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• M.A IGNOU POLITICAL SCIENCE SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

FREE IGNOU MPS-02 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24

by Team Guffo · Published 2023 · Updated 2023

6. b) Uneven International Economic System:

The international economic system is characterized by significant disparities in wealth, development, and economic power among nations. This uneven distribution of resources and opportunities has far-reaching implications for global politics, trade, and development.

Historically rooted in colonialism and economic imperialism, the international economic system perpetuates inequalities through mechanisms such as trade imbalances, debt burdens, and unequal access to markets. Developed countries often benefit from favorable trade terms and technological advantages, while developing nations struggle to compete on an equal footing.

Global financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, play a role in shaping this uneven system. Conditional lending and structural adjustment programs have been criticized for exacerbating economic disparities and undermining the sovereignty of recipient countries.

Efforts to address the uneven international economic system include calls for fair trade practices, debt relief, and development assistance. Initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, reduce poverty, and narrow the development gap.

In conclusion, the uneven international economic system remains a central challenge in the quest for a more just and equitable global order. Addressing these disparities requires concerted efforts from both developed and developing nations to reform trade practices, enhance development cooperation, and ensure that the benefits of globalization are more equitably shared.

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MPS 002 Solved Assignment

International Relations Theory and Problems Solved Assignment

Course Code: MPS-002 Assignment Code: Asst/TMA/2019-20 Marks: 100

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

Q.1 Discuss any two approaches to the study International Relations.

Q.2 Examine the Feminist approach in International Relations.

SECTION- II

Write a short note on the following in about 250 words each.

Q.6 a) International relations since second world -war b) International Terrorism

Q.7 a) Core characteristics of global corporatism b) Internationalisation of Human Rights

MPS 002 International Relations Theory and Problems :  This assignment solution is based on 2019-2020 IGNOU Assignments to be submitted for IGNOU June’2020 Examination & December’2020 Examination It is mandatory to submit assignment before Last Date at IGNOU Study Centre to appear in IGNOU Examination. Assignments with good solution help student to gain better percentage because of its 30% weightage in final marks. All Assignments are prepared by our professionals based on 2020 question paper for best result. We have full money back guaranty in case of any dispute or mismatch. All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp just after payment. These assignments can be read on your smart phone also with unlimited download limit. Help books IGNOU support centre always ready to provide free IGNOU Consultation & Help. I Hope you love this downloadable Solved Assignment. It will be very useful to all of you.

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IGNOU MA Political Science (MPS) Solved Assignments 2021-22

• 1.1.1 IGNOU MPS 1st Year Assignments Free Download (in English & Hindi Medium)
• 1.2.1 IGNOU MPS 2nd Year Assignments Free Download (in English & Hindi medium)
• 2 Last Date of Ignou MA Political Science Assignment submission
• 3 Guidelines to write IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments
• 4 How to obtain IGNOU MA Political Science first & second Year Solved Assignments?

IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments 2021-22

IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments 2021-22 – Students of Indira Gandhi National Open University who are pursuing Master degree in Political Science have to submit Ignou MA Political Science solved assignments to complete their courses.

They can download Tutor Marked assignments in both English & Hindi medium from the official website for the session 2021-22.The Ignou MPS assignments can be downloaded in any of the medium as per the requirement.

For IGNOU MPS Solved Assignments in English & Hindi Medium, Whatsapp at: 7428482160

The details of Ignou MA Political Science assignments has been mentioned below:

• Programme Name: Master Degree Programme in Political Science
• Programme Code: MPS
• Validity of Assignment: These assignments will remain valid for July 2021 and January 2022 session.

There are two sections of questions in each Ignou MA Political Science assignment i.e. Section I and Section II. In both section I & II there are 20 marks questions.

For 20 marks question, the word limit to write answer is 500 each. The few assignment questions of some courses have 10 marks questions as well.The word limit for writing 10 marks question is 400 words.

Related Post:   IGNOU MPS Question Paper IGNOU MA Psychology solved assignments IGNOU MA Sociology solved assignments

IGNOU MPS First Year Solved Assignments 2021-22

The students have to prepare the solved assignments for the Core Courses in the first year.The code and name for the courses for which assignments have to be submitted by students in the first year has been mentioned below:

The maximum marks for each assignment is 100. The university gives 30% weightage to these assignments. It means the 30% of the total marks obtained by the students in the assignments will be added in the total marks of the course. Therefore total marks for any course will be combination of 70% theory and 30% assignment marks.

IGNOU MPS 1st Year Assignments Free Download (in English & Hindi Medium)

Students can easily download Ignou MA Political Science 1st year assignment question papers free of cost from the university official website.They do not have to pay any charges or fee for that.

The university also send the hard copy of MPS first year assignments at the physical communication address of student. In case, if anyone do not receive it, he/she may download it here…

• Assignment Code: Asst/TMA/2021-22
• First Year Assignment – Download Link

IGNOU MPS 2nd Year Solved Assignments 2021-22

In the second year of Ignou MA Political Science programme, students have to submit solved assignments for the following elective courses:

IGNOU MPS 2nd Year Assignments Free Download (in English & Hindi medium)

Students can easily download Ignou MA Political Science 2nd year assignment question papers free of cost from the university official website.They do not have to pay any charges or fee for that.

The university also send the hard copy of MPS second year assignments at the physical communication address of student. In case, if anyone do not receive it, he/she may download it here…

• Assignment Code:  Asst/TMA/2021-22
• Second Year Assignment – Download Link

Last Date of Ignou MA Political Science Assignment submission

Students have to submit the solved assignments of Ignou MA Political Science programme in both first and second year for the courses which requires it. Let’s discuss about these courses…

Guidelines to write IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments

• Please read the assignments thoroughly and carefully
• Students have to answer the questions as per the word limit.
• Write the answers in your own handwriting.
• Try to write answers in your own words. Don’t just copy & paste the answers from the study material.

How to obtain IGNOU MA Political Science first & second Year Solved Assignments?

It is always good to solve assignments by yourself.Because it help students to go through complete study material. It also help them in exam preparation.

In case, if someone is unable to solve assignment then he/she may request for Ignou MA Political Science solved assignments 2021-22 for all subjects in the form of PDF at cheap price.

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IGNOU MPS-02 Study Material

IGNOU MPS-02 Study Materials/Books – If you come to this page for download each course of MPS-02 Study Material so you are come at right place. Here you will get everything for which you have come to here. We have downloaded all available Study Materials of MPS-02 to our System and it is ready and available for all MPS-02 Students.

We provide all study materials to IGNOU MPS student with free of cost and it can download easily and without registration need.

List of Available MPS-02 Study Materials:

Is it required to download MPS-02 Materials?

For attend IGNOU MPS-02 TEE Examination, it is necessary to first submit your Assignments to IGNOU and it is possible from IGNOU Study Material . You can solve your MPS-02 Assignments with using Books/Materials. Not only Assignments, but you can use it for preparation of Examination and you can get good marks in your Master of Arts in Political Science Programme Annual Exams with good grade.

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4 thoughts on “IGNOU MPS-02 Study Material”

MPS 02..Block 2 is not available MSP 01.. block 1 is not available… kindly provide it as soon as possible

Updated Now.

Need MPs books July 2020

plz give the study material of mps3 & mps4

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IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment Download 2023-2024

if Are You in this Page You wants to Downloading IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2023-2024 Free Download in PDF, IGNOU MPS Solved Assignments in English & Hindi Medium   2023-2024 , You are Downloading also IGNOU MPS Assignment Solutions & Questions In PDF.

We Provide All The IGNOU Books And Study Material Here. MPS Stands For Master of Arts (Political Science)

IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2022 – 2023 Uploaded From Website, All Students must downloading assignments for their programmes on New Admission. Every assignment for the course is available here.

To get good marks in the exam, Read Study Material  and Solved The Assignment carefully With The Properly.

IGNOU MPS Assignment Compulsory to Submitting?

Yes, all candidates Submitting Their IGNOU Assignments to the relevant study center by the deadline. The IGNOU University would not allow a student to take the term end exam if they have not submitted.

Minimum and Weighted Marks for IGNOU MPS Assignments

Candidates cannot neglect assignments because they have a 30% weight in each IGNOU programme. They must submit the best assignment answer in order to receive higher marks in the final grade,

How To Submit the IGNOU MPS Assignment 2023-2024 ?

By scanning the paper assignments, we were able to answer questions about sending the IGNOU assignment by email.

FAQ On MPS Solved Assignment Free Download 2023-2024

IGNOU official website will open. Choose your Degree, Master, Bachelor, Certificate Click on “Assignments”. Assignment page will appear. Download the Assignment.

For the term-end examination, June 2023, the last date for submission of assignments is extended up to  15th June 202 3

any plain paper  is Used for IGNOU Assignment.

Each and every assignment available here are solved. It is helpful for all students who have to submit their assignments.

MPS is Master of Arts (Political Science)

Conclusion : in this Page You are Downloading the IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2023-2024 , also Downloading the MPS 1st Year Solved Assignment , MPS 2nd Year Assignment Solutions With Assignment Question & Answer. Thanks For Reading this Page Share With MPS Course Students.

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IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2023-24

If any students don’t have time or facing problem to make MPS Tutor Marked assignment? Those students can easily get Ignou MPS solved assignment 2023-24 by sending an email at [email protected] or WHATSAPP (9953207989) .

Table of Contents

IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignment 2023-24?

IGNOU MPS Assignment 2023-24 Free Download?

IGNOU MPS 1st Year Solved Assignment 2023-24

IGNOU MPS 2nd Year Solved Assignment 2023-24

IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment Submission Date?

To get degree of MA Political Science course, students need to submit Ignou MA Political Science Solved Assignment for July 2023 and January 2024 cycle. Students need to submit solved assignment before last date to be appear in June and December 2024 term end examination.

The duration of MA Political Science program is 2 years. Enrolled students have to passed in required theory, term end assignment etc to complete their MPS programme. It is important that you write the answers in your own words. Your answers should be within the approximate range of the word-limit set for a particular section.

There are many education and social websites available online which provides MA Political Science solved assignment 2023-24 to many students at free of cost. They provide free MPS First and Second Year solved Assignment in PDF format. It will be available in English and Hindi medium.

