how to cite grand view research

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Citing Sources in APA Style

The purpose of citing is (1) to give credit to the original author, and (2) enable the reader to find the source. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is widely used in business school courses. You may find general guidelines in:

• APA Style Guide: OWL at Excelsior

The APA Style Manual doesn't address directly how to cite business-type sources from library databases, such as analyst reports, market research reports, industry profiles, etc. These sources may not have the same citation elements as books, journal articles, or open access websites:

• Reports often don't list a named individual author. In this case, the name of the publisher or organization that produced information will serve as a corporate author.
• URLs from the address bar for the content in library databases may be too long, inaccessible to readers because of a firewall, or expire after a session. If the URL is not accessible, use the name of a database.
• The APA Style Manual no longer requires the date the information is retrieved.

Suggested Format for Citing Reports in APA style:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document . Publisher [optional]. Retrieved from [database name].

NOTE:   Use Publisher / Contributor / Organization Name:

• Only if this name is different from the database name and there is a named personal author
• As a corporate author at the beginning of the citation, if no personal author is listed

How to Build an APA Citation for a Report

You may easily create your own APA citation once you identify appropriate elements of a document for citing.

EXAMPLE 1: A report with a named author, produced by S&P Capital IQ McGraw Hill Financial and retrieved from the S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage database

CITATION:  Holt, D. (2016, March). Industry surveys: Electronic equipment & instruments . Retrieved from S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage.

EXAMPLE 2:  A report without a named author, produced by Euromonitor International, and retrieved from the Passport database.  The name of the publisher is used as a corporate author.

CITATION: Euromonitor International. (2016, September). Wearable electronics in the US . Retrieved from Passport database.

NOTE: Always check with your professor for specific citation guidelines.

Several libraries created examples for citing business sources in APA style:

• Citing Online Business Resources in APA Style: Bentley Library Guide
• Citing Business Databases in APA: University of North Carolina Greensboro
• Citing Business Resources APA Style: California State University Chico
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Q. How do I cite a Market Research Report using the Harvard Style?

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Answered By: Sarah Roughley Barake Last Updated: Feb 16, 2023     Views: 18171

DISCOVER and the Library Catalogue have been replaced by Library Search . We're busy updating all of our links, but in the meantime, please use Library Search when searching for resources or managing your Library Account.

To reference market research reports in Harvard style, please see the appropriate section in Cite-Them-Right .

Please note you should always refer to any departmental/school guidelines you’ve been given.

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A Short Video

From the NCSU library.

There are several reasons why it is important to cite your sources properly.

• It is important to give credit to the person or group who discovered or created that information.
• It allows your reader to find the source later if she wants to read it herself.
• Citing experts gives credibility to the argument of your paper.
• Proper citing indicates that you did a thorough job researching your topic.

How to Cite

Citation Style Guides

Plagiarism: What it is and How to Avoid It

Organize Your Research

Citation Managers let you

• Import citations from the catalog and databases
• Store and organize citations
• Add research notes
• Format in-text citations
• Create bibliographies in different citation styles

Citation Style Guides show you how to

• Document the sources you are using in your work
• Create citations manually for all types of sources
• Embed quotations and paraphrases properly in your text
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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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• How to cite a government website or report in APA Style

Citing Government Documents in APA | Format & Examples

Published on February 11, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

APA Style doesn’t provide a special format for citing government documents. Instead, you should determine what kind of source you’re dealing with—usually a report or a web page—and use the appropriate format.

To cite a government web page that doesn’t list an individual author , use the following format, listing the name of the government organization in the author position . If the name listed in the author position is the same as the website name (as in the example here), only list it once.

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create accurate citations.

Table of contents

Citing government websites with individual authors, citing a government report in apa style, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

When a government webpage does list an individual author or authors, list them in the author position, and always include the site name.

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

If the document you are trying to cite is a report (usually labeled as such and often found in PDF form online), the format again differs slightly based on whether individual authors are listed.

Individual authors

To cite a report with one or more named authors, use the format below.

If there is no report number, leave that part out. The publisher should be identified clearly; list the specific organization and any department they are a part of if needed to identify them unambiguously.

Group authors

When a report doesn’t list a specific author, list the organization in the author position .

