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Definition of thesis

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In high school, college, or graduate school, students often have to write a thesis on a topic in their major field of study. In many fields, a final thesis is the biggest challenge involved in getting a master's degree, and the same is true for students studying for a Ph.D. (a Ph.D. thesis is often called a dissertation ). But a thesis may also be an idea; so in the course of the paper the student may put forth several theses (notice the plural form) and attempt to prove them.

Examples of thesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'thesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

in sense 3, Middle English, lowering of the voice, from Late Latin & Greek; Late Latin, from Greek, downbeat, more important part of a foot, literally, act of laying down; in other senses, Latin, from Greek, literally, act of laying down, from tithenai to put, lay down — more at do

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 3a(1)

Dictionary Entries Near thesis

the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children

thesis novel

Cite this Entry

“Thesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thesis. Accessed 2 Apr. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of thesis, more from merriam-webster on thesis.

Nglish: Translation of thesis for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of thesis for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about thesis

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• 1.1 Etymology
• 1.2 Pronunciation
• 1.3.1 Derived terms
• 1.3.2 Related terms
• 1.3.3 Translations
• 1.4 References
• 1.5 Further reading
• 1.6 Anagrams
• 2.1 Etymology
• 2.2 Pronunciation
• 3.1 Etymology
• 3.2 Pronunciation
• 3.3.1 Declension
• 3.3.2 Descendants
• 3.4 References

English [ edit ]

Etymology [ edit ].

From Late Middle English thesis ( “ lowering of the voice ” ) [1] and also borrowed directly from its etymon Latin thesis ( “ proposition, thesis; lowering of the voice ” ) , from Ancient Greek θέσῐς ( thésis , “ arrangement, placement, setting; conclusion, position, thesis; lowering of the voice ” ) , from τῐ́θημῐ ( títhēmi , “ to place, put, set; to put down in writing; to consider as, regard ” ) [2] [3] (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- ( “ to do; to place, put ” ) ) + -σῐς ( -sis , suffix forming abstract nouns or nouns of action, process, or result ) . The English word is a doublet of deed .

Sense 1.1 (“proposition or statement supported by arguments”) is adopted from antithesis . [2] Sense 1.4 (“initial stage of reasoning”) was first used by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), and later applied to the dialectical method of his countryman, the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).

The plural form theses is borrowed from Latin thesēs , from Ancient Greek θέσεις ( théseis ) .

Pronunciation [ edit ]

• ( Received Pronunciation ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈθiːsɪs/ , ( archaic ) /ˈθɛsɪs/
• ( General American ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈθisɪs/
• Rhymes: -iːsɪs
• Hyphenation: the‧sis
• ( Received Pronunciation ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈθiːsiːz/
• ( General American ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈθisiz/
• Rhymes: -iːsiːz
• Hyphenation: the‧ses

Noun [ edit ]

thesis ( plural theses )

• ( rhetoric ) A proposition or statement supported by arguments .
• 1766 , [ Oliver Goldsmith ], “The Conclusion”, in The Vicar of Wakefield:   [ … ] , volume II, Salisbury, Wiltshire: [ … ] B. Collins, for F [ rancis ] Newbery ,   [ … ] , →OCLC ; reprinted London: Elliot Stock , 1885 , →OCLC , pages 218–219 : I told them of the grave, becoming, and ſublime deportment they ſhould aſſume upon this myſtical occaſion, and read them two homilies and a theſis of my own compoſing, in order to prepare them.
• ( mathematics , computer science ) A conjecture , especially one too vague to be formally stated or verified but useful as a working convention.
• ( logic ) An affirmation , or distinction from a supposition or hypothesis .
• ( philosophy ) In the dialectical method of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel : the initial stage of reasoning where a formal statement of a point is developed ; this is followed by antithesis and synthesis .
• ( music , prosody , originally ) The action of lowering the hand or bringing down the foot when indicating a rhythm ; hence, an accented part of a measure of music or verse indicated by this action; an ictus , a stress . Antonym: arsis
• ( music , prosody , with a reversal of meaning ) A depression of the voice when pronouncing a syllables of a word ; hence, the unstressed part of the metrical foot of a verse upon which such a depression falls , or an unaccented musical note .

Derived terms [ edit ]

• all but thesis
• bachelor's thesis
• Church-Turing thesis
• conflict thesis
• doctoral thesis
• graduate thesis
• Habakkuk thesis
• master's thesis
• Merton thesis
• private language thesis
• thesis defense
• thesis film
• thesis statement

Related terms [ edit ]

Translations [ edit ], references [ edit ].

• ^ “ thē̆sis, n. ”, in MED Online , Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan , 2007.
• ^ “ thesis, n. ”, in Lexico , Dictionary.com ; Oxford University Press , 2019–2022.

Further reading [ edit ]

• “ thesis ”, in The Century Dictionary   [ … ] , New York, N.Y.: The Century Co. , 1911, →OCLC .
• “ thesis ”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary , Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam , 1913, →OCLC .

Anagrams [ edit ]

• Heists , Sethis , heists , shiest , shites , sithes , thises

Dutch [ edit ]

From Latin thesis , from Ancient Greek θέσις ( thésis , “ a proposition, a statement, a thing laid down, thesis in rhetoric, thesis in prosody ” ) .

thesis   f ( plural theses or thesissen , diminutive thesisje   n )

• Dated form of these . Synonyms: dissertatie , proefschrift , scriptie

Latin [ edit ]

From Ancient Greek θέσις ( thésis , “ a proposition, a statement, a thing laid down, thesis in rhetoric, thesis in prosody ” ) .

• ( Classical ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈtʰe.sis/ , [ˈt̪ʰɛs̠ɪs̠]
• ( modern Italianate Ecclesiastical ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈte.sis/ , [ˈt̪ɛːs̬is]

thesis   f ( genitive thesis ) ; third declension

Declension [ edit ]

Descendants [ edit ].

• → Dutch: thesis
• → Armenian: թեզ ( tʿez )
• → Dutch: these
• → Persian: تز ( tez )
• → Romanian: teză
• → Turkish: tez
• Galician: tese
• Italian: tesi
• English: thesis
• Portuguese: tese
• Spanish: tesis
• “ thesis ”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary , Oxford: Clarendon Press
• thesis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français , Hachette

• English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
• English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-
• English terms inherited from Middle English
• English terms derived from Middle English
• English terms borrowed from Latin
• English terms derived from Latin
• English terms derived from Ancient Greek
• English doublets
• English 2-syllable words
• English terms with IPA pronunciation
• English terms with audio links
• Rhymes:English/iːsɪs
• Rhymes:English/iːsɪs/2 syllables
• Rhymes:English/iːsiːz
• English lemmas
• English nouns
• English countable nouns
• English nouns with irregular plurals
• en:Rhetoric
• English terms with quotations
• en:Mathematics
• en:Computer science
• en:Philosophy
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• Dutch terms derived from Latin
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• Dutch lemmas
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• Dutch nouns with Latin plurals
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• Dutch dated forms
• Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
• Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-
• Latin terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
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• Latin 2-syllable words
• Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
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Definition of 'thesis'

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thesis in American English

Thesis in british english, examples of 'thesis' in a sentence thesis, related word partners thesis, trends of thesis.

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In other languages thesis

• American English : thesis / ˈθisɪs /
• Brazilian Portuguese : tese
• Chinese : 论点
• European Spanish : tesis
• French : thèse
• German : These
• Italian : tesi
• Japanese : 主張
• Korean : 논지
• European Portuguese : tese
• Spanish : tesis
• Thai : ข้อสมมุติ, ข้อวินิจฉัย

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• thesis play
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thesis noun

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What does the noun thesis mean?

There are eight meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun thesis . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

thesis has developed meanings and uses in subjects including

Entry status

OED is undergoing a continuous programme of revision to modernize and improve definitions. This entry has not yet been fully revised.

How common is the noun thesis ?

How is the noun thesis pronounced, british english, u.s. english, where does the noun thesis come from.

Earliest known use

Middle English

The earliest known use of the noun thesis is in the Middle English period (1150—1500).

OED's earliest evidence for thesis is from before 1398, in a translation by John Trevisa, translator.

thesis is a borrowing from Greek.

