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Articles on Nazi Germany

Displaying 1 - 20 of 92 articles.

Wagner Group is now Africa Corps. What this means for Russia’s operations on the continent

Alessandro Arduino , King's College London

What can we learn from the history of pre-war Germany to the atmosphere today in the U.S.?

David Dyzenhaus , University of Toronto

Kindertransport’s complex legacy: saving children from the Nazis while leaving their families behind

Andrea Hammel , Aberystwyth University

Simone de Beauvoir, Hannah Arendt, Simone Weil and Ayn Rand all felt ‘different’ in the world – and changed the way we think

Jen Webb , University of Canberra

Kristallnacht, 85 years ago, marks the point Hitler moved from an emotional antisemitism to a systematic antisemitism of laws and government violence

Michael Scott Bryant , Bryant University

Nazi Germany had admirers among American religious leaders – and white supremacy fueled their support

Meghan Garrity , George Mason University and Melissa J. Wilde , University of Pennsylvania

‘No woman in the usual sense’: Ilse Koch, the ‘Bitch of Buchenwald’, was a Holocaust war criminal – but was she also an easy target?

Olivera Simic , Griffith University

How individual, ordinary Jews fought Nazi persecution − a new view of history

Wolf Gruner , USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

What Germany’s quest to define dignity – both before and after 1945 – tells us about society

Frederick Hauke , University of Cambridge

Historians are learning more about how the Nazis targeted trans people

Laurie Marhoefer , University of Washington

Ruth Weiss, journalist who fought apartheid, finally honoured in South Africa

Melanie Boehi , Université de Lausanne

Disabled people were Holocaust victims, too: they were excluded from German society and murdered by Nazi programs

Amanda Tink , Western Sydney University

This Jewish woman’s story of surviving the Holocaust by passing as Catholic and sheltering with Nazis is (rightly) hard to read

Jordana Silverstein , The University of Melbourne

The book that changed me: Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem and the problem of terrifying moral complacency

Peter Christoff , The University of Melbourne

4 plays that dramatize the kidnapping of children during wars

Magda Romanska , Emerson College

Holocaust comparisons are frequent in US politics – and reflect a shallow understanding of the actual genocide and the US response

Adam R. Seipp , Texas A&M University

Ukraine: how the UK press reported the Nazi invasion  1941-45

Tim Luckhurst , Durham University

Salman Rushdie wasn’t the first novelist to suffer an assassination attempt by someone who hadn’t read their book

Jonathan Bate , Arizona State University

Russia is being made a pariah state – just like it and the Soviet Union were for most of the last 105 years

Alastair Kocho-Williams , Clarkson University

How Russia’s fixation on the Second World War helps explain its Ukraine invasion

Oleksa Drachewych , Western University

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Introduction to the Holocaust

Liberation of nazi camps.

• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
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The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies and collaborators. The Holocaust was an evolving process that took place throughout Europe between 1933 and 1945.

Antisemitism was at the foundation of the Holocaust. Antisemitism, the hatred of or prejudice against Jews, was a basic tenet of Nazi ideology. This prejudice was also widespread throughout Europe.

Nazi Germany’s persecution of Jews evolved and became increasingly more radical between 1933 and 1945. This radicalization culminated in the mass murder of six million Jews.

During World War II, Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews using deadly living conditions, brutal mistreatment, mass shootings and gassings, and specially designed killing centers.

• Final Solution
• Third Reich
• World War II

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What was the Holocaust? 

The Holocaust (1933–1945) was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies and collaborators. 1 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum defines the years of the Holocaust as 1933–1945. The Holocaust era began in January 1933 when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. It ended in May 1945, when the Allied Powers defeated Nazi Germany in World War II. The Holocaust is also sometimes referred to as “the Shoah,” the Hebrew word for “catastrophe.”

Why did the Nazis target Jews?

The Nazis targeted Jews because the Nazis were radically antisemitic. This means that they were prejudiced against and hated Jews. In fact, antisemitism was a basic tenet of their ideology and at the foundation of their worldview. 

The Nazis falsely accused Jews of causing Germany’s social, economic, political, and cultural problems. In particular, they blamed them for Germany’s defeat in World War I (1914–1918). Some Germans were receptive to these Nazi claims. Anger over the loss of the war and the economic and political crises that followed contributed to increasing antisemitism in German society. The instability of Germany under the Weimar Republic (1918–1933), the fear of communism , and the economic shocks of the Great Depression also made many Germans more open to Nazi ideas, including antisemitism.

