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Medical Laboratory Scientist

What does a medical laboratory scientist do.

A medical laboratory scientist (MLS), also known as a medical technologist or clinical laboratory scientist, works to analyze a variety of biological specimens. They are responsible for performing scientific testing on samples and reporting results to physicians.  

Medical laboratory scientists perform complex tests on patient samples using sophisticated equipment like microscopes. The data they find plays an important role in identifying and treating cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and other medical conditions. It is estimated 60 to 70 percent of all decisions regarding a patient's diagnosis, treatment, hospital admission, and discharge are based on the results of the tests medical laboratory scientists perform.

Video: Behind the scenes: Medical Laboratory Scientist

Scope of practice

Medical laboratory scientists collaborate very closely with physicians and medical laboratory technicians in diagnosing and monitoring disease processes, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. Areas of medical laboratory training include microbiology, chemistry, hematology, immunology, transfusion medicine, toxicology, and molecular diagnostics. 

Medical laboratory scientists have a wide variety of responsibilities and duties, including:

• Examining and analyzing blood, body fluids, tissues, and cells
• Relaying test results to physicians
• Utilizing microscopes, cell counters, and other high-precision lab equipment
• Cross-matching blood for transfusion
• Monitoring patient outcomes
• Performing differential cell counts looking for abnormal cells to aid in the diagnosis of anemia and leukemia
• Establishing quality assurance programs to monitor and ensure the accuracy of test results
• Overseeing the work of a medical laboratory technician

Medical laboratory scientist vs. medical laboratory technician

While similar, there are a few key differences between a medical lab scientist and a medical lab technician. They both work in the lab and perform tests on biological samples, however, a medical lab scientist typically has more education and is able to perform more involved lab work. A medical lab technician performs more of the routine lab work and is often supervised by a medical lab scientist.

Medical laboratory scientist vs. medical laboratory assistant

A medical laboratory assistant is a subgroup of medical laboratory technician. They are responsible for preparing biological specimens, recording information, and perform more of the lab maintenance tasks such as cleaning equipment and stocking supplies. A medical laboratory scientist will work with a medical laboratory assistant by analyzing their prepared specimens and relaying information for them to record.

Work environment

Medical lab scientists work in hospitals, clinics, forensic or public health laboratories, as well as pharmaceutical industries, biotechnology companies, veterinary clinics, or research institutions. Depending on the setting, their work hours may vary; but typically labs are run 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This allows for flexibility in scheduling.

Medical laboratory scientists spend the majority of their time on their feet, analyzing test results in the lab.   

Becoming a medical laboratory scientist

Successful medical lab scientists are effective communicators with a sound intellect and interest in science and technology. Excellent eye-hand coordination, dexterity, and visual acuity are important to skillfully perform and analyze tests. 

Individuals who love science and research, but prefer to have little-to-no interaction with patients, would be a good fit for the medical laboratory scientist career.

Higher education requirements

After obtaining a high school diploma (or the equivalent), most will go on to obtain some level of higher education and training in order to become a medical laboratory scientist.

Common higher education requirements for medical laboratory scientist jobs include:

• Completing a bachelor’s degree in medical technology or clinical laboratory science. A bachelor’s degree in a science or health-related field (e.g. chemistry or microbiology) may also be considered.
• Completing a clinical laboratory program or internship through a hospital-based program or as part of their education
• National certification as a medical technologist (MT), clinical laboratory scientist (CLS), or medical laboratory scientist (MLS)
• Previous experience in a healthcare setting

Certification and licensing

Most employers require medical laboratory scientists to obtain certification through an accrediting body, such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification (BOC) . After passing the credentialing exam, medical laboratory scientists (MLS) can practice under the credentials of MLS(ASCP)CM.

Licensure by state may also be required.

Career opportunities and outlook

The median salary for a medical lab scientist is $57,800, though salaries can range between $30,000-$79,000 depending on education, location, and previous experience.

Job growth and security are high for medical laboratory technicians and scientists. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , there is currently a shortage of medical lab technicians and scientists in many parts of the country which guarantees ample employment opportunities and sometimes higher salaries for graduates. With the volume of laboratory tests continuing to increase due to both population growth and the development of new types of tests, job opportunities are expected to increase faster than average with over 26,000 new positions expected to be available by 2030.