Etymons: Greek θέσις .

Nearby entries

• thesaurus, n. 1823–
• thesaury, n. a1639–1708
• these, n. a1600–48
• these, pron. & adj. Old English–
• Thesean, adj. 1815–
• Theseid, n. 1725–
• Theseium, n. 1819–
• these-like, adj. 1644–
• thesial, adj. 1654
• thesicle, n. 1863–
• thesis, n. a1398–
• thesis-novel, n. 1934–
• thesis-play, n. 1902–
• thesmophilist, n. 1644–
• Thesmophorian, adj. 1891–
• Thesmophoric, adj. 1788–
• thesmothete, n. 1603–
• thesocyte, n. 1887–
• thesp, n. 1962–
• Thespian, adj. & n. 1675–
• Thespianism, n. 1914–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for thesis, n..

thesis, n. was first published in 1912; not yet revised.

thesis, n. was last modified in March 2024.

Revision of the OED is a long-term project. Entries in oed.com which have not been revised may include:

• corrections and revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations which have been added in subsequent print and online updates.

Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into thesis, n. in March 2024.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1912)

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Thesis etymology

English word thesis comes from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-, Proto-Indo-European - -tis, and later Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti (To be doing. To be putting, placing.)

Etymology of thesis

Detailed word origin of thesis, words with the same origin as thesis, descendants of *dʰeh₁-, descendants of - -tis.

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The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2 ed.)  

Edited by: julia cresswell.

"A treasure (from the Greek ‘thesauros’, treasure, store or storehouse) trove (past participle of an Anglo-Norman verb meaning ‘to find’) of verbal wonders" – William Hartston, Daily Express

Combining both accessibility and authority, The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins describes the origins and development of over 3,000 words and phrases in the English language. The book draws on Oxford's unrivalled dictionary research programme and language monitoring, and relates the fascinating stories behind many of our most curious terms and expressions in order to offer the reader a much more explicit account than can be found in a general English dictionary.

Organized A-Z, the entries include first known use along with examples that illustrate the many faces of the particular word or phrase, from ‘handsome’ to ‘bachelor’ and ‘cute’ to ‘baby’, from ‘pagan’ to ‘palaver’ and ‘toff’ to ‘torpedo’. Also featured are almost 20 special entries that cover expressions common in English but drawn from other languages, such as ‘coffee’, ‘sugar’, and ‘candy’ from Arabic or ‘booze’, ‘brandy’, and ‘gin’ (Dutch).

This absorbing volume is useful for language students and enthusiasts, but also an intriguing read for any person interested in the development of the English language and of language development in general. Includes an extended introduction on the history of the English language.

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Meaning of thesis in English

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• I wrote my thesis on literacy strategies for boys .
• Her main thesis is that children need a lot of verbal stimulation .
• boilerplate
• composition
• dissertation
• essay question
• peer review

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thesis | Intermediate English

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peanut butter (= a soft food made from crushed peanuts) and jam (= a soft sweet food made from fruit and sugar), or a sandwich with these inside. PB&J is short for peanut butter and jelly.

Sitting on the fence (Newspaper idioms)

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Word Origins: The Etymology behind Dictionary Entries

The study of word origins, also known as etymology, is a fascinating field that delves into the historical development and evolution of language. It involves tracing the roots and histories of words to unravel their true meanings and shed light on how they have evolved over time. This article aims to explore the importance of understanding word origins by examining the etymology behind dictionary entries. Through an examination of one specific example, we will uncover how exploring the history of words not only enhances our knowledge and appreciation for language but also provides insights into cultural shifts and societal changes.

Imagine coming across the term “deadline” in a dictionary entry and wondering about its peculiar origin. By delving into its etymology, we discover that “deadline” originally referred to a line drawn around prisoners during war times – anyone who crossed this line would be shot without hesitation. The intriguing journey from this grim context to its modern usage as a fixed time limit highlights how word meanings can transform dramatically throughout history. Such explorations offer us glimpses into long-forgotten practices, social norms, and even significant events that shaped our collective human experience.

Understanding word origins goes far beyond satisfying curiosity; it serves as a valuable tool for linguists, historians, scholars, and everyday language users alike. By By understanding word origins, linguists can gain insight into language families and the connections between different languages. This knowledge helps them map out linguistic relationships and trace the evolution of languages over time.

Historians benefit from studying word origins as it provides a window into the cultural, social, and historical contexts in which words were used. It allows them to better understand the beliefs, practices, and values of past societies.

Scholars across various disciplines can utilize etymology to enhance their research. For example, scientists may examine the Latin or Greek roots of scientific terms to gain a deeper understanding of their meaning and context within their respective fields.

Everyday language users can also benefit from understanding word origins. It enhances vocabulary acquisition by helping individuals make connections between words with shared roots or similar meanings. Furthermore, knowing the history behind words can deepen one’s appreciation for language itself and foster a greater sense of linguistic curiosity.

In conclusion, exploring word origins through etymology offers valuable insights into language development, cultural shifts, and societal changes. Whether for academic purposes or personal interest, understanding where words come from enriches our understanding of language and its profound impact on human communication throughout history.

The Origin of Nouns

Consider the noun “computer.” Its origin can be traced back to the Latin word “computare,” meaning “to sum up” or “calculate.” This etymology highlights how language evolves over time, with words taking on new meanings and associations. Exploring the origins of nouns provides invaluable insights into the development of human communication.

When examining noun etymology, it becomes evident that many terms originate from specific contexts or concepts. For instance, take the word “library.” Derived from the Latin word “librarium,” which referred to a place where books were kept, this noun now encompasses not only physical spaces but also digital collections. The evolution of its meaning reflects societal changes and advancements in technology. Similarly, analyzing the history behind nouns such as “telephone” or “automobile” unveils their connection to significant inventions that transformed human civilization.

Understanding noun origins allows us to appreciate language’s ability to capture cultural nuances and historical events. By delving into etymology, we gain a deeper appreciation for linguistic diversity and the stories embedded within our vocabulary. Here are some intriguing examples:

• The noun “pandemonium” originated from John Milton’s epic poem Paradise Lost, where he coined it as a term for hell.
• The word “avatar” traces back to Hindu mythology, referring to an incarnation or manifestation of a deity on Earth.
• In contrast, the noun “glitch” emerged relatively recently in computer science jargon during the mid-twentieth century.

To further illustrate these insights about noun origins, consider the following table:

By exploring such diverse origins of nouns through case studies and examples, we gain a broader perspective on the development of language. The next section will delve into tracing the roots of verbs, building upon our understanding of noun etymology and its significance in linguistic evolution.

Tracing the Roots of Verbs

Having delved into the fascinating origins of nouns, we now turn our attention to the intriguing world of adjectives. Just like nouns, adjectives play a crucial role in language by providing descriptions and attributions. Let us embark on this linguistic journey as we trace the roots and uncover the etymology behind these versatile word forms.

To better understand how adjectives originate and evolve, let’s consider an example: the adjective “beautiful.” Derived from the Old French word “beau,” meaning “fine” or “handsome,” it entered English during the Middle Ages. Over time, its connotation expanded beyond physical appearance to encompass various qualities that inspire admiration or pleasure.

As with nouns, there are several factors contributing to the development of new adjectives throughout history:

Cultural Influences:

• Language contact through trade routes
• Borrowing words from other languages
• Incorporating foreign terms due to colonization

Historical Events:

• Changes in social norms and values shaping perceptions
• Technological advancements introducing novel concepts
• Societal shifts leading to lexical innovations

Semantic Shifts:

• Evolution of meanings influenced by cultural changes
• Metaphorical usage creating new associations between objects and attributes
• Euphemisms replacing taboo words with euphemistic alternatives

Emotions can arise when exploring the rich tapestry of adjective evolution. Consider the following table showcasing four examples highlighting how emotions can be evoked through descriptive language:

In this manner, the emotional impact of adjectives becomes evident, as these words have the power to evoke vivid imagery and elicit specific feelings. By unraveling their etymology, we gain insight into how language shapes our perceptions and experiences.

