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Parts of Speech (சொல்லிலக்கணக் கூறுகள்)

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Parts of speech

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Parts Of Speech in Tamil

The two parts of a Tamil sentence are எழுவாய் ( ezuvaai -subject )and பயனிலை ( Payanilai -predicate)

Both Ezuvaai and payanilai may consists of more than one word .So every word in a sentence have a definite function.

Ezuvaai is something that has been said in a sentence.

Payanilai is what has been said about it.

Parts of Speech

The eight categories of classes of words are

1. பெயர்ச் சொல் ( Noun ) Eg ; சகோதரன் – Brother

2. பெயர் அடை ( Adjective ) Eg : மூத்த – Elder

3. பிரதி பெயர்கள் ( Pronoun ) Eg : எனக்கு – to me

4. வினைச் சொல் ( Verb ) Eg : பேசப்பட்டது – told

5. வினை அடை ( Adverb ) Eg : சத்தமாக – Noice

6. இணைப்புச் சொற்கள் ( Conjunction ) Eg : மற்றும் – and

7. பின் இடைச்சொல் ( Post Position ) Eg : வீட்டுக்கு உள்ளே – inside the house

8. வியப்புச் சொற்கள் ( Exclamation ) Eg : ஓ ( O )

Noun ( பெயர்ச் சொல் )

A name of anything is called a noun.We have three kinds of noun in Tamil language.

1) சிறப்புப் பெயர்ச் சொல் ( Proper Noun )

Eg : சீதா ( Seetha ) , குமார் ( Kumar )

The name of a particular person , place and things are the proper nouns.

சீதா ஒரு சுட்டிப் பெண் -Seetha oru sutti pen/ Seetha is a naughty girl.

2) பொதுப் பெயர்ச் சொல் ( Common Noun )

Eg : புத்தகம் ( Book ) , நகரம் ( City ) , பெண் ( Women )

The name of any person , place and thing of the same class are the Common Noun.

பகவத்கீதா ஒரு புத்தகம் – BagavathGeetha oru puthakam/ BagavathGeetha is a book.

3) கருத்துப் பெயர்ச் சொல் ( Abstract Noun )

Eg : மென்மை ( soft ) , வீரம் ( Strong )

The name of a state , quality or action are the Abstract Noun.

எனக்கு என் குழந்தைப் பருவம் நினைவிருக்கிறது – enaku en kuzanthaip paruvam ninaivirukirathu/ I remember my childhood days.

With Adjectives

With common noun, commonly used words and grammar in tamil.

A list of commonly used words to help you to learn Tamil

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வணக்கம்! பாடம் 10-ல் சுருக்கங்கள் [CONTRACTIONS], PUNCTUATIONS and POSSESSIVES பற்றியும் அவற்றை வைத்து சொற்கள் உருவக்கப்படுவதைப் பற்றியும் பார்த்தோம். இனி பாடம் 11-ல் ஆங்கில இலக்கணத்தைப் பற்றி சற்று விரிவாகப் பார்ப்போம். எழுத்துப் பிழை மற்றும் உச்சரிப்புப் பிழையின்றி சரியான வார்த்தைகளைச் சரியான இடத்தில் பயன்படுத்துவதே இலக்கணமாகும்.

ஆங்கில சொல் இலக்கணக் கூறுகள் யாவை?

இவை எட்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் பார்ட்ஸ் ஆப் ஸ்பீச் (Parts of Speech) என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. எந்த ஒரு வார்த்தையை எடுத்துக் கொண்டாலும் அதில் ஒன்றோ அல்லது அதற்கும் மேற்ப்பட்ட சொல் இலக்கணக் கூறுகளைக் கொண்டதாக இருக்கும்.

1. பெயர்ச்சொல் » NOUN

பெயர்ச்சொல் மற்றும் அதன் வகைகள்.

பெயரைக் குறிக்கும் சொல் பெயர்ச்சொல் (NOUN) ஆகும். இவை இடத்தின் பெயராகவோ, விலங்குகளின் பெயராகவோ அல்லது ஒரு மனிதனின் பெயராகவோ கொண்டிருக்கும்.