With additional training and experience, a medical lab scientist can become a department lead or lab manager. Others may seek specializations to advance their careers. Typically, a medical lab technician will progress to a medical lab scientist with more training.

By the numbers

median annual salary

years of higher education

job growth projected from 2020-2030

Medical laboratory scientist programs at Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic offers several programs and rotations to further your education and prepare you for a career as a medical laboratory scientist, medical laboratory assistant, or medical laboratory technician.

• Medical Laboratory Science Clinical Rotation (Arizona)
• Medical Laboratory Science Clinical Rotation (Florida)
• Medical Laboratory Science Program (Florida and Minnesota)
• Medical Laboratory Technician Clinical Rotation (Florida)

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Become a Medical Lab Technician: Path, Salary & Education

By HealthJob Editors

Table of Contents

Medical laboratory technicians (MLT), also known as clinical laboratory technicians, are the backbone of today's medical system, as almost all diagnosis is based on an analysis of biochemistry. As such, the demand for individuals skilled in medical laboratory science in the United States is high. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , the number of jobs in this field is 335,500, and this job number is expected to grow by 11% between 2020 and 2030.

What is a Medical Lab Technician?

Certified laboratory technicians, also known as lab techs, support doctors and other health care staff in diagnosing and healing diseases. They often work under the  supervision of a medical technologist. Some of their responsibilities include: 

• Collecting body fluids, tissues, and other biological materials
• Analyzing lab test results
• Working with and maintaining medical laboratory equipment
• Preparing slides and tissue samples for computer testing

The position requires an understanding of biochemistry, math, and medical laboratory technology and often requires passing a certification program or completing an associate’s degree program.

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Clinical Laboratory Science Specialties

The duties of a lab technician may vary depending if the position is in a  hospital or private medical laboratory.

Areas of specialty in clinical laboratory science include chemistry, hematology, immunology, and microbiology.

• A medical assistant to a chemist analyzes nutrition, hormones, or the presence of drugs and pathogens in blood or tissue samples.
• A lab assistant to a hematologist conducts tests on blood cells to detect blood diseases such as HIV, anemia, or leukemia.
• A lab tech to an immunohematologist runs tests to try and match one blood type to another or detect abnormal antibodies or allergens.
• A lab assistant to a microbiologist detects the presence of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi.

Keep in mind that a clinical laboratory technician might be practicing one or more of these specialties while on the job, depending on the size of the medical clinic, and whether or not it is situated inside a hospital.

How Much Do Lab Techs Earn?

Medical laboratory technicians earn an average of $57,800 or $27.79 per hour.

Read more:  Here's How Much MLTs Earn In Each State

Where Do Medical Lab Technicians Work? 

Hospitals are the biggest employers of medical laboratory technicians . Lab techs also work in diagnostic labs, doctor’s offices, universities and outpatient care centers. Currently, there are 335,500 medical lab assistants . The New York, Los Angeles and Boston metropolitan areas employ the most lab technicians.  

Education Requirements

Medical Laboratory Technicians typically enter the profession with either an associate or a diploma. The coursework for an MLT diploma or degree will depend on the exact laboratory discipline, but will address the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to be a medical laboratory technician. 

Depending on the state, MLTs must also obtain a license before they can work. In California , for example, MLTs are required to either complete a training program or have 3 years of on-the-job-experience at a minimum. They must also be certified by organizations approved by the Department of Public Health, such as the American Association of Bioanalysts (AAB) or the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP). 

To learn more about licensing requirements in your state, visit The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science to discover their most recent licensing requirements for medical laboratory technicians.

How to Become A Medical Laboratory Technician: A Step-By-Step Guide

Here are the basic steps needed to embark on a career as a medical laboratory technician.

Step 1 - Obtain A High School Diploma

The first step to embarking on a career as a medical lab technician is to get a high school diploma. Suggested courses to help prepare for later success are chemistry, biology and math.