Having explored the multifaceted origins of adjectives, let us now delve further into understanding the intricate world of verbs by tracing their historical roots and uncovering the fascinating stories behind them.

Exploring the Origins of Adjectives

In our quest to uncover the fascinating world of word origins, we now turn our attention to nouns. Just as with verbs and adjectives, examining the etymology of nouns provides valuable insights into how language evolves over time. To illustrate this point, let us consider a hypothetical example – the noun “book.”

The term “book” can be traced back to its Old English origin, “boc,” meaning a written document or manuscript. Over centuries of linguistic evolution, “boc” eventually transformed into the Middle English term “boke.” This transformation exemplifies how words adapt and change in response to cultural shifts and influences.

To further appreciate the complexity behind noun origins, here are some notable aspects worth exploring:

• Borrowed Words: Nouns often borrow from other languages, enriching their vocabulary through cross-cultural exchange.
• Compound Formation: Many nouns form by combining two existing words together, resulting in new meanings that reflect societal developments.
• Semantic Shifts: The meanings of nouns can undergo significant transformations across generations due to changes in social contexts and cultural perceptions.
• Proper Noun Derivations: Some common nouns derive from proper nouns (e.g., sandwich from John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich), showcasing how individuals’ names become embedded within everyday language.

Embracing these observations allows for a deeper understanding of not just individual words but also the intricate tapestry comprising any given language’s lexicon. By recognizing patterns like borrowed words or compound formations in noun etymologies, we gain insight into human history itself.

With a solid grasp on noun origins established, let us now venture forth into unraveling the intriguing etymology behind another vital part of speech – adverbs.

Uncovering the Etymology of Adverbs

Transitioning from our exploration into the origins of adjectives, let us now delve deeper into the fascinating world of adverbs and uncover their etymological roots. To illustrate this journey, consider the following example:

Imagine a bustling marketplace where vendors showcase their wares with great enthusiasm. As you navigate through this vibrant scene, you observe one vendor who is particularly animated in his sales pitch. He enthusiastically describes his products using words like “quickly,” “effortlessly,” and “briskly.” These descriptive terms add an extra layer of meaning to his presentation by emphasizing how swiftly customers can benefit from purchasing his goods.

Understanding the origins of adverbs not only enhances our appreciation for language but also provides insights into human experiences across time and cultures. Here are some key points to consider:

• Adverbial Suffixes: One common way that adverbs are formed is through the addition of specific suffixes such as “-ly” or “-wise.” This alteration allows them to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs more effectively.
• Comparative Forms: Similar to adjectives, many adverbs have comparative forms that indicate degrees of intensity or manner. These forms allow us to express nuances in speed, frequency, or quality when comparing different actions or qualities.
• Frequency Adverbs: Some adverbs convey information about how often an action occurs. Words like “always,” “often,” and “seldom” provide valuable insights into habitual behaviors or recurring events.
• Modal Adverbs: Modal adverbs reflect attitudes or perspectives towards certain actions or states. They enable us to express opinions on matters ranging from possibility (“perhaps”) to certainty (“undoubtedly”).

To further illustrate these points, here’s a table summarizing different types of adverbs:

By exploring the etymology behind adverbs, we gain a deeper understanding of how language evolves and adapts to express our experiences. As we continue our journey into the fascinating world of word origins, let us now turn our attention to the evolution of pronouns.

Having explored the rich history of adverbs, we can now delve into an equally intriguing topic – the evolution of pronouns. Understanding the development and usage of these fundamental linguistic tools allows us to unravel even more layers in the tapestry of human communication.

The Evolution of Pronouns

In our exploration of word origins, let us now turn our attention to the fascinating realm of adverbs. To illustrate the significance of uncovering their etymology, consider the following example: imagine encountering the adverb “swiftly” in a text and being curious about its origin. By delving into its etymology, we gain insight into how language has evolved over time and understand the intricate connections among different linguistic elements.

To begin our investigation, it is essential to recognize that adverbs often originate from other parts of speech or undergo transformations themselves. This evolution can occur through various processes such as derivation or conversion. For instance, when examining words like “quick” and “fast,” we find they serve as both adjectives and adverbs interchangeably. Understanding this fluidity sheds light on how meanings can shift within a language system.

Exploring further, we encounter an intriguing array of adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives alike. These modifications provide additional information about manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or reason. Through analyzing their etymological roots, we not only deepen our understanding but also gain a renewed appreciation for the richness and complexity inherent in language development.

As we delve deeper into the etymology of adverbs, it becomes evident that these linguistic components have played a fundamental role throughout history in shaping communication patterns across cultures. Delightfully diverse yet universally present in every known language, studying their origins invites us to explore new realms while simultaneously forging connections with human experiences worldwide.

Emotional Response Bullet Points:

• Discovering the hidden stories behind familiar words evokes a sense of awe and wonder.
• Uncovering linguistic connections fosters a feeling of interconnectedness between cultures.
• Recognizing the complexities within language sparks curiosity and intellectual engagement.
• Appreciating historical developments enriches our understanding of human expression.

Below is a table showcasing examples illustrating the variety found within adverb etymology:

The exploration of adverbs’ etymology provides us with a glimpse into the intricate web of language evolution. As we continue our journey, let us now delve into understanding the captivating history behind prepositions and conjunctions.

Turning our attention to the fascinating realm of prepositions and conjunctions allows for further explorations in the development of language over time.

The History of Prepositions and Conjunctions

The Evolution of Pronouns has shed light on the fascinating development of language structures over time. Now, let us delve into another intriguing aspect of word origins: The History of Prepositions and Conjunctions.

Imagine a scenario where you construct a sentence without using prepositions or conjunctions—two essential components that allow us to express relationships between words and connect ideas together seamlessly. For instance, consider this example: “John arrived airport.” Without the preposition “at” connecting “arrived” with “airport,” the sentence lacks clarity and coherence.

To comprehend the significance of prepositions and conjunctions in our everyday communication, let us explore their evolution throughout history:

Ancient Origins:

• In ancient languages such as Latin and Greek, prepositions were often expressed as separate words or prefixes attached to nouns.
• Conjunctions originated from combining various parts of speech like adverbs, pronouns, or even verbs.

Development in Middle Ages:

• During the Middle Ages, many European languages underwent changes in grammar structure due to influences from other cultures.
• Prepositions began to take distinct forms and positions within sentences, providing more precise meanings.

Modern Usage:

• As languages evolved further, certain prepositions became standardized across different regions.
• Similarly, conjunctions developed specific roles based on their position within sentences (e.g., coordinating conjunctions joining independent clauses).

By examining the historical progression of prepositions and conjunctions, we gain a deeper appreciation for these fundamental linguistic tools that shape our daily conversations. Their transformation over centuries reflects humanity’s continuous efforts to refine language systems for greater precision and effectiveness.

This table provides a glimpse into how prepositions play an integral role in our everyday language, enabling us to convey specific meanings and establish relationships between objects, people, and actions.

In summary, exploring the history of prepositions and conjunctions reveals their indispensable significance in language development. From ancient origins to modern usage, these linguistic components have evolved to provide clarity and coherence in communication. Their ongoing transformation demonstrates humanity’s commitment to refining language structures for effective expression across cultures and generations.

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a proposition stated or put forward for consideration, especially one to be discussed and proved or to be maintained against objections: He vigorously defended his thesis on the causes of war.

a subject for a composition or essay.

a dissertation on a particular subject in which one has done original research, as one presented by a candidate for a diploma or degree.

Music . the downward stroke in conducting; downbeat. : Compare arsis (def. 1) .

a part of a metrical foot that does not bear the ictus or stress.

(less commonly) the part of a metrical foot that bears the ictus. : Compare arsis (def. 2) .

Philosophy . See under Hegelian dialectic .

Origin of thesis

Word story for thesis, other words for thesis, words that may be confused with thesis.

• 1. antithesis , synthesis , thesis
• 2. dissertation , thesis

Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2024

How to use thesis in a sentence

We have already seen (p. xxi) that this was one of the important theses of the Muʿtazilite Kalam.

In 1597 he maintained public theses in Mathematics, Philosophy, and Law with the highest applause.