FOR IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2023-24, contact me at WHATSAPP (9953207989) IGNOU MTTM Solved Assignment 2024

All students download same answers and copy as it is to their answer sheets. I would like to told those students don’t write those MPS assignment solutions.

There are incorrect and useless content which could cause failed in tutor marked assignments (TMA). So don’t copy MA Political Science free solved assignment available online.

Every year, the distance university uploaded MPS Assignment booklet on their website. It’s valid for 2 session i.e July 2023 and January 2024. Interested students can download MA Political Science Assignment booklet in English and Hindi medium by visiting university official website www.ignou.ac.in in form of PDF format.

IGNOU MPS First Year Assignments consists courses such as MPS-1, MPS-2, MPS-3, MPS-4. Students need to submit MPS 1st Year solved assignments 2023-24 for all required courses before last date. Ignou MPS first year course name and code are mentioned below :

• MPS-1: Political Theory
• MPS-2: International Relations: Theory and Problems
• MPS-3: India: Democracy and Development
• MPS-4: Comparative Politics: Issues and Trends

To download Ignou MPS 1st year solved assignment 2023-24, Click Here

IGNOU MPS 2nd Year Assignment consists courses such as MPSE-1, MPSE-2, MPSE-3, MPSE-4, MPSE-5, MPSE-6, MPSE-7, MPSE-8, MPSE-9, MPSE-11, MPSE-12, MPSE-13, MED-2, MED-8, MGP-004, MGPE-7, MGPE-8, MGPE-10, MGPE-11, MGPE-13. Students need to submit MPS 2nd Year solved assignments 2023-24 for all required courses before last date. Ignou MPS 2nd year course name and code are mentioned below :

• MPSE-1: India and the World
• MPSE-2: State and Society in Latin America
• MPSE-3: Western Political Thought
• MPSE-4: Social and Political Thought in Modern India
• MPSE-5: State and Society in Africa
• MPSE-6: Peace and Conflict Studies
• MPSE-8: State Politics in India
• MPSE-9: Canada: Politics and Society
• MPSE-11: The European Union in World Affairs
• MPSE-12: State and Society in Australia
• MPSE-13: Australia’s Foreign Policy
• MED-2: Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges
• MED-8: Globalisation and Environment
• MGP-4: Gandhi’s Political Thought
• MGPE-7: Non-Violent Movements after Gandhi
• MGPE-8: Gandhian Approach to Peace and Conflict Resolution
• MGPE-10: Conflict Management, Transformation & Peace Building
• MGPE-11: Human Security
• MGPE-13: Civil Society, Political Regimes and Conflict

To download Ignou MPS 2nd year solved assignment 2023-24, Click Here

Students who will appear in June 2024 Term End Examination , then the last date to submit MPS solved assignment at Study Centre is March 31st, 2024 .

While who will appear in December 2024 Term-End Examination , then last submission date is September 30th, 2024 . Please obtain a receipt from the study centre for the assignments submitted and retain it.

Keep visiting our website for IGNOU MPS Solved Assignment 2023-24 Free Download!!

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IGNOU MA POLITICAL SCIENCE (MPS) SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020-21 FREE DOWNLOAD

M.A. Political Science – MA Pol Sc (MPS) Solved Assignments for July 2020 and January 2021 Admission Cycles

MPS Tutor Marked Solved Assignment

MPS IGNOU FREE Solved Assignment for 2020-21

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MPS FIRST YEAR

Click Here to Buy Solutions Or Handwritten Assignment

MPS-001: POLITICAL THEORY FREE DOWNLOAD

MPS-002: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PROBLEMS FREE DOWNLOAD

MPS-003: INDIA: DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT FREE DOWNLOAD MPS-004: COMPARATIVE POLITICS: ISSUES AND TRENDS FREE DOWNLOAD

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION PAPER

MPS SECOND YEAR

MPSE-001:INDIA AND THE WORLD FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-002: STATE AND SOCIETY IN LATIN AMERICA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx) FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN MODERN INDIA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-005: STATE AND SOCIETY IN AFRICA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-006: PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-007: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND POLITICS IN INDIA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-008: STATE POLITICS IN INDIA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-009: CANADA: POLITICS AND SOCIETY FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-011: EUROPEAN UNION IN WORLD AFFAIRS FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-012: STATE AND SOCIETY IN AUSTRALIA FREE DOWNLOAD

MPSE-013: AUSTRALIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FREE DOWNLOAD

MED-002: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FREE DOWNLOAD

MED-008: GLOBALISATION AND ENVIRONMENT FREE DOWNLOAD

MGP-004: COURSE: GANDHI’S POLITICAL THOUGHT FREE DOWNLOAD

MGPE-007: COURSE: NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENTS AFTER GANDHI FREE DOWNLOAD

MGPE-008: COURSE: GANDHIAN APPROACH TO PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION FREE DOWNLOAD

MGPE-010: COURSE: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, TRANSFORMATION AND PEACE BUILDING FREE DOWNLOAD

MGPE-011: COURSE: HUMAN SECURITY FREE DOWNLOAD

MGPE-013: COURSE: CIVIL SOCIETY, POLITICAL REGIMES AND CONFLICT FREE DOWNLOAD

Note: These assignments are valid for two admission cycles (July 2020 and JAN 2021). Validity of assignments is given below: 1. Those who are enrolled in July 2020, it is valid upto June 2020 Term End Examination and you must submit assignment to the Coordinator of your study centre latest by 31st March 2021. 2. Those who are enrolled in January 2021, it is valid upto December 2021 Term End Examination and you must submit assignment to the Coordinator of your study centre latest by 15th September 2021.

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MED-002: Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges

Ignou solved assignment solution for 2022-23, if you are looking for med-002 ignou solved assignment solution for the subject sustainable development: issues and challenges, you have come to the right place. med-002 solution on this page applies to 2022-23 session students studying in mps, pgdesd courses of ignou., looking to download all solved assignment pdfs for your course together, med-002 solved assignment solution by gyaniversity.

Assignment Code: MED-002/ASST/TMA/2022-23

Course Code: MED-002

Assignment Name: Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Q1. Explain the major issues and challenges which confront sustainable development. Elucidate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Ans ) Accordingly, one of the main problems with sustainable development is natural resource management (NRM). For instance, global deforestation, wetlands loss, land degradation, and desertification are the fundamental obstacles to the long-term viability of good agriculture. However, as the twenty-first century approaches, we are starting to face a new sustainability dilemma in trade and business, namely the expansion of transnational corporations (TNCs), which are now in charge of global resource policies. The welfare state and Keynesian economics have transformed in response to these TNCs.

Since the Earth Summit, sustainable development has been confronted with numerous controversial issues that are still up for dispute and need to be resolved, running counter to the narrow perspective of "better business & FDI." We will now describe them.

The poor countries pay the price of this resource consumption in the form of pollution, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), deforestation, global warming, and the loss of fisheries, wilderness, and animal resources, even while the affluent countries consume the majority of the world's resources.

The indigenous agriculture and rural economy of emerging nations are threatened by biotechnology and Genetically Modified (GM) food, which also disturbs their village institutions and local economies.

To achieve sustainable development and the eradication of poverty, trade and sustainable development should be more closely integrated. There are significant obstacles to economic progress currently, which can be summed up as follows:

From quantity to quality: Growth's quantitative component had chosen to focus on the oversimplified inclination of cost-benefit calculations about the value of a productive process.

Human self-development is the cornerstone of long-term economic expansion: It establishes a link between personal and societal change. Additionally, it promotes symbiosis between people and nature.

From a patriarchal society and male dominance to a comprehensive equity paradigm: Unsustainable economic growth is built on racism, nature's subordination, male dominance, and the repression of women and other marginalised groups in society. These aspects are ignored when an excessive and singular focus on productivity is placed, which supports the accumulation of surplus among a small number of people.

From the TINA approach to a design strategy: TINA, which stands for "There is no alternative," The suggestive method was used in colonial industrial societies to produce visible technologies.

Sustainable economic growth solutions acknowledge that producers have a real obligation to people and the labour they hire. This is known as the "Polluter Pays" idea. Producers who harm the environment and the circumstances for a good life must also pay for the harm they cause to society.

Community-owned businesses and appropriate technology: Appropriate technology is defined as a technology that does not necessarily require huge capital investments or resource-intensive industrial systems. Also, it is dependent on necessity.

2. Discuss the disadvantages of unsustainable development in industrialization. Describe methods to overcome them. (10)

Ans ) India wants to give full respect to the agreed-upon principles and ideas that have been accepted by member states in recent times. It is important for the country that the principle of common but differentiated responsibility be accepted in its entirety and it does not wish to renegotiate the Rio+20 consensus.

However, ideological support notwithstanding, the huge gap opening up in India between the amount of natural resources that the country uses and the amount that it possesses is alarming. This mounting natural capital gap was reported by the Global Footprint Network even as India is struggling to deal with the global financial crisis. India now demands the bio-capacity of ‘two Indias’ to provide for its consumption and absorb its wastes, according to a report released by Global Footprint Network and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). India’s ecological footprint, based on the amount of productive land and sea area required to produce the resources to meet its consumption demand and absorb waste, has doubled since 1961, according to the report.

The main challenges to sustainable development which are global in character include poverty and exclusion, unemployment, climate change, conflict and humanitarian aid, building peaceful and inclusive societies, building strong institutions of governance, and supporting the rule of law.

The Open Working Group of the United Nations, while acknowledging the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, has proposed the following aims for its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) accompanied by specific targets for some:

Ending of poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030 and eradicating extreme poverty for all everywhere, now measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

Ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture by 2030

E nsuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting life-long learning opportunities for all by 2030

Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030

Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030

Promoting sustained, inclusive and economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Sustaining per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and in particular, at least 7 percent per annum GDP growth in the least-developed countries

Building resilient infrastructure and promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialisation

Encouraging innovation by developing quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being

Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 2030

Protecting, restoring and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss by 2020.