Step 2 - Earn An Associate Degree or Lab Technician Certificate 

Most medical lab technicians enter the field after getting a 2-year clinical lab technician or medical lab technician associate degree. However, some MLTs enter the field after completing a program offered through the Armed forces or a vocational school.  Programs in laboratory technology combine theory with simulated lab instruction to prepare for a job in a real laboratory where just one mistake can be life-threatening to a patient. Course studies typically include bacteriology, microbiology, hematology, laboratory procedures, and laboratory safety.

Step 3 - Get Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) Certification

Certification is not mandatory in most states, but an AAB Certification or ASCP Certification combined with college or university training improves job prospects. An ASCP credential can be acquired at the American Society for Clinical Pathology and the AAB at the American Association of Bioanalysts.

AAB Certification

The following is required to be eligible for AAB certification :

• An associate's degree with coursework in medical lab technology, biology, and chemistry OR Completion of a 50-week military medical lab technician course
• A passing grade on the MLT Generalist exam. The exam covers the following disciplines: chemistry, hematology, immunology, immunohematology and microbiology.
• 3 months of lab tech training in a real or simulated lab

ASCP Certification

The following is required to obtain an ASCP certification :

• An associate's degree
• 3 years of on-the-job experience
• Completion of a 50-week military lab tech training program

An exam tests the applicant’s knowledge of hematology, chemistry, microbiology, and immunology.

Step 4 - Get A Lab Technician Position

After graduating from a medical laboratory technician program, aspiring lab techs may start applying for a position in the clinical laboratory science field. The places most likely to hire lab technicians are hospitals, medical labs, and physicians' offices. 

Step 5 - Get Promoted

A bachelor's degree, a license (if required), and some practical experience is the key to getting hired at a lab. Many medical laboratory technicians move up the career ladder to be medical laboratory technologists. A certificate or graduate degree in a relevant subject, such as administration, business management, biological sciences, or medical technology, can also lead to a promotion in a hospital or clinic. If you have a marketing or bachelor's degree in science, it is useful to acquire a medical marketing job, a pharmaceutical company, or a position with a manufacturer of laboratory equipment.

Related Lab Technician Careers

Medical laboratory technicians don't always work in hospitals, clinics, or doctor's offices. They are also in demand in some related fields which employ lab technicians.

Veterinary Laboratory Technician

One position to consider is that of a veterinary lab technician, which requires that you work in an animal clinic or animal hospital under the supervision of a veteran. The job is very similar to working in a regular hospital, only you are responsible for testing and handling the samples from animals. Like in a hospital for humans, it is also your responsibility to keep the lab facilities clean.

Biological Laboratory Technician

Working in the field of biochemistry as a biological lab assistant can be a very interesting as well as dangerous position. Biological technicians assist with biological-specific lab procedures, including testing for communicative diseases. Many biotech assistants work in hospitals or private research facilities.

Chemical Laboratory Technicians

Chemical laboratory technicians work primarily with chemists. Sometimes these positions are available at pharmaceutical companies. Chemistry lab techs work with chemists, studying chemicals and their reactions. They prepare slides, assist with testing methods and write reports.

Here are some short answers to becoming a medical lab technician:

How long do you have to attend school to be a medical laboratory technician?

Depending on where you are located, you can land a job with just 2 years of training at a local college.

How easy is it for phlebotomists to advance their careers and become medical laboratory technicians?

Phlebotomists are specialists in withdrawing blood. To become a medical laboratory technician, they must attend a 6 month long program through the National Phlebotomy Association (NPA ) or a similar course.

To Summarize

Obtaining a job in the field of clinical laboratory science is not that difficult for those with an aptitude for Math and Science. It is particularly suited for those who enjoy working in a clinical situation. In some areas of the United States, all that is needed to obtain a position as a medical laboratory technician is a high school diploma and participation in a 2-year medical laboratory technician program. In other states, a job in medical laboratory science may require certification such as an AAB Certification or ASCP Certification. Both certifications assure an employer an application theoretical and practical training working in a simulated laboratory situation. Finally, the more courses and qualifications an aspiring lab tech has, the better his or her resume will look to an employer in the field of medical laboratory science.