Any parent agencies necessary to identify the organization clearly can be listed in the publisher position. Otherwise, just omit this part; don’t repeat the same name in the author and publisher positions.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). Citing Government Documents in APA | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/goverment-document/

Is this article helpful?

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An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

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APA Citations

The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide is commonly used in business writing. The tools listed below provide examples on how to cite common sources like newspaper articles, journal articles, and books.

Cite twice! Once in the text of your writing and another in a list of references at the end of your work.

In text citation example:

Llamas affinity for peppermint lollipops as opposed to cinnamon is well documented (Perkins & Fowler, 1985).

Alternatively:

According to Perkins and Fowler (1985), llamas prefer peppermint lollipops over cinnamon at a rate of 5 to 1.  

Reference list example:

Perkins, Ml & Fowler, J. (1985). Sweet Teeth: Llamas Confectionery Preferences and Implications for Veterinary Dental Practices.  Camelidae Quarterly, 43 (2), 19-27.  http://www.wildkingdom.com/newseries 

Sources for Additional Examples:

Referencing Sources in APA Style: A Basic Introduction A video produced by Memorial University.

Purdue University OWL: APA Formatting Guide An APA Citation Guide that reflects the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It offers examples for the general format of research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Includes examples of citations for everything from news articles to tweets and personal interviews.

APA Style Blog The American Psychological Association's in-depth guide to using the APA citation style.

MLA Citations

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style guide is sometimes also used in business writing. The link below provides in-depth guidance in citing a wide variety of sources.

Purdue University OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide MLA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the Modern Language Association for documenting sources used in a research paper.

ZoteroBib is a free service that helps you build a bibliography or create citations instantly from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software.

Citation software can make mistakes! Be sure to check your citations using the style guides to the right.

Deciphering Citations

Book Levitt Steven D. and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York : William Morrow, 2005.

• Contains only one title: Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything
• Includes a place of publication: New York
• Includes the name of a publishing company: William Morrow
• Might or might not include page numbers.
• Includes the elements of an article citation, such as two titles, volume/issue numbers, and page numbers
• Includes the name of the article database in which the article was found: MLA Bibliography
• Contains a URL to the article database in which the article was found: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
• Includes a date of access
• Often does not have individual authors
• Includes a URL to the site.
• Does not include the name of a library or library database
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Citations - APA Style

Most style manuals are written with papers and research articles in mind--not PowerPoint presentations. Thus, they do not specify how to format and style presentation slides. For your Grand Rounds presentations, the following guidelines are recommended if you decide to use APA style for your presentation. These tips are based on the 7th edition APA Publication Manual. Remember, it is not important which style you choose (APA or AMA) for this presentation, just consistently use the same style throughout.

Example Citation for Journal Article

Some things to note about APA citations:

• Author names do not include first name in full; they are in format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., etc.
• For article titles, only the first letter of the first word of the title is capitalized. Exceptions to this general rule include capitalizations for proper nouns and words that follow certain punctuation. See the APA Publication Manual or the Purdue Owl: APA Overview for more details.
• The journal title is Italicized and capitalized. Do not abbreviate the journal title.
• The volume number is Italicized.
• Include a DOI if one is available. Every DOI begins with https://doi.org/. If the article does not have a DOI then a URL is acceptable. If the article is not available online then do not include a link.

Reference List

At the end of your presentation there should be a reference list. This list should include a complete citation for every resource that you cited in your presentation. The following are some of the guidelines for reference lists included in the 7th edition APA Publication Manual.

• Reference lists should be alphabetized.
• Each entry should be presented with hanging indentation; i.e., all lines after the first should be indented.
• For multiple articles by the same author--or authors listed in the same order--arrange the articles in chronological order.
• Include references for images or graphics used in your presentation that came from outside of PowerPoint.

For more guidelines, see the 7th edition APA Publication Manual or the Purdue OWL: APA Overview .

In-Text Citations

It is not necessary to include a full citation in the body of your presentation when referencing others' work, however it is important to include a brief in-text citation so people will be able to easily identify the full citation from your references list.

Dogs with transitional cell carcinoma are useful models for humans with invasive bladder cancer (Mutsaers et al., 2003).

The following entry would then appear in the list of references at the end of the presentation.