இதில் கண்ணன் என்பதும் செந்தில் என்பதும் பெயர்ச்சொல் ஆகும்.

இதில் கண்ணன், செந்தில், நாய் மற்றும் மைதானம் ஆகியவை பெயர்ச்சொல் ஆகும். ஆங்கிலத்தில் பெயர்ச்சொல் (NOUN) நான்கு வகைப்படும். அவையாவன: (Kinds of Noun) 1.Common noun (பொதுப் பெயர்ச்சொல்) 2. Proper noun - சிறப்புப் பெயர்ச்சொல் 3. Collective noun - கூட்டுப் பெயர்ச்சொல் 4. Abstract noun - பண்புப் பெயர்ச்சொல்.

1.Common noun (பொதுப் பெயர்ச்சொல்)

பொதுவாக குறிப்பிடக்கூடிய சொற்களுக்கு Common Noun (பொதுப் பெயர்ச்சொல்) எனப்படும்.

பொருளைக் குறிப்பிடும் பொதுப் பெயர்கள்

விலங்கினைக் குறிப்பிடும் பொதுப் பெயர்கள்

இடங்களை குறிப்பிடும் பொதுப் பெயர்கள்

மக்களை குறிப்பிடும் பொதுப் பெயர்கள்

2. Proper noun (சிறப்புப் பெயர்ச்சொல்)

ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட நபரையோ (Perosn), இடத்தையோ (Place), பொருளையோ (Thing), நிகழ்ச்சியையோ (Event) அல்லது ஒரு குளுமத்தையோ (Group) குறிப்பிடும் சொற்களுக்கு Proper Noun (சிறப்புப் பெயர்ச்சொல்) என்கிறோம். இந்த Proper Noun ஆனது முதல் எழுத்து capital letter - ஐ கொண்டிருக்கும்.

மக்களின் பெயர்கள் அனைத்தும் Proper Noun ஆகும்.

Rajini is my friend. ஒரு தனி நபரின் பெயரை குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அது Proper Noun ஆகிறது.

நாட்கள் மற்றும் மாதங்கள் அனைத்தும் Proper Noun ஆகும்.

திங்கள் அன்று ( on Monday ), வெள்ளி அன்று ( on Friday ), ஜூன் மாதத்தில் ( in June ) இவ்வாறு குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அது Proper Noun ஆகிறது.

முக்கிய நாட்கள் மற்றும் விழாக் காலங்கள் அனைத்தும் Proper Noun ஆகும்.

புகழ் பெற்ற இடங்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடங்கள் அனைத்தும் Proper Noun ஆகும்.

நாடுகளும் அவற்றின் குடிமக்களும் Proper Noun ஆகும்.

3. Collective Noun (கூட்டுப் பெயர்ச்சொல்)

பல நபரையோ அல்லது பலவற்றையோ ஒரு தொகுதியாக குறிக்கும் பெயர்ச்சொல் Collective Noun என்று கூறுகிறோம்.

மக்கள் குழுவானது Collective Noun ஆகும்.

விலங்குகளின் கூட்டம் அதன் இனத்தைச் சார்ந்து குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அது Collective Noun ஆகும்.

Herd என்பது Collective Noun ஆகும். Swine என்பது Common noun ஆகும். ஒரு பன்றியை மட்டும் குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அது Common Noun ஆகும். ஒன்றுக்கும் மேற்பட்ட பன்றிகள் ஒன்றாக அதன் கூட்டத்தோடு இருந்தால் அந்தக் கூட்டத்தைக் குறிப்பிடும் சொல் கூட்டுப் பெயர்ச்சொல் (Collective Noun) ஆகும்.

இவ்வகை Collective Noun ஆனது பொருட்களின் தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டிருக்கும்.