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Medical Lab Technician I

Medical Lab Technician I performs a variety of routine and specialized diagnostic medical lab tests as requested by healthcare staff according to established protocols and procedures. Prepares specimens for microscopic examination or testing procedures. Being a Medical Lab Technician I operates automated laboratory instrumentation and equipment. Performs quality control and assurance procedures. Additionally, Medical Lab Technician I records lab results in specified system. Follows all required privacy, safety, and biohazard procedures and standards. Requires an associate degree in laboratory technology, science or equivalent. Requires valid certification or eligibility for certification exam as Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) from ASCP or AMT. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager. The Medical Lab Technician I works under moderate supervision. Gaining or has attained full proficiency in a specific area of discipline. To be a Medical Lab Technician I typically requires 1-3 years of related experience.

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Research Lab Specialist Senior/Inter/Assoc

How to apply.

Please address your cover letter , CV and the name(s) of at least one reference to Dr. Hisham Bazzi.

Our newly established mouse developmental biology lab ( www.bazzilab.com ) at the Department of Cell & Developmental Biology at the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, is seeking a:

Research Lab Specialist Associate/Intermediate/Senior to join our team in transitioning the lab from the University of Cologne, Germany, to Ann Arbor. Our research is centered on how signaling pathways impact on the cell cycle and cell division to regulate cell fate choices during embryonic and skin development .

The successful candidate will primarily manage our research laboratory in administration and experimentation in the Biomedical Sciences Research Building (BSRB) at 109 Zina Pitcher Pl.

Mission Statement

Michigan Medicine improves the health of patients, populations and communities through excellence in education, patient care, community service, research and technology development, and through leadership activities in Michigan, nationally and internationally.  Our mission is guided by our Strategic Principles and has three critical components; patient care, education and research that together enhance our contribution to society.

Why Join Michigan Medicine?

Michigan Medicine is one of the largest health care complexes in the world and has been the site of many groundbreaking medical and technological advancements since the opening of the U-M Medical School in 1850. Michigan Medicine is comprised of over 30,000 employees and our vision is to attract, inspire, and develop outstanding people in medicine, sciences, and healthcare to become one of the world’s most distinguished academic health systems.  In some way, great or small, every person here helps to advance this world-class institution. Work at Michigan Medicine and become a victor for the greater good.

What Benefits can you Look Forward to?

• Excellent medical, dental and vision coverage effective on your very first day
• 2:1 Match on retirement savings

Responsibilities*

In coordination with and support from our excellent technician and team in Germany:

• Administration: Management, finances, shipping, ordering, inventories, protocols, and compliance
• Lab: Mouse colony, genotyping, cell culture, solutions, dissections and tissue processing

Required Qualifications*

Research Lab Specialist Associate: Bachelor's degree in biology or similar, lab experience (> 3 years) and excellent communication skills is required.

Research Lab Specialist Intermediate: Bachelor's degree in biology or similar, lab experience (4-5 years) and excellent communication skills is required.

Research Lab Specialist Senior: Bachelor's degree in biology or similar, lab experience (5-6 years) and excellent communication skills in required.

Desired Qualifications*

Lab management experience preferred.

Underfill Statement

This position may be underfilled at a lower classification depending on the qualifications of the selected candidate.

Background Screening

Michigan Medicine conducts background screening and pre-employment drug testing on job candidates upon acceptance of a contingent job offer and may use a third party administrator to conduct background screenings.  Background screenings are performed in compliance with the Fair Credit Report Act. Pre-employment drug testing applies to all selected candidates, including new or additional faculty and staff appointments, as well as transfers from other U-M campuses.

Application Deadline

Job openings are posted for a minimum of seven calendar days.  The review and selection process may begin as early as the eighth day after posting. This opening may be removed from posting boards and filled anytime after the minimum posting period has ended.

U-M EEO/AA Statement

The University of Michigan is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.

Analyst / Associate, Consumer Staples Research Associate

Job Description:

At Bank of America, we are guided by a common purpose to help make financial lives better through the power of every connection. Responsible Growth is how we run our company and how we deliver for our clients, teammates, communities and shareholders every day.

One of the keys to driving Responsible Growth is being a great place to work for our teammates around the world. We’re devoted to being a diverse and inclusive workplace for everyone. We hire individuals with a broad range of backgrounds and experiences and invest heavily in our teammates and their families by offering competitive benefits to support their physical, emotional, and financial well-being.