Mutsaers, A. J., Widmer, W. R., & Knapp, D. W. (2003) Canine transitional cell carcinoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 17(2), 136-144. https://doi.org/10.111/j.1939-1676.2003.tbo242.x

Example of Image Citation

Citations for images and figures used in your presentation that were taken from other sources can simply be cited several ways. A brief citation can be included with the image and a full citation listed on the references page. Or you can include the full citation with the image. Note that images sourced from PowerPoint clipart or charts you create do not need a citation.

Photo by  Priscilla Du Preez  on  Unsplash

The full citation would be:

Du Preez, P. (2020). [Black pug wearing recovery cone] [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/2hc6ocDAsNY

This could be included directly with the image in place of the brief citation or it could be included in the reference list. Note that this image did not have a given title so a created title is included in brackets. The tag "Photograph," placed in brackets, is added following the title.

APA Style Resources

• Purdue OWL: APA Overview An overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style provided by the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University. Gives extensive examples for materials cited in reference lists.

Citation Managers

The ISU Library supports several bibliographic management tools. These tools are very helpful in organizing your citations and preparing reference lists. The following guides can help you learn how to use these tools.

• Mendeley Guide
• EndNote and EndNote Web Guide
• Zotero Guide

APA PowerPoint Tutorial

Citation Generators

Many databases, library catalogs, citation software, and other online services provide options to automatically generate citations for you. These can be useful tools in preparing your list of references. However, it is important to review each reference generated in this manner to ensure that it includes the correct information and that it is properly formatted. 

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An Overview of Grand View Research: Your Top Questions Answered

by Sarah Schmidt , on September 1, 2023

To help you better understand this research provider and their unique expertise, here are some answers to frequently asked questions about Grand View Research.

Who is Grand View Research?

Grand View Research is a full-suite market intelligence solution provider. With a decade of experience in the field, Grand View Research services clients across all major industries. Some notable services this firm provides include off-the-shelf market research, management consulting & analytics, ESG consulting, and supply chain consulting.

What makes Grand View Research legitimate?

Beyond a decade of existence and client testimonials, Grand View Research is ISO certified and is a Great Place to Work recognized company.

What are Grand View Research reports used for?

The reports can be used for a variety of strategy-building exercises like competitor tracking, market intelligence, future growth mapping, price tracking, and regional market understanding.

Where are Grand View Research headquarters?

Grand View Research is present in four locations across the world. Its global headquarters are in San Francisco, USA, and its knowledge headquarters are in Pune, India. The company is also present in Bengaluru and Jaipur.

What are some examples of recent industry reports by Grand View Research?

• Wearable Computing Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023-2030
• AI Image Generator Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023-2030
• Hearing Aids Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023-2030
• K-beauty Products Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023-2030
• Automotive Artificial Intelligence Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report 2023-2030

Explore additional Grand View Research reports

Search MarketResearch.com to find all the latest Grand View Research reports . On the Grand View Research publisher page, click the "refine your search" button to search for specific keywords or titles. 

Need assistance? Get in touch with our  research specialists , who are available to answer your questions and help you find what you need by this publisher or hundreds more.

About the author: Sarah Schmidt is a Managing Editor at MarketResearch.com,  a leading provider of global market intelligence products and services.

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Introduction to Google Scholar

Google Scholar is the largest citation search-base in the world, though it suffers from some difficulties it is the most widely used of all such search engines. The reason for this is that author profiles in Google Scholar tend to index the entirety of an author’s output. The database is maintained by a powerful algorithm which searches the entire internet for citations, documents, and other research output. However, not all of the material which can be found in Google Scholar is peer-reviewed so remember that it is up to you to be a critical consumer of information. Google Scholar cannot sort by research field or type, browse by title, and cannot limit search results (except for by year).

Uses for Researchers

There are many use cases of Google Scholar for researchers, the most obvious cases are literature reviews and making note of research trends. Searching Google Scholar is easy, and by making use of some of the tips below you will be able to narrow your search results.

Search Tips

Here are some easy search tips for using Google Scholar.

Opening Advanced search: to open advanced search navigate to the three lines at the top left of the google scholar home page, click on that and then click on advanced search.