இன்னும் சில Collective Noun-கள் Common Noun-இன் ஒட்டு மொத்த தொகுப்பைக் குறிக்காமல் Common Noun-இன் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட பகுதியையோ அல்லது ஒன்றை மட்டுமோ குறிப்பிடும். அவையாவன:

4. Abstract Noun (பண்புப் பெயர்ச்சொல்)

Abstract Noun என்பது ஒன்றோ அல்லது பல நபரின் அல்லது பொருளின் பண்பைக் கொண்டிருக்கும். Abstract Noun ஆனது பார்க்க முடியாததாகவும், கேட்க முடியாததாகவும் மற்றும் தொட முடியாததாகவும் இருக்கும். அவை நிகழ்வுகள் அல்லது நடவடிக்கைகளைக் கொண்டிருக்கலாம்.

2. மாற்றுப் பெயர்ச்சொல் (அ) பிரதி பெயர்ச்சொல் » PRONOUN

ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட இடத்தையோ, பொருளையோ, மனிதனையோ முதல் முறை குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அது பெயர்ச்சொல்லாகவும், இரண்டாம்முறை மீண்டும் குறிப்பிடும் பொழுது அதனுடைய பெயரைக் குறிப்பிடாமல் மாறாக நின்று செயல்படும் சொல்லினை மாற்றுப் பெயர்ச்சொல் (PRONOUN) எனப்படுகிறது. உதாரணமாக

மேற்கண்ட முதல் உதாரணத்தில் கண்ணன் என்ற பெயர் இரு முறை குறிப்பிடுவதால் அங்கு மற்றொரு கண்ணனுடைய என்று பொருள்படுமாறு குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. இரண்டாம் உதாரணத்தில் மீண்டும் கண்ணனைக் குறிப்பிட ஹிஸ்(his) என்று குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே ஹிஸ் (his) என்ற வார்த்தை கண்ணன் என்ற பெயர்ச்சொல்லுக்குப் பதிலாக குறிப்பிடப்படுவதால் அதை மாற்றுப் பெயர்ச்சொல் என்கிறோம்.

இவ்வகையான மாற்றுப்பெயர்ச்சொல் மூன்று வகைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை முறையே

3.பெயர் உரிச்சொல் » ADJECTIVE

பெயர்ச் சொல்லின் குணத்தைக் குறிக்கும் சொல் பெயர் உரிச்சொல் எனப்படும். உதாரணமாக Kamal is a bad boy -> கமல் ஒரு கெட்ட பையன். இதில் கமல் எப்படிப்பட்டவன் என்ற கேள்விக்கு கெட்ட என்ற கமலின் குணத்தைத் தருவதால் இது பெயர் உரிச்சொல் எனப்படும்.

4.வினைச்சொல் » VERB » பாடம் 3 -ல் காண்க

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Lesson 03 | parts of speech - பேச்சின் கூறுகள்.

ஆங்கிலப் பேச்சின் கூறுகள் (Parts of Speech)

ஆங்கிலப் பேச்சின் கூறுகள் (Pars Of Speech in English)
ஆங்கிலப் பெயர்ச்சொற்கள் (Nouns)
ஆங்கில வினைச்சொற்கள் (Verbs)
ஆங்கிலப் பெயருரிச்சொற்கள் (Adjectives)
ஆங்கில வினையுரிச்சொற்கள் (Adverbs)
ஆங்கில சுட்டுப்பெயர்கள் (Pronouns)
ஆங்கில முன்னிடைச்சொற்கள் (Prepositions)
ஆங்கில இணைப்புச்சொற்கள் (Conjunctions)
ஆங்கில வியப்பிடைச்சொற்கள் (Interjections)

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Worthwhile post on Parts of Speech topic. I enjoyed reading all the articles on this subject on your website.

A Quick & Easy Glance At Tamil Grammar 101!

Hey there! Are you a fan of the Tamil language and want to learn how to speak it like a pro? Well, buckle up, because we’re about to dive into the wacky world of Tamil grammar!

Now, before you start running for the hills, let me tell you that it is not as scary as it seems. Sure, there are a lot of rules and nuances to learn, but with a little bit of practice, you’ll be speaking like a native in no time. So put on your learning caps, grab a cup of kaapi (coffee), and get ready to have some fun with Tamil grammar!

