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2021 Poster Presentations

Original Research Posters

Pharmacist Medication Review: An Integrated Team Approach to Service Home-Based Primary Care Patients Submitting Author: Michele Monzon-Kenneke, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP - Clinical Pharmacist - Northwestern Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Paul Chiang, MD - Physician - Northwestern Medicine   Mark Greg, PharmD - Clinical Pharmacist - Northwestern Medicine

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Evaluation of Burnout Among Illinois Pharmacists Submitting Author: Jennifer D. Arnoldi, PharmD, BCPS, Clinical Associate Professor, SIUE School of Pharmacy For questions: [email protected]

Incidence of Hypoglycemia Using 5 Units verus 10 Units of Regular Insulin in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia Patients in the Emergency Department Submitting Author: Yetunde Adebusayo Ademoyo Pharm.D UIC College of Pharmacy, PGY1 Pharmacy Practice Resident, Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Megan Allen PharmD, BCPS Clinical Pharmacist,  Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL Michael Guithues PharmD, BCPS, ED Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Memorial Medical Center Spring Field IL Don Ferrill PharmD BCPS, Residency Director, Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL Maithili Deshpande PhD, Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Assessment of Medication History Accuracy and Completeness at Admission Submitting Author: Alexander Thorp, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy at Rockford For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Jeremy Kosacz, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist SwedishAmerican Hospital Thomas Carey, PharmD Director of Pharmacy SwedishAmerican Hospital Eva Morrison, PharmD Inpatient Pharmacy Manager SwedishAmerican Hospital Christopher Schriever, PharmD, MS, AAHIVP Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program Director Annette Hays, PharmD, BCPS, CDCES Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy UIC College of Pharmacy at Rockford PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program Coordinator

Comparison of a Centralized versus Decentralized Pharmacy Workflow in a COVID-19 Vaccination Clinic Submitting Author: Ashley Walter, PharmD, HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Joshua M. Schmees, PharmD; HSHS Pharmacy Informaticist, Pharmacy Informatics Residency Program Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital Julia K. Schimmelpfennig, PharmD, MS, BCPS, CDE; Pharmacy Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital   Dawn M. Dankenbring, PharmD, BCPS; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, PGY-1 Pharmacy Residency Program Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital Reina S. Shimozono, PharmD, BCPS; SEO Pharmacy Informaticist/Epic Willow Pharmacist; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital

Assessment of Patient-Specific Risk Factors and Number of Medication Inconsistencies in a Primary Care Setting using Multidisciplinary Medication Reconciliation Submitting Author: Ashley Stefanski, PharmD** For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Edward Foley, MD* Parth Patel, PharmD Candidate 2021** Juhi Buch, PharmD Candidate 2022** Doan Ly, PharmD Candidate 2022** Vivian Harvey, MD* Madeline Knott, MD* Daniel Majerczyk, PharmD, BCPS, BC-ADM, CACP*,** * Loyola Medicine MacNeal Family Medicine Clinic ** Roosevelt University College of Science, Health, and Pharmacy

Encore Posters

Virtual Medication Tour with a Pharmacist as part of a Cystic Fibrosis Telehealth Clinic Submitting Author: Shannon Rotolo, PharmD, BCPS University of Chicago Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Nicole Warda, BS, PharmD candidate 2021 University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy

Impact of an Embedded Pharmacist on Diabetes Control in a Primary Care Practice Submitting Author: Imran Khan, Pharm.D. Clinical Pharmacist, Ambulatory Pharmacy Care Management Northwestern Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Therese Castrogiovanni, Pharm.D, CDCES Clinical Pharmacist RMG Wheaton Internal Medicine

Identification of Patient Factors Predictive of Naloxone Prescription: A Retrospective Cohort Study Submitting Author: Elizabeth Eastman, PharmD Candidate For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Riley Skube, PharmD Candidate, Timothy Cruz, PharmD, Christopher Herndon, PharmD, BCACP

Student Posters

Synthesis of Truncated, Methanethiosulfonate-containing Analogues of ACHN-975 Submitting Author: Parth Shah, PharmD Candidate For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Raniah Kareem, Advisor: Margaret E. Olson, PhD

Rocuronium vs Succinylcholine in the Traumatically Injured Brain: A Prospective, Pilot Study Submitting Author: Nadine Alwawi, PharmD Candidate Rosalind Franklin University College of Pharmacy For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Lauren Stambolic, PharmD Advocate Christ Medical Center Marc McDowell, PharmD, BCPS, Advocate Christ Medical Center Sabrin Jaber, PharmD, Stanford University Medical Center Brook Walsh, PharmD, Little Company of Mary Hospital Ellen Omi, MD, Advocate Christ Medical Center Robert Mokszycki, PharmD, BCPS, University of Massachusetts

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List of 200+ Healthcare & Medical Presentation Topics

This is a comprehensive list of more than 200 healthcare and Medical Presentation Topics is useful for Powerpoint PPT & Paper Presentations. These topics can be used for webinars, Seminars, conferences, oral presentations, speeches and classroom presentations

Students of MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, B Pharmacy, D Pharmacy, M Pharmacy, Bio-Technology and other medical and healthcare streams can get the benefit of this list of medical presentation topics.

Below is the list of Healthcare & Medical Topics for Presentation.

Abdominal Trauma

Abuse and Neglect

Adult Day Care

Ageing/Geriatrics

Air and community health

Airway Management and Ventilation

Allergies – Anaphylaxis

Alzheimer’s Disease

Ambulance Operations

Artificial respiration

Analysis of qualitative data

Analysis of quantitative data and approaching the families in Community

Attention Deficit Disorder

Aquatic Therapy

Assessment-Based Management

Autonomic nervous system & Peripheral nervous system

Behavioural sciences & their relevance to Community Health

Babysitting

Bacterial Vaginosis

Behavioural and Psychiatric Disorders

Biochemical characteristics of cancer

Biosimulation

Bio-statistics in Health

Bioterrorism – WMD

Birth Control for Moms

Blood Borne Pathogens

Breast Cancer

Breastfeeding & weaning & Baby-Friendly Hospitals Breastfeeding promotion

Cancer/Radiation Therapy

Cardiovascular system

Case-Control Studies

Cataract Surgery

Causation & association

Central nervous system

Childhood Obesity

Children’s Health

Cholesterol

Clinical forensic medicine

Clinical Decision Making

Cohort studies

Collection of data – sampling methods, the sample size

Collection of vital statistics in the community

Commonwealth Health Corporation

Commonwealth Health Foundation

Commonwealth Health Free Clinic

Communications

Community organization in rural and urban areas – community participation

Concepts in Community Health

Creatinine Blood Test

Crime Scene Awareness

Cross-Sectional Anatomy

Culture, habits, customs and community health

Customised treatments

Deep Vein Thrombosis Awareness

Demographic trends in India.

