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Aldehydes and Ketones - carbonyl compounds - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aldehydes and Ketones - carbonyl compounds

... carbonyl compounds. carbonyl group - structure, bonding and physical properties. review of methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• carbonyl group -
• structure, bonding and physical properties
• hydration of alkynes
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• reduction to alcohols
• addition of organometallic reagents
• addition of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus nucleophiles
• reduction of carbonyl to methylene (Clemmensen or Wolff-Kishner)
• Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds
• or hemiketal
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• Clemmensen reduction
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• Desulfurization of thioketals
• Strong nucleophiles add 1,2
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• Weaker nucleophiles add 1,4
• thermodynamic control

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On Abelian Groups Close to E -Solvable Groups

• Published: 20 February 2014
• Volume 197 , pages 708–733, ( 2014 )

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E -nilpotent and E -solvable Abelian groups are studied. The properties of such groups are studied, and examples illustrating the differences and connections between the investigated classes of groups are presented. The structure of E -solvable periodical, completely decomposable, coperiodic, split mixed, and other groups is shown.

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Translated from Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Matematika, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 183–219, 2011/12.

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Chekhlov, A.R. On Abelian Groups Close to E -Solvable Groups. J Math Sci 197 , 708–733 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10958-014-1755-9

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24.6: Compounds with a Carbonyl Group

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Aldehydes and Ketones

There are a number of functional groups that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond, which is commonly referred to as a carbonyl . Ketones and aldehydes are two closely related carbonyl-based functional groups that react in very similar ways. In a ketone, the carbon atom of a carbonyl is bonded to two other carbons. In an aldehyde, the carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a hydrogen, and on the other side to a carbon. The exception to this definition is formaldehyde, in which the carbonyl carbon has bonds to two hydrogens.

Molecules with carbon-nitrogen double bonds are called imines , or Schiff bases .

Carboxylic acids and acid derivatives

If a carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a carbon (or hydrogen) and on the other side to a heteroatom (in organic chemistry, this term generally refers to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or one of the halogens), the functional group is considered to be one of the ‘ carboxylic acid derivatives’ , a designation that describes a grouping of several functional groups. The eponymous member of this grouping is the carboxylic acid functional group, in which the carbonyl is bonded to a hydroxyl (OH) group.

As the name implies, carboxylic acids are acidic, meaning that they are readily deprotonated to form the conjugate base form, called a carboxylate (much more about carboxylic acids in the acid-base chapter!).

In amides , the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a nitrogen. The nitrogen in an amide can be bonded either to hydrogens, to carbons, or to both. Another way of thinking of an amide is that it is a carbonyl bonded to an amine.

In esters , the carbonyl carbon is bonded to an oxygen which is itself bonded to another carbon. Another way of thinking of an ester is that it is a carbonyl bonded to an alcohol. Thioesters are similar to esters, except a sulfur is in place of the oxygen.

In an acyl phosphate , the carbonyl carbon is bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate, and in an acid chloride , the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chlorine.

Finally, in a nitrile group, a carbon is triple-bonded to a nitrogen. Nitriles are also often referred to as cyano groups.

A single compound often contains several functional groups. The six-carbon sugar molecules glucose and fructose, for example, contain aldehyde and ketone groups, respectively, and both contain five alcohol groups (a compound with several alcohol groups is often referred to as a ‘ polyol’ ).

Capsaicin, the compound responsible for the heat in hot peppers, contains phenol, ether, amide, and alkene functional groups.

The male sex hormone testosterone contains ketone, alkene, and secondary alcohol groups, while acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) contains aromatic, carboxylic acid, and ester groups.

While not in any way a complete list, this section has covered most of the important functional groups that we will encounter in biological and laboratory organic chemistry. The table on the inside back cover provides a summary of all of the groups listed in this section, plus a few more that will be introduced later in the text.