The theses on indulgences having brought him to the knowledge of the truth, he had forthwith made a bold profession of the faith.

He went to Wittenberg, in his innocence, intending to tack on the church-door there his theses.

I think it in very bad taste, always impertinent, and often pedantic, to attempt to prove theses by writing stories.

British Dictionary definitions for thesis

/ ( ˈθiːsɪs ) /

a dissertation resulting from original research, esp when submitted by a candidate for a degree or diploma

a doctrine maintained or promoted in argument

a subject for a discussion or essay

an unproved statement, esp one put forward as a premise in an argument

music the downbeat of a bar, as indicated in conducting

(in classical prosody) the syllable or part of a metrical foot not receiving the ictus : Compare arsis

philosophy the first stage in the Hegelian dialectic, that is challenged by the antithesis

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Cultural definitions for thesis

The central idea in a piece of writing, sometimes contained in a topic sentence .

The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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On the origin of theses

By Peter Hall

14 October 1995

IN THE mid-1970s, when I was a postdoc at Michigan State University, I became fascinated by a large wall chart displayed in the foyer of the chemistry building. It showed the academic “family trees” of all faculty members, based on the chain of supervision of doctoral research. Such charts lead back from each newly fledged PhD to his or her professor or research supervisor, and so on back through history. Many of the older names on the chart were distinguished: some associated with famous scientific laws or major discoveries, or trailblazing work in one or more of the branches of chemistry or physics.

A few years after I left Michigan, I spent a few rainy lunchtimes in the University of Birmingham’s library working out my own chart. Most research scientists will know the more recent links in their academic genealogy, often from their supervisor. Earlier links may be established simply by asking people further up the chain. To dig much beyond this, requires a fairly challenging literature search.

Some principles can guide you. Suppose you want to know when and where Paul Pioneer obtained his PhD. You can search through some appropriate database to find Pioneer’s earliest publications. The chances are that at least one of these will be based on the research for his thesis, probably one fairly close in date. According to convention, this research paper will usually have been co-authored by Pioneer’s supervisor, Olga Oldtimer, and it should cite the full details of the thesis. The appropriate university department should be able to confirm these details and the identity of Pioneer’s supervisor and when she or he was a member of staff. You are now armed with the essential information for the next phase of your search, through even older and dustier journals, seeking out the dissertation of Oldtimer.

Not everyone will find this fun, but it can be rewarding. Actually, I was lucky and didn’t need to trace theses via individual universities. In my academic family tree, my supervisor and my “great grandfather” were separated by a relatively short time. The latter and his supervisor were both still alive and sufficiently eminent to list their careers in some detail in Who’s Who. Their own predecessors were all famous enough to be featured in the 16-volume Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Scribner’s, New York). Having traced my ancestry back this far, it was quite a simple task to complete my entire chart, which contained some eminent pioneers of physics and physical chemistry. The trail may end, as mine did, back in times when people took classics as their main degrees and only turned to science later in life as a hobby.

The subject matter of the doctoral theses in the chain evolved in an interesting way. The four most recent doctorates (including my own) were awarded for work using electron spin resonance. Evgeny Zavoisky discovered ESR in 1945 while he was working on radar at Kazan State University in the USSR. However, a number of groups including researchers at the University of Oxford, were also looking for the effect because the Dutch physicists George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit had predicted it in the 1920s.

Brebis Bleaney, a leading light in the famous ESR group working at the University of Oxford just after the Second World War, did his thesis work on low-temperature physics in 1939 under Franz (Francis) Simon. Simon pioneered a technique for achieving ultra-low temperatures by exploiting a transition between a disordered state and the order imposed by an applied magnetic field, similar to the change of state in a fridge’s vapour cycle.

Simon had moved to the University of Oxford from the University of Breslau a few years earlier, shortly after Hitler’s rise to power. He had obtained his doctorate in Berlin in 1921 under Walther Nernst for work related to the third law of thermodynamics. The law had been discovered by Nernst, who had won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry the previous year. Nernst’s other well-known contributions to science include our modern understanding of electrolyte solutions and the specific heats of materials at low temperatures.

Nernst’s supervisor had been Friedrich Kohlrausch, another name intimately associated with electrochemistry, whose extensive work demonstrated that in dilute electrolytes the cations and anions moved independently and in opposite directions under the influence of an electric field. Kohlrausch himself obtained his doctorate under Wilhelm Weber in 1863 at the University of Göttingen in Germany.

Weber, whose name has been immortalised in the units of magnetic flux, worked extensively with the even more famous German polymath Karl Gauss. Among his achievements, Weber demonstrated that the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of electric charge were related by the velocity of light. This was a clue which assisted the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell to formulate the equations of electromagnetic fields. Weber explanation of metallic conduction in terms of mobile negative charges balanced by static positive charges anticipated by decades both the Rutherford-Bohr picture of the atom and the electron band theory of metals.

In looking at my academic family tree, there is a notable difference between the earlier part (19th or early 20th-century Germany) and the later part (Britain from 1939 onwards). In the earlier part, four scientific generations span 121 years, averaging just over 30 years a generation, while in the later part these figures come down to just 34 and 8.5 years respectively. This shortening, consistent with the acceleration of scientific progress, is due to a drop in the mean age of the supervisor at the time of completion of the student’s research, from 52 to approximately 35 years.

It is, of course, far too small a sample from which to draw any firm conclusions. If similar trends were found elsewhere, however, there could be two possible explanations. First, that these days a greater number of younger academics supervise PhD students, whereas formerly a relatively small number of students tended to be concentrated in the research groups of senior professors. Secondly, the mean age of academics has decreased since the end of the Second World War.

If the second is true, is this because more junior (new-blood) posts have been created, or because there has been a relative depletion in the number of senior academics still actively supervising students, for example because of moves into administration, industry, or early retirement?

I suspect that many scientists have more than a sneaking interest in their academic ancestors. I’d be pleased to hear from any other scientific genealogists who may be out there. Perhaps we can form our own society with its own acronym and newsletter. Anyway, happy searching.

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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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McCombes, S. (2023, August 15). How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/thesis-statement/

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What is a thesis | A Complete Guide with Examples

Table of Contents

A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It’s typically submitted at the end of your master’s degree or as a capstone of your bachelor’s degree.

However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners. From the initial challenge of pinpointing a compelling research topic to organizing and presenting findings, the process is filled with potential pitfalls.

Therefore, to help you, this guide talks about what is a thesis. Additionally, it offers revelations and methodologies to transform it from an overwhelming task to a manageable and rewarding academic milestone.

What is a thesis?

A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic.

Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research, which not only fortifies your propositions but also confers credibility to your entire study.

Furthermore, there's another phenomenon you might often confuse with the thesis: the ' working thesis .' However, they aren't similar and shouldn't be used interchangeably.

A working thesis, often referred to as a preliminary or tentative thesis, is an initial version of your thesis statement. It serves as a draft or a starting point that guides your research in its early stages.

As you research more and gather more evidence, your initial thesis (aka working thesis) might change. It's like a starting point that can be adjusted as you learn more. It's normal for your main topic to change a few times before you finalize it.

While a thesis identifies and provides an overarching argument, the key to clearly communicating the central point of that argument lies in writing a strong thesis statement.

What is a thesis statement?

A strong thesis statement (aka thesis sentence) is a concise summary of the main argument or claim of the paper. It serves as a critical anchor in any academic work, succinctly encapsulating the primary argument or main idea of the entire paper.

Typically found within the introductory section, a strong thesis statement acts as a roadmap of your thesis, directing readers through your arguments and findings. By delineating the core focus of your investigation, it offers readers an immediate understanding of the context and the gravity of your study.

Furthermore, an effectively crafted thesis statement can set forth the boundaries of your research, helping readers anticipate the specific areas of inquiry you are addressing.

Different types of thesis statements

A good thesis statement is clear, specific, and arguable. Therefore, it is necessary for you to choose the right type of thesis statement for your academic papers.

Thesis statements can be classified based on their purpose and structure. Here are the primary types of thesis statements:

Argumentative (or Persuasive) thesis statement

Purpose : To convince the reader of a particular stance or point of view by presenting evidence and formulating a compelling argument.