Designing interview schedules – KABP studies

DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders

DNA Replication,

DNA Sequencing for Routine Checkups

DNA Transcription

Documentation

Drive-Thru Clinics

Ears, Nose and Throat Disorders

EMS Systems Roles and Responsibilities

Endocrine System and Individual Endocrine Glands

Endocrinology

Endoscopic Ultrasound: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Environment and community health

Environmental toxicology

Environmental Conditions

Epidemiology as a tool for community health

Expanding Surgical Options for Lung Cancer Treatments

Eye banking & ethics in ophthalmology

Family and its role in health and disease

Family planning methods: permanent methods

Family planning methods: spacing methods

The fate of the antigen-antibody complex

Fertility & fertility-related statistics

Fitness/Exercise

Food habits, customs related to pregnancy, childbirth & lactation

Food Hygiene, Food Adulteration & Food poisoning

Forensic medicine & toxicology

Forensic psychiatry

Gastroenterology

Gastrointestinal System

Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology

Gynaecology

Hazardous Materials Incidents

Head – Facial Trauma

Health care of special groups: Adolescents & School Children

Health Education Tools & Audio-visual aids

Health hazards faced by agricultural workers

Health Planning in India

Health problem associated with urbanization & industrialization

Health seeking behaviour – barriers to health

The health situation in India

Healthcare Careers

Healthy Lifestyle

Heart Attacks in Women

Heart Disease

Heart Disease & Stroke Risk Factors

Haematology

Haemorrhage and Shock

Haemorrhoids

High Blood Pressure

High-risk strategy & risk factors in pregnancy & childbirth

Histology of various organs/organ systems

History of The Medical Center

History Taking

Home Health Care

Home Medical Equipment

Hospitals at home

Human sexuality; sex and marriage counselling

Hybrid Approach to Coronary Artery Disease

Hypothermia and its clinical applications

IEC & Health Education Strategies

Illness and Injury Prevention

Immunization for international travel

Indoor environment and health

Industrial toxic exposures

Infant & Child Mortality

Infant Care (Safety, CPR, Birth)

Infectious Diseases

Infectious – Communicable Diseases

Introduction to Maternal & Child Health

Jet-Set & Suture

Joint Replacement

Kidney Failure

LASIK (Eye Procedure)

Life tables and life table techniques for evaluation of family planning methods

Life Span Development

Manage Kids’ Diabetes

Massage Therapy

Measurement of Nutritional Status of Community

Introduction to Family Health Advisory Service

Measuring the burden of disease in the community

Measuring vital events in the community

Medical Equipment

Medical Ethics:

Medical Incident Command

Medical jurisprudence

Medical/Legal Issues

Medication Errors/Drug Interactions

Medico-social problems, beliefs and practices related to acute and chronic diseases

Memory enhancement

Men’s Health

Multiple Sclerosis

Musculoskeletal Trauma

Nanorobotics

National Family Welfare Programme – 2;

National Family Welfare Programme – I

National health programmes for the control of communicable/non-communicable diseases

National Population Policy

A natural history of disease and levels of prevention

Neonatology

Neuro Anatomy

Neuromuscular transmission

The normal distribution, Bi-nominal distribution & poison Distribution

Nuclear Medicine (PET Imaging and Radiation Safety)

Nutrition Programmes in India

Nutritional requirements & sources

Osteoporosis

Parenting an ADHD Child

Pathophysiology

Patient Assessment

Patients with Special Challenges

Paediatrics

Pharmacology

Physiological effects of yoga

Planning & Evaluation of Health Education Programmes

Pneumoconiosis

Preserving Fertility in Cancer Survivors

Prevention of occupational diseases & ESI

Principles of bioelectricity

Probabilities and conditional probabilities

Prostate Cancer: Should We Be Screening?

Protein-energy malnutrition, growth monitoring & promotion

Pulmonary Emergency

Reproductive and Child Health Programme

Rescue Awareness and Operations

Review of the Human Body

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Road Traffic Accidents

Senior Health

Sleep and Pulmonary Disorders

Sleep is the new sex

Socio-economic measurement status and its role in community health

Soft Tissue Trauma

Special Sensory Organs

Spinal Trauma

Spirituality & Health

Sports Injuries and Treatment

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Offers Option to High-Risk Surgery Patients

Stress Management

Stroke/Aneurysms

Survey methods and interview techniques in community Health

Techniques of Physical Examination

Testicular & Prostate Cancer

Tests of significance of statistical hypothesis

The next pandemic

The yogic practices

The Well-Being of the Paramedic

Therapeutic Communications

Thoracic Trauma

Trauma Systems and Mechanism of Injury

Vaccines for All Ages

Varicose Veins

Vascular Disease/Surgery

Venous Access and Medication Administration

Waste disposal

Water and community health

When to Call 911

Women’s Health

Work Injury Management

Working environment and community health

Worksite Wellness

Xenobiotics

Yoga in health and disease

Hope this list of healthcare and medical presentation topics will help you prepare stunning presentations for school, college and other power-point presentations.

For more presentation ideas check this article – 1000+ presentation topic ideas

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Find Synopses

These sources include citations to original articles AND commentaries/critiques of the original article. You can also search tables of contents of major journals for synopses.

• ACP Journal Club (Annals of Internal Medicine ) Previously a stand-alone journal, the ACP Journal Club has been incorporated as a section of Annals of Internal Medicine. It publishes critical reviews of other articles written by experts in the field- it's like having a journal club meeting. Holdings: May 2008-present
• RxSelect (formerly Pharmacist's Letter) Evidence-based, timely summaries of drug information and policies for immediate impact on patient care. Pharm D students receive free access to RxSelect, a product from Pharmacist's Letter (PL). Sign up for RxSelect access using this page. The USC Libraries also buy a subscription of PL for staff and faculty pharmacist use.

Find Supporting Literature

Look for other articles on the same topic to help you evaluate and critique the article, and compare approaches in study design, data analysis, and conclusion. If you cannot find similar articles, try reviewing textbooks, guidelines, and clinical information tools to find additional information.

You can also contact the Norris Library for help with this step.

• International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (Ovid) This link opens in a new window Worldwide coverage of pharmaceutical science and practice literature. Includes coverage of drug development, pharmacoeconomics, toxicity, regulation, and technology.
• UpToDate This link opens in a new window Clinical Information Tool
• AccessPharmacy This link opens in a new window Collection of pharmacy-oriented textbooks.
• ClinicalKey This link opens in a new window Collection of medically-oriented textbooks and journals.

Is my article from a reliable/reputable source?

Most journal club assignments ask you to find an article from a "quality, reliable, reputable journal." Figuring this out is your judgment call, and to do it, we suggest using Google to locate the journal's homepage and review information about the journal. The Norris Library can also help you evaluate journals for quality. Some aspects to consider include:

- Is the journal peer-reviewed?

- Who sponsors or publishes the journal? Are they a non-profit or a for-profit company? What are the goals and aims of this parent company?

- Does it have an Impact Factor or Eigenfactor ranking listed? These are both measures of impact of the journal-- calculated from how frequently articles from the journal are cited and other related factors. Most journals that are low-ranked don't mention their lower rankings, but high-ranked journals will usually mention it.

- Where is the journal indexed? PubMed indexes only about 5,000 high-quality journals. Most other paid databases (Web of Science, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, EMBASE, Chemical Abstracts Services, CINAHL, and many more)  also only include high-quality journals.

- Who is on the editorial board or who serves as editors? Having the board all come from one institution, or having very few editorial board members, can indicate a lack of engagement with concerns of the scholarly community.

Critique and evaluate

In the literature analysis course in 2nd year and during case conferences classes, you have discussed and used general techniques applicable to all kinds of clinically-related articles using a variety of methodologies. Review this content, or, the book The Pharmacist's Guide to Evidence Based Medicine for Clinical Decision Makin g includes a chapter covering 10 major considerations applicable to almost all clinical research.