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Tomsk Polytechnic University

Mar 29, 2019

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Tomsk Polytechnic University. SARAD GmbH. Features of simultaneous measurements of radon and thoron flux density from the surface of porous materials.

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• higher school
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• accumulation time

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Tomsk Polytechnic University SARAD GmbH Features of simultaneous measurements of radon and thoron flux density from the surface of porous materials The work was fulfilled with financial supportof RF Analytical departmental target program “Development of higher school scientific potential” № 2.1.1/544. Dr. ValentinaS. Yakovleva, Prof., Dr. Thomas Streil

FEATURES OF SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF RADON AND THORON FLUX DENSITY • Application of THORON FLUX DENSITY (TFD) value • Radioecology –assessment of doses and risks of exposure. • Atmosphere physics/Climatology/Nuclear Meteorology – • 1) to study airmass transportand to validate theclimatemodels; • 2) to study ion generation rate function in atmosphere and atmosphere electricity dynamics.

FEATURES OF SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF RADON AND THORON FLUX DENSITY • Means of Tn separation in RFD measurements • All means for Tn separation are based on • short lifetime of thoron (T1/2 = 55,6 s) • and include the following technical and theoretical means: • Time delay(Chalupnik and Wysocka, 2003); • Delay volume (Szegvary, 2007); • Diffusion filters (electret and track methods)(Kotrappa et al., 1988, Sorimachi et al., 2009); • Linearity of radon activity accumulation function (slopeangle) • is usually used in ionization methods with Alpha-GUARD (Mazur andKozak, 2009).

Aerosol filter ACh Accumulation time ~ 2,5 h Lucas cell Delay time ~ 3 h Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Time delay Thoron separation from radon-thoron mixture using time-delay method is mainly applied in RFD measurement methods using scintillation alpha-radiometry. After the transport of air mixture out of accumulation chamber through a filter, detaching aerosol decay products of radon and thoron, into the measurement chamber of radiometer (or Lucas cell), one performs a delay until thoron is fully decayed.

Aerosol filter ACh Rn (Tn) Radiometer Tn delay volume Pump Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Delay volume This method consists in the use of accumulation chamber joined with thorondelay volume and with radon radiometer (for instance, Alpha GUARD). Air-gas mixture coming out from the soil surface into accumulation chamber was pumped trough delay volume (1,5 L) with speed of 0,5 L/min for thoron decay. Then the mixture got inside radiometer through a filter, detaching radon and thoron decay products. Radon activity accumulated inside the accumulation chamber, which is proportional to RFD was measured by radiometer.

ACh SSNTD fan Diffusion filter Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Diffusion filter A chamber base is shut by a filter. Thoron, coming out from the soil surface is decayed during its diffusion through a filter. According to detailed research, carried out in work [11] with electret chambers E-PERM, diffusion filter infiltrates 99% of radon and only 2,5% of thoron.

Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Linearity of radon activity accumulation function (Slope angle) Numerous theoretical and experimental studies showed that radon activity inside accumulation chamber increases linearly. Therefore to measure RFD one uses linear section of accumulation function measured by radiometer, and exactly slope angle which is proportional to the flux density. Use of slope angle of linear section allows to separate thoron contribution into measurement result. RFD, Bq m-2s-1, can be calculated by relation where α – coefficient is determined from equation A(t)=αt, A(t)– radon volumetric activity accumulated inside the ACh in time t; S – square of AChbottom; V – volume of ACh.

FEATURES OF SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF RADON AND THORON FLUX DENSITY • Means for simultaneous measurements • of Rn and Tn flux densities • For discrimination of Rn from Tn: • alpha- and gamma-spectrometry and appropriate algorithms of spectra processing; • measurement of sum device signal before and after thoron separation, in combination with different means of thoron separation (Zahorowski and Whittlestone, 1996; Whittlestone et al.,1998; Scheryet al, 1989; Lehmann,2000, 2004); • analysis of futures of radon isotope and their decay products accumulation inside accumulation chamber (Saegusa, 1996; Hosodaet al, 2007; Yakovleva and Vukolov, 2010; Ujic et al., 2008). • The second and third groups of means were mainly designed for devices operating in counting regime (radiometry).