Bank of America believes both in the importance of working together and offering flexibility to our employees. We use a multi-faceted approach for flexibility, depending on the various roles in our organization.

Working at Bank of America will give you a great career with opportunities to learn, grow and make an impact, along with the power to make a difference. Join us!

The Analyst or Associate role will involve supporting the Team Head responsible for European Consumer Staples Equity Research who is based in Frankfurt.

This role includes 1) financial modelling and company valuation, 2) writing industry and company reports, 3) communicating with internal and external clients, 4) building relationships with corporates under coverage, 5) leveraging industry contacts to create differentiated events for clients to attend. The demands on the analyst are sometimes high and a demonstrated ability to deliver under pressure is essential.

Responsibilities:

• Performing research and information gathering across the varied sub-segments and regions of the sector
• Interpreting data and performing analysis on the market, economic, demographic and regulatory trends affecting the sector
• Attending company conferences and industry events to gather data and to learn
• Developing and maintaining complex company and industry financial models
• Valuing companies using a variety of metrics appropriate to the Consumer Staples sector
• Writing equity research reports – thematic ones on the industry and stock specific ones on companies under coverage
• Contributing to collaborative cross sector reports with both European and Global Research colleagues
• Building relationships with the companies under coverage
• Leveraging industry contacts to create differentiated events for clients to attend: conferences, field trips, expert speaker calls
• Marketing research views to investor clients
• Liaising with internal clients and business partners within Bank of America
• The European Consumer Staples sector includes Food Producers, Household & Personal Care, and Tobacco, with market cap $750bn across 20 stocks.
• The team of 3 is led by a Director based in Frankfurt.
• The wider BofA EMEA Equity Research department covers c.700 stocks, across Europe, the Middle East and South Africa.
• In the latest 2023 Institutional Investor Survey BofA ranked No.1 in both Developed and Emerging Europe Equity Research.
• As part of our team you would have exposure to a wealth of top quality research product across all research assets classes from which to draw ideas.
• Learning to be a successful Equity Research analyst at BofA is primarily done through on-the -job training and osmosis within your immediate team. This is complimented by formal training in the Research basics (modelling, writing, presenting).
• You would also have access to Best Practice sessions led by our experienced and highly rated senior analysts, helping you to learn.
• The job involves extensive collaboration with colleagues in adjacent sectors in European Equity Research and with BofA Consumer analysts around the world

Required Skills:

• Bachelors’ degree (or equivalent) with outstanding academic qualifications. Numeracy essential.
• Experience working in Equity Research or Investment Management could be helpful, although not essential
• Strong accounting, financial modelling/financial mathematical skills are required
• Advanced level of MS Excel
• Meticulous attention to detail, diligence and conscientiousness
• Strong interpersonal communication skills
• Track record of achieving recognition when servicing clients/customers
• Proven organizational and time management skills as well as ability to work under pressure
• Capable of working effectively both independently and with multiple teams/individuals

Hours Per Week:

Weekly Schedule:

Referral Bonus Amount:

Learn more about this role

JR-24014565

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Media Monarchy

Moscow metro blasts: another fsb inside job.

“ The first explosion took place on a train after it had stopped in the Lubyanka station in central Moscow , close to the headquarters of Russia’s FSB security service, a spokeswoman for the Russian emergencies ministry told AFP .”

“ The first blast at the Lubyanka metro station killed 22 people and wounded 12 . The second at Park Kulturi station left 12 dead and 7 wounded ,” reported AFP . Russian Federal Security Service chief Alexander Bortnikov has already blamed Chechen rebels for the attack, an explanation slavishly accepted by western media outlets like the BBC who are already running feature articles about the history of terrorism in Russia that completely fail to mention the FSB’s direct role in almost every major attack to have taken place over the last 10 years .

Since the explanation that two female suicide bombers with explosives strapped to their bodies were responsible for the bombing has come directly from the FSB , past history means we can only treat the official story with the utmost suspicion.

The notorious Russian FSB has a documented history of staging false flag events in order to accomplish political agendas .

update: bombs kill 12 in russia’s dagestan region from cnn : Twelve people – nine of them police officers – were killed Wednesday when two bombs exploded in Russia’s southern republic of Dagestan , officials told CNN. Another 23 people, including 11 police officers, were hospitalized with wounds from the bombings, at least one of which was carried out by a suicide bomber, according to a spokesman for the Dagestan police and Vladimir Markin, a spokesman for the Investigative Committee in the Russian prosecutor general’s office. It happened two days after female suicide bombers killed at least 39 people on the Moscow metro .