There are many guides, checklists, or lists of evaluative questions to help you examine studies using specific methodologies, but few are easy to find. Some have been selected and linked  here, but many additional reputable sites can be found online.

Many of these guides focus on more commonly used methodologies. "How to evaluate an article that uses XX method" or "Understanding YY statistical technique" is a common publication topic, especially for newer or less-common methodologies or statistical techniques. Try searching PubMed, Scopus, or Embase for articles of these types.

• JAMAEvidence This link opens in a new window The JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods, and the Users' Guides to the Medical Literature, are two books in this website. They both include chapters describing one research methodology broadly, one aspect of a method, or statistical test. Once you have identified the techniques used in the article at hand (e.g., a quality improvement study; randomization; nonparametric statistics; noninferiority trials, etc.) examine the table of contents of these books to find brief articles about how and why this method/technique is used, and how to identify appropriate applications.

• Critical appraisal tools, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Provides worksheets for appraising specific kinds of articles.
• Evidence-Based Medicine Toolbox Critical Appraisal Worksheets Logbook
• Critical Appraisal Skills Programme-- fillable checklists

Preparing the presentation

Ask you preceptor what s/he expects. Use materials from previous classes and discussions you had about articles in classes to help you prepare. The sources below will also provide help.

• How to do a Journal Club Part I- Content This PDF of a presentation is from Wanda Pratt, faculty at the University of Washington's Medical School and Information School.
• How to do a Journal Club Part II- Mechanics University of Washington Medical School faculty John Gennari has created this PDF presentation which covers making a PPT and presenting at journal club.
• Multimedia Resources (in the Health Sciences) Guide Find videos, audio clips, images, and cases to use in education.
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• v.74(9); 2010 Nov 10

A Standardized Rubric to Evaluate Student Presentations

Michael j. peeters.

a University of Toledo College of Pharmacy

Eric G. Sahloff

Gregory e. stone.

b University of Toledo College of Education

To design, implement, and assess a rubric to evaluate student presentations in a capstone doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) course.

A 20-item rubric was designed and used to evaluate student presentations in a capstone fourth-year course in 2007-2008, and then revised and expanded to 25 items and used to evaluate student presentations for the same course in 2008-2009. Two faculty members evaluated each presentation.

The Many-Facets Rasch Model (MFRM) was used to determine the rubric's reliability, quantify the contribution of evaluator harshness/leniency in scoring, and assess grading validity by comparing the current grading method with a criterion-referenced grading scheme. In 2007-2008, rubric reliability was 0.98, with a separation of 7.1 and 4 rating scale categories. In 2008-2009, MFRM analysis suggested 2 of 98 grades be adjusted to eliminate evaluator leniency, while a further criterion-referenced MFRM analysis suggested 10 of 98 grades should be adjusted.

The evaluation rubric was reliable and evaluator leniency appeared minimal. However, a criterion-referenced re-analysis suggested a need for further revisions to the rubric and evaluation process.

INTRODUCTION

Evaluations are important in the process of teaching and learning. In health professions education, performance-based evaluations are identified as having “an emphasis on testing complex, ‘higher-order’ knowledge and skills in the real-world context in which they are actually used.” 1 Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are a common, notable example. 2 On Miller's pyramid, a framework used in medical education for measuring learner outcomes, “knows” is placed at the base of the pyramid, followed by “knows how,” then “shows how,” and finally, “does” is placed at the top. 3 Based on Miller's pyramid, evaluation formats that use multiple-choice testing focus on “knows” while an OSCE focuses on “shows how.” Just as performance evaluations remain highly valued in medical education, 4 authentic task evaluations in pharmacy education may be better indicators of future pharmacist performance. 5 Much attention in medical education has been focused on reducing the unreliability of high-stakes evaluations. 6 Regardless of educational discipline, high-stakes performance-based evaluations should meet educational standards for reliability and validity. 7

PharmD students at University of Toledo College of Pharmacy (UTCP) were required to complete a course on presentations during their final year of pharmacy school and then give a presentation that served as both a capstone experience and a performance-based evaluation for the course. Pharmacists attending the presentations were given Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)-approved continuing education credits. An evaluation rubric for grading the presentations was designed to allow multiple faculty evaluators to objectively score student performances in the domains of presentation delivery and content. Given the pass/fail grading procedure used in advanced pharmacy practice experiences, passing this presentation-based course and subsequently graduating from pharmacy school were contingent upon this high-stakes evaluation. As a result, the reliability and validity of the rubric used and the evaluation process needed to be closely scrutinized.

Each year, about 100 students completed presentations and at least 40 faculty members served as evaluators. With the use of multiple evaluators, a question of evaluator leniency often arose (ie, whether evaluators used the same criteria for evaluating performances or whether some evaluators graded easier or more harshly than others). At UTCP, opinions among some faculty evaluators and many PharmD students implied that evaluator leniency in judging the students' presentations significantly affected specific students' grades and ultimately their graduation from pharmacy school. While it was plausible that evaluator leniency was occurring, the magnitude of the effect was unknown. Thus, this study was initiated partly to address this concern over grading consistency and scoring variability among evaluators.

Because both students' presentation style and content were deemed important, each item of the rubric was weighted the same across delivery and content. However, because there were more categories related to delivery than content, an additional faculty concern was that students feasibly could present poor content but have an effective presentation delivery and pass the course.

The objectives for this investigation were: (1) to describe and optimize the reliability of the evaluation rubric used in this high-stakes evaluation; (2) to identify the contribution and significance of evaluator leniency to evaluation reliability; and (3) to assess the validity of this evaluation rubric within a criterion-referenced grading paradigm focused on both presentation delivery and content.

The University of Toledo's Institutional Review Board approved this investigation. This study investigated performance evaluation data for an oral presentation course for final-year PharmD students from 2 consecutive academic years (2007-2008 and 2008-2009). The course was taken during the fourth year (P4) of the PharmD program and was a high-stakes, performance-based evaluation. The goal of the course was to serve as a capstone experience, enabling students to demonstrate advanced drug literature evaluation and verbal presentations skills through the development and delivery of a 1-hour presentation. These presentations were to be on a current pharmacy practice topic and of sufficient quality for ACPE-approved continuing education. This experience allowed students to demonstrate their competencies in literature searching, literature evaluation, and application of evidence-based medicine, as well as their oral presentation skills. Students worked closely with a faculty advisor to develop their presentation. Each class (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) was randomly divided, with half of the students taking the course and completing their presentation and evaluation in the fall semester and the other half in the spring semester. To accommodate such a large number of students presenting for 1 hour each, it was necessary to use multiple rooms with presentations taking place concurrently over 2.5 days for both the fall and spring sessions of the course. Two faculty members independently evaluated each student presentation using the provided evaluation rubric. The 2007-2008 presentations involved 104 PharmD students and 40 faculty evaluators, while the 2008-2009 presentations involved 98 students and 46 faculty evaluators.