Example : Reducing plastic use in daily life is essential for environmental health.

Analytical thesis statement

Purpose : To break down an idea or issue into its components and evaluate it.

Example : By examining the long-term effects, social implications, and economic impact of climate change, it becomes evident that immediate global action is necessary.

Expository (or Descriptive) thesis statement

Purpose : To explain a topic or subject to the reader.

Example : The Great Depression, spanning the 1930s, was a severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by a stock market crash, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending.

Cause and effect thesis statement

Purpose : To demonstrate a cause and its resulting effect.

Example : Overuse of smartphones can lead to impaired sleep patterns, reduced face-to-face social interactions, and increased levels of anxiety.

Compare and contrast thesis statement

Purpose : To highlight similarities and differences between two subjects.

Example : "While both novels '1984' and 'Brave New World' delve into dystopian futures, they differ in their portrayal of individual freedom, societal control, and the role of technology."

When you write a thesis statement , it's important to ensure clarity and precision, so the reader immediately understands the central focus of your work.

What is the difference between a thesis and a thesis statement?

While both terms are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.

A thesis refers to the entire research document, encompassing all its chapters and sections. In contrast, a thesis statement is a brief assertion that encapsulates the central argument of the research.

Here’s an in-depth differentiation table of a thesis and a thesis statement.

Now, to craft a compelling thesis, it's crucial to adhere to a specific structure. Let’s break down these essential components that make up a thesis structure

15 components of a thesis structure

Navigating a thesis can be daunting. However, understanding its structure can make the process more manageable.

Here are the key components or different sections of a thesis structure:

Your thesis begins with the title page. It's not just a formality but the gateway to your research.

Here, you'll prominently display the necessary information about you (the author) and your institutional details.

• Title of your thesis
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date
• Your Supervisor's name (in some cases)
• Your Department or faculty (in some cases)
• Your University's logo (in some cases)
• Your Student ID (in some cases)

In a concise manner, you'll have to summarize the critical aspects of your research in typically no more than 200-300 words.

This includes the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. For many, the abstract will determine if they delve deeper into your work, so ensure it's clear and compelling.

Acknowledgments

Research is rarely a solitary endeavor. In the acknowledgments section, you have the chance to express gratitude to those who've supported your journey.

This might include advisors, peers, institutions, or even personal sources of inspiration and support. It's a personal touch, reflecting the humanity behind the academic rigor.

Table of contents

A roadmap for your readers, the table of contents lists the chapters, sections, and subsections of your thesis.

By providing page numbers, you allow readers to navigate your work easily, jumping to sections that pique their interest.

List of figures and tables

Research often involves data, and presenting this data visually can enhance understanding. This section provides an organized listing of all figures and tables in your thesis.

It's a visual index, ensuring that readers can quickly locate and reference your graphical data.

Introduction

Here's where you introduce your research topic, articulate the research question or objective, and outline the significance of your study.

• Present the research topic : Clearly articulate the central theme or subject of your research.
• Background information : Ground your research topic, providing any necessary context or background information your readers might need to understand the significance of your study.
• Define the scope : Clearly delineate the boundaries of your research, indicating what will and won't be covered.
• Literature review : Introduce any relevant existing research on your topic, situating your work within the broader academic conversation and highlighting where your research fits in.
• State the research Question(s) or objective(s) : Clearly articulate the primary questions or objectives your research aims to address.
• Outline the study's structure : Give a brief overview of how the subsequent sections of your work will unfold, guiding your readers through the journey ahead.

The introduction should captivate your readers, making them eager to delve deeper into your research journey.

Literature review section

Your study correlates with existing research. Therefore, in the literature review section, you'll engage in a dialogue with existing knowledge, highlighting relevant studies, theories, and findings.

It's here that you identify gaps in the current knowledge, positioning your research as a bridge to new insights.

To streamline this process, consider leveraging AI tools. For example, the SciSpace literature review tool enables you to efficiently explore and delve into research papers, simplifying your literature review journey.

Methodology

In the research methodology section, you’ll detail the tools, techniques, and processes you employed to gather and analyze data. This section will inform the readers about how you approached your research questions and ensures the reproducibility of your study.

Here's a breakdown of what it should encompass:

• Research Design : Describe the overall structure and approach of your research. Are you conducting a qualitative study with in-depth interviews? Or is it a quantitative study using statistical analysis? Perhaps it's a mixed-methods approach?
• Data Collection : Detail the methods you used to gather data. This could include surveys, experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, etc. Mention where you sourced your data, the duration of data collection, and any tools or instruments used.
• Sampling : If applicable, explain how you selected participants or data sources for your study. Discuss the size of your sample and the rationale behind choosing it.
• Data Analysis : Describe the techniques and tools you used to process and analyze the data. This could range from statistical tests in quantitative research to thematic analysis in qualitative research.
• Validity and Reliability : Address the steps you took to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings to ensure that your results are both accurate and consistent.
• Ethical Considerations : Highlight any ethical issues related to your research and the measures you took to address them, including — informed consent, confidentiality, and data storage and protection measures.

Moreover, different research questions necessitate different types of methodologies. For instance:

• Experimental methodology : Often used in sciences, this involves a controlled experiment to discern causality.
• Qualitative methodology : Employed when exploring patterns or phenomena without numerical data. Methods can include interviews, focus groups, or content analysis.
• Quantitative methodology : Concerned with measurable data and often involves statistical analysis. Surveys and structured observations are common tools here.
• Mixed methods : As the name implies, this combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The Methodology section isn’t just about detailing the methods but also justifying why they were chosen. The appropriateness of the methods in addressing your research question can significantly impact the credibility of your findings.

Results (or Findings)

This section presents the outcomes of your research. It's crucial to note that the nature of your results may vary; they could be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.

Quantitative results often present statistical data, showcasing measurable outcomes, and they benefit from tables, graphs, and figures to depict these data points.

Qualitative results , on the other hand, might delve into patterns, themes, or narratives derived from non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations.

Regardless of the nature of your results, clarity is essential. This section is purely about presenting the data without offering interpretations — that comes later in the discussion.

In the discussion section, the raw data transforms into valuable insights.

Start by revisiting your research question and contrast it with the findings. How do your results expand, constrict, or challenge current academic conversations?

Dive into the intricacies of the data, guiding the reader through its implications. Detail potential limitations transparently, signaling your awareness of the research's boundaries. This is where your academic voice should be resonant and confident.

Practical implications (Recommendation) section

Based on the insights derived from your research, this section provides actionable suggestions or proposed solutions.

Whether aimed at industry professionals or the general public, recommendations translate your academic findings into potential real-world actions. They help readers understand the practical implications of your work and how it can be applied to effect change or improvement in a given field.

When crafting recommendations, it's essential to ensure they're feasible and rooted in the evidence provided by your research. They shouldn't merely be aspirational but should offer a clear path forward, grounded in your findings.

The conclusion provides closure to your research narrative.

It's not merely a recap but a synthesis of your main findings and their broader implications. Reconnect with the research questions or hypotheses posited at the beginning, offering clear answers based on your findings.

Reflect on the broader contributions of your study, considering its impact on the academic community and potential real-world applications.

Lastly, the conclusion should leave your readers with a clear understanding of the value and impact of your study.

References (or Bibliography)

Every theory you've expounded upon, every data point you've cited, and every methodological precedent you've followed finds its acknowledgment here.

In references, it's crucial to ensure meticulous consistency in formatting, mirroring the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style .

Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism , gives credit to original ideas, and allows readers to explore topics of interest. Moreover, it situates your work within the continuum of academic knowledge.

To properly cite the sources used in the study, you can rely on online citation generator tools  to generate accurate citations!

Here’s more on how you can cite your sources.

Often, the depth of research produces a wealth of material that, while crucial, can make the core content of the thesis cumbersome. The appendix is where you mention extra information that supports your research but isn't central to the main text.

Whether it's raw datasets, detailed procedural methodologies, extended case studies, or any other ancillary material, the appendices ensure that these elements are archived for reference without breaking the main narrative's flow.

For thorough researchers and readers keen on meticulous details, the appendices provide a treasure trove of insights.