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A woman said her tattoos got her rejected for a job, but experts say personality is far more important

• A tattooed content creator sparked a debate about hiring biases after being rejected by T.J. Maxx.
• Experts said tattoos could influence hiring decisions, especially in customer-facing roles.
• But overall, personality and cultural fit are more important, they said.

A TikToker, Ash Putnam, was frustrated after T.J. Maxx denied her application — and she said she thought her tattoos were to blame.

Some of her designs that are visible when she's dressed are a skull with horns on her neck, solid black patches on her arms, and a pattern on her forehead. Putnam, 23, also has multiple facial piercings , including a large silver ring hanging from her septum.

"I hate that my tattoos are such a defining factor for me getting a job or not," she said in a recent TikTok. "Just because I have tattoos doesn't mean I'm not going to be a good worker."

Putnam, from California, said she went into the store to ask why she hadn't gotten the job and that the hiring manager told her she didn't have enough experience. The hiring manager also denied that her tattoos played any role in the rejection, she said. T.J. Maxx did not respond to a request for comment.

She wasn't convinced and took to TikTok to complain. Many commentators claimed her attitude may have been to blame, rather than her tattoos. Others said they thought her body art likely played a role in the rejection.

While the jury is out over whether tattoos can damage your prospects of being hired, experts told BI that the personality of a candidate was likely more important for recruiters.

Putnam's story went viral

Putnam's video amassed 7.4 million views, and it struck a nerve.

"HR supervisor here," one person commented. "There is no way any company would put you in front of customers like T.J. Maxx."

Another commenter, who said they used to be a hiring manager for the store, said: "I will tell you it's the facial piercings and tattoos."

@ashxobrien I want to know who is also having a hard time finding a job right now! #jobs #jobmarket ♬ original sound - Ash🖤

Some fellow content creators criticized Putnam's approach.

Ivy Johnson, for example, who also has many tattoos, said she worked in corporate America as a hiring manager before starting her apothecary business.

"Your tattoos are very aggressive," she said. With customer-facing positions, she said, "that doesn't always go over well."

Johnson said she also thought Putnam had "a really bad attitude."

"If you had come into my business after an interview, or even applying and chatting on the phone, even if I didn't even know that you're a heavily tattooed person, I'd be like, 'Yo, bye, there's the door,'" she said.

Related stories

"You have to put your best foot forward in an interviewing circumstance, no matter what you do, what you're applying for, or what you look like," she added.

@svvampfae #stitch with @Ash🖤 #heavilytattooed #tattoo #facetattoo #hiring #jobtips #job ♬ original sound - svvampfae

It depends on the role

Almost one-third (32%) of US workers in a 2023 Pew Research Center survey said they had a tattoo, and 22% said they had more than one.

Some studies have suggested that tattoos can affect someone's career progression. In a 2018 LinkedIn survey, 40% of respondents said they had rejected a candidate for a job because they had a visible tattoo. Eighty-eight percent of recruiters and human-resources professionals who responded said they thought tattoos limited a candidate's prospects.

However, research from the University of Miami that same year found tattooed job seekers were no less likely to be employed than those without.

The stigma of tattoos is lessening every day, with many employers no longer having an issue with hiring tattooed employees, according to Indeed .

There may still be a line, though, and some of Putnam's viewers argued that she crossed it. Putnam declined to comment for this article, but she told the UK publication The Daily Star : "I am not going to change who I am for minimum-wage jobs."

Adam Collins, the founder and CEO of Ignite SEO, told BI that as someone who hired people to work at his company, he thought "tattoos can make a big impact on how a candidate is perceived."

"I wouldn't say that tattoos make or break an interview because it depends on the role," he said. "A candidate applying to be an account manager for our clients and is supposed to speak to our clients directly should definitely appear trustworthy and clean-cut, so face and neck tattoos would affect that."

On the other hand, with someone who isn't directly working with clients, appearance is less important.