After vetting through the pharmacy practice faculty, the initial rubric used in 2007-2008 focused on describing explicit, specific evaluation criteria such as amounts of eye contact, voice pitch/volume, and descriptions of study methods. The evaluation rubric used in 2008-2009 was similar to the initial rubric, but with 5 items added (Figure ​ (Figure1). 1 ). The evaluators rated each item (eg, eye contact) based on their perception of the student's performance. The 25 rubric items had equal weight (ie, 4 points each), but each item received a rating from the evaluator of 1 to 4 points. Thus, only 4 rating categories were included as has been recommended in the literature. 8 However, some evaluators created an additional 3 rating categories by marking lines in between the 4 ratings to signify half points ie, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5. For example, for the “notecards/notes” item in Figure ​ Figure1, 1 , a student looked at her notes sporadically during her presentation, but not distractingly nor enough to warrant a score of 3 in the faculty evaluator's opinion, so a 3.5 was given. Thus, a 7-category rating scale (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5. 3, 3.5, and 4) was analyzed. Each independent evaluator's ratings for the 25 items were summed to form a score (0-100%). The 2 evaluators' scores then were averaged and a letter grade was assigned based on the following scale: >90% = A, 80%-89% = B, 70%-79% = C, <70% = F.

Rubric used to evaluate student presentations given in a 2008-2009 capstone PharmD course.

EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT

Rubric reliability.

To measure rubric reliability, iterative analyses were performed on the evaluations using the Many-Facets Rasch Model (MFRM) following the 2007-2008 data collection period. While Cronbach's alpha is the most commonly reported coefficient of reliability, its single number reporting without supplementary information can provide incomplete information about reliability. 9 - 11 Due to its formula, Cronbach's alpha can be increased by simply adding more repetitive rubric items or having more rating scale categories, even when no further useful information has been added. The MFRM reports separation , which is calculated differently than Cronbach's alpha, is another source of reliability information. Unlike Cronbach's alpha, separation does not appear enhanced by adding further redundant items. From a measurement perspective, a higher separation value is better than a lower one because students are being divided into meaningful groups after measurement error has been accounted for. Separation can be thought of as the number of units on a ruler where the more units the ruler has, the larger the range of performance levels that can be measured among students. For example, a separation of 4.0 suggests 4 graduations such that a grade of A is distinctly different from a grade of B, which in turn is different from a grade of C or of F. In measuring performances, a separation of 9.0 is better than 5.5, just as a separation of 7.0 is better than a 6.5; a higher separation coefficient suggests that student performance potentially could be divided into a larger number of meaningfully separate groups.

The rating scale can have substantial effects on reliability, 8 while description of how a rating scale functions is a unique aspect of the MFRM. With analysis iterations of the 2007-2008 data, the number of rating scale categories were collapsed consecutively until improvements in reliability and/or separation were no longer found. The last positive iteration that led to positive improvements in reliability or separation was deemed an optimal rating scale for this evaluation rubric.

In the 2007-2008 analysis, iterations of the data where run through the MFRM. While only 4 rating scale categories had been included on the rubric, because some faculty members inserted 3 in-between categories, 7 categories had to be included in the analysis. This initial analysis based on a 7-category rubric provided a reliability coefficient (similar to Cronbach's alpha) of 0.98, while the separation coefficient was 6.31. The separation coefficient denoted 6 distinctly separate groups of students based on the items. Rating scale categories were collapsed, with “in-between” categories included in adjacent full-point categories. Table ​ Table1 1 shows the reliability and separation for the iterations as the rating scale was collapsed. As shown, the optimal evaluation rubric maintained a reliability of 0.98, but separation improved the reliability to 7.10 or 7 distinctly separate groups of students based on the items. Another distinctly separate group was added through a reduction in the rating scale while no change was seen to Cronbach's alpha, even though the number of rating scale categories was reduced. Table ​ Table1 1 describes the stepwise, sequential pattern across the final 4 rating scale categories analyzed. Informed by the 2007-2008 results, the 2008-2009 evaluation rubric (Figure ​ (Figure1) 1 ) used 4 rating scale categories and reliability remained high.

Evaluation Rubric Reliability and Separation with Iterations While Collapsing Rating Scale Categories.

a Reliability coefficient of variance in rater response that is reproducible (ie, Cronbach's alpha).

b Separation is a coefficient of item standard deviation divided by average measurement error and is an additional reliability coefficient.

c Optimal number of rating scale categories based on the highest reliability (0.98) and separation (7.1) values.

Evaluator Leniency

Described by Fleming and colleagues over half a century ago, 6 harsh raters (ie, hawks) or lenient raters (ie, doves) have also been demonstrated in more recent studies as an issue as well. 12 - 14 Shortly after 2008-2009 data were collected, those evaluations by multiple faculty evaluators were collated and analyzed in the MFRM to identify possible inconsistent scoring. While traditional interrater reliability does not deal with this issue, the MFRM had been used previously to illustrate evaluator leniency on licensing examinations for medical students and medical residents in the United Kingdom. 13 Thus, accounting for evaluator leniency may prove important to grading consistency (and reliability) in a course using multiple evaluators. Along with identifying evaluator leniency, the MFRM also corrected for this variability. For comparison, course grades were calculated by summing the evaluators' actual ratings (as discussed in the Design section) and compared with the MFRM-adjusted grades to quantify the degree of evaluator leniency occurring in this evaluation.

Measures created from the data analysis in the MFRM were converted to percentages using a common linear test-equating procedure involving the mean and standard deviation of the dataset. 15 To these percentages, student letter grades were assigned using the same traditional method used in 2007-2008 (ie, 90% = A, 80% - 89% = B, 70% - 79% = C, <70% = F). Letter grades calculated using the revised rubric and the MFRM then were compared to letter grades calculated using the previous rubric and course grading method.

In the analysis of the 2008-2009 data, the interrater reliability for the letter grades when comparing the 2 independent faculty evaluations for each presentation was 0.98 by Cohen's kappa. However, using the 3-facet MRFM revealed significant variation in grading. The interaction of evaluator leniency on student ability and item difficulty was significant, with a chi-square of p < 0.01. As well, the MFRM showed a reliability of 0.77, with a separation of 1.85 (ie, almost 2 groups of evaluators). The MFRM student ability measures were scaled to letter grades and compared with course letter grades. As a result, 2 B's became A's and so evaluator leniency accounted for a 2% change in letter grades (ie, 2 of 98 grades).

Validity and Grading

Explicit criterion-referenced standards for grading are recommended for higher evaluation validity. 3 , 16 - 18 The course coordinator completed 3 additional evaluations of a hypothetical student presentation rating the minimal criteria expected to describe each of an A, B, or C letter grade performance. These evaluations were placed with the other 196 evaluations (2 evaluators × 98 students) from 2008-2009 into the MFRM, with the resulting analysis report giving specific cutoff percentage scores for each letter grade. Unlike the traditional scoring method of assigning all items an equal weight, the MFRM ordered evaluation items from those more difficult for students (given more weight) to those less difficult for students (given less weight). These criterion-referenced letter grades were compared with the grades generated using the traditional grading process.

When the MFRM data were rerun with the criterion-referenced evaluations added into the dataset, a 10% change was seen with letter grades (ie, 10 of 98 grades). When the 10 letter grades were lowered, 1 was below a C, the minimum standard, and suggested a failing performance. Qualitative feedback from faculty evaluators agreed with this suggested criterion-referenced performance failure.