Using “Boolean Operators” such as ‘AND’ as well as ‘OR’ can allow you to search for things which include specific words

Using the command “intitle:” we can do an in title search, so for example “Intitle: “Romanitas”     Roman”' will search for articles with “Romanitas” in the title and the word “Roman” in the text of the article. This can help you to find articles with specific content.

Cited by References search is a powerful tool which allows you to search for articles that have cited a particular article. Search for an article and then click “cited by” under the entry.

Setting library links can be done by clicking “settings”, clicking on “library links” and then searching for “Purdue”, and finally clicking “save”. This will allow you to access materials you find on Google Scholar directly from your searches

Metrics in Google Scholar

Google Scholar maintains researcher level profiles which can be created or claimed. If you are already a prolific author, you might have an algorithmically generated profile already. These can be claimed, but others will find that they can create a profile themselves. Either way, once you have done this you can begin to access personalized metrics such as h-index and citations.

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GSS Data citation

Data citation essential elements, cite apa style and citation managers.

Data providers may recommend how to cite their data. However, the suggested format may not be the format required by the APA, MLA or other style guides.  The provider's example may provide useful information about the provider and details to put in parentheses.

Datafile and codebook citation

GSS provides the following example, if you used the datafile and the codebook:

Smith, Tom W., Davern, Michael, Freese, Jeremy, and Morgan, Stephen L., General Social Surveys, 1972-2018 [machine-readable data file] /Principal Investigator, Smith, Tom W.; Co-Principal Investigators, Michael Davern, Jeremy Freese and Stephen L. Morgan; Sponsored by National Science Foundation. --NORC ed.-- Chicago: NORC, 2019.

1 data file (64,814 logical records) + 1 codebook (3,758 pp.). -- (National Data Program for the Social Sciences, no. 25).

Codebook only citation

If you used only the codebook, use this example:

Smith, Tom W., Davern, Michael, Freese, Jeremy, and Stephen L. Morgan. General Social Surveys, 1972-2018: Cumulative Codebook / Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigators, Michael Davern, Jeremy Freese and Stephen L. Morgan. -- Chicago: NORC, 2019. 3,758 pp., 28cm. -- (National Data Program for the Social Sciences Series, no. 25).

Whatever citation style is used, the essential elements of a data citation are:

• Author (person who collected the data)
• Date (Year)
• Publisher/Distributor
• Persistent identifier (such as the Digital Object Identifier, Uniform Resource Name URN, or Handle System)

Read ICPSR's  guide to proper research data citation  for more resources on this topic.

Roper Center instructions on how to cite their datasets

Amercan FactFinder answer to " How do I cite tables and maps in American FactFinder ?"

• Cite APA Style and Manage Sources
• APA Data Set References Example: O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1 Parenthetical citation: (O’Donohue, 2017) Narrative citation: O’Donohue (2017)

Citing GSS, using the APA example

Author Last name, First Name initial.  (Year).  Name (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1

• Parenthetical citation : (O’Donohue, 2017)
• Narrative citation : O’Donohue (2017)

Smith, T.W., Marsden, P.V., & Hout, M. (2011).  General social survey, 1972-2010 cumulative file    (ICPSR31521-v1) [data file and codebook]. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. doi: 10.3886/ICPSR31521.v1

• Year = year of publication for the version of the data used.
• Italicize the title of the data .
• Include any numerical identifier and version number for the data in parentheses without italics, separated by a semicolon.
• The bracketed description is flexible (e.g., “[Data set],” “[Data set and code book]”).
•  Provide the publisher

Citation managers save time and make it easy to:

• Gather citations from databases and websites
• Edit, organize, and search citations
• Output citations in many formats (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.)

Citation managers integrate with word-processing programs for inputting in-text citations and generating the corresponding bibliographies.

Temple supports EndNote/EndNote Web , Mendeley , and Zotero .

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AMA Resources (11th edition, 2019)

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Citation Basics / Citing Evidence

Citing Evidence

In this article, you will learn how to cite the most relevant evidence for your audience.

Writing for a specific audience is an important skill. What you present in your writing and how you present it will vary depending on your intended audience.

Sometimes, you have to judge your audience’s level of understanding. For example, a general audience may not have as much background knowledge as an academic audience.

The UNC Writing Center provides a general overview of questions about your audience that you should consider. Click here and read the section, “How do I identify my audience and what they want from me?”