Glossary (optional)

In academics, specialized terminologies, and jargon are inevitable. However, not every reader is versed in every term.

The glossary, while optional, is a critical tool for accessibility. It's a bridge ensuring that even readers from outside the discipline can access, understand, and appreciate your work.

By defining complex terms and providing context, you're inviting a wider audience to engage with your research, enhancing its reach and impact.

Remember, while these components provide a structured framework, the essence of your thesis lies in the originality of your ideas, the rigor of your research, and the clarity of your presentation.

As you craft each section, keep your readers in mind, ensuring that your passion and dedication shine through every page.

Thesis examples

To further elucidate the concept of a thesis, here are illustrative examples from various fields:

Example 1 (History): Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807 by Suchait Kahlon.

Example 2 (Climate Dynamics): Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study by Takahito Mitsui · Michel Crucifix

Checklist for your thesis evaluation

Evaluating your thesis ensures that your research meets the standards of academia. Here's an elaborate checklist to guide you through this critical process.

Content and structure

• Is the thesis statement clear, concise, and debatable?
• Does the introduction provide sufficient background and context?
• Is the literature review comprehensive, relevant, and well-organized?
• Does the methodology section clearly describe and justify the research methods?
• Are the results/findings presented clearly and logically?
• Does the discussion interpret the results in light of the research question and existing literature?
• Is the conclusion summarizing the research and suggesting future directions or implications?

Clarity and coherence

• Is the writing clear and free of jargon?
• Are ideas and sections logically connected and flowing?
• Is there a clear narrative or argument throughout the thesis?

Research quality

• Is the research question significant and relevant?
• Are the research methods appropriate for the question?
• Is the sample size (if applicable) adequate?
• Are the data analysis techniques appropriate and correctly applied?
• Are potential biases or limitations addressed?

Originality and significance

• Does the thesis contribute new knowledge or insights to the field?
• Is the research grounded in existing literature while offering fresh perspectives?

Formatting and presentation

• Is the thesis formatted according to institutional guidelines?
• Are figures, tables, and charts clear, labeled, and referenced in the text?
• Is the bibliography or reference list complete and consistently formatted?
• Are appendices relevant and appropriately referenced in the main text?

Grammar and language

• Is the thesis free of grammatical and spelling errors?
• Is the language professional, consistent, and appropriate for an academic audience?
• Are quotations and paraphrased material correctly cited?

Feedback and revision

• Have you sought feedback from peers, advisors, or experts in the field?
• Have you addressed the feedback and made the necessary revisions?

Overall assessment

• Does the thesis as a whole feel cohesive and comprehensive?
• Would the thesis be understandable and valuable to someone in your field?

Ensure to use this checklist to leave no ground for doubt or missed information in your thesis.

After writing your thesis, the next step is to discuss and defend your findings verbally in front of a knowledgeable panel. You’ve to be well prepared as your professors may grade your presentation abilities.

Preparing your thesis defense

A thesis defense, also known as "defending the thesis," is the culmination of a scholar's research journey. It's the final frontier, where you’ll present their findings and face scrutiny from a panel of experts.

Typically, the defense involves a public presentation where you’ll have to outline your study, followed by a question-and-answer session with a committee of experts. This committee assesses the validity, originality, and significance of the research.

The defense serves as a rite of passage for scholars. It's an opportunity to showcase expertise, address criticisms, and refine arguments. A successful defense not only validates the research but also establishes your authority as a researcher in your field.

Here’s how you can effectively prepare for your thesis defense .

Now, having touched upon the process of defending a thesis, it's worth noting that scholarly work can take various forms, depending on academic and regional practices.

One such form, often paralleled with the thesis, is the 'dissertation.' But what differentiates the two?

Dissertation vs. Thesis

Often used interchangeably in casual discourse, they refer to distinct research projects undertaken at different levels of higher education.

To the uninitiated, understanding their meaning might be elusive. So, let's demystify these terms and delve into their core differences.

Here's a table differentiating between the two.

Wrapping up

From understanding the foundational concept of a thesis to navigating its various components, differentiating it from a dissertation, and recognizing the importance of proper citation — this guide covers it all.

As scholars and readers, understanding these nuances not only aids in academic pursuits but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the relentless quest for knowledge that drives academia.

It’s important to remember that every thesis is a testament to curiosity, dedication, and the indomitable spirit of discovery.

Good luck with your thesis writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

A thesis typically ranges between 40-80 pages, but its length can vary based on the research topic, institution guidelines, and level of study.

A PhD thesis usually spans 200-300 pages, though this can vary based on the discipline, complexity of the research, and institutional requirements.

To identify a thesis topic, consider current trends in your field, gaps in existing literature, personal interests, and discussions with advisors or mentors. Additionally, reviewing related journals and conference proceedings can provide insights into potential areas of exploration.

The conceptual framework is often situated in the literature review or theoretical framework section of a thesis. It helps set the stage by providing the context, defining key concepts, and explaining the relationships between variables.

A thesis statement should be concise, clear, and specific. It should state the main argument or point of your research. Start by pinpointing the central question or issue your research addresses, then condense that into a single statement, ensuring it reflects the essence of your paper.

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hypothesis (n.)

1590s, "a particular statement;" 1650s, "a proposition, assumed and taken for granted, used as a premise," from French hypothese and directly from Late Latin hypothesis , from Greek hypothesis "base, groundwork, foundation," hence in extended use "basis of an argument, supposition," literally "a placing under," from hypo- "under" (see hypo- ) + thesis "a placing, proposition" (from reduplicated form of PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). A term in logic; narrower scientific sense is from 1640s.

Entries linking to hypothesis

1530s, "action, a thing performed, anything done, a deed," good or evil but in 16c.-17c. commonly "evil deed, crime;" from Latin factum "an event, occurrence, deed, achievement," in Medieval Latin also "state, condition, circumstance" (source also of Old French fait , Spanish hecho , Italian fatto ), etymologically "a thing done," noun use of neuter of factus , past participle of facere "to do" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put").

An earlier adaptation of the Old French word that also became feat . The older senses are mostly obsolete but somewhat preserved in such phrases as after the fact , originally legal, "after the crime." Also compare matter-of-fact .

The modern, empirical, sense of "thing known to be true, a real state of things, what has really occurred or is actually the case," as distinguished from statement or belief , is from 1630s, from the notion of "something that has actually occurred." The particular concept of the scientific, empirical fact ("a truth known by observation or authentic testimony") emerged in English 1660s, via Hooke, Boyle, etc., in The Royal Society, as part of the creation of the modern vocabulary of knowledge (along with theory , hypothesis , etc.); in early 18c. it was associated with the philosophical writings of Hume. Middle English thus lacked the noun and the idea of it; the closest expression being perhaps thing proved (c.1500).

Hence facts "real state of things;" in fact "in reality" (1707). By 1729, fact was being used of "something presented as a fact but which might be or is false."

By fact is also often meant a true statement, a truth, or truth in general ; but this seems to be a mere inexactness of language .... Fact , as being special, is sometimes opposed to truth , as being universal ; and in such cases there is an implication that facts are minute matters ascertained by research, and often inferior in their importance for the formation of general opinions, or for the general description of phenomena, to other matters which are of familiar experience. [Century Dictionary]

Facts of life is by 1854 as "the stark realities of existence;" by 1913 it had also acquired a more specific sense of "knowledge of human sexual functions." The alliterative pairing of facts and figures for "precise information" is by 1727.

Facts and Figures are the most stubborn Evidences; they neither yield to the most persuasive Eloquence, nor bend to the most imperious Authority. [Abel Boyer, "The Political State of Great Britain," 1727]

plural of hypothesis .

hypothesize

hypothetical

• supposition
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Definition of thesis noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary

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The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus explains the difference between groups of similar words. Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app

Two U.S. officials told CBS News multiple alarms rang out on the ship, alerting pilots and crew to an issue on board. The crew ran several system tests to attempt to remedy the loss of propulsion from the motor, but the tests proved unsuccessful. At that point, the ship's pilots alerted the Maryland Department of Transportation and the Maryland Transit Authority. 

That alert allowed local officials to stop traffic on the bridge and likely saved lives , officials said. 