Measurement Model

Within modern test theory, the Rasch Measurement Model maps examinee ability with evaluation item difficulty. Items are not arbitrarily given the same value (ie, 1 point) but vary based on how difficult or easy the items were for examinees. The Rasch measurement model has been used frequently in educational research, 19 by numerous high-stakes testing professional bodies such as the National Board of Medical Examiners, 20 and also by various state-level departments of education for standardized secondary education examinations. 21 The Rasch measurement model itself has rigorous construct validity and reliability. 22 A 3-facet MFRM model allows an evaluator variable to be added to the student ability and item difficulty variables that are routine in other Rasch measurement analyses. Just as multiple regression accounts for additional variables in analysis compared to a simple bivariate regression, the MFRM is a multiple variable variant of the Rasch measurement model and was applied in this study using the Facets software (Linacre, Chicago, IL). The MFRM is ideal for performance-based evaluations with the addition of independent evaluator/judges. 8 , 23 From both yearly cohorts in this investigation, evaluation rubric data were collated and placed into the MFRM for separate though subsequent analyses. Within the MFRM output report, a chi-square for a difference in evaluator leniency was reported with an alpha of 0.05.

The presentation rubric was reliable. Results from the 2007-2008 analysis illustrated that the number of rating scale categories impacted the reliability of this rubric and that use of only 4 rating scale categories appeared best for measurement. While a 10-point Likert-like scale may commonly be used in patient care settings, such as in quantifying pain, most people cannot process more then 7 points or categories reliably. 24 Presumably, when more than 7 categories are used, the categories beyond 7 either are not used or are collapsed by respondents into fewer than 7 categories. Five-point scales commonly are encountered, but use of an odd number of categories can be problematic to interpretation and is not recommended. 25 Responses using the middle category could denote a true perceived average or neutral response or responder indecisiveness or even confusion over the question. Therefore, removing the middle category appears advantageous and is supported by our results.

With 2008-2009 data, the MFRM identified evaluator leniency with some evaluators grading more harshly while others were lenient. Evaluator leniency was indeed found in the dataset but only a couple of changes were suggested based on the MFRM-corrected evaluator leniency and did not appear to play a substantial role in the evaluation of this course at this time.

Performance evaluation instruments are either holistic or analytic rubrics. 26 The evaluation instrument used in this investigation exemplified an analytic rubric, which elicits specific observations and often demonstrates high reliability. However, Norman and colleagues point out a conundrum where drastically increasing the number of evaluation rubric items (creating something similar to a checklist) could augment a reliability coefficient though it appears to dissociate from that evaluation rubric's validity. 27 Validity may be more than the sum of behaviors on evaluation rubric items. 28 Having numerous, highly specific evaluation items appears to undermine the rubric's function. With this investigation's evaluation rubric and its numerous items for both presentation style and presentation content, equal numeric weighting of items can in fact allow student presentations to receive a passing score while falling short of the course objectives, as was shown in the present investigation. As opposed to analytic rubrics, holistic rubrics often demonstrate lower yet acceptable reliability, while offering a higher degree of explicit connection to course objectives. A summative, holistic evaluation of presentations may improve validity by allowing expert evaluators to provide their “gut feeling” as experts on whether a performance is “outstanding,” “sufficient,” “borderline,” or “subpar” for dimensions of presentation delivery and content. A holistic rubric that integrates with criteria of the analytic rubric (Figure ​ (Figure1) 1 ) for evaluators to reflect on but maintains a summary, overall evaluation for each dimension (delivery/content) of the performance, may allow for benefits of each type of rubric to be used advantageously. This finding has been demonstrated with OSCEs in medical education where checklists for completed items (ie, yes/no) at an OSCE station have been successfully replaced with a few reliable global impression rating scales. 29 - 31

Alternatively, and because the MFRM model was used in the current study, an items-weighting approach could be used with the analytic rubric. That is, item weighting based on the difficulty of each rubric item could suggest how many points should be given for that rubric items, eg, some items would be worth 0.25 points, while others would be worth 0.5 points or 1 point (Table ​ (Table2). 2 ). As could be expected, the more complex the rubric scoring becomes, the less feasible the rubric is to use. This was the main reason why this revision approach was not chosen by the course coordinator following this study. As well, it does not address the conundrum that the performance may be more than the summation of behavior items in the Figure ​ Figure1 1 rubric. This current study cannot suggest which approach would be better as each would have its merits and pitfalls.

Rubric Item Weightings Suggested in the 2008-2009 Data Many-Facet Rasch Measurement Analysis

Regardless of which approach is used, alignment of the evaluation rubric with the course objectives is imperative. Objectivity has been described as a general striving for value-free measurement (ie, free of the evaluator's interests, opinions, preferences, sentiments). 27 This is a laudable goal pursued through educational research. Strategies to reduce measurement error, termed objectification , may not necessarily lead to increased objectivity. 27 The current investigation suggested that a rubric could become too explicit if all the possible areas of an oral presentation that could be assessed (ie, objectification) were included. This appeared to dilute the effect of important items and lose validity. A holistic rubric that is more straightforward and easier to score quickly may be less likely to lose validity (ie, “lose the forest for the trees”), though operationalizing a revised rubric would need to be investigated further. Similarly, weighting items in an analytic rubric based on their importance and difficulty for students may alleviate this issue; however, adding up individual items might prove arduous. While the rubric in Figure ​ Figure1, 1 , which has evolved over the years, is the subject of ongoing revisions, it appears a reliable rubric on which to build.

The major limitation of this study involves the observational method that was employed. Although the 2 cohorts were from a single institution, investigators did use a completely separate class of PharmD students to verify initial instrument revisions. Optimizing the rubric's rating scale involved collapsing data from misuse of a 4-category rating scale (expanded by evaluators to 7 categories) by a few of the evaluators into 4 independent categories without middle ratings. As a result of the study findings, no actual grading adjustments were made for students in the 2008-2009 presentation course; however, adjustment using the MFRM have been suggested by Roberts and colleagues. 13 Since 2008-2009, the course coordinator has made further small revisions to the rubric based on feedback from evaluators, but these have not yet been re-analyzed with the MFRM.

The evaluation rubric used in this study for student performance evaluations showed high reliability and the data analysis agreed with using 4 rating scale categories to optimize the rubric's reliability. While lenient and harsh faculty evaluators were found, variability in evaluator scoring affected grading in this course only minimally. Aside from reliability, issues of validity were raised using criterion-referenced grading. Future revisions to this evaluation rubric should reflect these criterion-referenced concerns. The rubric analyzed herein appears a suitable starting point for reliable evaluation of PharmD oral presentations, though it has limitations that could be addressed with further attention and revisions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author contributions— MJP and EGS conceptualized the study, while MJP and GES designed it. MJP, EGS, and GES gave educational content foci for the rubric. As the study statistician, MJP analyzed and interpreted the study data. MJP reviewed the literature and drafted a manuscript. EGS and GES critically reviewed this manuscript and approved the final version for submission. MJP accepts overall responsibility for the accuracy of the data, its analysis, and this report.

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111 Pharmacy Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on pharmacy, 🌶️ hot pharmacy essay topics, 👍 good pharmacy research topics & essay examples, 💡 simple pharmacy essay ideas, 🎓 most interesting pharmacy research titles.