Pump ACh Tn delay volume ifneeded (Rn+Tn) α-radiometer (only Rn) α-radiometer Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities The second group is based on use of one accumulation chamber and two measuring devices (radiometers), and also, in some cases, Tn delay volume. By the reading difference of the first (radon+thoron) and second (only radon) devices one determines the number of alpha-radiation impulses, caused by thoron, which is converted into volumetric activity~TFD. Examples: with Lucas cells - Zahorowski and Whittlestone, 1996; Whittlestone et al., 1998; Scheryet al, 1989 with AlphaGUARDs – Lehmann, 2000, 2004

ACh SSNTD SSNTD fan Diffusion filter Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities • In other variants of the second group of means • of RFD and TFD simultaneous measurement one can use two passive radiometers with SSNTDs or electret detectors placed inside accumulation chamber, at that the entrance window of one of the detectors is shut by a diffusion thoron arresting filter.

Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities 3. The third group of means is based on features analysisof accumulation of radon, thoron and their decay products inside accumulation chamber and the changes of ionizing radiation yield having their own laws. Variant 3.1. consists in separation of radon and thoron by the growth curve form of alpha-radiation impulses counting rate, measured inside exposed accumulation chamber. Within this way one uses a measuring device (alpha-detector), operating in counting regime and accumulation chamber. A simple solution of the problem was found after analysis of the growth curve.

Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities One can see, that a growth curve of yield of thoron and its decay products alpha-particles has a specific form and is determined by physical properties of radionuclides, and exactly by their half-lives relation. In 6-7 min after the beginning of accumulation the curve (αTn) reaches saturation (equilibrium state) and further it doesn’t practically change. The yield growth of alpha-particles from radon and its decay products (αRn) has a linear form.

Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities Variant 3.2 The other means is based on the analysis of radon and thoron dynamics inside accumulation chamber, when measurement of accumulated activity is carried out by track detectors. Here it is taken into account that length of thoron diffusion in the air is small (2,9 cm). If air mixing absent - it is impossible to obtain homogeneous thoron concentration C(z) inside accumulation chamber. Hence, dynamics equation, used for radon inside accumulation chamber is not applicable for thoron. For thoron one should use the following equation (stationary case when advection is absent) where z is a distance from the surface of porous sample. Here SSNTDs are placed inside ACh at different height from a sample surface, so that upper detector can measure only radon, and a lower one – radon and thoron.

Means for simultaneous measurements of Rn and Tn flux densities Upper detector - determines RFD. Lower detector - determines TFD using next expression, obtained at solution of thoron transport equation. This method is rather laborious and has a number of limitations for the thickness of a test specimen layer, heights of detectors installation, etc., that makes it unsuitable for routine measurements. Fig. from Ujic et al., 2008

Radiometer with α-scintillation detector ACh ACh Neglect the thoron influence on the result of RFD measurement - RADIOMETRY Within the method designed by Sisigina, 1970, the RFD measurement was carried out without storage for thoron decay. Here the activity of radon coming out of the soil surface was measured by scintillation alpha-radiometer at the initial moment of accumulation and after the accumulation time (15-60 min). In this case, the overall uncertainty of measurement result can exceed 100%. Even with equal specific activity of 226Ra and 232Th in the soil, for example 25 Bq/kg, and with only diffusion transport of soil gases, the number of alpha-particles formed in the result of decay of thoron and its decay products is greater than in the case of decay of radon and its decay products during the first 60 minutes of counting.

Neglect the thoron influence on the result of RFD measurement - RADIOMETRY Thoron contribution to RFD measurement result is also neglected in methods using activated carbon, where accumulated radon activity is measured by radiometric method. For instance, in measurement systems “Kamera” (Russia) the activity of radon accumulated on activated carbon is measured by beta- (and sometimes gamma-) radiometer. At that, beta- (gamma-) radiation of thoron decay products is also detected.

