manufacturers of goods about the need to respect customers’ rights.
Epigenetics: Definition and Family History Epigenetics refers to the learning of fluctuations in creatures induced by gene expression alteration instead of modification of the ‘genetic code itself.
Genetically Modified Organisms in Aquaculture Genetically Modified Organisms are increasingly being used in aquaculture. They possess a unique genetic combination that makes them uniquely suited to their environment.
Genetic Modification of Organisms to Meet Human Needs Genetic modification of plants and animals for food has increased crop yields as the modified plants and animals have more desirable features such as better production.
Discussion of Epigenetics Meanings and Aspects The paper discusses epigenetics – the study of how gene expression takes place without changing the sequence of DNA.
Genetic Testing and Bill of Rights and Responsibilities Comparing the Patient Bill of Rights or Patient Rights and Responsibilities of UNMC and the Nebraska Methodist, I find that the latter is much broader.
Genetically Modified Products: Positive and Negative Sides This paper considers GMOs a positive trend in human development due to their innovativeness and helpfulness in many areas of life, even though GMOs are fatal for many insects.
Overview of African Americans’ Genetic Diseases African Americans are more likely to suffer from certain diseases than white Americans, according to numerous studies.
Genetically Modified Fish: The Threats and Benefits This article’s purpose is to evaluate possible harm and advantages of genetically modified fish. For example, the GM fish can increase farms’ yield.
DNA and the Birth of Molecular Genetics Molecular genetics is critical in studying traits that are passed through generations. The paper analyzes the role of DNA to provide an ample understanding of molecular genetics.
Genetic Linkage Disorders: An Overview A receptor gene in the human chromosome 9 is the causative agent of most blood vessel disorders. Moreover, blood vessel disorders are the major cause of heart ailments.
Natural Selection and Genetic Variation The difference in the genetic content of organisms is indicative that certain group of organisms will stay alive, and effectively reproduce than other organisms residing in the same environment.
Genetically Modified Foods: How Safe are they? This paper seeks to address the question of whether genetically modified plants meant for food production confer a threat to human health and the environment.
The role of genes in our food preferences.
The molecular mechanisms of aging and longevity.
Genomic privacy: ways to protect genetic information.
The effects of genes on athletic performance.
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing: current applications and future perspectives.
Genetic underpinnings of human intelligence.
The genetic foundations of human behavior.
The role of DNA analysis in criminal justice.
The influence of genetic diversity on a species’ fate.
Genetic ancestry testing: the process and importance.
The Genetic Material Sequencing This experiment is aimed at understanding the real mechanism involved in genetic material sequencing through nucleic acid hybridization.
Genetically Modified Organisms in Human Food This article focuses on Genetically Modified Organisms as they are used to produce human food in the contemporary world.
Genetics and Public Health: Disease Control and Prevention Public health genomics may be defined as the field of study where gene sequences can be used to benefit society.
Genetic Disorder Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder. The clinical presentation of the disease is evident in various organs of the body as discussed in this paper.
The Study of the Epigenetic Variation in Monozygotic Twins The growth and development of an organism result in the activation and deactivation of different parts due to chemical reactions at strategic periods and locations
Human Genome and Application of Genetic Variations Human genome refers to the information contained in human genes. The Human Genome Project (HGP) focused on understanding genomic information stored in the human DNA.
Genetic Alterations and Cancer The paper will discuss cancer symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, side-effects of treatment, and also its link with a genetic alteration.
Saudi Classic Aniridia Genetic and Genomic Analysis This research was conducted in Saudi Arabia to determine the genetic and genomic alterations that underlie classic anirida.
What Makes Humans Mortal Genetically? The causes of aging have been studied and debated about by various experts for centuries, there multiple views and ideas about the reasons of aging and.
Decision Tree Analysis and Genetic Algorithm Methods Application in Healthcare The paper investigates the application of such methods of data mining as decision tree analysis and genetic algorithm in the healthcare setting.
Genetic Screening and Testing The provided descriptive report explains how genetic screening and testing assists clinicians in determining cognitive disabilities in babies.
Neurobiology: Epigenetics in Cocaine Addiction Studies have shown that the addiction process is the interplay of many factors that result in structural modifications of neuronal pathways.
Genetic (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) Analysis of Genome The advancement of the SNP technology in genomic analysis has made it possible to achieve cheap, effective, and fast methods for analyzing personal genomes.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Impact of Genetics New research proved that genetics are the driving force of evolution which causes the revision of some of Darwin’s discoveries.
Genetic Tests: Pros and Cons Genetic testing is still undergoing transformations and further improvements, so it may be safer to avoid such procedures under certain circumstances.
Case on Preserving Genetic Mutations in IVF In the case, a couple of a man and women want to be referred to an infertility specialist to have a procedure of in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Race: Genetic or Social Construction One of the most challenging questions the community faces today is the following: whether races were created by nature or society or not.
Huntington’s Chorea Disease: Genetics, Symptoms, and Treatment Huntington’s chorea disease is a neurodegenerative heritable disease of the central nervous system that is eventually leading to uncontrollable body movements and dementia.
Genetics: A Frameshift Mutation in Human mc4r This article reviews the article “A Frameshift Mutation in Human mc4r Is Associated With Dominant Form of Obesity” published by C. Vaisse, K. Clement, B. Guy-Grand & P. Froguel.
DNA Profiling: Genetic Variation in DNA Sequences The paper aims to determine the importance of genetic variation in sequences in DNA profiling using specific techniques.
Genetic Diseases: Hemophilia This article focuses on a genetic disorder such as hemophilia: causes, symptoms, history, diagnosis, and treatment.
Genetics: Gaucher Disease Type 1 The Gaucher disease type 1 category is a genetically related complication in which there is an automatic recession in the way lysosomes store some important gene enzymes.
Genetic Science Learning Center This paper shall seek to present an analysis of sorts of the website Learn Genetics by the University of Utah.
What Is Silencer Rna in Genetics RNA silencing is an evolutionary conserved intracellular surveillance system based on recognition. RNA silencing is induced by double-stranded RNA sensed by the enzyme Dicer.
Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic Disorder Cystic fibrosis, also referred to as CF, is a genetic disorder that can affect the respiratory and digestive systems.
Genetics or New Pharmaceutical Article Within the Last Year Copy number variations (CNVs) have more impacts on DNA sequence within the human genome than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Genetic Disorders: Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment Chorionic villus is a test of sampling done especially at the early stages of pregnancy and is used to identify some problems which might occur to the fetus.
Research of Genetic Disorders Types This essay describes different genetic disorders such as hemophilia, turner syndrome and sickle cell disease (SCD).
Genetic Mechanism of Colorectal Cancer Colorectal Cancer (CRC) occurrence is connected to environmental factors, hereditary factors, and individual ones.
Isolated by Genetics but Longing to Belong The objective of this paper is to argue for people with genetic illnesses to be recognized and appreciated as personages in all institutions.
Genetic Association and the Prognosis of Phenotypic Characters The article understudy is devoted to the topic of genetic association and the prognosis of phenotypic characters. The study focuses on such a topic as human iris pigmentation.
The Concept of Epigenetics Epigenetics is a study of heritable phenotypic changes or gene expression in cells that are caused by mechanisms other than DNA sequence.
PiggyBac Transposon System in Genetics Ideal delivery systems for gene therapy should be safe and efficient. PB has a high transposition efficiency, stability, and mutagenic potential in most mammalian cell lines.
Genetic Factors as the Cause of Anorexia Nervosa Genetic predisposition currently seems the most plausible explanation among all the proposed etiologies of anorexia.