Q3. Differentiate between inter-generational and intra-generational equity and justice with suitable examples. Discuss by giving examples how gender disparity can hamper environment protection and sustainable development. (10)

Ans ) The main difference between intergenerational and intragenerational is that intergenerational mobility occurs from one generation to the next, while intragenerational mobility occurs throughout one’s lifespan. Intergenerational has a broader concept which includes more differences in a situation as there are several terms associated with it than the intragenerational.

Intergenerational equity refers to the use of earth’s resources between generations in a manner that the present generation does not consume it completely to its exhaustion.

Intergenerational is derived from the Latin words “inter” (between) and “generare” (to beget). It’s an adverb for something that happens between generations.

For example, intergenerational mobility refers to the transfer of social status from one generation to the next, as in the case of John, a now successful middle-class businessman who was born into a low-income household.

Intergenerational transition exists between one’s parents and their socioeconomic level.

Intragenerational is derived from the Latin words “intra” (within) and “generare” (to beget). It is an adjective that refers to an event that occurs within a generation.

For example, in intragenerational mobility, a shift in social standing happens during a person’s lifetime.

In the above example, Ben’s socioeconomic status move from destitute boyhood to well-off adulthood is intragenerational.

A telling example of neglect of inter-generational equity consideration is that of a small island state in the Pacific, Nauru, which is a close neighbour of big countries like Australia and New Zealand. Nauru had rich phosphates in its soil but could not use it due to lack of knowledge and technology. Australian soil lacked phosphates and due to that its agricultural output was poor. Australian miners signed agreements with the Nauru Government in the decade of seventies, which readily agreed to welcome trade expansion with a rich country. For around a decade the citizens of Nauru got bumper employment and that generation achieved standards of western lifestyles. Once the miners extracted all phosphates out of their soil they left, leaving behind a rich country electronically studded with home equipments but no money and employment for its citizens to move ahead or even maintain their acquired lifestyles. Citizens took to drugs and the mafia ruled.

Q4. How can sustainable use of natural resources help achieve sustainable development? (10)

Ans ) Natural resources such as water, energy, and other basic materials such as minerals are scarce, and some, such as coal, petroleum, and groundwater, cannot be replenished. Strong efforts are therefore required to utilise them wisely and sustainably.

Heat for cooking, warmth, manufacturing, and electricity for transportation and mechanical activity are all services that energy provides for human life. Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, wood and charcoal, as well as renewable energy sources including water, sun, wind, natural gas, and nuclear power, are the main sources of energy. The energy sources coal and petroleum are not renewable.

Nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, and other non-polluting renewable energy sources are being considered as viable sources in the near future.

In addition, these gases react with atmospheric water to form acid rain in the form of nitric and sulfuric acids. European aquatic systems have been devastated by acid rain. The pH of the water drops to about 2-3 from its normal range of 7 that supports life. Fish and other aquatic species perish as a result of water becoming more acidic.

One of the most important natural resources is water. Water is essential for life on earth. There are two types of water sources: surface water and ground water. Rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies of surface water are examples of subsurface water, which also includes wells and springs. Ice and snow fields represent additional unexplored sources of water. Oceans flow toward the land due to the hydrological cycle. Rain-bearing clouds are produced by large-scale evaporation from the oceans and travel thousands of kilometres before precipitating on land. This is where most fresh water on land comes from.

Snow and ice glaciers that melt also replenish rivers. The hydrological cycle shouldn't be disturbed in order to use water sustainably. There is proof that extensive deforestation severely alters rainfall patterns. Floods and droughts are brought on by the decrease of vegetative cover in catchment areas. The hydrological cycle has been thrown off by human activity, and both surface and ground water sources have become polluted.

Conservation of Ecosystems

All organisms on this planet are dependant on other species as well as on non-living elements of the environment including air, water, and soil in order to survive. Therefore, the survival of all other species is impacted when a species goes extinct. Therefore, it is crucial to conserve both living and non-living natural resources.

Conservation of Species: Living things can be divided into three categories: plants, animals, and microorganisms. These countless species, with their genetic diversity, are vital to human growth and greatly benefit agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Tropical rain forests have the highest genetic variety and are also the most endangered ecosystems because of human involvement. Due to the extreme conditions, arid and semi-arid locations are home to a variety of adaptive species that produce useful biochemicals like liquid wax and natural rubber.

Q5. Discuss various regional issues related to environment. Assess the initiatives taken towards environmental protection to achieve sustainable development. (10)

Ans ) Country-specific techniques are essential due to the large range of environmental difficulties that differing countries face in accordance with their unique geographical, biological, and climatic characteristics. In accordance with its social and economic interests, cultural values, institutions, and political systems, each nation must thus develop its own strategies. Climate change and deforestation are just two examples of environmental issues with obvious global implications. However, in most cases, local, national, or regional levels are where environmental harm is seen. The local communities that are most directly affected by water scarcities, contamination, soil erosion, or deterioration of forests, mangroves, or coral reefs.

Desertification and Droughts

The term "desertification" refers to the degradation of the land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions as a result of many factors, such as climatic changes and human activity. The vegetation cover and soil productivity are being lost over time. The main causes of this process are human activities and climatic changes that generate droughts and floods. Grave natural effects of desertification include the worsening of water quality, silting of rivers, and the vulnerability of land to floods and salinization. Alarmingly, if neglected, the topsoil of the land, which takes ages to build up, can be washed away in a few seasons. Overcultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation techniques are among human actions that contribute to desertification.

Improved early warning systems, water resource management, sustainable livestock management, aeroseeding, agroforestry ecosystems, afforestation and reforestation by new species and varieties with the ability to tolerate salinity and/or aridity, and planned human settlements are the measures taken to prevent land degradation and restore degraded land. Poverty, which compels those who depend on land for their livelihoods, is a direct contributor to the misuse of land. They overuse it as a source of food, energy, housing, and revenue.

In conclusion, the following should be included in programmes designed to fight these regional problems:

enhancing the body of knowledge and creating information and monitoring systems, together with the ecosystem's economic and social components, in areas vulnerable to desertification and drought.

combating land deterioration by increasing soil protection, afforestation, and reforestation efforts, among other things.

creating and enhancing integrated development programmes for the eradication of poverty and the encouragement of alternative means of subsistence in desertification-prone areas.

creating extensive anti-desertification programmes and incorporating them into national environment planning and development strategies.

creating all-encompassing drought relief plans, including drought self-help strategies, and creating programmes to deal with environmental refugees

encouraging and promoting public involvement and environmental education with a focus on managing the effects of drought and controlling desertification.

Q6. Describe various state and local development initiatives to address the inequality. Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Ans ) After independence the Indian government set to the task of rebuilding the national economy. The government, under the leadership of Nehru, adopted through a five year planning process the principles of mixed economy, promotion of the private sector and a strong intervention of the state and an industrial base in the public sector. As discussed earlier the policy of import-substitution and self imposed insulation from the global economy resulted, however, in slow growth.

  It is clearly understood that restrictive trade and exchange trade policies under centrally initiated and public sector oriented industrialisation were impediments to the fast pace of development till the 1980s. However, the radical shift in the trade policies since 1991 mark a move towards globalisation and liberalisation.

Economic Reforms : The economic reform policies of 1990s were brought in with focus on stabilisation of the economy on one hand and liberalisation on the other. These led to substantive deregulation on private participation in economic activities and withdrawal of several import and export restrictions, besides other changes. These measures were expected to bring in competition leading to better utilisation and allocations for accelerating growth.

The major elements of policy reforms are:

Private investment freed from industrial license from government

Reduction in the list of industries for public sector

Quantitative controls on most intermediate and capital goods abolished and those on consumer goods to be abolished in a phased manner

Average tariff rates brought down with reduction in dispersion of rates

Restrictions relaxed on exports of some agricultural commodities

Restrictions relaxed on foreign private investment

Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs): There are many voluntary and nongovernmental organisations in India which have played a very important role in the developmental process through promoting socio-economic growth in both the rural and urban areas. Quite a few NGOs had come up due to the efforts of individuals who were inspired by the ideology of constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi. It is reported that the founders of one fourths of the NGOs were inspired by Gandhi. Gandhi himself took the initiative in establishing the Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust (KGNMT).

The programmes undertaken by the NGOs are mainly to improve the social, economic, educational, cultural and environmental status of the tribals, the poor and the oppressed classes. Besides their own programmes, they also act as a bridge between the government and the people with regard to funds and development policies.

Q7. Explain the following in about 250 words each: (5x4=20)

(a) Community-based Civil Society Initiatives on Sustainable Development.

Ans ) At the grassroots level, a number of significant environmental movements have emerged. The majority of these movements are concerned with competing claims to natural resources, such as forests, water sources, etc. The violation of human and other rights as a result of eviction and environmental harm brought on by various development projects has also resulted in community movements. Such movements frequently encounter fierce opposition from vested interest groups trying to take advantage of benefits arising from development projects. For example, in 1998, Chico Mendes of Brazil was killed for organising a demonstration against the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Author Ken Saro-Wiwa of Nigeria was imprisoned and put to death by the military regime in 1995 for his protests against the destruction of his tribe's lands by Western oil firms.

Mexican farmers Rodolfo Montiel and Teodoro Cabrera were tortured while being imprisoned for six years before being released in November 2001 for organising a campaign to stop a commercial forestry project. Aleksandr Nikitin of Russia, who fought to advance nuclear safety, was prosecuted for state treason for five years until being freed in September 2000. In spite of the political apparatus or in opposition to the large companies that operate with the government's explicit or implied assistance, the people have thus frequently adopted environmental conservation as a cause. Community organisations like NGOs have emerged as a result of these local activities.

NGOs are becoming more involved in shaping and carrying out environmental legislation and policy. NGOs have the ability to and frequently do so in the process of defending the environment. Contrary to the common belief that nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are constantly critical of government activities, it is now commonly acknowledged that NGOs also contribute constructively in order to enhance state initiatives towards environmental protection through cooperative partnerships. States don't inherently lose out; in fact, they frequently gain from more NGO participation and access. NGOs connect local and international players and needs. Many people see the NGO's active involvement in environmental conservation as a welcome addition of civic virtue to all levels of government.

(b) Integration of Scientific and Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Development.