Grammar: An Overview

Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure and usage of any language. One of the most distinctive features of Tamil grammar is its use of agglutination. This means that words are formed by adding a suffix or prefix to the root words, resulting in long and complex words that convey a lot of meaning. For example, the word kaalam (காலம்) means time, but by adding suffixes and prefixes, we can create words like mutrilum (முற்றிலும்) which means forever. Come, let’s learn various components of grammar in the Tamil language.

Tamil does not have definite or indefinite articles like ‘the’ or ‘a’ in English. Instead, the context and the relationship between words in a sentence determine their meaning. In some cases, the language uses demonstrative pronouns, such as ‘this’ and ‘that,’ to indicate the specificity of a noun. However, most of the time, the absence of articles does not affect the clarity of the message conveyed.

Determiners

Determiners are words that precede a noun to indicate the reference of the noun in the context of the sentence. Here is a list of some commonly used determiners in Tamil:

Nouns are classified into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns are those that refer to living things, while inanimate nouns refer to non-living objects. Nouns in this language can be declined according to the eight cases, which indicate the relationship between the noun and other words in the sentence. They also have singular and plural forms, which can be created by adding suffixes or by changing the ending of the word.

Tamil has eight cases, also known as vibhaktis , which indicate the relationship between a noun and other elements in a sentence. Let’s understand each case with the help of an example.

1. Nominative Case: It is used to indicate the subject of a sentence.

For example, in the sentence nāṉ paṭikkiṟēṉ (நான் படிக்கிறேன்), nāṉ (நான்) is the subject, and it is in the nominative case. Here, nāṉ means ‘I’ and paṭikkiṟēṉ means ‘am reading.’

2. Accusative Case: It is used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. In other words, it is used to show the receiver of the action.

For example, in the sentence nāṉ paṭikkiṟēṉ puttakam (நான் படிக்கிறேன் புத்தகம்), puttakam (புத்தகம்) is the direct object and is in the accusative case. Here, puttakam means ‘book,’ and paṭikkiṟēṉ means ‘am reading.’

3. Instrumental Case : It is used to indicate the means or instrument with which an action is performed. It is used to answer the question ‘with what’ or ‘by what means.’

For example, in the sentence pēṉāvāl kaṭitam eḻutukiṟēṉ (பேனாவால் கடிதம் எழுதுகிறேன் – I am writing a letter with a pen), pēṉā (பேனா), meaning pen, is in the instrumental case as the means by which the action is performed.

4. Sociative Case: It is used to indicate association or companionship with someone or something. It is often used with verbs indicating actions done with someone or something else.

For example, in the sentence nāṉ naṇparuṭaṉ pōka vēṇṭum (நான் நண்பருடன் போக வேண்டும் – I want to go with a friend), naṇparuṭaṉ (நண்பருடன்) is in the sociative case as it indicates the person with whom the action of pōka, meaning ‘to go,’ is to be done. Here, nāṉ means ‘I,’ and naṇpar means ‘friend.’

5. Dative Case: It is used to show the person or thing to whom or for whom something is being done.

For example, in the sentence nāṉ eṉ cakōtaraṉukku oru putiya kār vāṅkiṉēṉ (நான் என் சகோதரனுக்கு ஒரு புதிய கார் வாங்கினேன் – I bought a new car for my brother), cakōtaraṉukku (சகோதரனுக்கு), meaning ‘to my brother’, is in the dative case as the recipient of the action.

6. Ablative Case: It is used to indicate the source or origin of something, as well as the place from where someone or something moves away. It is used to answer the questions ‘from where’ and ‘from whom.’

For example, in the sentence avaṉ mālai aḻintu vīṭukku pōṉāṉ (அவன் மாலை அழிந்து வீடுக்கு போனான் – he went home late in the evening), mālai (மாலை – evening) is in the ablative case as the source or starting point from where the person moved away.