Bioethical Issues in Genetic Analysis and Manipulations We are currently far from a point where we can claim that we should be providing interventions to some and not others due to their genetic makeup.
GMO Use in Brazil and Other Countries The introduction of biotechnology into food production was a milestone. Brazil is one of the countries that are increasingly using GMOs for food production.
Personality Is Inherited Principles of Genetics The present articles discusses the principles of genetics, and how is human temperament and personality formed.
The Effects of Genetic Modification of Agricultural Products Discussion of the threat to the health of the global population of genetically modified food in the works of Such authors as Jane Brody and David Ehrenfeld.
Genetic foundations of rare diseases.
Genetic risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders.
Inherited cancer genes and their impact on tumor development.
Genetic variability in drug metabolism and its consequences.
The role of genetic and environmental factors in disease development.
Genomic cancer medicine: therapies based on tumor DNA sequencing.
Non-invasive prenatal testing: benefits and challenges.
Genetic basis of addiction.
The origins of domestication genes in animals.
How can genetics affect a person’s injury susceptibility?
Genetic Engineering in Food and Freshwater Issues The technology of bioengineered foods, genetically modified, genetically engineered, or transgenic crops, will be an essential element in meeting the challenging population needs.
Genetic Engineering and Religion: Designer Babies The current Pope has opposed any scientific procedure, including genetic engineering, in vitro fertilization, and diagnostic tests to see if babies have disabilities.
Op-ED Genetic Engineering: The Viewpoint The debate about genetic engineering was started more than twenty years ago and since that time it has not been resolved
All About the Role of Genetic Engineering and Biopiracy The argument whether genetically engineered seeds have monopolized the market in place of the contemporary seeds has been going on for some time now.
Genetic Engineering and Cloning Controversy Genetic engineering and cloning are the most controversial issues in modern science. The benefits of cloning are the possibility to treat incurable diseases and increase longevity.
Biotechnology: Methodology in Basic Genetics The material illustrates the possibilities of ecological genetics, the development of eco-genetical models, based on the usage of species linked by food chain as consumers and producers.
Genetics Impact on Health Care in the Aging Population This paper briefly assesses the impact that genetics and genomics can have on health care costs and services for geriatric patients.
Concerns Regarding Genetically Modified Food It is evident that genetically modified food and crops are potentially harmful. Both humans and the environment are affected by consequences as a result of their introduction.
Family Genetic History and Planning for Future Wellness The patient has a family genetic history of cardiac arrhythmia, allergy, and obesity. These diseases might lead to heart attacks, destroy the cartilage and tissue around the joint.
Personal Genetics and Risks of Diseases Concerning genetics, biographical information includes data such as ethnicity. Some diseases are more frequent in specific populations as compared to others.
Genetic Predisposition to Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol-Related Diseases The subject of genetics in alcohol dependence deserves additional research in order to provide accurate results.
Genetically-Modified Fruits, Pesticides, or Biocontrol? The main criticism of GMO foods is the lack of complete control and understanding behind GMO processes in relation to human consumption and long-term effects on human DNA.
Genetic Variants Influencing Effectiveness of Exercise Training Programmes “Genetic Variants Influencing Effectiveness of Exercise Training Programmes” studies the influence of most common genetic markers that indicate a predisposition towards obesity.
Eugenics, Human Genetics and Their Societal Impact Ever since the discovery of DNA and the ability to manipulate it, genetics research has remained one of the most controversial scientific topics of the 21st century.
Genetic Interference in Caenorhabditis Elegans The researchers found out that the double-stranded RNA’s impact was not only the cells, it was also on the offspring of the infected animals.
Genetics and Autism Development Autism is associated with a person’s genetic makeup. This paper gives a detailed analysis of this condition and the role of genetics in its development.
Genetically Modified Food Safety and Benefits Today’s world faces a problem of the shortage of food supplies to feed its growing population. The adoption of GM foods can solve the problem of food shortage in several ways.
Start Up Company: Genetically Modified Foods in China The aim of establishing the start up company is to develop the scientific idea of increasing food production using scientific methods.
Community Health Status: Development, Gender, Genetics Stage of development, gender and genetics appear to be the chief factors that influence the health status of the community.
Homosexuality as a Genetic Characteristic The debate about whether homosexuality is an inherent or social parameter can be deemed as one of the most thoroughly discussed issues in the contemporary society.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Twins: Genetics Study Autism spectrum disorder is a behavioral condition caused by genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies have been used to explain the hereditary nature of this condition.
Why Is the Concept of Epigenetics So Fascinating? Epigenetics has come forward to play a significant role in the modern vision of the origin of illnesses and methods of their treatment, which results in proving to be fascinating.
Epigenetics and Its Effect on Physical and Mental Health This paper reviews a research article and two videos on epigenetics to developing an understanding of the phenomenon and how it affects individuals’ physical and mental health.
Genetic Counseling for Cystic Fibrosis Some of the inherited genes may predispose individuals to specific health conditions like cystic fibrosis, among other inheritable diseases.
Patent on Genetic Discoveries and Supreme Court Decision Supreme Court did not recognize the eligibility of patenting Myriad Genetics discoveries due to the natural existence of the phenomenon.
Genetic Testing, Its Background and Policy Issues This paper will explore the societal impacts of genetic research and its perceptions in mass media, providing argumentation for support and opposition to the topic.
Genetically Modified Organisms and Future Farming There are many debates about benefits and limitations of GMOs, but so far, scientists fail to prove that the advantages of these organisms are more numerous than the disadvantages.
Mitosis, Meiosis, and Genetic Variation According to Mendel’s law of independent assortment, alleles for different characteristics are passed independently from each other.
Genetic Counseling and Hypertension Risks This paper dwells upon the peculiarities of genetic counseling provided to people who are at risk of developing hypertension.
The Perspectives of Genetic Engineering in Various Fields Genetic engineering can be discussed as having such potential benefits for the mankind as improvement of agricultural processes, environmental protection, resolution of the food problem.
Labeling Food With Genetically Modified Organisms The wide public has been concerned about the issue of whether food products with genetically modified organisms should be labeled since the beginning of arguments on implications.
Diabetes Genetic Risks in Diagnostics The introduction of the generic risks score in the diagnosis of diabetes has a high potential for use in the correct classification based on a particular type of diabetes.
Residence and Genetic Predisposition to Diseases The study on the genetic predisposition of people to certain diseases based on their residence places emphasizes the influence of heredity.
Eugenics, Human Genetics and Public Policy Debates Ethical issues associated with human genetics and eugenics have been recently brought to public attention, resulting in the creation of peculiar public policy.
Value of the Epigenetics Epigenetics is a quickly developing field of science that has proven to be practical in medicine. It focuses on changes in gene activity that are not a result of DNA sequence mutations.
Genetics Seminar: The Importance of Dna Roles DNA has to be stable. In general, its stability becomes possible due to a large number of hydrogen bonds which make DNA strands more stable.
Genetically Modified Organisms: Position Against Genetically modified organisms are organisms that are created after combining DNAs of different species to come up with a transgenic organism.
Genetically Modified Organisms and Their Benefits Scientists believe GMOs can feed everyone in the world. This can be achieved if governments embrace the use of this new technology to create genetically modified foods.
Food Science and Technology of Genetic Modification Genetically modified foods have elicited different reactions all over the world with some countries banning its use while others like the United States allowing its consumption.
How Much can We Control Our Genetics, at What Point do We Cease to be Human? The branch of biology that deals with variation, heredity, and their transmission in both animals and the plant is called genetics.