Ans ) In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to implement well-balanced, interconnected policies that promote social fairness among all nations and communities as well as economic growth and the decrease of poverty. Governments and other stakeholders from around the world have realised that, in addition to the need to respect various cultures and traditions, fostering diversity is also a critical step toward achieving overall sustainability. As a result, it is important to merge, improve, and harness the two types of knowledge. It is also important to make more use of traditional knowledge, technology, and scientific knowledge. The collaboration of traditional and scientific knowledge is necessary to address many concerns, particularly those relating to the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of natural resources. In order to achieve sustainable development, it will be necessary for scientists working in formally organised institutions and those who possess traditional knowledge in formally unorganised sectors, such as communities in non-industrialized areas, to collaborate more closely.

In order to address the topic of knowledge and sustainable development, the World Conference on Science (WCS), which was organised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999 in Budapest, Hungary, also discussed this new and developing understanding. For sustainable development, the conference advised strengthening and utilising both conventional knowledge and scientific capabilities. The Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge, which was adopted during this conference, states:

"Scientific understanding has produced amazing technologies that have greatly benefited humanity. It also acknowledges that it will be difficult to apply this knowledge responsibly to meet human wants and goals. In order to tackle the difficulties of the future, this endeavour necessitates a large-scale collaboration between science and society.

Representatives of the international scientific and technological communities, the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) community of traditional knowledge and practises, and individuals from business and industry have recently started a dialogue and agreed to explore the possibility of creating partnership projects with UNESCO in various parts of the world.

(c) Sustainable Agriculture Practices.

Ans ) Two different environmental issues are connected to agriculture:

The high potential areas : These are the rain-fed regions, such as South Asia (regions of the Green Revolution), where high yielding cultivars, significant amounts of fertiliser, pesticides, and herbicides are employed. In these regions, high input agriculture has increased food production during the past few decades. The overuse of chemical fertilisers, insecticides, and herbicides as well as the pumping out of groundwater has significant negative ecological, economic, and sociopolitical effects. For instance, new hybrid wheat and rice varieties, fertilisers, and irrigation helped Punjab usher in an agricultural revolution. As a result of the procedure, the water tables fell as a result of the increasing demand for water needed for paddy cultivation, causing the farmers to pump out additional ground water. The equilibrium of nutrients was upset by the overuse of fertilisers. Other water sources, such as streams and rivers, were contaminated by the run off water from the farms, which contained pesticides and other agrochemicals. In other places, like Uttar Pradesh, high salt build up frequently caused good farming land to be abandoned.

Less favoured areas : The land is becoming degraded and deforested in rural regions, particularly in Africa, due to erosive and unsustainable farming practises. The poor fertility quality of the soil has been made even worse by the difficult availability to fertilisers, agrochemicals, and irrigation systems. Precision farming, integrated pest control, high yielding cultivars, and enhanced water management techniques are sustainable farming methods based on agricultural technology.

(d) Innovative Practices in Sustainable Development of Water and Energy Resources.

Ans ) Rainwater Harvesting : In India, a number of organisations are developing rainwater harvesting techniques. The activity of the ASTRA organisation in peninsular India is the most noteworthy. Since water is the most important resource in peninsular India, a region with an average annual rainfall of roughly 700 mm, which is home to about 1000 households, was selected (10 villages). Ponds are used to collect rainwater, and a basic sand filter system is used to clean it. After being cleansed, the water is redirected to aquifers made of permeable rock underground. When needed, the stored water can be pumped out and used for agriculture.

Indigenous Systems of Tapping Water : Tribal farmers in India's hills employ traditional techniques to collect water from springs and streams for drip irrigation. Such a technique has been commonly used in Meghalaya for about 200 years. The process employs bamboo pipes. The system is so well-designed that the amount of spring water that enters the bamboo pipes per minute is reduced to 20–80 drops per minute at the plant site after travelling several hundred metres. Typically, betel leaf or black pepper crops grown in areca nut orchards or mixed orchards are irrigated using this technology. Farmers who have united as a cooperative take care of the bamboo supports and pipes. Water is distributed by directing it from one field to another at predetermined intervals.

Alternative Sources of Energy Alternative energy sources are being researched as a means of reducing air pollution. In order to do this, various renewable natural resources including solar, hydro, and wind energy are being utilised more frequently. Solar energy is directly converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic cells, which may then be used to power everything from calculators to cars to home appliances. In a thermal-solar system, sunlight is reflected from solar panels onto water-storing collectors. Thus, the water is heated to create steam, which powers the turbines that generate energy. As a result of its high hydrogen concentration and low carbon content in vehicle emissions, compressed natural gas (CNG) is also utilised.

Q8. Explain the following in about 250 words each: (5x4=20)

(a) Cooperatives and Sustainable Development

Ans ) The main component of community-based economic growth is cooperatives. Communities pursuing sustainable development initiatives must comprehend how their economic activities (agricultural and industry) support local quality of life while preserving the ecological foundation and satisfying basic necessities (food, health, education, transportation, etc.). Numerous local economies have fallen apart as a result of the depletion of natural resources. In order to create and develop fresh approaches to living sustainably, numerous local groups have joined forces as collective communities and are being organised as cooperatives. They take on initiatives that employ a participative methodology and seek to revitalise and restore cultural institutions and practises.

Cooperation in Ancient India: Since the beginning of time, India has engaged in cooperative activities. Kula, Grama, Sreni, and Jati were the four main types of cooperatives used in ancient India.

Cooperative Movement in India: India implemented a policy of planned economic development after gaining independence in 1947, giving its population individual liberty, equality, and a living wage.

Structure of Cooperative Institutions: All state and federal cooperative institutions are associated with the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI), which serves as the cooperative movement's governing body.

Function of Cooperatives: Based on their functions, the cooperatives can be roughly classified into two types:

Cooperatives for lending to farmers.

Credit cooperatives that are not agricultural.

Role of Cooperatives in Sustainable Development: As we've seen, cooperative societies are institutions that link the lowest echelons of society with the highest levels of authority. As a result, the cooperatives are crucial to the process of sustainable development.

(b) Sustained Livelihood

Ans ) Sustainable living is a way to safeguard and manage "the natural and physical environment" better. The Department for International Development (DFID) pledges to support "sustainable livelihoods" in the 1997 White Paper on International Development. A sustainable livelihood is defined as "the capacities, assets (including both material and social resources), and activities necessary for a means of subsistence" in the White Paper. A livelihood is sustainable if it can withstand stresses and shocks, recover from them, and retain or improve its capabilities and assets both today and in the future without compromising the capital asset of the natural resource.

Transnational business relocates activities from a high-cost production location to a low-cost production area and introduces production systems with no connections to the local communities' resource usage practises and ways of life. These communities are cut off from their own resources and property. International agreements limit parties' options for pursuing claims and gaining access to resources. The framework now in use divides the capital assets a person uses to support his or her lifestyle into five categories:

Natural: The natural resource stocks that provide resource flows that support lives (e.g. land, water, wildlife, biodiversity, environmental resources).

Social : The social resources that people use to pursue their livelihoods, such as networks, group membership, trust-based relationships, and access to larger institutions of society.

Human : The capacity to seek various modes of subsistence depends on one's abilities, knowledge, ability to labour, and physical and mental health.

Physical : the essential facilities (such as transportation, housing, energy, and communications) as well as the tools and resources for production that allow people to work.

Financial : The financial resources that people have access to (such as savings, credit, regular remittances, or pensions), which give them a variety of livelihood possibilities.

(c) Initiatives of the South Asian Countries towards the betterment of the environment.

Ans ) Indigenous people, the underprivileged, and the minority have spearheaded mass protests against many environmental injustices in developing nations. They have organised rallies over the past 20 years against the placement of hazardous companies or the exploitation of underprivileged areas as landfills for toxic waste. These organisations were given a platform at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992, where it was decided that grassroots engagement was necessary for both environmental conservation and economic development.

Millions of people engaged in the Chipko Andolan in India, which sought to stop the logging of trees in the Himalayas, and the Narmada Bachao Aandolan, which opposed the building of dams on the Narmada River. Both initiatives aimed to protest the environmental injustices of vested interests. Over the years, people have taken part in a number of protests involving environmental protection and have sought legal assistance to get justice for people, such as the Bhopal disaster victims. The process of obtaining justice has been greatly accelerated through public interest litigations (PIL). On the basis of a PIL, the Supreme Court of India ordered the closure of various polluting tanneries and industrial facilities along the Ganga.

India's state has had a larger role since gaining independence. Authoritarian forces that manage resources and developmental processes have grown more powerful. In practise, less people participate voluntarily, and people are far more reliant on the government. This has significantly hindered the development process. To lessen reliance on the government, it is necessary to rediscover and put into practise the meaning of voluntarism and public engagement. To follow the road of sustainable development, people should be able to govern their own settings.

(d) Sustainable and non-sustainable activities

Ans ) The idea of sustainable development encompasses not only the environment but also our society and economy. The idea of sustainability is concerned with how human growth affects the environment. The inappropriate use of natural resources and improper waste management are the main causes of today's environmental concerns. Environmental protection, steady economic growth, and social equality are all aspects of sustainability. The goal of sustainable development is to raise everyone's standard of living. Additionally, it offers various goods to various people. The concept has been understood and used to fit the demands of everyone from sensitive environmentalists to liberal marketers. It is comparable to the ideas of justice and democracy, which are never in dispute but are interpreted to suit ideologically opposed factions. However, the undisputed definition of sustainable activities, which is the baseline agreement, can be summed up as follows:

Use the items repeatedly.

Utilize dependable energy sources consistently.

Utilize the morally upright and constructive side of people.

wish for slower but more durable growth.

Activities are unsustainable when they:

Wastefully overusing natural resources.

Renewal takes longer than consumption.

Species extinction due to excessive living forms.

Cause the ecosystem to gradually deteriorate.

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IGNOU MPS 002 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 , MPS 002 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PROBLEMS Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free : MPS 002 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 , IGNOU MPS 002 Assignment 2022-23, MPS 002 Assignment 2022-23 , MPS 002 Assignment , MPS 002 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PROBLEMS Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free IGNOU Assignments 2022-23- Political Science Assignment 2022-23 Gandhi National Open University had recently uploaded the assignments of the present session for MA Political Science Programme for the year 2022-23. Students are recommended to download their Assignments from this webpage itself. IGNOU solved assignment 2022-23 ignou dece solved assignment 2022-23 ignou ma sociology assignment 2022-23 meg 10 solved assignment 2022-23 ts 6 solved assignment 2022-23 , meg solved assignment 2022-23 .