• Pharmacy as a Professional Field and Its History
• Pharmacy: A Career Pathway
• Pharmaceutical Companies and Utilitarian Ethics
• The Competitiveness of Saudi Pharmaceutical Industry
• CVS Pharmacy’s Strategic Plan of Expansion
• Reverse Logistics in Pharmaceutical Industry: Handling Products Back to the Manufacturer
• Distribution Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Advertising is Propaganda This paper has shown through a discussion that pharmaceutical advertising can be propaganda or informative and helpful to the life of a patient.
• Pharmacology and Influence of Antibiotics Throughout the essay, both the fundamental conceptual concepts of science and the science-based properties of drugs are described.
• Researching Retail Pharmacy Retail pharmacies are on the leading edge of rendering health care services to patients after the pharmacist has filled the consumer’s drug.
• PharmaCARE: Product Safety & Intellectual Property Using the case of PharmaCARE, this paper discusses legal and ethical considerations in marketing and advertising, product safety, and intellectual property.
• Drug Testing in Pharmacology The aim of this paper is to analyze and review drug tests within the population of third-world countries and define whether these trials are ethical.
• Retail and Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry Retail is the result of work to optimize B2B strategy and logistics. The pharmaceutical industry has become a classic business that increases sales and revenue from customers.
• Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management: Operational Plan Due to the specificity of its activity, a healthcare organization tends to require a pharmaceutical supplier which provides medicines to be vended in the facility.
• Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company and Its Market Relations The main aim of the Pfizer Company is to make the medicine accessible to all, and it works in this direction.
• Pharmacology: Drug Licensing Opportunity Obtaining a license for a new drug is a very costly and time consuming affair. Any pharmaceutical company would have to weigh all its options before embarking on such a process.
• Database Design Proposal for Pharmaceutical Products Project is crucial for healthcare professionals to realize all the DDIs and avoid prescription errors. The database is useful for hospital managers to control substance use.
• CVS Pharmacy Inc. SWOT Analysis The paper is a SWOT analysis of CVS Company to understand the various factors, both internal and external, that affect its operations and how they could be used.
• Pharmacology Transcribe: Explore More The take away for this teachable explore more is that I want you to remember medications that are on medication list, and what are they for.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Drug Development Drug development is a lengthy process but rightly so since the result should be playing a curative role and not disease inducer.
• Animal Use in Pharmacology: Negative Effects on Humans and Animals The use of the animal to develop drugs for humans may result in the manufacture of harmful medicines. The substances used to manufacture the drugs have adverse impacts on animals.
• Asthma: Pharmacology and Medicines Management Asthmatic individuals constantly suffer from various degrees of inflammation and constrictions of the smooth muscles of the airways.
• Importance of Compliance Procedures in Pharmacy Compliance procedures have been instituted in the pharmaceutical industry as a measure to foster professionalism in the practice of pharmacy and also to ensure public safety.
• Outsourcing in the Pharmaceutical Industry Technology is the powerful force that now drives the world toward a single converging commonality. No place and nobody is insulated from the alluring attractions of modernity.
• Medical Pharmacology: The Langendorff Experiment The Langendorff experiment aimed at using an ex vivo isolated rat heart preparation to demonstrate the pharmacological effects of two unknown drugs.
• The Environmental Condition of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical industry presently undergoes a sluggish growth with the intensification of pricing policies, sluggish growth of prescription drugs.
• Drug Release: Ethical Dilemma in Pharmaceutics A moral issue has emerged as to whether a pharmaceutical company has to release a new drug or not. This drug is thought to be an effective treatment of depression.
• Medical Pharmacology: Noradrenaline Effect on Vascular Rings Noradrenaline is a hormone produced as a catecholamine by the sympathetic neurons from the heart; it is mainly used as a neurotransmitter.
• Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Practice The improvements in the understanding of the effect of genetic differences on interpersonal variability in drug response contributed to the development of pharmacogenetics.
• Comparison of the Pharmacy Laws This paper aims to compare two laws related to the operation of pharmacies – the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) and the Texas Pharmacy Act.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Effective Market Strategy Effective market strategy greatly determines the successful performance of a business. A marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry.
• New Pharmaceuticals and Their Path to the Market When a new pharmaceutical is invented, several steps need to be taken to bring it to the market. Effective marketing is preceded by primarily drug development and manufacturing.
• Pharmaceutical Industries: Changes and Challenges Pharmaceutical industries are responsible for the manufacture of drugs. Like any other industry that we know, they aim at making profits.
• Employee Engagement in Pharmacy Services Employee engagement illustrates willingness and desire of employees to give their best and outperform themselves daily, motivated to contribute to organizational success.
• Using Testing as a Learning Tool: Pharmaceutical Education The presentation about medication errors was introduced to new nurses and nursing students at the progressive care unit of the local hospital in Dallas.
• Virginia State Board of Pharmacy vs. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council Representing drug customers, the Virginia Citizens Consumer Council opposed a policy enacted by Virginia state that made it unlawful for pharmacists to promote their drug costs.
• How Pharmaceutical Patents Create a Monopoly A breakdown of reasons why pharmaceutical corporations deserve patent rights, alongside potential negative effects associated with them, form the basis of this paper.
• Flagyl ER: Pharmacological Characteristics Flagyl ER is one of the medications that use metronidazole as an active component for the treatment of bacterial, parasitic, and protozoal infections.
• Metformin in Pharmaceuticals and Medicine Metformin stimulates glycogen formation and improves the transmission capacities of all varieties of membrane glucose carriers by interacting with glycogen synthase.
• Pharmacology Research: Cyclophosphamide The paper discusses Cyclophosphamide. It is a widely used chemotherapeutic prodrug that treats different types of cancer in a wide range of patient populations.
• Cloud Technology Innovation in Pharmaceutical Company Digital technology facilitates the storage of records and access to databases, but with each passing year, using physical hard drives becomes less efficient.
• Fibromyalgia Pharmacological Management Antidepressants and anti-seizure medications can be more effective for fibromyalgia treatment. It is vital to know about the side effects of medications to ensure patients’ safety.
• Why Pharmaceutical Industry Is High-Tech and Knowledge-Intensive Pharmaceuticals is one of the most high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in the global economy, which is determined by three groups of interrelated factors.
• The Profound Knowledge of Pharmacology The successful absorption of the drug depends on various aspects. The profound knowledge of pharmacology allows for gaining more rapid treatment results.
• Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention The current paper aims to compare the efficiency of managing migraines by employing acupuncture and pharmacotherapy clinical processes.
• Merck’s Pharmaceutical Company Ethical Dillema The dilemma raised by Merck’s management is defined by two outcomes: the pharmaceutical company invest money in unsound project or have abandoned because of disproportionality.
• Unpatented Pharmaceuticals for American Public The pharmaceutical industry is greatly influenced by the registration of intellectual property rights for a product that has been manufactured.
• Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention “Systematic Review: Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention” is a study conducted by Zhang.
• Microeconomics Case Analyses in Pharmacology This paper examines the pharmaceutical industry using the theory and models of industry structure and Pfizer’s make-or-buy decision for developing and producing its COVID vaccine.
• Aspirin: Vascular Pharmacology Aspirin is one of the most used medications worldwide, with its history going back to 1897. It is a plant-based drug made out of salicylic acid.
• Interaction of the Pharmaceuticals with Alcohol Intake It is important to establish the key value of healthy living based on the interaction with the pharmaceuticals and alcohol intake to avoid developing a dependency on the elements