7. Genitive Case : It is used to indicate possession or association, to answer the question ‘whose’ or ‘of what.’

For example, in the sentence avaṉuṭaiya patil eṉṉa? (அவனுடைய பதில் என்ன? – what was his answer?), avaṉuṭaiya (அவனுடைய – his) is in the genitive case as it indicates possession.

8. Locative Case: It is used to indicate the location or place where an action takes place, to answer the question ‘where.’

For example, in the sentence makaḷ pūṅkāvil amarntiruntāḷ (மகள் பூங்காவில் அமர்ந்திருந்தாள் – daughter was sitting in the park), pūṅkāvil (பூங்காவில் – in the park) is in the locative case as it indicates the location where the action of sitting takes place.

Adjectives are inflected based on gender, case, and number, and come before the noun they modify. For example, the adjective makiḻcciyāṉa (மகிழ்ச்சியான), meaning ‘happy,’ can be used to modify the Tamil word nāḷ (நாள் – day) to form the phrase makiḻcciyāṉa nāḷ (மகிழ்ச்சியான நாள்) which means ‘happy day.’ Adjectives can also be used in a comparative form, such as ciṟitu (சிறிது) meaning ‘less,’ and a superlative form, such as mikavum (மிகவும்) meaning ‘most.’

Pronouns indicate the gender, number, and case of the noun they are replacing. Tamil pronouns also include possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. Here is a list:

Verbs are conjugated according to tense, aspect, mood, person, and number, which can indicate a variety of meanings and nuances. For example, the verb pēcu (பேசு – to speak) can be conjugated into the past tense as pēciṉēṉ (பேசினேன்) meaning ‘I spoke.’ Verbs in Tamil can also be transitive or intransitive, indicating whether or not they take an object. They can also be used in participial forms, such as the present participle pēcukiṟa (பேசுகிற), meaning ‘speaking.’

Adverbs indicate how, when, where, or to what extent an action or state occurs. For example, the adverb arumaiyāka (அருமையாக) means ‘nicely’ and can modify the verb pēcu (பேசு – speak), forming the phrase arumaiyāka pēcu (அருமையாக பேசு), which means ‘speak nicely.’ Adverbs can also indicate time, such as ippōtu (இப்போது) meaning ‘now,’ and degree, such as the adverb mika (மிக) meaning ‘very.’

Prepositions

Prepositions indicate location, direction, or time, and are used to connect nouns and pronouns with other parts of a sentence. Here is a list:

Tamil Tenses

The most common tenses in Tamil are the present, past, and future, each of which has various forms to indicate aspect and mood. For example, the present tense can be used to describe actions or states that are happening currently, such as Nāṉ cāppiṭukiṟēṉ (நான் சாப்பிடுகிறேன்) meaning ‘I am eating.’

The past tense is used to describe actions or states that have already happened, such as nāṉ cāppiṭṭēṉ (நான் சாப்பிட்டேன்) meaning ‘I ate.’ The future tense is used to describe actions or states that will happen, such as nāṉ cāppiṭuvēṉ (நான் சாப்பிடுவேன்) meaning ‘I will eat.’

Try Tamil With Ling!

Originating in Tamil Nadu, Tamil grammar is a complex and intricate system that requires a lot of dedication and practice to master. But worry not! You are in good hands with the Ling app if you wish to learn Tamil. With its gamified interface and an array of interactive, exciting, and fun exercises, the Ling app is your perfect learning guide for over 60 languages!

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2 Responses

Your web page on learning Tamil grammar at https://ling-app.com/ta/tamil-grammar/ has a ‘get started’ link which goes to https://play.ling-app.com/learn?native=en&target=ta , which is for the Thai language not the Tamil language. Please update the link to point to the Tamil learning page.