• 1 IGNOU MPS 002 Solved Assignment 2022-2023
• 2 Q.1. Explain the role of UN in the current world order.
• 3 Q.2. Define international terrorism. How does patriotism become the epicenter of terrorism?
• 4 3. Do you think the world is unipolar, bipolar or multipolar? Explain with example.
• 5 4. What is ethnicity? Explain the reasons of ethnic wars.
• 6 5. Migration has become an international issue. Explain the reasons of refugee issues in the world
• 7 6. a) Realist Theory
• 8 b) Democratic peace theory
• 9 7. a) The role of International Monetary Fund (IMF) b) Issues of Human Rights
• 10 8. a) Nuclear threats b) East –West divide
• 11 9. a) Marxist approach to International Relations b) Neo-liberal theory of IR
• 12 10. a) Define basic features of South Asia b) Indigenous Movements
• 14.1 IGNOU Instructions for the MPS 002 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PROBLEMS Solved Assignment 2022-23
• 15 GUIDELINES FOR IGNOU Assignments 2022-23
• 16 IGNOU Assignment Front Page
• 17.1 Related

IGNOU MPS 002 Solved Assignment 2022-2023

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Submission Date :

• 31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
• 30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

This assignment consists of Sections I and II. There are five questions in each section. You have to answer a total of five questions in about 500 words each. It is necessary to attempt at least two questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks

SECTION – A

Q.1. Explain the role of UN in the current world order.

Introduction – The United Nations was formed in 1945 in the wake of World War II as a way to reduce international tensions, promote human rights, and decrease the possibility of other large-scale conflicts. It is a successor to the League of Nations, a body devoted to international cooperation that was formed in 1920 after World War I but found itself unable to prevent the outbreak of war in Europe and Asia in the 1930s. The U.S. never joined the League of Nations. Today, almost every country in the world is represented in the U.N., including the United States . A few states lack U.N. membership, though some of these exercise de facto sovereignty. In some cases, this is because most of the international community does not recognize them as independent .  In other cases, it is because one or more powerful member states have blocked their admittance (e.g., Taiwan, Kosovo).

UN General Assembly This is the U.N.’s main deliberative body, in which all members have equal representation. It is headquartered in New York City, and its responsibilities include setting the U.N.’s budget, appointing rotating members to the Security Council, and passing non-binding resolutions that express the opinions of the international community. UN Secretariat The U.N. Secretariat is the executive wing of the U.N., charged with implementing policies set by its deliberative bodies. Its head, the Secretary-General, is the U.N.’s top official. The Secretariat, which is based in New York City, includes the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, which dispatches U.N. soldiers—known as “blue helmets”—on missions authorized by the Security Council.

Preventive Diplomacy and Mediation The most effective way to diminish human suffering and the massive economic costs of conflicts and their aftermath is to prevent conflicts in the first place. The United Nations plays an important role in conflict prevention, using diplomacy, good offices and mediation. Among the tools the Organization uses to bring peace are special envoys and political missions in the field. Special and Personal Representatives, Envoys and Advisers of the Secretary-General

The Secretary- General of the United Nations has Special and Personal Representatives, Envoys and Advisers in many areas of the world. UN Office for West Africa The UN Office for West Africa, in Dakar, Senegal was the first regional conflict prevention and peacebuilding office of the United Nations. Its overall mandate was to enhance contributions of the UN towards the achievement of peace and security in West Africa and promote an integrated regional approach in addressing issues that impact stability in West Africa. It was recently merged with the Office of the Special Envoy for the Sahel (OSES) into a single entity.

The UN performs five main functions 

• Maintaining peace and security: The UN was founded with the mission of maintenance of peace and security does so by preventing conflicts in the first place.  
• Protection of Human Rights:  Protecting human rights has been the key purpose of UN, the Preamble and Article 1(3) of the UN Charter provides that the UN shall protect the human rights of all.
• Provide humanitarian aid:  UN provides humanitarian relief operations in areas that are beyond the capacity of the national authority alone. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) is vested with the responsibility to coordinate responses to emergencies.
• Upholds International Law . This has been an essential part of the working of the UN organization. The UN Charter is an instrument of International Law and all the member states are bound by it.
• Promoting sustainable development: Sustainable development ensures improvement in the quality of life of people. The main focus of the UN is to bring social, economic and environmental development in the world.  

The United Nations along with its specialized agencies assumes a significant job in keeping up harmony and security of the world nations. The UN specialized agencies like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UNICEF, World Health Organization, etc have done noteworthy work in the growth and development of the developed and developing countries. The UN and its Members are continuously taking effective measures for tackling global challenges of the present times. It is a stage that provides a forum for discussion for the members to come to a common understanding.

The President of the UNGA, Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garces in the 73rd session of the UN General Assembly has emphasised the need for humanitarian assistance and funding to curb the critical challenges that the world is facing in contemporary times.

She stated that the multilateral approach that the UN has is essential for the building and maintenance of peace and security and as a President of the UN General Assembly she intends to strengthen the approach of the UN in dealing with these critical issues. In this context, she also discussed the tremendous challenges that are faced by the international community and the role played by the UN. To state a few in regard to the issues of environment and climate change leading to the displacement of millions of people:

• 2.8 million people in South Asia have suffered because of weather-related displacement.
• Forceful displacement of 68.5 Million people, most affected being the developing nations.

She told that dialogue, negotiation, and international cooperation gives the most reasonable platform for discussion and reaching agreements of a common understanding. She also emphasized that dialogue and concerted efforts have led to exceptional gains by the international community in development, maintaining peace and security.

IGNOU MPS 002 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 We provide handwritten PDF and Hardcopy to our IGNOU and other university students. There are several types of handwritten assignment we provide all Over India. MPS 002 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PROBLEMS Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free We are genuinely work in this field for so many time. You can get your assignment done – 8130208920

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Q.2. Define international terrorism. How does patriotism become the epicenter of terrorism?

Terrorist groups in Syria and Iraq, including Al Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), possess both the intention and the capability to direct attacks against the West. The UK is a high-priority target for Islamist extremists and they pose a significant threat to our country and to our interests and citizens abroad. Despite the current main focus on terrorism originating from Syria and Iraq, the threat of terrorism also emanates from other parts of the Middle East and regions such as North, East and West Africa, South and South East Asia. The majority of terrorist attack plots in this country have been planned by British residents. There are several thousand individuals in the UK who support violent extremism or are engaged in Islamist extremist activity. Some British nationals travel overseas to train with extremist groups and return to the UK with the view to plan attacks, but increasingly the terrorist threat from within the UK emanates from individuals radicalised by individuals and material online. Once radicalised, an individual might decide to conduct an attack in the name of Islam without any prior signs of radicalisation. Simple, self-organised attacks by UK-based Islamist extremists have increased and are inherently harder to detect than more complex and ambitious plots.

International terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored). Domestic terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.

The FBI is committed to remaining agile in its approach to the terrorism threat, which has continued to evolve since the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Years after these attacks, the threat landscape has expanded considerably, and international terrorism remains a serious threat. The threat of domestic terrorism also remains persistent overall, with actors crossing the line from exercising First Amendment-protected rights to committing crimes in furtherance of violent agendas.

Many factors have contributed to the evolution of the terrorism threat on both the international and domestic fronts, such as:

• Lone offenders : Terrorist threats have evolved from large-group conspiracies toward lone-offender attacks. These individuals often radicalize online and mobilize to violence quickly. Without a clear group affiliation or guidance, lone offenders are challenging to identify, investigate, and disrupt. The FBI relies on partnerships and tips from the public to identify and thwart these attacks.
• The Internet and social media : International and domestic violent extremists have developed an extensive presence on the Internet through messaging platforms and online images, videos, and publications. These facilitate the groups’ ability to radicalize and recruit individuals who are receptive to extremist messaging. Social media has also allowed both international and domestic terrorists to gain unprecedented, virtual access to people living in the United States in an effort to enable homeland attacks. The Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), in particular, encourages sympathizers to carry out simple attacks wherever they are located—or to travel to ISIS-held territory in Iraq and Syria and join its ranks as foreign fighters. This message has resonated with supporters in the United States and abroad.

3. Do you think the world is unipolar, bipolar or multipolar? Explain with example.

4. what is ethnicity explain the reasons of ethnic wars., 5. migration has become an international issue. explain the reasons of refugee issues in the world.

SECTION – B

6. a) Realist Theory

Realism, set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and power in world politics. Realism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Realists claim to offer both the most accurate explanation of state behaviour and a set of policy prescriptions (notably the balance of power between states) for ameliorating the inherent destabilizing elements of international affairs.

Realism (including neorealism) focuses on abiding patterns of interaction in an international system lacking a centralized political authority. That condition of anarchy means that the logic of international politics often differs from that of domestic politics, which is regulated by a sovereign power. Realists are generally pessimistic about the possibility of radical systemic reform. Realism is a broad tradition of thought that comprises a variety of different strands, the most distinctive of which are classical realism and neorealism.

Realists frequently claim to draw on an ancient tradition of political thought. Among classic authors often cited by realists are Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Max Weber. Realism as a self-conscious movement in the study of international relations emerged during the mid-20th century and was inspired by the British political scientist and historian E.H. Carr. Carr attacked what he perceived as the dangerous and deluded “idealism” of liberal internationalists and, in particular, their belief in the possibility of progress through the construction of international institutions such as the League of Nations.

He focused instead on the perennial role of power and self-interest in determining state behaviour. The outbreak of World War II converted many scholars to that pessimistic vision. Thereafter, realism became established in American political science departments, its fortunes boosted by a number of émigré European scholars, most notably the German-born political scientist and historian Hans Morgenthau.