However, the Nazis did not invent antisemitism. Antisemitism is an old and widespread prejudice that has taken many forms throughout history. In Europe, it dates back to ancient times. In the Middle Ages (500–1400), prejudices against Jews were primarily based in early Christian belief and thought, particularly the myth that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus. Suspicion and discrimination rooted in religious prejudices continued in early modern Europe (1400–1800). At that time, leaders in much of Christian Europe isolated Jews from most aspects of economic, social, and political life. This exclusion contributed to stereotypes of Jews as outsiders. As Europe became more secular, many places lifted most legal restrictions on Jews. This, however, did not mean the end of antisemitism. In addition to religious antisemitism, other types of antisemitism took hold in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. These new forms included economic, nationalist, and racial antisemitism. In the 19th century, antisemites falsely claimed that Jews were responsible for many social and political ills in modern, industrial society. Theories of race, eugenics , and Social Darwinism falsely justified these hatreds. Nazi prejudice against Jews drew upon all of these elements, but especially racial antisemitism . Racial antisemitism is the discriminatory idea that Jews are a separate and inferior race. 

Where did the Holocaust take place?

The Holocaust was a Nazi German initiative that took place throughout German- and Axis-controlled Europe. It affected nearly all of Europe’s Jewish population, which in 1933 numbered 9 million people. 

The Holocaust began in Germany after Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor in January 1933. Almost immediately, the Nazi German regime (which called itself the Third Reich ) excluded Jews from German economic, political, social, and cultural life. Throughout the 1930s, the regime increasingly pressured Jews to emigrate. 

But the Nazi persecution of Jews spread beyond Germany. Throughout the 1930s, Nazi Germany pursued an aggressive foreign policy . This culminated in World War II, which began in Europe in 1939. Prewar and wartime territorial expansion eventually brought millions more Jewish people under German control. 

Nazi Germany’s territorial expansion began in 1938–1939. During this time, Germany annexed neighboring Austria and the Sudetenland and occupied the Czech lands. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany began World War II (1939–1945) by attacking Poland . Over the next two years, Germany invaded and occupied much of Europe, including western parts of the Soviet Union . Nazi Germany further extended its control by forming alliances with the governments of Italy , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria . It also created puppet states in Slovakia and Croatia. Together these countries made up the European members of the Axis alliance , which also included Japan. 

By 1942—as a result of annexations, invasions, occupations, and alliances—Nazi Germany controlled most of Europe and parts of North Africa. Nazi control brought harsh policies and ultimately mass murder to Jewish civilians across Europe. 

The Nazis and their allies and collaborators murdered six million Jews.

Geography of the Holocaust

How did Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators persecute Jewish people? 

Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators implemented a wide range of anti-Jewish policies and measures. These policies varied from place to place. Thus, not all Jews experienced the Holocaust in the same way. But in all instances, millions of people were persecuted simply because they were identified as Jewish. 

Throughout German-controlled and aligned territories, the persecution of Jews took a variety of forms:

• Legal discrimination in the form of antisemitic laws . These included the Nuremberg Race Laws and numerous other discriminatory laws.
• Various forms of public identification and exclusion. These included antisemitic propaganda , boycotts of Jewish-owned businesses , public humiliation , and obligatory markings (such as the Jewish star badge worn as an armband or on clothing). 
• Organized violence. The most notable example is Kristallnacht . There were also isolated incidents and other pogroms (violent riots).
• Physical Displacement. Perpetrators used forced emigration, resettlement, expulsion, deportation, and ghettoization to physically displace Jewish individuals and communities.
• Internment. Perpetrators interned Jews in overcrowded ghettos , concentration camps , and forced-labor camps, where many died from starvation, disease, and other inhumane conditions.
• Widespread theft and plunder. The confiscation of Jews’ property, personal belongings, and valuables was a key part of the Holocaust. 
• Forced labor . Jews had to perform forced labor in service of the Axis war effort or for the enrichment of Nazi organizations, the military, and/or private businesses. 

Many Jews died as a result of these policies. But before 1941, the systematic mass murder of all Jews was not Nazi policy. Beginning in 1941, however, Nazi leaders decided to implement the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. They referred to this plan as the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question.” 

What was the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question”?

The Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” (“ Endlösung der Judenfrage ”) was the deliberate and systematic mass murder of European Jews. It was the last stage of the Holocaust and took place from 1941 to 1945. Though many Jews were killed before the "Final Solution" began, the vast majority of Jewish victims were murdered during this period.