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StudyCorgi. (2022, January 16). 204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College and High School. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/genetics-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College and High School." January 16, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/genetics-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College and High School." January 16, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/genetics-essay-topics/.

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Genetic Test Essays

Genetic Test Essays (Examples)

648+ documents containing “genetic test” .

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Genetic discrimination in practice case.

However, an individual should be able to investigate their own roots, even if the science is questionable. hen such information is released into the public domain without the individual's permission though, a lot of harm can be done. Making invasions into a person's genetic history illegal is probably the best remedy. Genetic testing has become an important tool for medical diagnosis and treatments (Norrgard) and therefore should be available to anyone needing or requesting such services. hat is done with this information, however, is another matter. Family members may suspect they have an increased risk for an early onset or even fatal disease, but would prefer not to know if effective treatments and cures are unavailable. Should one family member decide to get tested, then this may create friction between family members concerning their wishes and personal privacy because the results would have an impact on everyone in the family. Genetic….

Works Cited

Norrgard, K. "Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination." Nature Education 1.1 (2008). Web. 3 May 2013.

Abbott, a. "Genome Test Slammed for Assessing Racial Purity." Nature 486 (2012):167.

Genetic Testing and Genetic

Genetic counseling involves the sharing vital information and knowledge by experienced and well trained experts in the field of genetics for individuals with high risks of suffering some genetic disorders or transferring it to their children. It is the responsibility of a genetic counselor to provide relevant information concerning the hereditary nature of certain diseases and their risks of reoccurrence; addresses the concerns of patients, their health care providers and their families; and lends assistance to both the patients suffering these hereditary ailments and their families. The first genetic counseling center was the Hereditary Clinic established at the University of Michigan in the United States in 1940. Since then, several such centers have been established in different parts of the world. Through genetic counseling, information is made available to give the needed support to people who are dealing with any genetic disorder or at risk of developing one. When dealing with a….