• Advanced Pharmacology: Arthritis Treatment Arthritis is more regular among aging adults, though it can be diagnosed in any other person irrespective of age, including children.
• Marriage and Family Therapy and Pharmacological Treatment The notion of marriage and family counseling presupposes a sophisticated process during which professionals are to adopt an integrative approach to the therapy.
• Major Depressive Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment SSRIs are effective first-line treatment for MDD. This class of medications includes many antidepressants with comparable effectiveness in treating this disorder.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment Approved medications can help treat PTSD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. SSRIs, such as sertraline, have been shown to reduce anxiety and increase concentration.
• Economics for Pharmaceutical Companies The paper discusses pharmaceuticals. They are an industry that is doing well financially due to the patents and exclusive rights they enjoy due to their developments.
• Pharmaceutical Science: Vicodin The aim of report on the drug known as Vicodin to highlight the truth in relation to its position and verify the truth behind claims made in reports such as Herper’s.
• Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals Creating conditions for the safe production of pharmaceuticals is a practice that has evolved significantly due to the introduction of modern approaches to the manufacturing process.
• Pharmacology: Uses of Albuterol and β2-Adrenergic Agonist This paper is aimed at reviewing research articles aimed at studying the use of albuterol and β2 adrenergic receptor agonist and defining the optimal frequency of its usage.
• National Pharmacy Technician Association One of the biggest global certified associations for pharmacy technicians is the National Pharmacy Technicians Association. This association was established in Houston, Texas.
• Accessing the Pharmacy Services: Safe Medication When receiving medication from a pharmacist, it is important to be aware of the extent of the pharmacist’s competency and their knowledge of the subject matter.
• Pharmaceuticals in the U.S.A. Analysis The purpose of the paper is to discuss the accessibility of medications to the population in the USA, their prices.
• Purdue Pharmaceutical Company’s OxyContin Opioid The adverse effects of OxyContin presuppose the development of addiction, deterioration of the overall state, and even death.
• Certification, Licensure, and Registration of Pharmacy Technicians The rules for certification, licensure, and registration of pharmacy technicians will be discussed in terms of the differences among these procedures with a focus on Texas laws.
• Genetics or New Pharmaceutical Article Within the Last Year Copy number variations (CNVs) have more impacts on DNA sequence within the human genome than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
• Heath Care – Impact on Pharmaceutical Companies The signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will demand that the Pharmaceutical industry align their practices within the guidelines of this legislation.
• Ethics in Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Ethics in the medical and pharmaceutical industry is a vital component of providing quality services and developing products that will benefit the patients.
• Disease Pathology, Management, and Pharmacological Impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus The purpose of this paper is to describe disease pathology, management, and pharmacological impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus.
• Veteran Pharmaceutical: Cause and Effect Due to the economic crunch being experienced all over America and the whole world at large, there has been a decline in profits for Veteran in the last few months.
• Cialis Production: Pharmaceutical Review The case relates to a firm that is in the process of innovating and launching a new drug with the brand name Cialis in the market. The drug is aimed at treating impotence in men.
• System Approach to Organizational Change: Pharmacy Automation As per the discussion and analysis in the paper, it will be clear that the automation and networking in a pharmacy enables to expand its customer base thus increasing the business.
• The Concept of Pharmacogenetics: Brief Analysis The present paper includes a brief analysis of the concept of pharmacogenetics, that is the study of people’s genetically determined responses to some drugs.
• Pharmacogenetics Characteristics and Development Pharmacogenetics is a relatively young branch of medical science, but it is supposed to have significant potential when it comes to the effectiveness of treatment methods.
• Vapi Pharmaceutical Firms: Strategies for Toxic Waste Disposal Vapi (India) pharmaceutical companies’ strategies on toxic waste products don’t satisfy and comply with laws and legislation on toxic waste management.
• Computerized Provider Order Entry in Pharmacology Computerized provider order entry is an information system that provides a possibility to digitally enter the patient data and chart.
• PharmaCARE: Ethical and Legal Issues The case of PharmaCARE entails a scenario of manipulating the intellectual property rights responsible for safeguarding the production rights of PharmaCARE.
• National Pharmacy: Mobilising Creativity and Innovation This paper is focused on utilising innovation and creativity theoretical models to improve the work environment at the National Pharmacy L.L.C.
• Pharmacy and Policy: Inappropriate Prescription of Drugs It is essential to develop a policy that would enable to reduce the practice of multiple drug prescriptions and eliminate excess financial and health costs associated with it.
• The UK Pharmaceutical Industry: International Business This article will discuss the international business opportunities and risks faced by the pharmaceutical industry in the UK.
• Ranitidine Medication’s Pharmaceutical Analysis Ranitidine has been shown to be an effective treatment for DUs and GUs, GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and pyrosis when used at appropriate dosage levels and frequency.
• Lack of Leadership in Pharmaceutical and Medical Companies This document concentrates on pharmaceutical and medical companies. It describes and expounds the unethical instances that these companies encountered in the course of their activities.
• CVS Company’s Pharmacy Fulfillment Process The current fulfillment process at CVS seems to be overly complicated of the entrepreneurship to function efficiently and make sure that the customers’ needs are met adequately.
• Caffeine Use in Medicine and Pharmacy Caffeine is used is increasingly becoming popular. The authors of the published research article are distinguished researchers in the field of medicine and pharmacy.
• Evidence-Based Pharmacology: Major Depression In this paper, a certain attention to different treatment approaches that can be offered to patients with depression will be paid, including the evaluation of age implications.
• Turing Pharmaceuticals’ Unethical Price Hikes Turing Pharmaceuticals received so much media attention due to an overnight increase in the price of the drug Daraprim from $13.50 per pill to $750.
• Pharmacy Technician Career: Programs That Can Help People to Become a Good Pharmacy Technician It is possible to outline some existing programs which can help a person to become a good Pharmacy Technician in Oklahoma.
• PharmaCare Company Ethical Issues This paper presents a case study of PharmaCare, which is one of those companies that have been victims of ethical issues. It will consider the emerging marketing strategy.
• PharmaCARE Company Analysis: Stakeholders and Practices PharmaCARE is one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in the world, which has made a significant contribution to the development of drugs and treatment of diseases.
• Toxicological Evidence in Forensic Pharmacology Forensic toxicology entails the analysis of stains and drugs found in fluids and solid materials collected from a crime scene. Numerous methods are used in a toxicological analysis.
• Pharmacare Company Ethic and Corporate Responsibility This paper evaluates the ethical and corporate responsibility issues that arise in the scenario presented involving Pharmacare: ethical treatment of employees and whistle blowing.
• Deregulating the Pharmacy Market: The Case of Iceland and Norway
• Margins and Market Shares: Pharmacy Incentives for Generic Substitution
• Mission and Target Market of Rite Aid Pharmacy
• Pharmacy: Where Serving Others Is the Key to Success
• Weighing, Measuring and Compounding in Pharmacy
• Bringing the Gap That Exists in Pharmacy Communications
• Why Is the Pharmacy Profession Not Just a Four-Year Commitment?
• Pharmacy: Medicine and Motivating Factors
• Hospital Pharmacy Decisions, Cost Containment, and the Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Young Mothers and the Marketing of Pharmacy Services
• Overview of Intranet Pharmacy Information Systems
• Sales and Inventory System of a Pharmacy
• Pharmacy Data Integrity for Optimal Analytics
• Healing, Serving and Educating in Pharmacy
• Independent Pharmacy Gives Main Street American Service
• Generic Pharmacy Inventory and Point of Sale System
• Strategic Marketing Management for Boots the Pharmacy
• Tools for Hospital Pharmacy Process Improvement
• Chemical Principles for Pharmacy Technicians
• Why Did Walgreens Eventually Become America’s Leading Pharmacy?
• Strategic Risk Management for Llyods Pharmacy