Mass Shootings

The Nazi German regime perpetrated mass shootings of civilians on a scale never seen before. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, German units began to carry out mass shootings of local Jews. At first, these units targeted Jewish men of military age. But by August 1941, they had started massacring entire Jewish communities. These massacres were often conducted in broad daylight and in full view and earshot of local residents. 

Mass shooting operations took place in more than 1,500 cities, towns, and villages across eastern Europe. German units tasked with murdering the local Jewish population moved throughout the region committing horrific massacres. Typically, these units would enter a town and round up the Jewish civilians. They would then take the Jewish residents to the outskirts of the town. Next, they would force them to dig a mass grave or take them to mass graves prepared in advance. Finally, German forces and/or local auxiliary units would shoot all of the men, women, and children into these pits. Sometimes, these massacres involved the use of specially designed mobile gas vans. Perpetrators would use these vans to suffocate victims with carbon monoxide exhaust.

Germans also carried out mass shootings at killing sites in occupied eastern Europe. Typically these were located near large cities. These sites included Fort IX in Kovno (Kaunas), the Rumbula and Bikernieki Forests in Riga , and Maly Trostenets near Minsk . At these killing sites, Germans and local collaborators murdered tens of thousands of Jews from the Kovno, Riga, and Minsk ghettos. They also shot tens of thousands of German, Austrian, and Czech Jews at these killing sites. At Maly Trostenets, thousands of victims were also murdered in gas vans.

The German units that perpetrated the mass shootings in eastern Europe included Einsatzgruppen (special task forces of the SS and police), Order Police battalions, and Waffen-SS units. The German military ( Wehrmacht ) provided logistical support and manpower. Some Wehrmacht units also carried out massacres. In many places, local auxiliary units working with the SS and police participated in the mass shootings. These auxiliary units were made up of local civilian, military, and police officials.

As many as 2 million Jews were murdered in mass shootings or gas vans in territories seized from Soviet forces. 

Killing Centers

German authorities, with the help of their allies and collaborators, transported Jews from across Europe to these killing centers. They disguised their intentions by calling the transports to the killing centers “resettlement actions” or “evacuation transports.” In English, they are often referred to as “deportations.” Most of these deportations took place by train. In order to efficiently transport Jews to the killing centers, German authorities used the extensive European railroad system , as well as other means of transportation. In many cases the railcars on the trains were freight cars; in other instances they were passenger cars. 

The conditions on deportation transports were horrific. German and collaborating local authorities forced Jews of all ages into overcrowded railcars. They often had to stand, sometimes for days, until the train reached its destination. The perpetrators deprived them of food, water, bathrooms, heat, and medical care. Jews frequently died en route from the inhumane conditions.

The vast majority of Jews deported to killing centers were gassed almost immediately after their arrival. Some Jews whom German officials believed to be healthy and strong enough were selected for forced labor. 

My mother ran over to me and grabbed me by the shoulders, and she told me "Leibele, I'm not going to see you no more. Take care of your brother."  — Leo Schneiderman  describing arrival at Auschwitz, selection, and separation from his family

At all five killing centers, German officials forced some Jewish prisoners to assist in the killing process. Among other tasks, these prisoners had to sort through victims’ belongings and remove victims’ bodies from the gas chambers. Special units disposed of the millions of corpses through mass burial, in burning pits, or by burning them in large, specially designed crematoria .

Nearly 2.7 million Jewish men, women, and children were murdered at the five killing centers. 

What were ghettos and why did German authorities create them during the Holocaust? 

Ghettos were areas of cities or towns where German occupiers forced Jews to live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. German authorities often enclosed these areas by building walls or other barriers. Guards prevented Jews from leaving without permission. Some ghettos existed for years, but others existed only for months, weeks, or even days as holding sites prior to deportation or murder. 

German officials first created ghettos in 1939–1940 in German-occupied Poland. The two largest were located in the occupied Polish cities of Warsaw and Lodz (Łódź). Beginning in June 1941, German officials also established them in newly conquered territories in eastern Europe following the German attack on the Soviet Union. German authorities and their allies and collaborators also established ghettos in other parts of Europe. Notably, in 1944, German and Hungarian authorities created temporary ghettos to centralize and control Jews prior to their deportation from Hungary. 

The Purpose of the Ghettos

German authorities originally established the ghettos to isolate and control the large local Jewish populations in occupied eastern Europe. Initially, they concentrated Jewish residents from within a city and the surrounding area or region. However, beginning in 1941, German officials also deported Jews from other parts of Europe (including Germany) to some of these ghettos. 