Brickell, K., Steinbart, E., Rumbaugh, M., Payami, H., Schellenberg, G., Deerlin, V. V.,... Bird, T. (2006). Early-onset Alzheimer disease in families with late-onset Alzheimer disease: a potential important subtype of familial Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol, 63(9), 1307-11.

Campion, D., Dumanchin, C., Hannequin, D., Dubois, B., Belliard, S., Puel, M.,... Frebourg, T. (1999). Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. Am J. Hum Genet, 65(3), 664-70.

CDC. (2015, March 3). Genetic Counselling. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/genetics/genetic_counseling.html

Goldman, J. S., MS, M., Hahn, S. E., Catania, J. W., Larusse-Eckert, S., Butson, M. B.,... Bird, T. (2011). Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: Joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Genet Med, 13(6), 597 -- 605.

Genetic Testing and Disease

Huntington's disease (HD) was the first autonomic dominant disorder for which genetic prediction became possible" (Harper, et al., 2000, Journal of Medical Genetics, p. 567). HD is a disease that occurs due to an inherited disorder leading to the death of brain cells. A diagnosis of HD is accomplished through genetic testing which can be implemented at any age regardless of whether the symptoms manifest or not. Although, the specific symptoms vary between people, nevertheless, symptoms can start with people between 35 and 45 years of age and can also start in some individuals at even anearlier age. The disease may affect successive generations if health interventions are not implemented (Mandel, 2016). Additionally, "the cause of HD is due to a dominant mutation of autosomal form of the gene called Huntington. This shows that a child born by an affected person has a 50% chance of developing or inheriting the disease"….

Causes and risk factors. (2016). Health Communities. Retrieved from http://www. healthcommunities.com/huntingtons-disease/cause.shtml.

Denbo, S. M. (2013, January 1). Balancing the rights of children, parents and the state: The legal, ethical and psychological implications of genetic testing in children. Southern Journal of Business and Ethics, 5, 188-190.

Domaradzki, J. (2015, January 1). Lay constructions of genetic risk. A case-study of the Polish Society of Huntington's Disease. Polish Sociological Review, 189, 107-111.

Draper, B. (2004). Dealing with dementia: A Guide to Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Genetic Nursing Future

Nursing and Genetics As noted by Lea (et al.) "Obtaining a family history is an established and familiar screening activity used by nurses and other healthcare providers across many healthcare settings" (Lea 2010:4). However, the increased commonality of doing a genetic profile on patients has made gathering such a family history far more revelatory than ever before. Nurses must gain a better understanding of how genetics affects patient health in a very specific fashion to be effective healthcare providers in the future. Nurses are "ideally situated" to inform patients about what genetic information means, given the patient-centered focus of the profession (Lea 2011: 3). Nurses must understand the implications of genetic testing to comprehend the extent to which a disease is likely to manifest itself in a patient. Patients must be able to realistically evaluate the threats they face. At present, "genetic tests are offered to those suspected of having a genetic….

Conley, Y. & Tinkle, M. (2006). The future of genomic nursing research. Journal of Nursing

Scholarship, 38: 213-218

Lea, DH (et al. 2011). Implications for educating the next generation of nurses on genetics and genomics in the 21st century. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43:1, 3 -- 12.

Lea, DH (2006). U.S. genetics nurses in advanced practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,

Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct to Consumer Genetic Tests

DIECT-TO-CONSUME GENETIC TESTING 1Direct-to-Consumer Genetic TestingDirect-to-consumer genetic testing is a consumer-centric form of genetic testing in which a customer procures a test from an online store by just learning of it via advertisements on the internet, television, print media, or in-store (Oh, 2019). The customer purchases testing kits from the company, collects their DNA sample according to instructions on the sheet, sends the sample to the company, and receives their results via a secure website (Oh, 2019). One of the most popular DTC genetic testing websites is 23andMe (https://www.23andme.com/?fd=dr), which markets itself as a comprehensive provider of ancestry, traits, and health genetic testing services.DTC testing provides avenues for customers to assess their genetic predisposition to certain phenotypes, such as diseases, which allows them to take proactive health improvement steps (Oh, 2019). Further, DTC testing is easily accessible, faster, and less expensive as it does not require a clinicians approval (Oh,….

References Flowers, E., Leutwyler, H., & Shim, J. (2020). Direct-to-Consumer Genomic Testing. Nursing, 50(8), 48-52. Doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000684200.71662.09Oh, B. (2019). Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Advantages and Pitfalls. Genomics & Informatics, 17(3), Doi: 10.5808/GI.2019.17.3.e33

Genetic Influence of MDMA Neurotoxicity MDMA Neurotoxicity

Genetic Influence of MDMA Neurotoxicity MDMA Neurotoxicity Ecstasy [(±)-3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, XTC, X, E] is one of the most popular drugs of abuse in the world (Capela et al., 2009, p. 211). Often used in social settings, such as the so-called 'raves' or all night dance parties, ecstasy has been reported to lower barriers to intimacy, increase the pleasure derived from friendships, enhance social interactions, and increase energy (euphoria) (Peters and Kok, 2009, p. 242). In the U.S., MDMA is classified as a schedule 1 drug due its addictive potential, lack of therapeutic utility, dubious safety profile, and neurotoxic potential (Capela et al., 2009, p. 212) and its use has been illegal since 1985. The safety concerns of MDMA include the potential for a negative therapeutic outcome (Parrott, 2007) and its neurotoxicity (Capela et al., 2009). Apparently, the use of MDMA in a psychotherapy setting can produce a negative outcome that can persist for….

Capela, Joao P., Carmo, Helena, Remiao, Fernando, Bastos, Maria L., Meisel, Andreas, and Carvalho, F. (2009). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: An overview. Molecular Neurobiology, 39, 210-271.