It is the realism of Carr, Morgenthau, and their followers that is known as classical. Morgenthau’s Politics Among Nations (1948) helped to meet the need for a general theoretical framework for realism. Not only did it become one of the most extensively used textbooks in the United States and Britain—it continued to be republished in new editions over the next half century—it also was an essential exposition of the realist theory of international relations. Numerous other contributors to realist theory emerged in the decade or so after World War II, including Arnold Wolfers, George F. Kennan, Robert Strausz-Hupé, Henry Kissinger, and the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr.

b) Democratic peace theory

The  democratic peace theory  posits that  democracies  are hesitant to engage in  armed conflict with other identified democracies. Among proponents of the democratic peace theory, several factors are held as motivating peace between democratic states. Variations of the democratic peace theory emphasize that  liberal  and  republican forms of democracies are less likely to go to war with one another. Variations of the democratic peace hold its “monadic” (democracies are in general more peaceful in their international relations); “dyadic” (democracies do not go to war with other democracies); and “systemic” (more democratic states in the international system makes the international system more peaceful).

In terms of  norms  and identities, it is hypothesized that democratic publics are more  dovish  in their interactions with other democracies, and that democratically elected leaders are more likely to resort to peaceful resolution in disputes (both in domestic politics and international politics). In terms of structural or institutional constraints, it is hypothesized that institutional  checks and balances ,  accountability  of leaders to the public, and larger  winning coalitions  make it harder for democratic leaders to go to war unless there are clearly favorable ratio of benefits to costs.

These structural constraints, along with the transparent nature of democratic politics, make it harder for democratic leaders to mobilize for war and initiate  surprise attacks , which reduces fear and inadvertent escalation to war. The transparent nature of democratic political systems, as well as deliberative debates (involving  opposition parties , the  media , experts, and bureaucrats), make it easier for democratic states to credibly  signal their intentions . The concept of  audience costs  entails that threats issued by democratic leaders are taken more seriously because democratic leaders will be electorally punished by their publics from backing down from threats, which reduces the risk of misperception and miscalculation by states.

The connection between peace and democracy has long been recognized, but theorists disagree about the  direction of causality . The democratic peace theory posits that democracy causes peace, while the  territorial peace theory makes the opposite claim that peace causes democracy.  Other theories argue that  omitted variables  explain the correlation better than democratic peace theory. Alternative explanations for the correlation of peace among democracies include arguments revolving around  institutions ,  commerce ,  interdependence ,  alliances ,  US world dominance  and  political stability .

7. a) The role of International Monetary Fund (IMF) b) Issues of Human Rights

8. a) nuclear threats b) east –west divide, 9. a) marxist approach to international relations b) neo-liberal theory of ir, 10. a) define basic features of south asia b) indigenous movements.

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MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24: Free PDF Download

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MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24 ( Comparative Politics: Issues and Trends ) All the questions solved in this article. This assignment is specially for the June 2023 and January 2024 Admission Cycle. This assignment is valid up to 31 December 2024.

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MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

1. Political science can deal with ‘state building’ better than ‘nation building’. Explain.

Ans: Political science can indeed deal with “state-building” better than “nation-building” because the focus of political science is primarily on the structures, institutions, and processes of governance within a state. While both state-building and nation-building are interconnected processes involved in the formation and development of a country, they have distinct emphases.

State-building primarily refers to the construction and strengthening of the state apparatus, including government institutions, legal systems, administrative bodies, and public services. The process of state-building is concerned with establishing and consolidating the authority and capacity of the state to govern effectively. It involves creating a functioning and legitimate government that can enforce laws, maintain order, provide basic services, and protect citizens’ rights.

Political science is well-suited to analyze and understand the complexities of state-building because it examines how political institutions are formed, how power is distributed, and how policies are formulated and implemented within a given state. Political scientists study the dynamics of governance, state-society relations, and the interactions between various political actors, which are all crucial aspects of state-building.

Nation-building, on the other hand, is a broader and more complex process that focuses on fostering a sense of national identity, unity, and shared values among a diverse population. It involves promoting cultural, social, and psychological cohesion to create a cohesive national identity that transcends regional, ethnic, and religious differences.

Nation-building is a multidisciplinary undertaking that involves aspects of political science, sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, and cultural studies. While political science can provide insights into how governments can facilitate nation-building through policies and institutions that promote inclusivity and social cohesion, the broader aspects of nation-building require understanding societal dynamics and historical narratives that go beyond the realm of traditional political analysis.

Political scientists can analyze and propose policies related to nation-building when they intersect with state-building efforts. For example, fostering inclusive political institutions, ensuring representation and participation of diverse groups in governance, and promoting social cohesion can contribute to both state-building and nation-building processes.

2. Briefly describe the main approaches to the study of Nationalism.

Ans: The study of nationalism is a complex and multi-faceted field, and scholars have developed various approaches to understand this phenomenon. Here are four main approaches to the study of nationalism:

1. Primordial Approach: The primordial approach to nationalism emphasizes the idea that nationalism is deeply rooted in human nature and primordial attachments, such as language, culture, ethnicity, and historical ties. According to this approach, nationalism is an inherent and natural expression of human identity, and the sense of belonging to a nation is ingrained in individuals from birth. Scholars studying nationalism from this perspective often focus on the historical, cultural, and psychological factors that contribute to the formation of national identities.

2. Modernist Approach: The modernist approach to nationalism posits that nationalism is a modern phenomenon that emerged with the rise of the modern nation-state in the 19th and 20th centuries. According to this view, nationalism is a product of social and political changes associated with industrialization, urbanization, and the decline of traditional social structures. Scholars studying nationalism from a modernist perspective often explore how new forms of communication, mass media, education, and bureaucratic institutions played a role in shaping national identities and fostering a sense of belonging to a nation.

3. Instrumentalist Approach: The instrumentalist approach to nationalism views nationalism as a political tool used by elites to achieve specific goals, such as state-building, mobilizing support for policies, or consolidating power. According to this approach, nationalist sentiments may be manipulated or strategically promoted by political leaders to advance their interests. Scholars studying nationalism from an instrumentalist perspective often analyze how political elites use symbols, narratives, and historical myths to foster a sense of national identity and loyalty among the population.

4. Ethnosymbolism Approach : The ethnosymbolism approach to nationalism combines elements of both primordial and modernist perspectives. It emphasizes the significance of cultural symbols, myths, rituals, and traditions in shaping national identities. According to this approach, national identities are constructed and reinforced through a combination of historical memories, cultural practices, and political actions. Scholars studying nationalism from an ethnosymbolism perspective often explore the role of cultural symbols and rituals in creating and maintaining a sense of shared identity among members of a nation.

These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and scholars may draw upon multiple perspectives to analyze nationalism from different angles. The study of nationalism is continuously evolving, and new theoretical approaches and interdisciplinary methods continue to enrich our understanding of this complex and dynamic phenomenon.

3. In what ways has globalization affected state sovereignty? Explain.

Ans: Globalization has had a profound impact on state sovereignty, challenging and reshaping the traditional understanding of the nation-state’s exclusive authority and control within its borders. Several ways in which globalization has affected state sovereignty are as follows:

1. Economic Interdependence : Globalization has led to increased economic interdependence among countries. The free flow of goods, services, capital, and technology across borders has reduced the state’s ability to exercise full control over its economy. States now must consider the global economic context when making domestic policies, and economic decisions taken by one country can have ripple effects on other nations.

2. Transnational Corporations : The rise of transnational corporations with global operations has diminished the state’s exclusive control over its economy. These corporations often have greater financial resources and influence than some countries, and they can exert significant economic and political pressure on governments to shape policies in their favor.

3. Global Financial Markets : Global financial markets have become increasingly interconnected, making national economies more susceptible to financial crises originating in other parts of the world. The ability of states to regulate their financial systems and control capital flows has been limited by global financial networks and the mobility of capital.

4. International Trade and Treaties: Participation in international trade agreements and treaties has compelled states to conform to international standards and regulations, limiting their autonomy in certain policy areas. Adherence to trade agreements often requires countries to harmonize their domestic laws and regulations with international norms.

5. Global Governance Institutions : The proliferation of global governance institutions, such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and regional organizations, has created an additional layer of authority and decision-making beyond the nation-state. States must adhere to international norms and agreements established by these institutions, which can constrain their sovereignty.

6. Migration and Transnationalism: Globalization has facilitated increased migration and transnationalism, leading to the formation of diaspora communities and transnational identities. The loyalty and connections of these diaspora communities may extend beyond national borders, challenging the state’s exclusive claim to its citizens’ allegiance.

7. Global Challenges and Shared Responsibilities: Globalization has brought attention to transnational issues like climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and environmental degradation, which require collective action and cooperation among states. States must work together to address these challenges, often ceding some degree of sovereignty in the process.

8. Cyberspace and Information Flows: The digital revolution and the internet have created a borderless cyberspace where information flows freely across national boundaries. States face challenges in regulating online content and controlling the flow of information, which can influence public opinion and challenge the state’s narrative.

Despite these challenges to state sovereignty, it is important to note that globalization has not completely eroded state sovereignty. States continue to exercise significant control over their internal affairs and maintain authority over core functions like defense, law enforcement, and governance. However, globalization has undoubtedly blurred the lines between domestic and international affairs, compelling states to navigate complex webs of interdependence, cooperation, and negotiation while preserving their national interests and identities in an increasingly interconnected world.

6. What do you understand by ethnic identity? Why do ethnic groups get politically activated?

Ans: Ethnic identity refers to the sense of belonging and identification with a particular ethnic group based on shared cultural, historical, linguistic, or religious characteristics. It is a subjective and socially constructed identity that individuals or groups associate with, often defining themselves and others in terms of common ancestry, traditions, language, and customs. Ethnic identity plays a significant role in shaping individuals’ self-perception and their interactions with others in society.

Ethnic groups get politically activated for several reasons:

1. Marginalization and Discrimination: Ethnic groups may become politically activated when they experience marginalization, discrimination, or exclusion from mainstream society. Political mobilization becomes a means to assert their rights, demand equal treatment, and challenge systems of power that perpetuate their disadvantage.

2. Quest for Recognition and Autonomy: Some ethnic groups seek political activation as a way to gain official recognition and autonomy within a state. They may demand cultural, linguistic, or territorial rights to preserve and protect their distinct identity.

3. Resource Distribution: Ethnic groups with concentrated populations in specific regions may seek political activation to gain access to resources and development opportunities. Political mobilization can be a strategy to ensure fair distribution of resources and representation in decision-making bodies.