Jewish forced labor became a central feature of life in many ghettos. In theory, it was supposed to help pay for the administration of the ghetto as well as support the German war effort. Sometimes, factories and workshops were established nearby in order to exploit the imprisoned Jews for forced labor. The labor was often manual and grueling. 

Life in the Ghettos

Jews in the ghettos sought to maintain a sense of dignity and community. Schools, libraries, communal welfare services, and religious institutions provided some measure of connection among residents. Attempts to document life in the ghettos, such as the Oneg Shabbat archive and clandestine photography, are powerful examples of spiritual resistance . Many ghettos also had underground movements that carried out armed resistance. The most famous of these is the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943.    

Liquidating the Ghettos

Beginning in 1941–1942, Germans and their allies and collaborators murdered ghetto residents en masse and dissolved ghetto administrative structures. They called this process “liquidation.” It was part of the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question.” The majority of Jews in the ghettos were murdered either in mass shootings at nearby killing sites or after deportation to killing centers. Most of the killing centers were deliberately located near the large ghettos of German-occupied Poland or on easily-accessible railway routes. 

Who was responsible for carrying out the Holocaust and the Final Solution?

Many people were responsible for carrying out the Holocaust and the Final Solution. 

At the highest level, Adolf Hitler inspired, ordered, approved, and supported the genocide of Europe’s Jews. However, Hitler did not act alone. Nor did he lay out an exact plan for the implementation of the Final Solution. Other Nazi leaders were the ones who directly coordinated, planned, and implemented the mass murder. Among them were Hermann Göring , Heinrich Himmler , Reinhard Heydrich , and Adolf Eichmann . 

However, millions of Germans and other Europeans participated in the Holocaust. Without their involvement, the genocide of the Jewish people in Europe would not have been possible. Nazi leaders relied upon German institutions and organizations; other Axis powers; local bureaucracies and institutions; and individuals. 

German Institutions, Organizations, and Individuals

As members of these institutions, countless German soldiers , policemen , civil servants , lawyers, judges , businessmen , engineers, and doctors and nurses chose to implement the regime’s policies. Ordinary Germans also participated in the Holocaust in a variety of ways. Some Germans cheered as Jews were beaten or humiliated. Others denounced Jews for disobeying racist laws and regulations. Many Germans bought, took, or looted their Jewish neighbors' belongings and property. These Germans’ participation in the Holocaust was motivated by enthusiasm, careerism, fear, greed, self-interest, antisemitism, and political ideals, among other factors. 

Non-German Governments and Institutions

Nazi Germany did not perpetrate the Holocaust alone. It relied on the help of its allies and collaborators. In this context, “allies” refers to Axis countries officially allied with Nazi Germany. “Collaborators” refers to regimes and organizations that cooperated with German authorities in an official or semi-official capacity. Nazi Germany’s allies and collaborators included:

• The European Axis Powers and other collaborationist regimes (such as Vichy France ). These governments passed their own antisemitic legislation and cooperated with German goals.
• German-backed local bureaucracies, especially local police forces. These organizations helped round up, intern, and deport Jews even in countries not allied with Germany, such as the Netherlands .
• Local auxiliary units made up of military and police officials and civilians. These German-backed units participated in massacres of Jews in eastern Europe (often voluntarily). 

The terms “allies” and “collaborators” can also refer to individuals affiliated with these governments and organizations.

Individuals across Europe 

Throughout Europe, individuals who had no governmental or institutional affiliation and did not directly participate in murdering Jews also contributed to the Holocaust. 

One of the deadliest things that neighbors, acquaintances, colleagues, and even friends could do was denounce Jews to Nazi German authorities. An unknown number chose to do so. They revealed Jews’ hiding places, unmasked false Christian identities, and otherwise identified Jews to Nazi officials. In doing so, they brought about their deaths. These individuals’ motivations were wide-ranging: fear, self-interest, greed, revenge, antisemitism, and political and ideological beliefs.

Individuals also profited from the Holocaust. Non-Jews sometimes moved into Jews’ homes, took over Jewish-owned businesses, and stole Jews’ possessions and valuables. This was part of the widespread theft and plunder that accompanied the genocide. 

Most often individuals contributed to the Holocaust through inaction and indifference to the plight of their Jewish neighbors. Sometimes these individuals are called bystanders . 

Who were the other victims of Nazi persecution and mass murder?