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These essay examples and topics on Pharmacy were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

5 Tips for Mastering Your Journal Club Presentation

Whether you're a seasoned pharmacist or a student, presenting a journal club can be a daunting task.

Whether you’re a seasoned pharmacist or a student, presenting a journal club can be a daunting task.

Nevertheless, literature evaluation is a crucial tool that will enhance your knowledge base and help to educate your colleagues. Primary literature is the basis for clinical practice and FDA drug approval. With these 5 tips, you’ll be a rock star for your journal club presentation!

• Read the entire article and not just the abstract

It may be tempting to just read the abstract; however, that’s only a summary of the article. Think of the abstract as the menu of the study; it provides an overview. Additionally, the abstract could contain errors. Therefore, it’s important to take the time to critique the study. Focus on the methods and results, which are really the meat of the study.

Examine the inclusion and exclusion criteria and determine whether they’re appropriate. Evaluate the treatment protocol to determine whether the dosing, monitoring, and follow-up are appropriate. For example, if the primary objective is to evaluate the effect of a diabetes medication on hemoglobin A1c, then the study duration should be at least 3 months.

Evaluate whether your study used the gold standard of the intention to treat (ITT) analysis. The ITT includes all patients in the results that were randomized—even if they dropped out or failed to comply. It’s considered the gold standard analysis because it tries to reflect what’s actually observed in clinical practice. This is an important discussion point for your journal club.

• Research previous studies from the background information

Conduct a quick PubMed search from the references in the introduction section to check the results of previous studies. These studies will ultimately be the basis for why this clinical trial is being conducted. You should also research background information on the disease state being studied and present a brief overview in your presentation.

• Calculate the number needed to treat (NNT)

Take the time to calculate the NNT, which is the number of patients you need to treat in order to to prevent one additional bad outcome (eg, death, stroke, myocardial infarction). The following equations can help you calculate the NNT:

NNT = 1/Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

ARR = Control event rate-experimental event rate

The ARR is the amount by which the therapy reduces the risk of a bad outcome.

The NNT is a great value to discuss during your journal club presentation.

• Decide whether the study is clinically significant

The results may be statistically significant, which by convention is p < 0.05. However, it’s extremely important to determine the clinical significance and how it relates to your patients. Let’s look at the following example:

Researchers conducted a study comparing the efficacy of a new antihypertensive drug compared to placebo. After 180 days of treatment, the new drug reduced blood pressure by 1 mm Hg versus placebo (p < 0.05).

This study would be statistically significant, but with such a small drop in blood pressure would not be clinically significant.

• Present the key points and be concise

Check with your preceptor or colleagues about the time frame, but generally 10 to 20 minutes is a good presentation length. Also, it’s a good idea to make copies of your handout for everyone. Use the following as an outline tool to assist you with your journal club presentation:

Title/Abstract

Introduction

Objective(s)

• Study Design
• Inclusion Criteria/Exclusion Criteria
• Outcomes (Efficacy and Safety)

Statistical analysis

These tips can serve as a journal club toolbox for your practice setting or clinical rotations. Good luck on your journal club journey!

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• Presenter's Corner
• Residents and Fellows
• Pharmacotherapy Rounds

Residents and fellows planning to deliver a presentation during pharmacotherapy rounds should be aware of the below information, forms, and deadlines.

Residents and fellows may not duplicate topics presented in the last two years. To avoid duplicating presentation topics, topics approved for this training year and past presentations from pharmacotherapy rounds are provided below for your convenience.

If you have a question about the topic you would like to present at the University of Maryland, please contact Kristine Parbuoni, PharmD, BCPPS , at [email protected] .

University of Maryland Presentation Topics:

• 2022-2023 UM Presentation Topics
• 2021-2022 UM Presentation Topics
• 2020-2021 UM Presentation Topics

Johns Hopkins Hospital Presentation Topics:

• 2022-2023 JHH Presentation Topics
• 2021-2022 JHH Presentation Topics
• 2020-2021 JHH Presentation Topics
• Pharmacotherapy Rounds Application
• Speaker Guidance
• Keywords for Pharmacotherapy Rounds Application
• Self-Evaluation Form
• Topics for pharmacotherapy rounds must be submitted 55 business days prior to presentation .
• CV, COI, learning objectives, educational needs assessment, and activity information (including title, date, evaluator, and mentor) must be submitted using the pharmacotherapy rounds application 45 business days prior to presentation .
• Send a copy of your presentation slides with learning objectives and any PDF handouts of your presentation for audience reference to  [email protected]   10 business days prior to the presentation.
• Due dates are listed on the pharmacotherapy rounds page.
• Our CE office will send your survey feedback up to 60 days from your presentation date. It might be helpful for you to meet with your evaluators soon after your presentation while you wait for the feedback to be emailed.

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AMCP has a number of presentations on issues related to managed care pharmacy that can be used by faculty in the classroom.

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P lease view the below presentations in the "Notes View" to view all included information.  

Principles of Managed Care Pharmacy

• What is Managed Care Pharmacy? Last Reviewed March 2024
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• AMCP Format for Formulary Submissions Revised 2019
• Member and Provider Communications Revised March 2024
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• Health Disparities: Role of Managed Care Pharmacy New 2024

Formulary Design & Development

• Drug Formulary Development & Management Revised February 2024
• Formulary Manufacturer Contracting Revised February 2024
• Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) Committee Revised February 2024
• Value of Pharmaceuticals in Managed Care Pharmacy Revised March 2020
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Access & Reimbursement

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Care Delivery Models

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Career Opportunities

• AMCP Student and Professional Membership Revised September 2023
• Managed Care Career Paths Revised March 2024
• Post-Graduate Training Opportunities in Managed Care Last Reviewed March 2024
• Pharmacist Opportunities Within a PBM Revised February 2024

Principles of HEOR

• Outcomes Research Revised January 2024
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• HEDIS & HEDIS Measures Revised March 2024
• Pharmacy Quality Measures Revised March 2024

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• Technology, Information Systems, and Reporting in Pharmacy Benefits Management Revised March 2024
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Phar 543: Seminar in Current Pharm. Topics

Prerequisites.

• Prerequiste: Junior standing (60 hr).

Instruction Type(s)

• Seminar: Seminar for Phar 543

Subject Areas

• Pharmaceutics and Drug Design (MS, PhD)

Related Areas

• Clinical and Industrial Drug Development (MS, PhD)
• Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences (MS, PhD)
• Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (MS, PhD)
• Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
• Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics (MS, PhD)
• Pharmacy (PharmD - USA - PharmD, BS/BPharm - Canada)
• Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Policy and Regulatory Affairs (MS, PhD)
• Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Administration, Other