Carmo, Helena, Brulport, Marc, Hermes, Matthias, Oesch, Franz, Silva, Renata, Ferreira, Luisa M. et al. (2006). Influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy') cytotoxicity. Pharmakogenetics and Genomics, 16, 789-799.

Esse, Katherine, Fossati-Bellani, Marco, Traylor, Angela, and Martin-Schild, Sheryl. (2011). Epidemic of illicit drug use, mechanisms of action/addiction and stroke as a health hazard. Brain and Behavior, 1, 44-54.

Parrott, A.C. (2007). The psychotherapeutic potential of MDMA (3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): An evidence-based review. Psychopharmacology, 191, 181-93.

Genetic Privacy Can We or

" This category of identifiers, is however, weak. There are apparently a list of indicators such as name and address that have to be removed from the database in order to use the DNA evidence without notifying the person. When these markers are removed, the evidence is considered public. Yet there are potentials for those markers to resurface and privacy can never be ensured. Even though Angrist is in favor of a public pool of DNA evidence for the lofty goals of science, he agrees, "de-identification is increasingly difficult." It is becoming hard to disconnect names, dates, and places from the hemoglobin and NA. Science appreciates access to DNA because it can link certain traits with others and thereby advance scientific knowledge. Although it is important to protect a person's privacy regarding DNA, it is too difficult to do so given the rampant greed in the biomedical industry and the collusion….

Angrist, Misha. "Genetic privacy needs a more nuanced approach." Nature. 6 Feb, 2013. Retrieved online: http://www.nature.com/news/genetic-privacy-needs-a-more-nuanced-approach-1.12363

Nature. "Genetic Privacy." 17 Jan 2013. Retrieved online: http://www.nature.com/news/genetic-privacy-1.12238

The Washington Times. "Editorial: Preserving Genetic Privacy." The Washington Times. 21 Feb, 2013. Retrieved online: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/21/preserving-genetic-privacy/

Genetic Screening

Genetic screening is one of the most controversial topics in the scientific arena today. The advent of the Human Genome Project, which maps the complete human genetic code, has brought this issue to the forefront. This paper will discuss the basic science that underlies genetic screening, applications of genetic screening, and investigate some of the common misconceptions and ethical questions about its use. Genetic screening itself is simply "the systematic search within a population for persons possessing particular genotypes, which are either associated with disease, predisposing to disease, or leading to disease in descendants" (Miller). In simpler terms, genetic screening involves testing and determining whether "an individual's genetic material to predict present or future disability or disease either for oneself or one's offspring" (McCarrick). Essentially, genetic screening is conducted for several basic reasons, including the care of the ill and the prevention of disease, providing reproductive information, determining the incidence of….

Alberts, Bruce. 2002. Molecular biology of the cell, 4th ed. New York: Garland Science.

Genetic Science Learning Center. 2004. Genetic Disorder Corner. University of Utah. 07 May 2004. http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/

McCarrick, Pat Milmoe. 1993.Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening. Scope Note 22. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, Georgetown University, 1993. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal (KIEJ), Reprinted September 1993, 17 p. (Last updated February 2002). 07 May 2004. http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn22.html

Miller, Kelly. 1999. Genetic Screening. Phil McClean, Professor, Ph.D. Colorado State University, PLSC 431/631 - Intermediate Genetics. 07 May 2004. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/students99/miller.htm. The mundane by excellent cinematography and an effective cast.

Genetic Pathway of Breast Cancer

, 2006). He visualized and described the malignancy process. He suggested that early that "cells of tumors with unlimited growth" would develop with the elimination of chromosomes, which inhibit the growth. The multiple genetic alterations in these inhibiting chromosomes are today known as TSGs. The theory supposes that cancer arises from functional defect or absence of one or more TSGs. Clinical trials of TSG gene replacement therapy for breast cancer include the viral wild-type p53, Rb, and mda7. Molecular chemotherapy involves the introduction of suicide genes. The concept evolved from the assumption that cancer cells could be made more sensitive to chemotherapeutics or toxins by introducing "suicide genes." It was a concept initiated in the late 80s. Suicide gene therapy is categorized into toxin gene therapy and enzyme-activating pro-drug therapy. Suicide gene therapy is also called gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy or GDEPT. GDEPT treatment consists of the delivery of the….

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abaan, O. D and Criss, Wayne E (2002). Gene therapy in human breast cancer. 32

(2002): 283-291 Turkey Journal of Medical Science: Tubitak. Retrieved on April 15,

2010 from http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-02-32-4-1-0204.pdf

Lowery, A.J., et al. (2009). MicroRNA signatures predict oestrogen receptor,

Genetic Counseling Dealing With Its

"Accurate descriptions of sex chromosome differences are critical, the decisions potentially regrettable, and the long-term outcomes devastating if a termination is based on the misinformation," that the patient later discovers to be misinformation for instance, "that any of these conditions is comparable to Down's Syndrome" (Biesecker r 2001:2) Conversely, it is also important not to minimize the odds of a potentially fatal genetic condition like Tay Sachs disease. Providers are obliged to obtain useful up-to-date information and to ensure parents have adequate opportunity to consider their decision with the help of an experienced healthcare provider, preferably in medical genetics, and if necessary, a counselor who is attuned to the cultural assumptions and needs of the couple's population group, and religious beliefs. Certain populations might have a different view and understanding of the real difficulty of raising a child suffering from a heritable disorder, or even the concept of heritability of….

Baker, Schuette & Uhlmann. (Eds.) (1998). A guide to genetic counseling.