4. Historical Grievances: Historical grievances and unresolved conflicts can fuel political activation among ethnic groups. Memories of past injustices or unresolved territorial disputes may drive demands for redress and reconciliation.

5. Leadership and Organization: Effective leadership and organization within ethnic communities can galvanize political activation. Leaders who can articulate the concerns and aspirations of their ethnic group can mobilize collective action and influence public opinion.

6. External Factors: External factors, such as geopolitical interests or support from other countries or international organizations, can influence the political activation of ethnic groups. External backing may provide resources and legitimacy to their demands.

7. Threat Perception: Perceived threats to ethnic identity, culture, or language can trigger political mobilization. Policies or actions seen as undermining the group’s identity may spark protests and activism.

8. Electoral Politics: In multi-ethnic societies, political parties may strategically target ethnic groups to gain electoral support. Ethnic groups may then respond by organizing and advocating for their interests to influence the political process.

9. Global Solidarity: Transnational connections and global movements for ethnic rights and autonomy can inspire political activation among ethnic groups. They may draw inspiration from successful ethnic movements in other parts of the world.

It is essential to recognize that the political activation of ethnic groups can take various forms, ranging from peaceful advocacy and social movements to more extreme actions like protests, demonstrations, or even armed struggles. The reasons for political activation can be diverse, reflecting the complexities of identity, power dynamics, and historical context within societies. Understanding ethnic identity and the factors leading to political activation is crucial for policymakers and societies to address underlying grievances, promote inclusivity, and foster peaceful coexistence among diverse ethnic communities.

8. Describe and evaluate the position of developing countries on key issues in the environment debate

Ans: The position of developing countries on key environmental issues in the global debate is often characterized by a combination of shared concerns and differing perspectives from those of developed countries. Developing countries face unique challenges due to their socio-economic conditions, historical responsibilities, and development aspirations. Some of the key issues and the general position of developing countries in the environment debate are as follows:

1. Climate Change and Mitigation: Developing countries acknowledge the urgent need for global action to combat climate change. They argue that developed countries, historically responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions, should take the lead in reducing emissions and provide financial and technological support to help developing countries transition to low-carbon economies. Developing countries often emphasize their right to pursue economic development to address poverty and meet basic needs while seeking sustainable development pathways.

2. Adaptation to Climate Change: Developing countries, particularly those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, call for increased support for adaptation efforts. They face challenges in building resilience to climate change impacts due to limited resources and capacities. Developing countries seek financial assistance and technology transfer from developed countries to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.

3. Loss and Damage: Developing countries highlight the concept of loss and damage, which refers to the irreparable harm caused by climate change impacts, beyond what can be adapted to or mitigated. They emphasize the responsibility of developed countries in compensating for loss and damage experienced by vulnerable communities in developing countries.

4. Biodiversity Conservation : Developing countries are home to a significant portion of the world’s biodiversity and emphasize the need for conservation efforts. They advocate for sustainable use of biodiversity resources and equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources.

5. Access to Clean Energy : Developing countries often stress the importance of access to clean and affordable energy sources to support their development goals and alleviate energy poverty. They seek international support in adopting renewable energy technologies and enhancing energy efficiency.

6. Green Finance and Technology Transfer: Developing countries call for increased financial support and technology transfer from developed countries to promote sustainable development. They argue that financial resources should be made available in addition to official development assistance (ODA) to support environmentally-friendly projects.

7. Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Developing countries often invoke the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the context of environmental negotiations. This principle recognizes that developed countries, which have historically contributed more to environmental degradation, should take on greater responsibilities and provide support to developing countries in addressing environmental challenges.

8. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Developing countries have actively engaged in the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs. They emphasize the need for a holistic approach to development that integrates social, economic, and environmental aspects.

Evaluation:

The position of developing countries on environmental issues reflects their legitimate concerns and the need for international cooperation and support to address global challenges. While developed countries generally have greater financial and technological capabilities to address environmental issues, developing countries’ participation is essential as they often bear a disproportionate burden of environmental impacts. Collaborative efforts that respect the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and shared commitment to sustainable development are crucial to achieving meaningful progress in the global environmental debate. It is important for the international community to address the specific needs and aspirations of developing countries while collectively working towards a sustainable and equitable future for all.

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Download IGNOU MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023 Pdf

POLITICAL THEORY

Table of Contents

MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

IGNOU MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment January 202 3

Note: Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section

Q 1. Examine political science as a science.

Ans. Experiments, and then refining or rejecting those hypotheses based on the results.

Political science employs a similar approach, albeit with some unique challenges due to the complexity and variability of political phenomena.

Political scientists use a variety of methods to study politics, including quantitative analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis.

These methods allow them to test hypotheses and make predictions about political phenomena, much like scientists in other fields.

One of the hallmarks of scientific inquiry is the use of theory to guide research. Theories in political science are explanations of how and why political phenomena occur. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They are based on empirical evidence and are subject to testing and refinement through research.

For example, the theory of rational choice suggests that individuals make decisions based on their self-interest and the expected costs and benefits of their actions.

This theory has been tested in numerous studies and has been found to have predictive power in explaining political behavior.

Another important aspect of political science as a science is its focus on causality. Political scientists are interested in understanding the factors that lead to political outcomes. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They use a variety of techniques to identify causal relationships, including statistical analysis, controlled experiments, and comparative analysis.

By identifying causal relationships, political scientists can make predictions about political outcomes and develop policies that are likely to achieve specific goals.

However, political science also faces some unique challenges as a scientific discipline. One of the primary challenges is the complexity of political phenomena.

Unlike physical or biological systems, political systems are composed of multiple actors, each with their own goals, motivations, and beliefs.

This makes it difficult to isolate the effects of specific variables on political outcomes. Additionally, political systems are dynamic and subject to change, making it difficult to make accurate predictions about future events.

Another challenge is the issue of values and ideology. Political scientists often study topics that are politically controversial and can be influenced by personal values and beliefs. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

For example, a political scientist studying abortion policy may hold strong personal views on the subject that could bias their research.

To address this challenge, political scientists strive to maintain objectivity in their research, using rigorous methods and avoiding personal biases as much as possible.

Finally, political science faces the challenge of the ethical implications of research. Political scientists studying sensitive topics such as terrorism, war, and human rights violations must be mindful of the potential harm their research could cause.

They must also consider issues of privacy and confidentiality when conducting research involving human subjects. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Political science as a science is also characterized by its interdisciplinary nature. Political scientists draw upon a range of other disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, and history, to understand political phenomena.

This interdisciplinary approach allows political scientists to examine politics from multiple perspectives, enriching their understanding of political systems and behavior.

Moreover, political science is not only concerned with studying the past and present but also with predicting the future.

Political scientists use their knowledge and research findings to develop policies and strategies that can shape the course of events.

For example, political scientists can advise policymakers on the potential consequences of a particular policy, helping them to make informed decisions that will benefit society. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Lastly, political science as a science has a significant impact on society. Political scientists play an important role in informing public discourse and policy decisions.

Their research findings can help to shape public opinion, influence political campaigns, and inform government policies.

By providing insights into political systems and behavior, political science can help to improve the functioning of democracies and promote more effective governance.

As such, political science is an important discipline that has the potential to make a positive impact on society. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

political science is different from natural sciences such as physics or chemistry because it deals with social phenomena that are often complex, subjective, and contextual.

Human behavior and political institutions are shaped by culture, history, and power relationships, which are difficult to measure and quantify.

Moreover, political science is often influenced by normative values and ethical considerations.

Political scientists may have different perspectives and ideologies, which can affect their research questions, methods, and interpretations of data.

Despite these challenges, political science remains an important and valuable field of study. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

It provides insights into the workings of political systems, helps us understand the causes and consequences of political events, and informs policy decisions.

As such, political science is a science in its own right, but it is also a discipline that is intimately connected to politics and society.

Q 2. Trace the genesis of democracy

Ans. Democracy is a political system in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.

The origins of democracy can be traced back to ancient civilizations, particularly in Greece and Rome. However, the concept of democracy has evolved over time, influenced by historical events and cultural factors.

The ancient Greeks are often credited with inventing democracy. In Athens, a city-state in ancient Greece, democracy emerged in the 5th century BCE.

Athenian democracy was direct, meaning that citizens participated directly in decision-making through a system of mass meetings and assemblies.

However, Athenian democracy was not open to all citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from participation, and only adult male citizens who had completed military service were eligible to participate in the political process.

Despite these limitations, Athenian democracy represented a significant advancement in political organization. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

It allowed citizens to participate in decision-making, promoting a sense of civic responsibility and engagement.

Athenian democracy also had a profound influence on Western political thought, inspiring later thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Stuart Mill.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, democracy largely disappeared from Europe for several centuries.

However, the concept of democracy remained alive in some parts of the world, particularly in Islamic societies. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The Islamic concept of shura, or consultation, was similar to Athenian democracy in that it involved participation by citizens in the political process.

However, unlike Athenian democracy, shura was open to all citizens, regardless of gender or social status.

In Europe, democracy began to re-emerge during the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods. These movements emphasized the importance of individual rights, reason, and humanism.

As a result, thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau began to promote the idea of democracy as a means of protecting individual rights and promoting the public good. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Democracy was not widely practiced in other parts of the world until much later in history.

The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 in England, established the principle that the king was subject to the law and paved the way for representative government.

The English Civil War in the 17th century and the American Revolution in the 18th century were significant events in the development of modern democracy.

The ideas of individual rights, popular sovereignty, and constitutional government were advanced during these periods and influenced the development of democratic principles and institutions. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The French Revolution in the late 18th century also played a significant role in the spread of democracy.

The revolutionary slogan of “Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) reflected a desire for political and social equality and inspired movements for democracy and political reform around the world.

The French Revolution of 1789 marked a major turning point in the history of democracy.

The revolutionaries in France sought to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

This led to the adoption of a new constitution, which established a representative government and guaranteed individual rights.

However, the French Revolution also had its share of challenges and setbacks, including political instability, social unrest, and the rise of authoritarianism.

The 19th century saw the growth of democracy throughout Europe and the Americas. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

In the United States, democracy was enshrined in the Constitution and Bill of Rights, which guaranteed individual rights and established a system of checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.