In technical and operational roles, for example, "it's not a big deal," Collins said.

Michelle Enjoli, a career coach, told BI the visibility and type of tattoos someone has could make a difference.

"Tattoos are personal and typically represent something for that person," she said. "People represent companies, and therefore if a tattoo represents something that a company would not want to be associated with, it can definitely be an issue for a hiring manager."

How likely it is that a tattoo will determine the course of an interview depends on how visible they are and what they may represent, Enjoli added. Tattoos are nowhere near as much of a taboo as they used to be, but some people still hold judgment over them.

In Putnam's case, her tattoos were considered extreme, Enjoli said, and "seemed to be a big part of her identity."

"In other cases, where someone might have a smaller tattoo on their arm or visible area, it might not matter as much as it is less obvious," Enjoli said.

"I think a company demanding that an employee not have any tattoos regardless of visibility or meaning is definitely outdated as they have become a big part of the modern culture."

Personality matters more

Justina Raskauskiene, the HR team lead at Omnisend, told BI as tattoos had become more common, it's likely recruiters and hiring managers barely paid attention to them "unless they are offensive or distracting."

"Sometimes hiring managers may even prefer an employee with a tattoo because it can be evidence of an interesting personality," Raskauskiene said.

"Discriminating against those people would mean missing out on some talented people in the industry."

Rachel Pelta, a hiring expert who is the head writer at the virtual-work-experience platform Forage, told BI that overall, hiring managers were looking at skills and abilities.

"The thing is, everyone who's interviewing probably has the skills and abilities I'm looking for," she said. "So then it comes down to, how well are you selling yourself in the interview? Are you making the case for why you're the best person for the role? If you're not doing that, you won't get the job."

As for tattoos, piercings, or anything else that could be considered unusual, such as bright hair colors, hiring managers "shouldn't evaluate a candidate on their appearance," Pelta added.

But some companies are traditional or conservative, and for them, these things could be a "big deal."

"Unless you're willing to cover or remove them, you'll have to keep searching until you find a company that accepts you as you," she said. "And they are out there. It just may take you a bit longer to find one."

Watch: I got faux freckles tattooed

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In Tight Presidential Race, Voters Are Broadly Critical of Both Biden and Trump

About half of voters say that, if given the chance, they would replace both candidates on the ballot, table of contents.

• The state of the 2024 presidential race
• Other findings: Biden’s job approval ticks up, Trump’s election-related criminal charges
• Educational differences in candidate support
• What are 2020 voters’ preferences today?
• How Biden’s supporters view his personal traits
• How Trump’s supporters view his personal traits
• Views of Biden’s presidency and retrospective evaluations of Trump’s time in office
• Attention to the candidates
• Does it matter who wins?
• What if voters could change the presidential ballot?
• How important is it for the losing candidate to publicly acknowledge the winner?
• 4. Joe Biden’s approval ratings
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology
• Validated voters

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand voters’ views on the 2024 presidential election, as well how the public views President Joe Biden. For this analysis, we surveyed 8,709 adults – including 7,166 registered voters – from April 8 to April 14, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this report , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

As the 2024 presidential race heats up, American voters face a similar set of choices as they did four years ago – and many are not happy about it.

With the election still more than six months away, a new Pew Research Center survey finds that the presidential race is virtually tied : 49% of registered voters favor Donald Trump or lean toward voting for him, while 48% support or lean toward Joe Biden.

A defining characteristic of the contest is that voters overall have little confidence in either candidate across a range of key traits, including fitness for office, personal ethics and respect for democratic values.

Where Trump has the advantage: More than a third of voters say they are extremely or very confident that Trump has the physical fitness (36%) and mental fitness (38%) needed to do the job of president.

Far fewer say the same of Biden (15% are at least very confident in his physical fitness; 21% are extremely or very confident in his mental fitness). Majorities say they are not too or not at all confident in Biden’s physical and mental fitness.

Where Biden has the advantage: More voters are extremely or very confident in Biden (34%) than in Trump (26%) to act ethically in office. And while 38% say they are at least very confident in Biden to respect the country’s democratic values, fewer (34%) express that level of confidence in Trump. The survey was conducted before the start of Trump’s “hush money” trial in New York City .