Beery, Theresa a & Kerry a. Schooner. (Nov 2004). "Family History: The First Genetic

Screen." Nurse Practioner. Retrieved 23 Jun 2007 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3958/is_200411/ai_n9469874/pg_5

Biesecker, Barbara. (24 Feb 2001). "Prenatal diagnoses of sex chromosome conditions:

Erroneous Thinking Behind Genetic Discrimination

Newspaper Opinion Editorial With advances in genetic studies, Canadians can learn if they are at risk of developing devastating diseases -- and so can their insurance companies. Genetic discrimination is growing as an increasing number of people are opting for genetic tests, including people at risk of developing Huntington's disease, a degenerative brain disorder that cannot presently be cured or slowed. Children of parents with Huntington's disease have a 50% chance of developing the disorder, and genetic testing can narrow the probability ratio even further. Genetic discrimination is unfair and the result of faulty, speculative thinking. Genetic discrimination is misleading also misleading as it is based on probability prediction, which can be absolutely incorrect. Genetic discrimination is defined as "the differential treatment of asymptomatic individuals or their relatives on the basis of their real or assumed genetic characteristics. Consider that for many individuals whose parents do have Huntington's disease, only 50% will….

Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing. (2008, June). Number 410. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [Web]. Retrieved http://www.acog.org/

Resources%20And%20Publications/Committee%20Opinios/Committee%20on%20Ethics/Ethical%20Issues%20in%20Genetic%20Testing.aspx

CTV.ca News Staff (2009, June 9). Some Canadians suffering 'genetic discrimination.' Bell Media. Retrieved http://www.ctvnews.ca/some-canadians-suffering-genetic-discrimination-1.406308

Lapman, E.V., Kozma, C. And Weiss, J. (1996, October 25). Science, 274. Genetic discrimination: Perspectives of consumers.

Cloning and Genetic Enhancement

Heather D's decision not to be tested for the Huntington's gene a wise one? Heather D's decision not to be tested for Huntington's is unwise given that Heather is about to become a mother. If she develops the disease, this could significantly impair her ability to parent a child. She should make provisions for the child if she has the mutation and should discuss the situation with her husband. The genetic test for Huntington's is not a test that merely indicates a tendency or a likelihood of developing the debilitating condition -- because of the fairly narrow chromosomal area affected by the mutation, scientists can predict with a great degree of certainty who will or who will not develop the disorder (579). Q2. Does the genetic counselor's suggestion provide a satisfactory solution to the problem? No. Most individuals who are opposed to abortion also view the termination of fertilized embryos outside of….

Dangers Outweigh Benefits of Genetic

Researchers at Cornell University discovered that Monarch butterfly caterpillars died when they ate plants dusted with the pollen of Bt corn that was growing in nearby fields, and many scientists worry that with so much insecticide in the corn plants, insects might develop a resistance to it (Dyer 2002). These fears and concerns are echoed by Francis Fukuyama who believes that genetic enhancement will undermine the system of human rights by disrupting the boundary that encloses all humans in a single group, thus believes society should limit genetic science to allow therapy but prohibit enhancement, such as genetically altered food crops, and non-therapeutic procedures (Tobey 2003). In other words, enhancement will allow society to increase genotypic and phenotypic diversity, yet such diversity will press society to the point of losing its shared humanity (Tobey 2003). orks Cited Adams, endy a. (2002, January 01). Reconciling private benefit and public risk in biotechnology:….

Welsh, Whitney. (2005, March 01). Brave new worlds: philosophy, politics, and science in human biotechnology. Population and Development Review. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:132710930&num

9&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH

This article discusses the ethics and political landscape concerning genetic engineering, particularly the current White House administration. It includes some twenty references.

Revolution in Understanding Genetic Contributions to the

revolution in understanding genetic contributions to the susceptibility for developing particular diseases and disorders has been the development of the notion of "personalized medicine." The "personalized" connotation of this growing facet in the practice does not refer to individualized treatments as much as it refers to a personalizing of treatments targeted at a specific subset of patients, for example the development of certain drugs that can target specific cancer-causing genes found in patients' tumors. A drug currently being reviewed by the FDA for release is crizotinib, an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor. ALK is believed to be active in several different types of tumors, including about five percent of non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). In patients with advanced NSCLC it has been found that those carrying the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene possess a protein product of this fusion that contains a constitutive kinase activity….

Bang, Y., Kwak, E.L., Shaw, A.T. et al. (2010). Clinical activity of the oral ALK inhibitor PF- 02341066 in ALK-positive patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28 (18S), 3.

Christensen, J.G., Zou, H.Y., Arango, M.E., Li, Q., Lee, J.H., McDonnell, S.R., Yamazaki, S., Alton, G.R., Mroczkowski, B., & Los G. (2007). Cytoreductive antitumor activity of PF-2341066, a novel inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-Met, in experimental models of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Molecular Cancer Therapy, 6, 3314-3322.

Ku, G.Y. & Lima Jopes Jr., G. (2011). EML4-ALK in non-small-cell lung cancer: the breathtaking progress from benchtop to Phase III clinical trial. Therapy, 8(1)55-61.

Kwak, E.L., Bang, Y.J., Camidge, D.R. et al. (2010). Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 263(18), 1693- 1703.

Genetic Link to Alcoholism

Genetic Link of Alcoholism Introduction great deal of attention and research has recently been concentrated on the genetic link of alcoholism and on the possibility of accounting genetically for drunken behavior. Early studies found reliable genetic transmission of alcoholism. Much of this research focused on the offspring of alcoholics and on the biochemical or neurological abnormalities they inherit that possibly lead to pathological drinking. Other studies focused on a gestalt of personality traits (concentrating on impulsiveness and antisocial activity) that can end in alcoholism. According to Holden (1985, p. 38), "A decade ago such a theory (of inherited antisocial personality and alcoholism) would have been dismissed as out of hand." Today, this viewpoint has gained broad acceptance amongst psychologists. New research has created more detailed deterministic models of alcoholism based on biological concepts models, which have had a significant impact on the thinking of both public and clinical workers. This paper will….