SECTION- II

Q 6. (a) Classical Liberalism

Ans. Classical liberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom, limited government, and free markets.

It originated in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was a response to the feudal and mercantilist systems that dominated Europe at the time.

Classical liberals believe that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and make their own choices without interference from the government or other individuals. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They also believe in the importance of limited government, which should only exist to protect individual rights and maintain social order.

Classical liberals also promote free markets, which they believe are the most efficient way to allocate resources and promote economic growth.

Some key figures associated with classical liberalism include John Locke, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill.

Classical liberalism has had a significant influence on the development of Western political and economic systems, including the creation of modern democracies and the rise of capitalism.

Classical liberalism emerged during a time of great social and political change in Europe. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

It was a response to the feudal and mercantilist systems that had dominated European society for centuries.

Feudalism was a system in which individuals were tied to the land and subject to the authority of lords and kings.

Mercantilism was a system in which the state controlled trade and economic activity in order to increase its wealth and power.

Classical liberals rejected both of these systems, arguing that they were outdated and inefficient. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Instead, classical liberals championed individual liberty as the foundation of a free and prosperous society.

They believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests, so long as they did not harm others in the process.

This meant that individuals should be free to own property, engage in commerce, and express their beliefs and opinions without fear of persecution.

Classical liberalism also placed a strong emphasis on limited government. Liberals believed that the state should only exist to protect individual rights and maintain social order.

They argued that an overreaching government could become a threat to individual liberty, and that political power should be diffused across different branches and levels of government to prevent tyranny. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

In addition to individual liberty and limited government, classical liberalism also promoted free markets as the most efficient way to allocate resources and promote economic growth.

Classical liberals believed that a free market system, in which prices and production were determined by supply and demand rather than by government intervention, would lead to greater prosperity for all.

They argued that free markets would promote competition, innovation, and efficiency, leading to lower prices, higher quality goods and services, and greater economic growth.

Today, classical liberalism continues to influence political and economic thought around the world. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

While classical liberals may differ on specific policies or issues, they share a commitment to individual liberty, limited government, and free markets as the key to a prosperous and free society.

(b) Liberal democratic welfare state

Ans (b ) The liberal democratic welfare state is a political and economic system that combines liberal principles of individual freedom with a commitment to social welfare and economic security for all citizens.

It is characterized by a strong welfare state, which provides universal access to education, healthcare, and other social services, as well as a market-based economy that is regulated to ensure fairness and prevent monopolies.

The origins of the liberal democratic welfare state can be traced back to the 19th century, when liberal thinkers began to recognize the need for social safety nets to protect individuals from the risks and uncertainties of modern capitalism.

In the 20th century, this vision was realized in many countries through the creation of welfare states that provided a range of social services and benefits, including healthcare, education, and social security.

The liberal democratic welfare state is based on the idea that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and make their own choices, but that government has a role to play in ensuring that all citizens have access to the resources and opportunities necessary to live fulfilling lives.

This means that the state must take an active role in ensuring that everyone has access to education, healthcare, and other basic services, regardless of their income or social status. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

One of the key features of the liberal democratic welfare state is its emphasis on social justice and equality.

This means that the state has a responsibility to ensure that everyone has access to the same opportunities and resources, regardless of their race, gender, or other personal characteristics.

It also means that the state must work to reduce inequality and poverty, through policies such as progressive taxation and income redistribution.

Another important aspect of the liberal democratic welfare state is its commitment to economic growth and innovation. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

While the state provides a safety net for citizens, it also recognizes the importance of a vibrant and dynamic economy.

This means that the state must create an environment that is conducive to business growth and investment, while also regulating the economy to ensure fairness and prevent monopolies.

In recent years, the liberal democratic welfare state has come under criticism from some quarters, who argue that it is too expensive and inefficient.

However, defenders of the system argue that it is necessary to ensure social justice and economic security, and that it has contributed to the prosperity and well-being of millions of people around the world. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Ultimately, the future of the liberal democratic welfare state will depend on how well it adapts to changing social and economic conditions, while remaining true to its core principles of individual freedom, social justice, and economic growth.

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Q 7.(a) Libertarianism

Ans. Libertarianism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom, personal responsibility, and limited government.

Libertarians believe that individuals should be free to make their own choices about their lives, as long as they do not harm others or interfere with their rights.

They also believe that government should be limited to its most essential functions, such as protecting individual rights and maintaining social order.

One of the key principles of libertarianism is the non-aggression principle, which states that individuals should not use force or coercion against others, except in self-defense. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

This means that libertarians are opposed to government policies that infringe on individual rights, such as taxation or regulation of personal behavior.

Libertarians also believe in the importance of free markets, which they see as the most efficient and fair way to allocate resources and promote economic growth.

They argue that government intervention in the economy, such as subsidies or price controls, can distort the market and lead to inefficiencies and economic stagnation.

Another important aspect of libertarianism is its emphasis on personal responsibility. Libertarians believe that individuals should take responsibility for their own actions and decisions, and that they should not rely on government or other institutions to solve their problems. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

This means that libertarians are generally opposed to welfare programs and other forms of government assistance.

Libertarianism has been associated with a range of political and social movements, including classical liberalism, anarchism, and the Tea Party movement.

While there is no one set of beliefs that defines libertarianism, it is generally characterized by a commitment to individual freedom, limited government, and free markets.

Critics of libertarianism argue that its emphasis on individualism and personal responsibility can lead to a lack of concern for social justice and the welfare of vulnerable populations. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They also point out that in practice, libertarians often support policies that benefit the wealthy and powerful at the expense of the poor and marginalized.

Despite these criticisms, libertarianism continues to be a popular and influential political philosophy, particularly in the United States.

Its emphasis on individual freedom and limited government resonates with many people who are skeptical of government power and wary of excessive regulation and intervention in their lives.

(b) Party as vanguard of the proletariat (V. I. Lenin)

Ans (b) The idea of the party as the vanguard of the proletariat was developed by Vladimir Lenin, one of the key leaders of the Bolshevik Party in the early 20th century. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

According to Lenin, the party should serve as the political leadership of the working class, guiding them towards revolution and the establishment of a socialist state.

Lenin believed that the working class was capable of overthrowing the ruling class and taking control of the means of production.

However, he also believed that the working class was not capable of developing a revolutionary consciousness on their own.

Instead, he argued that a vanguard party was necessary to lead the working class towards revolution.

The vanguard party, according to Lenin, should be made up of the most politically advanced and committed members of the working class.

They should be dedicated to the cause of revolution and willing to take action to achieve it. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

The party should have a clear program and strategy for achieving revolution, and should work to build a broad coalition of working-class support.

Lenin saw the vanguard party as essential to the success of the socialist revolution.

He believed that without a dedicated and organized leadership, the working class would be unable to overcome the obstacles posed by the ruling class and the state apparatus.

Critics of Lenin’s theory of the vanguard party argue that it can lead to authoritarianism and the concentration of power in the hands of a small group of leaders.

They also argue that it can lead to the suppression of dissent and the exclusion of other perspectives and voices.

Despite these criticisms, the idea of the party as the vanguard of the proletariat has remained an influential concept in socialist and communist movements around the world.

Q 9. (a) Conservatism

Ans. Conservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes preserving traditional values and institutions. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

It is generally opposed to rapid social change and seeks to maintain stability and order in society.

Conservative political thought can be traced back to the 18th century, when philosophers such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre criticized the French Revolution and advocated for the preservation of established institutions and customs.

Conservative thinkers believe that societies are complex and that attempts to radically reshape them can lead to unintended consequences.

They value the wisdom and accumulated experience of previous generations and believe that traditions and customs have evolved over time for good reason.

Conservatives view society as a collection of individuals who are connected through a network of social institutions, such as the family, the church, and the state.

They believe that these institutions play an important role in maintaining order and promoting social cohesion. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

One of the key tenets of conservatism is individualism, which emphasizes personal responsibility, self-reliance, and limited government intervention in people’s lives.

Conservatives believe that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and that the government should only intervene when necessary to protect individual rights or maintain public order.

They often support free market capitalism as a means of promoting economic growth and individual freedom.

Conservatives are often associated with social and cultural conservatism, which emphasizes traditional values and morality.

They tend to be skeptical of social and cultural changes that challenge traditional norms and beliefs. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

For example, many conservatives oppose same-sex marriage and abortion on the grounds that they undermine traditional family structures and values.

They also tend to be more supportive of religious institutions and believe that they play an important role in promoting moral values.

In recent years, conservatism has become increasingly associated with nationalism and populism.

Many conservatives believe that the nation-state is the most important political unit and that national identity and cultural heritage should be preserved.

They tend to be skeptical of international organizations and agreements, such as the United Nations and the European Union, and believe that national sovereignty should be prioritized.

Populist conservatives often focus on issues such as immigration, trade, and national security, and believe that the interests of the working class should be prioritized over those of the elite. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

(b) Fundamentalism

Ans (b) Fundamentalism is a religious movement that emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against modernism and secularism.

It is characterized by a literal interpretation of religious texts and a belief in their inerrancy.

Fundamentalists believe that their religion contains absolute truths that are applicable to all aspects of life and that these truths must be defended against the perceived threats of secularism and liberalism.

Fundamentalism is found in many different religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.

In each case, fundamentalists are often characterized by a strong sense of identity and a belief in the superiority of their religious tradition over others.

They often see themselves as part of a battle between good and evil and believe that they have a duty to promote their religion and defend it against external threats.

One of the key features of fundamentalism is its rejection of modernism and secularism. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

Fundamentalists believe that these movements have led to a decline in moral values and a loss of religious faith.

They reject scientific theories that contradict their religious beliefs and often view the scientific method as a threat to their religious worldview.

Instead, they emphasize the importance of religious traditions and practices and seek to promote them in all aspects of life.

Fundamentalists often have a strict code of behavior and morality that is based on their religious texts. MPS 001 Solved Free Assignment 2023

They may be opposed to practices such as premarital sex, alcohol consumption, and gambling, and may see these as sinful behaviors that lead to moral decay.

They may also be opposed to certain political and social movements, such as feminism and LGBT rights, that they perceive as promoting values that are contrary to their religious beliefs.

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