The ship's crew tried to deploy the anchor, though it remains unclear how much progress was made, multiple officials said. The massive ship is over 900 feet long and was moving at about 8 knots, or just over 9 miles per hour. Authorities said that speed is considered "very rapid." 

Captain Michael Burns, executive director of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy's Maritime Center for Responsible Energy, told CBS Boston  that stopping a cargo ship is difficult, especially in such a short time. 

"It's extremely challenging, and takes years of experience and training in order to be able to do this safely," he said. "It can take up to a mile for some of these ships to get stopped, depending on the circumstances, so we really need to think well out, miles ahead of the ship."

Why did the Dali lose propulsion? 

It's not clear what caused the vessel to lose propulsion, officials said. 

A spokesperson for the NTSB told CBS Baltimore that it had collected the ship's data recorder, and would review and analyze the material there to determine what happened aboard the vessel in the moments before the collision. 

That data recorder will also be used to establish a timeline of events. 

What happens when a ship loses propulsion? 

James Mercante, the president of the New York Board of Pilot Commissioners, told CBS News that a ship that has lost steering and power is essentially "a dead ship just being carried by the current or its own momentum." 

He highlighted a moment in the video of the crash that appears to show a "big, big puff of black, real dark black smoke" which might indicate that the vessel's power was "restored at the last minute" and that the pilot was "attempting to make an emergency maneuver" to avoid hitting the bridge. However, he emphasized that it would be difficult to stop the massive cargo ship, especially in such a short time. 

"It would take quite a while — probably the length of five [or] six football fields — to bring that ship to a stop, even after dropping the anchors, because of its power and momentum," said Mercante. "This is a behemoth." 

• Francis Scott Key Bridge
• Bridge Collapse

Kerry Breen is a reporter and news editor at CBSNews.com. A graduate of New York University's Arthur L. Carter School of Journalism, she previously worked at NBC News' TODAY Digital. She covers current events, breaking news and issues including substance use.

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The Oxford English Dictionary’s latest update adds 23 Japanese words

More than half of the borrowed words relate to cooking, while Kintsugi, the increasingly popular art of repairing broken pottery with gold lacquer is also included

Katsu, donburi and onigiri are among 23 Japanese words added to the Oxford English Dictionary in its latest update.

More than half of the borrowed words relate to food or cooking. Santoku, a knife with a short, flat blade that curves down at the tip, and okonomiyaki, a type of savoury pancake, were both added. Okonomiyaki is derived from okonomi, meaning “what you like”, combined with yaki, meaning “to fry, to sear”.

Katsu – a piece of meat, seafood, or vegetable, coated with flour, egg, and panko breadcrumbs, deep-fried, and cut into strips – is considered a boomerang word, a case of reborrowing: katsu is the shortened form of katsuretsu, which is a borrowing into Japanese of the English word “cutlet”.

Donburi, a Japanese dish consisting of rice topped with other ingredients, is also used to describe the bowl in which this dish is served. The culinary use is likely related to the Japanese adverb donburi, meaning “with a splash”, which “could be an allusion to the sound of ingredients being dropped into a bowl”, said Danica Salazar, executive editor of OED World Englishes.

Omotenashi, which describes good hospitality, characterised by “thoughtfulness, close attention to detail, and the anticipation of a guest’s needs”, was also added to the dictionary.

A number of terms related to art also feature in the update. “For centuries, artists from around the world have taken inspiration from Japanese art, and this can be seen in the number of words belonging to the domain of arts and crafts that English has borrowed from Japanese,” said Salazar.

Kintsugi, the Japanese art of repairing broken pottery by joining pieces back together and filling cracks with lacquer dusted with powdered gold, silver, or platinum, highlighting the flaws in the mended object, was added. “The word subsequently developed an additional sense indicating an aesthetic or worldview characterised by embracing imperfection and treating healing as an essential part of human experience,” said Salazar.

Isekai, a Japanese genre of fantasy fiction involving a character being transported to or reincarnated in a different, strange, or unfamiliar world, also made the OED. A recent example of the genre is Hayao Miyazaki’s Studio Ghibli film The Boy and the Heron, in which 12-year-old Mahito discovers an abandoned tower, a gateway to a fantastical world.

OED editors worked with researchers from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies on the new batch of Japanese words. Non-Japanese words added in this quarter’s update include Bible-bashing, ultra-processed, and bibliophilia.

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What is the meaning of the word 'eclipse'? Here is its origin ahead of April 8 event.

Where does a solar eclipse get its name? Why is it called an "eclipse"?

As Michiganders prepare for the viewing of the solar eclipse on April 8, 2024 - which is crossing a large swath of the United States, including a small sliver of southeast Michigan - let's delve into the etymology of the word "eclipse."

Why is it called an 'eclipse'?

The term "eclipse" traces its roots to the Latin  “eclipsis,”  drawn from the Greek  “ekleipsis.”  That Greek noun is related to the verb  “ekleipein,”  consisting of  “ek”  (meaning “from”) and  “leipein”  (meaning “to leave”). So literally,  eclipse  means “to fail to appear” or “to abandon an accustomed place.”

The sun and moon are hidden from sight in lunar and solar eclipses.

More: Detroit's last total solar eclipse was more than 200 years ago: What the city was like then

The Greeks built on Babylonian astronomy to make their observations of eclipses, and the word  “ekleipsis”  appears as early as the fifth century B.C. in Thucydides’s history of the Peloponnesian War, according to the Wall Street Journal .

The noun and verb “eclipse” came to be used more metaphorically by the late 16th century, to describe someone or something being surpassed or overshadowed.

In other customs, early writings show evidence of people trying to make sense of eclipses around the world. In Chinese the term for eclipse is "shi," which translates to "eat," and correlates with the mythological explanation of a dragon eating the sun.

Eclipses also have inspired fear and awe among civilizations throughout history , from the Aztecs to the ancient Hindus. They're also associated with some major religious events, including the darkness that accompanied Jesus’ crucifixion in Christianity and, in Islam, the passing of the Prophet Muhammad’s son, Ibrahim.

What is a solar eclipse?

Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth’s orbits , creating an eclipse of Earth’s view of the sun.

The path of totality is the predicted path of the eclipse from Mexico, through the U.S. across Texas and North America to the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The expected duration of totality is around 4 hours, starting around 11:07 a.m. PDT and ending around 5:16 NDT.

States  in the path of totality  for the 2024 solar eclipse include Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine.

In Michigan, a small sliver of southeast Monroe County is in the path of totality, meaning the sky will get dark as the moon crosses the sun.

USA TODAY contributed.

Fact Check: Video Purports to Show Trump Only Partially Mouthing Words to the Lord's Prayer. We Tracked Down Its Origin

Video authentically depicts former President Donald Trump only partially mouthing the words to the Lord's Prayer at a 2017 rally.

True ( About this rating? )

On March 31, 2024, X (formerly Twitter) account @RonFilipkowski posted a video  (archived here ) allegedly showing former U.S. President Donald Trump attempting to recite the Lord's Prayer without a teleprompter. The post received more than 1.7 million views and 14,000 likes, as of this writing. In the video, first lady Melania Trump can be seen and heard reciting the prayer as her husband stands nearby, occasionally mouthing some of the words.

"He is no more a genuine Christian than he is a genuine Republican. He has no principles. He just says what he thinks will get him elected. We cannot fall for it again," read the most-liked comment under the X post.

Other accounts also posted the video, which received more than 1 million views combined. One such post  (archived here ) on March 31 — Easter — incorrectly claimed that the incident had taken place recently. "BREAKING: On Easter Sunday, Donald Trump attempts to recite the Lord's Prayer without teleprompter. Either Trump is losing his cognitive abilities or he was never religious at all and is a faker. Retweet to ensure all Americans see," the tweet was captioned.

The video was, in fact, authentic, meaning that it was not AI-generated or doctored in any way. AI-detection software Hive found that a screenshot image from the video was only 0.5% likely to be AI-generated. However, the video was not taken recently, or on Easter Sunday.