Hi! Thank you for taking the time to leave a comment! If you are using web, the link will lead you to our Play Ling App where you can select the language you want to learn at any time. However, I recommend you downloading our app on your mobile via Play Store or App Store Give it a try 😀

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Grammar Terms - Parts of speech

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WORD CLASSES OR PARTS OF SPEECH IN TAMIL

The traditional grammars in Tamil classifies words into peyar 'noun', vinai 'verb', iTaiccol 'particle', and uriccol. It is always assumed that nouns and verbs are the major word categories andiTaiccol and uriccol are treated secondary to nouns and verbs. The words which does not show tense but inflect form case are grouped as nouns and those which show tense, but do not inflected for case are considered as verbs. The forms which does not occur independently and depend on noun or verb by appearing before or after them which include morphs, suffixes, bound forms of demonstratives and interrogatives, are considered as iTaiccol. The forms which are neither nouns nor verbs but depends on nouns and verbs and which give the meaning mikuti 'more' (similar to intensifiers) are considered as uriccol. If we analyze closely the word classes of traditional grammarians, it can be interpreted that they recognize noun and verb as major word classes and consider iTaiccol and uriccol as a third class which depend on noun and verb. Traditional grammars consider uriccol as modifier to nouns and verbs. Thus traditional grammars identifies four classes of words: noun, verb, particles and modifiers. If we analyze old Tamil text, we may conclude that it is enough to have the four type of classes to explain the grammar of data of that period.

Related Papers

Rajendran S

Tamil, morphologically speaking, is primarily agglutinating, and suffixal. In other words, inflections are marked by suffixes attached to a lexical base, which may be augmented by derivational suffixes. The traditional treaties on Tamil grammar define a distinction through free forms (the major grammatical classes), and bound forms (items like particles, and clitics). Tolkappiyam recognizes Tamil as constituting two major word classes: nouns, termed peyarccol and verbs, termed vinaiccol. As per the classical grammatical treatises, and as recorded in Pope (1985), each of these are characterized by a narrow set of features, all of which are necessarily morphological. The characterization of the major grammatical categories of Tamil by Pope (1985) is worth mentioned here. According to Pope nouns are characterized by four features: class, division, person and case. There are two kinds of classes, rational and irrational. There are five divisions, masculine, feminine, rational-plural, irrational-singular, and irrational-plural; the three divisions, masculine and feminine and irrational-singular are called singular number; the two other divisions are called plural number. There are three persons: the first, second, and the third. Cases are eight in number: nominative, accusative, sociative, dative, ablative, instrumental and locative. According to Pope the verb consists of the following things: root, personal terminations, three persons, five divisions, tenses, imperative mood, optative mood, two particles, negative form, and verbal noun. The root of a verb is the indivisible part which stands first. That part of a verb which stands at the end and shows the class, division, and person of its subject is its personal termination. There are three tenses: past, present, and future. These are generally indicated by a medial particle between the root and the personal termination. The imperative is used only in the second person, and in the singualr its form is that of the simple verbal root. By the addition of um alone, or of um with kaL, the plural is formed. The optative is that form of the verb, which is used with a subject of any of the two classes, five divisions, and three persons, to express a 'wish' or 'polite command'. A participle is a defective (or dependent) verbal form. There are two kinds of participles: adverbial participle and adjectival participles. A negative mood is recognized as indicated by those forms of the verb which deny an action. Combining the personal ending and the root without any medial particle forms the negative finite verb common to the three tenses. A verbal noun is a noun formed by adding tal, al or kai to the root of a verb. Adjectives and adverb in Tamil are syntactically recognized category. They are not decided by the type of inflection they receive; rather they are identified by their function in the sentential construction.