Neglect the thoron influence on the result of RFD measurement - RADIOMETRY The method, using containers PICO-RAD with activated carbon and alpha-/beta-counting system based on liquid scintillator Tri-Carb 3100TR, also neglects thoron contribution (Iimoto et al., 2008).

ACh Scintillator Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Contribution of Tninto the total signal: alpha-radiating 212Bi, 212Po and beta-radiating 212Pb, 212Bi and 208Tl Accumulation in air and alpha counting only: Specific activity rate 226Ra/232Th =1 --------Tn contribution to ∑α ≈ 0.1% Specific activity rate 226Ra/232Th =0.1 ------Tn contribution to ∑α ≈ 1% Accumulation in air and beta counting only: Specific activity rate 226Ra/232Th =1 --------Tn contribution to ∑β ≈ 0.24% Specific activity rate 226Ra/232Th =0.1 ------Tn contribution to ∑β ≈ 2.4% Accumulation in activated charcoal and alpha+beta counting: Specific activity rate 226Ra/232Th =1 --------Tn contribution to ∑α ≈ 3% --------Tn contribution to ∑β ≈ 9%

Means of thoron separation in RFD measurements Contribution of Tninto the total signal: 222Rn, 218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi and 214Po 220Rn, 216Po, 212Pb, 212Bi, 212Po and 208Tl Bq/m3 Bq/m3 End of accumulation Start of measurement

FEATURES OF SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF RADON AND THORON FLUX DENSITY • Conclusion • Analysis of measuring methods of radon and thoron flux densities from the surface of porous materials allowed to suggest classification of means: • of thoron separation in radon flux density measurements; • of simultaneous measurement of radon and thoron flux densities. • Measuring methods of radon flux density where the thoron influence on the measurement result is neglected were detected. • The above mentioned examples of neglecting thoron influence on RFD measurement results, lead to warning – a critical approach to comparing and analysis of literary data, obtained by different methods.

Thank you very much for your attention! Tomsk, Siberia, Russian Federation

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National Research Tomsk State University Research and Education Center « Physics of the ionosphere and electromagnetic environment » TSU SBEI of HPE SSMU of the Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of Russia Emergency ward , Tomsk.

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Tomsk - 2012

Comparative evaluation of the daily dynamics of human brain electrical activity in different conditions according to the round the clock monitoring. Tomsk - 2012. An electromagnetic mechanism of Solar-Terrestrial(Biosphere) relations. N ear - E arth R esonator s.

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NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY. т. University profile. Founded Number of students International students Language of instruction Teaching staff Number of courses. 1896 25000 1200 Russian, English 2000 24 0. UNIVERSITY TODAY: 8 institutes

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Junji Urakawa (KEK, Japan) at Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2012.8.14

Overview for Quantum Beam project at KEK. Junji Urakawa (KEK, Japan) at Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2012.8.14 Under development of Quantum Beam Technology Program(QBTP) supported by MEXT from 2008.9 to 2013.3 (5 years project). Contents : Introduction STF Status

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Seinäjoki Polytechnic University

Seinäjoki Polytechnic University. Seinäjoen ammattikorkeakoulu. Polytechnics in Finland. Higher level education system was developed in the1990s Dualistic model From experimental polytechnics to permanent polytechnics (1996) 31 polytechnics in Finland

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History of Tomsk Polytechnic University

History of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Made by: Upenicova Anna Beloglazova Polina. Tomsk. Tomsk is an old Siberian town. Tomsk Technological Institute. It’s opening of TTI. It’s main building. It was opened 1900 years. The founder of institute.

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1 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation;

1 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; 2 Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, Tomsk, RF ; 3 Kamchatkan Branch Geophysical service, RAS, Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky , RF.

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