The clip can be traced to Feb. 18, 2017, footage of Melania Trump (featured on NBC , USA Today , and ABC News  to name a few), who opened a Trump rally in Melbourne, Florida, with the Lord's Prayer. The exact order of words and the inflection of her voice are identical to the viral video on X. Additionally, the signs in the back match those seen in the X post.

In another video, posted by YouTube account Trump TV, Trump can be seen to her side, mouthing the words to the prayer only partially.

The fact that this particular video went viral in the lead-up to the 2024 election speaks to increasing attention paid to the religious themes featured in recent Trump rallies. "We will pray to God for our strength and for our liberty," he said in a speech, according to an April 2024 New York Times article  (archived here ). "We will pray for God and we will pray with God. We are one movement, one people, one family and one glorious nation under God."

The timing of 2017 clip's resurgence on social media in 2024 also appeared to be connected to the spread of posts condemning President Joe Biden for issuing a proclamation recognizing the Transgender Day of Visibility on March 31, which, coincidentally, happened to be Easter Sunday.

Bender, Michael C. 'The Church of Trump: How He's Infusing Christianity Into His Movement'.  The New York Times , 1 Apr. 2024.  NYTimes.com , https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/01/us/politics/trump-2024-religion.html .

First Lady Melania Trump Recites The Lord's Prayer .  www.youtube.com , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwFoBvYlC1o . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

'Https://Twitter.Com/BidensWins/Status/1774543842370265592'.  X (Formerly Twitter) , https://twitter.com/BidensWins/status/1774543842370265592 . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

'Https://Twitter.Com/RonFilipkowski/Status/1774530834944373059'.  X (Formerly Twitter) , https://twitter.com/RonFilipkowski/status/1774530834944373059 . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

Melania Trump Full Speech at Florida Trump Rally | ABC News .  www.youtube.com , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgKTEvniJmw . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

'Melania Trump Leads Melbourne Crowd in "The Lord's Prayer"'.  NBC News , https://www.nbcnews.com/video/melania-trump-leads-trump-crowd-in-lord-s-prayer-880348739815 . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

'Melania Trump Prays at the President's Florida Rally'.  USA TODAY , https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/politics/2017/02/18/melania-trump-prays-president's-florida-rally/98106132/ . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

Trump TRIES to Recite a Prayer, Makes TOTAL FOOL of Himself!   www.youtube.com , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5lceowCCBk . Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.

Beyoncé Puts a Poignant Twist on the Beatles’ ‘Blackbird’

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The collaboration is especially poignant, when considering the original meaning of the Beatles’ “Blackbird” and the racism that is still present in the music industry, particularly in the country music scene. As Beyoncé put it in her introduction for Cowboy Carter:

This album has been over five years in the making. It was born out of an experience that I had years ago where I did not feel welcomed…and it was very clear that I wasn’t. But, because of that experience, I did a deeper dive into the history of Country music and studied our rich musical archive. It feels good to see how music can unite so many people around the world, while also amplifying the voices of some of the people who have dedicated so much of their lives educating on our musical history. The criticisms I faced when I first entered this genre forced me to propel past the limitations that were put on me.

Here, an overview of what to know about the song, its lyrics, and the significance behind why Beyoncé covered it.

What the Four Country Singers on “Blackbiird” Said About Beyoncé and the Song

The lyrics to beyoncé’s “blackbiird”, the original “blackbird” lyrics, the original meaning of “blackbird”.

“Blackbird” originally came out in 1968 and was written by Paul McCartney as a hopeful message to champion the Civil Rights Movement. In September 2018, McCartney spoke to GQ about the song’s origins and how the song was particularly intended to encourage Black girls fighting oppression.

“I was sitting around with my acoustic guitar and I’d heard about the civil rights troubles that were happening in the ’60s in Alabama, Mississippi, Little Rock in particular,” he told GQ . “So that was in my mind, and I just thought it would be really good if I could write something that if it ever reached any of the people going through those problems, it might give them a little bit of hope. So, I wrote ‘Blackbird.’ And in England, a bird is a girl, so I was thinking of a Black girl going through [this], you know, now’s your time to arise, set yourself free, and take these broken wings. One of the nice things about music is that you know a lot of people listening to you are going to take seriously what you’re saying in the song so I’m very proud of the fact that the Beatles’ output is always pretty positive.”

He added: “There’s people out there who are going through some problems. Hopefully, people out there will listen to it and think, ‘oh yeah, it’s not just me alone going through this. This is something and also something I can fix.’”

Beyoncé’s collaborators on the track—Tanner Adell, Brittney Spencer, Tiera Kennedy, and Reyna Roberts—all shared Instagram posts expressing excitement and gratitude about being featured on Cowboy Carter .

“‘Take these broken wings and learn to fly,’” Kennedy wrote on Instagram. “I cannot believe it. God is so good. I’m on a @beyonce record. And not on one but TWO songs. You can catch me on those harms on ‘Tyrant’ too! I’ve been in Nashville for almost 8 years chasing this country music dream. There have been a lot of highs and lows along the way and this—being on Beyonce’s album takes the cake. I grew up listening to her music, practicing her runs over and over. Whenever people would ask me, ‘Who’s your dream collab?’ the answer was always Beyonce but it was such a far away dream because BEYONCÉ?! I couldn’t be more thankful. Thank you Beyoncé for shining your light. This album is so important. It will not only change the future of country music but music as a whole and I cannot wait to watch it unfold. Thank you thank you thank you thank you. ”

Adell wrote in her post, “I always say Beyoncé raised me. Beyoncé taught me how to be soft but strong. A force of nature. I’ve watched her be forged like metal in the fire of this industry and she remained poised, and grateful. The last two years in Nashville I have kept my head down, counted all my blessings big and small, and tried to perfect this craft of my artistry. When I saw Renaissance last summer, I knew I was NOT working hard enough. I was reminded again watching the Renaissance documentary. I sat in that theatre bawling my eyes out and said out loud, I will work with Beyoncé in 2024. NO IDEA HOW I WAS GONNA DO THAT 😂 but I felt it in my bones. Go back through every interview I have done, I get asked a million times ‘who is your dream collab’ and I have answered the same every time. Beyoncé. Thank you Queen Bey for busting these gates wide open with this album. For letting your light spill over onto MY head. I am humbled by the thought. love you mama 🐝”

You can read all four singers’ Instagram posts below:

The lyrics of “Blackbiird,” Beyoncé’s version, are full of hope. Read them below, via Genius , and also listen to the song.

Verse 1: Beyoncé Blackbird singing in the dead of night Take these broken wings and learn to fly All your life You were only waiting for this moment to arise (You were only waiting for this moment to arise) Verse 2: Beyoncé Blackbird singing in the dead of night (Dead of night, night) Take these sunken eyes and learn to see (Learn to see all of your life) All your life You were only waiting for this moment to be free Chorus: Beyoncé Blackbird fly (Blackbird, blackbird, fly, fly, fly, fly) Blackbird fly (Blackbird, blackbird, fly, fly, fly, fly) Into the light of a dark, black night Bridge: Beyoncé Ooh-ooh-ooh-ooh Ooh-ooh Chorus: Beyoncé Blackbird fly (Fly) Blackbird fly (Fly) Into the light of a dark, black night Verse 3: Brittney Spencer, Tiera Kennedy, Reyna Roberts, and Tanner Adell Blackbird singing in the dead of night Take these broken wings and learn to fly (Learn to fly, learn to fly) All your life You were only waiting for this moment to arise Outro: Reyna Roberts, Tanner Adell, and Beyoncé You were only waiting for this moment to arise You were only waiting for this moment to arise

Here are the original lyrics by the Beatles, via Genius, along with the song to listen to:

Verse 1 Blackbird singing in the dead of night Take these broken wings and learn to fly All your life, you were only waiting For this moment to arise Verse 2 Blackbird singing in the dead of night Take these sunken eyes and learn to see All your life, you were only waiting For this moment to be free Chorus Blackbird fly Blackbird fly Into the light Of a dark, black night Blackbird fly Blackbird fly Into the light Of a dark, black night Verse 3 Blackbird singing in the dead of night Take these broken wings and learn to fly All your life, you were only waiting For this moment to arise Outro You were only waiting For this moment to arise You were only waiting For this moment to arise

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