Rajendran Sankaravelayuthan

Tamil morphologically is primarily agglutinating, and suffixal. In other words, inflections are marked by suffixes attached to a lexical base, which may be augmented by derivational suffixes. The traditional treaties on Tamil grammar define a distinction through free forms (the major grammatical classes), and bound forms (items like particles, and clitics). Tolkappiyam recognizes Tamil as constituting two major word classes: nouns, termed peyarccol and verbs, termed vinaiccol. As per the classical grammatical treatises, and as recorded in Pope (1985), each of these are characterized by a narrow set of features, all of which are necessarily morphological. The characterization of the major grammatical categories of Tamil by Pope (1985) is worth mentioned here. According to Pope nouns are characterized by four features: class, division, person and case. There are two kinds of classes, rational and irrational. There are five divisions, masculine, feminine, rational-plural, irrational-singular, and irrational-plural; the three divisions, masculine and feminine and irrational-singular are called singular number; the two other divisions are called plural number. There are three persons: the first, second, and the third. Cases are eight in number: nominative, accusative, sociative, dative, ablative, instrumental and locative. According to Pope the verb consists of the following things: root, personal terminations, three persons, five divisions, tenses, imperative mood, optative mood, two particles, negative form, and verbal noun. The root of a verb is the indivisible part which stands first. That part of a verb which stands at the end and shows the class, division, and person of its subject is its personal termination. There are three tenses: past, present, and future. These are generally indicated by a medial particle between the root and the personal termination. The imperative is used only in the second person, and in the singualr its form is that of the simple verbal root. By the addition of um alone, or of um with kaL, the plural is formed. The optative is that form of the verb, which is used with a subject of any of the two classes, five divisions, and three persons, to express a 'wish' or 'polite command'. A participle is a defective (or dependent) verbal form. There are two kinds of participles: adverbial participle and adjectival participles. A negative mood is recognized as indicated by those forms of the verb which deny an action. Combining the personal ending and the root without any medial particle forms the negative finite verb common to the three tenses. A verbal noun is a noun formed by adding tal, al or kai to the root of a verb. Adjectives and adverb in Tamil are syntactically recognized category. They are not decided by the type of inflection they receive; rather they are identified by their function in the sentential construction.

Nominalization is the process by which noun are derived from lexemes of different grammatical categories. Nouns can be formed from the words belonging to all parts of speech in Tamil. Based on the grammatical category from which the nouns are derived, the derivation of nouns can be classified mainly into four types: 1. Formation of nouns from nouns kaaval ‘guard’ + ar > kaavalar ‘policeman’ kaappu ‘protection’+ akam > kaappakam ‘asylum’ 2. Formation of nouns form verbs paaTu ‘sing’ + al > paaTal ‘song’ tuungku ‘sleeps' + am > tuukkam ‘sleep’ 3. Formation of nouns from adjectives periya ‘big’ + avar > periyavar ‘old man’ koTiya ‘bad’ + avar > koTiyavar ‘bad peson’ Apart from word level nominalization processes, there are nominalization processes at the clause level too. This paper aims to capture the processes of nominalization on verbs which cover up both word level and clause level nominalizations.

Published in "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft" 20.1 (special issue ed. by É. Aussant and J.-L. Chevillard: "Extended Grammars")

Émilie Aussant

Aleksandra Zayats

Grammaticalization has been defined as "the change whereby lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions" (Hopper & Traugott 2003:1). Simply said, grammaticalization is the process in which a lexical word or a word cluster loses some or all of its lexical meaning and starts to fulfil a more grammatical function. Where grammaticalization takes place, nouns and verbs which carry certain lexical meaning develop over time into grammatical items such as auxiliaries, case markers, inflections, and sentence connectives. Grammaticalization of verbs in Tamil occurs in all the grammatical categories. Verbs in Tamil are grammaticalized into auxiliary verbs, verbalizers, adjectivalizers, adverbilalizers, complementizer and prepositions.

Compounding and suffixation are important processes of word-formation in Malayalam. Compound words are formed mostly from two or more noun stems, from a noun and a verb stem, or, in a relatively small number of cases, from other combinations. The most common type of compound word is one in which both or all constituent parts are noun stems. This type of compounding is productive. Formation of a reduplicated noun compound by the combination of a noun root and a partially reduplicated form of the same root is also productive. Compound verbs are formed mostly from a noun + verb combination. This is a productive process. In addition to it, compound verbs are formed extensively by the combination of the verbal participle form of one verb with another verb. This process cannot be considered as a productive one. Prefixation is an entirely unproductive process, though there are some pairs of words borrowed from Sanskrit which differ only in the presence of a negative-marking prefix on one member of the pair. Verbs form many abstract nouns by suffixation. A proper understanding of the word-formation in a language needs classification of such processes on formal grounds. Bauer (1983) classifies the word-formation in English as follows: Compounding, Prefixation, Suffixation, Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Formation of blends, Formation of acronyms and Word manufacturing. Malayalam makes use of compounding and suffixation extensively for the formation of words. Though the present paper attempts to give the types of word formation in Malayalam based on typology, explanations will be given by raising certain problematic issues.