Bibliography

Goodwin, D (1991). The genetics of alcoholism. In McHugh, PR & McKusick, VA (Eds.) Genes, Brain and Behavior. New York: Raven Press Ltd.

Holden, C. (1985), Genes, personality and alcoholism. Psychol. Today 19 (No. 1): 38-39, 42-44.

Murray, Robin M. And Stabenau, James R. (1982). Genetic Factors in Alcoholism Predisposition. Encyclopedic Handbook of Aloholism. New York: Gardner Press Inc.: 135-143.

O'Connor, Sean. (2002). Self-reported subjective perception of intoxication reflects family history of alcoholism when breath alcohol levels are constant. Alcohol Clinic Review.

I need some suggestions for health care policy essay topics. Can you offer any?

1. The impact of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) on access to healthcare in the United States 2. The effectiveness of Medicare and Medicaid in providing affordable healthcare to low-income and elderly populations 3. The future of universal healthcare in the United States 4. The role of pharmaceutical companies in rising healthcare costs 5. The importance of mental health coverage in healthcare policies 6. The debate over the privatization of healthcare services 7. The impact of electronic health records on patient care and privacy 8. The implications of genetic testing and personalized medicine on healthcare policy 9. The role of preventative care and public health initiatives in reducing....

Can you assist me in brainstorming catchy titles for my global retinitis pigmintosa ca4 gene

1. Understanding the role of the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa 2. The genetic basis of retinitis pigmentosa and the CA4 gene 3. Exploring the impact of CA4 gene mutations on retinal degeneration 4. The future of gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa linked to the CA4 gene 5. Unraveling the molecular pathways of retinitis pigmentosa involving the CA4 gene 6. Genetic testing for CA4 gene mutations in patients with retinitis pigmentosa 7. Therapeutic strategies targeting the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa treatment 8. CA4 gene as a potential biomarker for predicting progression of retinitis pigmentosa 9. Gene editing technologies for correcting mutations in the CA4 gene associated with....

I\'ve seen the common essay topics on type 2 diabetese. Any lesser-known but interesting ones you can recommend?

Lesser-Known but Intriguing Essay Topics on Type 2 Diabetes 1. The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Explore the role of gut microorganisms in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Discuss the potential for modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach. Examine the impact of diet, prebiotics, and probiotics on gut health in relation to type 2 diabetes. 2. Precision Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Management Analyze the application of genetic testing and biomarkers to personalize treatment strategies. Discuss the role of pharmacogenomics in tailoring medication selection and dosage. Explore the ethical and practical considerations of using precision....

Can you provide suggestions for structuring an essay outline related to Recent History of Down Syndrome in Iceland

I. Introduction A. Brief overview of Down syndrome B. Introduction to Down syndrome in Iceland C. Thesis statement: The recent history of Down syndrome in Iceland has been shaped by advancements in genetic testing and a controversial screening program. II. Genetic Testing in Iceland A. Introduction to genetic testing B. Advancements in genetic testing in Iceland C. Impact on Down syndrome rates D. Criticisms of genetic testing III. Screening Program in Iceland A. Introduction to screening programs B. Overview of Iceland's controversial screening program C. Ethical implications of the screening program D. Public perception of the screening program IV. Support for Individuals with....

However, an individual should be able to investigate their own roots, even if the science is questionable. hen such information is released into the public domain without the…

Genetic counseling involves the sharing vital information and knowledge by experienced and well trained experts in the field of genetics for individuals with high risks of suffering some genetic…

Health - Nutrition

Huntington's disease (HD) was the first autonomic dominant disorder for which genetic prediction became possible" (Harper, et al., 2000, Journal of Medical Genetics, p. 567). HD is a disease…

Health - Nursing

Nursing and Genetics As noted by Lea (et al.) "Obtaining a family history is an established and familiar screening activity used by nurses and other healthcare providers across many healthcare…

Sports - Drugs

" This category of identifiers, is however, weak. There are apparently a list of indicators such as name and address that have to be removed from the database in…

Genetic screening is one of the most controversial topics in the scientific arena today. The advent of the Human Genome Project, which maps the complete human genetic code, has…

Research Paper

, 2006). He visualized and described the malignancy process. He suggested that early that "cells of tumors with unlimited growth" would develop with the elimination of chromosomes, which inhibit…

Family and Marriage

Women's Issues - Abortion

Heather D's decision not to be tested for the Huntington's gene a wise one? Heather D's decision not to be tested for Huntington's is unwise given that Heather is…

Researchers at Cornell University discovered that Monarch butterfly caterpillars died when they ate plants dusted with the pollen of Bt corn that was growing in nearby fields, and…

Genetic Link of Alcoholism Introduction great deal of attention and research has recently been concentrated on the genetic link of alcoholism and on the possibility of accounting genetically for…