( Read more about voters’ views of Biden and Trump in Chapter 2. )

The new Center survey of 8,709 adults – including 7,166 registered voters – conducted April 8-14, 2024, finds large divides in voters’ candidate preference by age, education, and race and ethnicity. As was the case in 2020, younger voters and those with a four-year college degree are more likely to favor Biden than Trump.

Older voters and those with no college degree favor Trump by large margins.

Among racial and ethnic groups:

• White voters favor Trump (56%) over Biden (42%) by a wide margin.
• Roughly three-quarters of Black voters (77%) support Biden, while 18% back Trump.
• Hispanic voters are more evenly divided – 52% favor Biden, while 44% back Trump.
• Asian voters favor Biden (59%) over Trump (36%).

( Read more about voters’ candidate preferences in Chapter 1. )

Most voters who turned out in 2020 favor the same candidate in 2024. Among validated 2020 voters, overwhelming majorities of those who cast ballots for Biden (91%) and Trump (94%) support the same candidate this year. Registered voters who did not vote in 2020 are about evenly divided: 48% back Trump, while 46% support Biden.

A majority of voters say “it really matters who wins” the 2024 race. Today, 69% of voters say it really matters which candidate wins the presidential contest this November. This is somewhat smaller than the share who said this in April 2020 about that year’s election (74%). Nearly identical shares of Biden’s and Trump’s supporters say the outcome of the presidential race really matters.

About half of voters would replace both Biden and Trump on the 2024 ballot

Reflecting their dissatisfaction with the Biden-Trump matchup, nearly half of registered voters (49%) say that, if they had the ability to decide the major party candidates for the 2024 election, they would replace both Biden and Trump on the ballot .

Biden’s supporters are especially likely to say they would replace both candidates if they had the chance. Roughly six-in-ten (62%) express this view, compared with 35% of Trump supporters.

There also are stark age differences in these views: 66% of voters under 30 say they would replace both candidates if they had the chance, compared with 54% of those ages 30 to 49 and fewer than half (43%) of those 50 and older.

( Read more about voters’ feelings toward the upcoming election in Chapter 3. )

Evaluations of the Biden and Trump presidencies

• 42% of voters overall say Trump was a good or great president, while 11% say he was average. This is a modest improvement since March 2021, two months after he left office.
• 28% of voters say Biden is a good or great president, while 21% say he is average. These views are mostly on par with June 2020 assessments of the kind of president Biden would be – but today, a smaller share of voters say he is average.

( Read more about ratings of Biden’s and Trump’s presidencies in Chapter 1. )

• Biden’s approval among the general public: Today, Biden’s approval rating sits at 35% – roughly on par with his rating in January (33%). His job rating has climbed slightly among Democrats over that period, however. Today, 65% of Democrats approve of him – up 4 percentage points since January. ( Read more about Biden’s approval rating in Chapter 4. )
• Conceding the presidential election: A majority of voters say it is important that the losing candidate in November publicly acknowledge the winner as the legitimate president. But Trump’s supporters are far less likely than Biden’s to say it is very important (44% vs. 77%).  ( Read more about voters’ views on election concession in Chapter 3. )

Trump’s criminal charges related to the 2020 election

As Trump faces charges that he sought to overturn the outcome of the 2020 election, 45% of Americans say they think Trump’s actions broke the law. This compares with 38% who say his actions did not break the law – including 15% who say his actions were wrong but not illegal, and 23% who say he did nothing wrong. Nearly two-in-ten are not sure.

Democrats mostly say Trump broke the law; Republicans are more divided. An overwhelming majority of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (78%) say Trump’s actions in seeking to change the outcome of the 2020 election broke the law. 

Among Republicans and Republican leaners:

• 49% say Trump did nothing wrong.
• 21% say he did something wrong but did not break the law.
• 9% say Trump broke the law.
• 20% are not sure.

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Changing Partisan Coalitions in a Politically Divided Nation

About 1 in 4 americans have unfavorable views of both biden and trump, 2024 presidential primary season was one of the shortest in the modern political era, americans more upbeat on the economy; biden’s job rating remains very low, key facts about hispanic eligible voters in 2024, most popular, report materials.

• April 2024 Biden Job Approval Detailed Tables

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