Jean-Luc Chevillard

"This article examines, from the perspective of the History of Linguistics, the specifications and the genesis of two distinct lists of four sets of words which are often found in the ancient shastric corpus of the Tamil-speaking South. One of those lists, which is found inside the “pure grammar” component of that technical literature, enumerates ‘nouns’ (peyarc col), ‘verbs’ (viṉaic col), ‘particles’ (iṭaic col), and uric col (lit. ‘appropriate words’), whereas the other list, which reflects the fact that one of the main aims of “grammar” was to describe literature, enumerates ‘simple words’ (iyaṟcol), tiricol (lit. ‘mutant words’ or ‘twisted words’), ‘regional words’ (ticaic col), and ‘Northern words’ (vaṭacol). In both lists, there is an item for which it is difficult to find a simple translation, namely uriccol for the first list and tiricol for the second list. T he difficulty in identifying and explaining the intention of those who coined those terms seems to be in part due to the fact that the texts which the Tamil tradition has transmitted to us are an assemblage of various parts that were once fragments of a “work in progress”, now fossilized, which was partly abandoned, either because another śāstra (that of lexicography) took over part of the descriptive effort, and/or because the ambition to compile a dhātu-pāṭha (the Sanskrit term for a list of verbal roots) for the Tamil language was abandoned, if such a project ever existed. The fact that discontinuities in the transmission of Tamil śāstric literature do exist is attested to, for instance, by the hesitation of traditional commentators, while explaining sūtra TP 385i (alias TP 392p), which is a characterization of marapu (approx. ‘usage’), said to be dependent on the power of ‘the four words’. The commentators are cautious in deciding which of the two lists of ‘four words’ is meant, possibly hoping to suggest that the sūtra might refer to both, because they believe in the “beauty of compromise”. [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on South Asian Languages and Linguistics [ICOSAL], which took place at Moscow State University and Moscow University for the Humanities on 5-7 July 2012, edited by Alice Davidson, Hans Henrich Hock and Liudmila V. Khokhlova]"

Prosiding of National seminar on mother tongue

Thersia M A G D A L E N A Tamelan

Linguists differ in their opinions in taking adjective as a grammatical category. Scholars like Asher, Lehman and Kothandaraman take adjective as a grammatical category in Tamil. There is a complete lack of agreement among grammarians whether to consider adjective as a form class in Tamil. The difficulty in providing an operational definition for adjective crops up due to this reason.Lehman takes adjective as a syntactic category only. According to Lehmann (1989:131), "The lexical category of adjective is another syntactic category in Modern Tamil which has evolved in a diachronic process". Adjective can occur as an attribute in pre nominal position as modifier of a head noun in a noun phrase. The traditional grammars of Tamil talks elaborately about nouns and verbs only. It appears that they have not treated adjectives and adverbs as separate categories in Tamil. They treat adjectives as relative participial forms of appellative verbs (kuRippup peyareccam) and relative participial forms of regular verbs (terindilaip peyareccam). The qualitative adjectives are reconstructed as qualitative nouns. peeraacai 'extreme eagerness' < perumai 'bigness' + aacai 'desire' ciRRaamal 'small lily' < ciRumai 'smallness' + aampal 'lilly' There are at least three kinds of opinion regarding the categorization of adjectives: 1. Adjective is a separate grammatical category. 2. Adjective is not a separate grammatical category but a sub-category of noun or verb. 3. Adjective is a mixed grammatical category These three opinions about adjectives are explored in this paper apart from explaining the strategies adopted in the formation of adjectives in Tamil.

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