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Genetic Testing, Essay Example
Genetic testing may have limited useful and reliable applications especially in the case of diseases whose genes are few and have been correctly identified. Huntington gene is one example. People with Huntington disease have 36 to more than 120 CAG (Huntington disease is also known as CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion). People with 36 to 40 ...
Genetic Testing: The Key Aspects
Genetic Testing: The Key Aspects Essay. Examining DNA, the chemical database that contains instructions for a patient's body's functioning is a component of genetic testing. Genes may have changed (mutated), which could result in sickness or illness, according to genetic testing (Macha & McDonough, 2011).
The Ethical Implications of Genetic Testing
Conclusion. Genetic testing is growing really fast in this field of genetics. Because it becomes bigger many legal, ethical and social issues arise.Testing can be used to diagnose possible future deseases, find unknown diseases or to test if you should make a baby with your partner.
Ethical dilemmas associated with genetic testing: which are most
The aim of this study was to document the range and frequency of ethical dilemmas associated with genetic testing encountered by genetic health professionals and to determine the strategies used to manage them. ... Conclusion. Ethical dilemmas of genetic testing are encountered regularly in clinical genetics practice. Evidence provided by our ...
Impact of Genetic Testing on Human Health:
Applied Clinical Genomics is the application of genetic information to the clinical setting, including improved diagnosis of disease and tailored treatment efficacy and safety. By discovering and defining the genes that underlie susceptibility to disorders, genetic information can be used to identify and better define those genes that play ...
Genetic Testing: Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
Knowing about conditions like that may significantly decrease the quality of life and even lead to depression and anxiety. At the same time, I acknowledge all the benefits that genetic testing can bring in terms of diagnosing a wide range of diseases and conditions. Fearing that they might discover hereditary predispositions to some untreatable ...
Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing
Conclusions. Genetic testing is poised to play a greater and greater role in the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. To assure patients of the highest quality of care, physicians should be familiar with the currently available array of genetic tests, as well as with their limitations. They also should be aware of the untoward consequences ...
Tempted to have genetic testing? First ask why
For some people, the answer is clearly yes. When performed accurately, genetic tests can uncover a disease or a tendency to develop certain conditions, and it can lead to close relatives getting tested as well. Preventive measures or treatment can be lifesaving. Here are four examples (though there are many more).
Genetic Testing: Ethical Aspects
Genetic medicine is indeed a multidisciplinary matter that covers broad contexts, sometimes transversely. Its extreme complexity, coupled with possible perceived repercussions on an individual's life, involves important issues in the ethical, deontological and legal medical field. The aspects related to the execution of genetic testing have ...
Ethics of Genetic Testing
As noted by Miller, (2007), genetic screening entails the systematic establishment of hereditary health risks that a person may have and thus may be used to discriminate people with high risk traits from the employment. Although it is true that the concept of genetic testing has many ethical concerns, the greatest concern of genetic testing at ...
Genetic Testing Essay
Genetic Testing Essay; Genetic Testing Essay. Sort By: Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. Decent Essays. The Benefits Of Genetic Testing. 1175 Words; 5 Pages ... Genetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. ...
Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Testing: Essay Example
Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Testing: Essay Conclusion. In general, the advantages and disadvantages of genetic testing are numerous, and people have to understand that it is impossible to predict the results, as well as to be ready for the information. Serious decisions should be made, and significant steps should be taken by people ...
Genetic Testing Essay
Genetic Testing Essay. Decent Essays. 809 Words. 4 Pages. Open Document. In recent discussions of genetic testing, a controversial issue has been whether genetic testing is effective in helping find cure of some diseases. On the one hand, some argue that genetic testing helps us detect genetically passed diseases from parents to children. .
Conclusion
11. Conclusion. As discussed throughout this report, human health is determined by the interaction of several factors, including the social environment, genetic inheritance, and personal behaviors. Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, social networks/social support, and the psychosocial work environment all have been shown to affect health ...
Genetic testing Essays
A genetic test is a test that identifies changes in a patient's chromosomes, genes or proteins. Genetic testing is completely voluntary and making the decision to have a test done is very complex (What are the Benefits of Genetic Testing? 1). While there are many benefits of genetic testing, there are also.
Genetic Testing Essay
Read Essays On Genetic Testing and other exceptional papers on every subject and topic college can throw at you. We can custom-write anything as well! ... In conclusion, genetic testing eliminates uncertainty, relief as well as encouraging individuals to making sound decisions concerning their health. In most cases, negative effects eliminates ...
Genetic Testing Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
The genetic testing is used to measure the percentage or level of any risk associated to one's life. By studying gene mutation, it is predictable that a certain disease is likely to be occurring in future. However you may not find any symptoms of diseases until you do not suffer from it. (Mayo clinic staff, 2006).
Individual impact of genetic diagnosis
Implications for Genetic Counseling. Claes et al. (2004, 165) states that DNA-tests hold a possibility of adverse psychological effects such as "increased anxiety, feelings of guilt and remaining uncertainty about the future health status". These adverse effects occur regardless of whether one is diagnosed.
Genetic Testing Essay Example For FREE
Genetic Testing. Genes, the chemical messages of heredity, represent a blueprint of our possibilities and limitations. The legacy of generations of ancestors, our genes carry the key to our similarities and our uniqueness. When genes are working properly, our bodies develop and function smoothly. But should a single gene or even a tiny segment ...
View of Genetic Testing Essay Example
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. Gene testing is the analyzing of the DNA molecule itself and the identification of changes in chromosomes, proteins and genes. Gene testing is used for various reasons some being: carrier testing, prenatal testing, forensic testing, newborn screening, pharmacogenomics and presymptomatic testing.
Ethical Issues In Genetic Testing Essay
Also, there are cases where the tests results have been used to discriminate people for example in employment and insurance covers (McCormick and Connors 321). This paper is a response to a case study of the ethical issues in genetic testing. Genetic testing is done on tissue samples from saliva, blood, hair, skin, tumors, amniotic fluid and ...
204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College ...
204 Genetics Research Topics & Essay Questions for College and High School. Genetics studies how genes and traits pass from generation to generation. It has practical applications in many areas, such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, gene editing, and genetic testing. If you're looking for exciting genetics topics for presentation, you ...
Genetic Test Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Genetic Influence of MDMA Neurotoxicity MDMA Neurotoxicity Ecstasy [(±)-3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, XTC, X, E] is one of the most popular drugs of abuse in the world (Capela et al., 2009, p. 211). Often used in social settings, such as the so-called 'raves' or all night dance parties, ecstasy has been reported to lower barriers to intimacy, increase the pleasure derived from ...