Addressing Audience Bias

In addition to knowledge, values, and concerns, your audience may also hold certain biases , or judgments and prejudices, about a topic.

Take, for example, the topic of the Revolutionary War. Your intended audience may be British economists who see the American Revolution as a rebellion, which hindered British imperialism around the world.

When writing for this audience, you still want to present your claims, reasoning, and evidence to support your argument about the American Revolution, but you don’t want to alienate your British audience. You will need to be sensitive in how you explain American success and its impact on the British Empire.

Quotes, Paraphrases & Audience

Using quotes and paraphrases is a terrific way to both support your argument and make it interesting for the audience to read. You should tailor the use of these quotes and paraphrases to your audience.

Evidence Sources & Audience

Whether you’re quoting or paraphrasing, the source of your evidence matters to your audience . Readers want to see credible sources that they trust.

For example, military historians may feel reassured to see citations from the Journal of Military History (the refereed academic publication for the Society for Military History) in your writing about the American Revolution.

They may be less persuaded by a quote from a historical reenactor’s blog or a more general source like The History Channel . Historical fiction or historical films created for entertainment likely will not impress them at all, unless you are creating a critique of those sources.

It can sometimes be helpful to create an annotated bibliography before writing your paper since the annotations you write will help you to summarize and evaluate the relevance and/or credibility of each of your sources.

Quoting/Paraphrasing with Audience in Mind

Choosing ­ when to use quotes or paraphrases can depend on your audience as well.

If your audience wants details, if you want to grab the attention of your audience, or if audience bias may prevent acceptance of a more generalized statement, use a quote.

If your audience is new to the topic or a more general audience, if they will want to see your conclusions presented quickly, or if a quote would disrupt the reading of your text, a paraphrase is better.

Using Quotes and Paraphrases Effectively: Example

John Luzader, who has worked with the Department of Defense and the National Park Service, can be considered an expert who understands the technical aspects of military history.

Click here to read his “Thoughts on the Battle of Saratoga.” As you read, consider whether you would quote or paraphrase this text when using it as evidence for a school newspaper article explaining why the British surrendered.

Quotes and Paraphrases Example: Explained

A high school newspaper’s audience is usually intelligent and informed but not expert. Unless it is a military academy’s newspaper, it is unlikely that the audience has enough expertise to understand specific technical terms like “redoubt,” “intervisual,” or “British right and rear.”

For this audience, Luzader’s Thoughts on the Battle of Saratoga would work better as a paraphrase:

Military historian John Luzader (2010) argues that the British position on the field at Saratoga allowed the Americans to take the earthwork fort that protected the Redcoats and form a circle around the British, forcing their defeat.

Notice that the above paraphrase uses an in-text citation, which all paraphrases should. Because Luzader’s name is included in the sentence, we only need the year of publication (2010) in parentheses.

Relevant Evidence for Claims and Counterclaims

As a writer, you need to supply the most relevant evidence for claims and counterclaims based on what you know about your audience. Your claim is your position on the subject, while a counterclaim is a point that someone with an opposing view may raise.

Pointing out the strengths and limitations of your evidence in a way that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level, concerns, values, and possible biases helps you select the best evidence for your readers.

Relevant Evidence for Counterclaims: Example

Your audience’s concerns may include a counterclaim you must address. For example, your readers may think that the American Revolution cannot be considered a world war because it was a fight between one country and its colonies.

You should acknowledge these differences in beliefs with evidence, but be sure to return to your original claim, emphasizing why it is correct. Your acknowledgment may look like this (the counterclaim is in italics):

Although the American Revolution was primarily a battle between the British empire and its rebellious North American colonies , the foreign alliances made during the American Revolution helped the colonists survive the war and become a nation. The French Alliance of 1778 shows how foreign intervention was necessary to keep the United States going. As Office of the Historian for the U.S. State Department (2017) explains, “The single most important diplomatic success of the colonists during the War for Independence was the critical link they forged with France.” These alliances with other nations, who provided financial and military support to the colonists, expanded the scope of the Revolution to the point of being a world war.

Now you know how to select the best evidence to include in your writing! Remember to consider your audience, address counterclaims while not straying from your own claim, and use in-text citations for quotes and paraphrases.

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