The Holocaust specifically refers to the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews. However, there were also millions of other victims of Nazi persecution and murder . In the 1930s, the regime targeted a variety of alleged domestic enemies within German society. As the Nazis extended their reach during World War II, millions of other Europeans were also subjected to Nazi brutality. 

The Nazis classified Jews as the priority “enemy.” However, they also targeted other groups as threats to the health, unity, and security of the German people. The first group targeted by the Nazi regime consisted of political opponents . These included officials and members of other political parties and trade union activists. Political opponents also included people simply suspected of opposing or criticizing the Nazi regime. Political enemies were the first to be incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps . Jehovah’s Witnesses were also incarcerated in prisons and concentration camps. They were arrested because they refused to swear loyalty to the government or serve in the German military.

The Nazi regime also targeted Germans whose activities were deemed harmful to German society. These included men accused of homosexuality , persons accused of being professional or habitual criminals, and so-called asocials (such as people identified as vagabonds, beggars, prostitutes, pimps, and alcoholics). Tens of thousands of these victims were incarcerated in prisons and concentration camps. The regime also forcibly sterilized and persecuted Afro-Germans . 

People with disabilities were also victimized by the Nazi regime. Before World War II, Germans considered to have supposedly unhealthy hereditary conditions were forcibly sterilized. Once the war began, Nazi policy radicalized. People with disabilities, especially those living in institutions, were considered both a genetic and a financial burden on Germany. These people were targeted for murder in the so-called Euthanasia Program .

The Nazi regime employed extreme measures against groups considered to be racial, civilizational, or ideological enemies. This included Roma (Gypsies) , Poles (especially the Polish intelligentsia and elites), Soviet officials , and Soviet prisoners of war . The Nazis perpetrated mass murder against these groups.

How did the Holocaust end? 

But liberation did not bring closure. Many Holocaust survivors faced ongoing threats of violent antisemitism and displacement as they sought to build new lives. Many had lost family members, while others searched for years to locate missing parents, children, and siblings.

How did some Jews survive the Holocaust? 

Despite Nazi Germany’s efforts to murder all the Jews of Europe, some Jews survived the Holocaust. Survival took a variety of forms. But, in every case, survival was only possible because of an extraordinary confluence of circumstances, choices, help from others (both Jewish and non-Jewish), and sheer luck. 

Survival outside of German-Controlled Europe 

Some Jews survived the Holocaust by escaping German-controlled Europe. Before World War II began, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated from Nazi Germany despite significant immigration barriers. Those who immigrated to the United States, Great Britain, and other areas that remained beyond German control were safe from Nazi violence. Even after World War II began, some Jews managed to escape German-controlled Europe. For example, approximately 200,000 Polish Jews fled the German occupation of Poland. These Jews survived the war under harsh conditions after Soviet authorities deported them further east into the interior of the Soviet Union.

Survival in German-Controlled Europe

A smaller number of Jews survived inside German-controlled Europe. They often did so with the help of rescuers. Rescue efforts ranged from the isolated actions of individuals to organized networks, both small and large. Throughout Europe, there were non-Jews who took grave risks to help their Jewish neighbors, friends, and strangers survive. For example, they found hiding places for Jews, procured false papers that offered protective Christian identities, or provided them with food and supplies. Other Jews survived as members of partisan resistance movements . Finally, some Jews managed, against enormous odds, to survive imprisonment in concentration camps, ghettos, and even killing centers. 

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, those Jews who survived were often confronted with the traumatic reality of having lost their entire families and communities. Some were able to go home and chose to rebuild their lives in Europe. Many others were afraid to do so because of postwar violence and antisemitism . In the immediate postwar period, those who could not or would not return home often found themselves living in displaced persons camps . There, many had to wait years before they were able to immigrate to new homes.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the world has struggled to come to terms with the horrors of the genocide, to remember the victims, and to hold perpetrators responsible . These important efforts remain ongoing.

Series: After the Holocaust

The Aftermath of the Holocaust: Effects on Survivors

Displaced Persons

About Life after the Holocaust

Postwar Trials

What is Genocide?

Genocide timeline, series: the holocaust.

"Final Solution": Overview

Forced Labor: An Overview

Mass Shootings of Jews during the Holocaust

Gassing Operations

Deportations to Killing Centers

Killing Centers: An Overview

Switch series, critical thinking questions.

• <p>What can we learn from the massive size and scope of the Holocaust?</p>
• <p>Across Europe, the Nazis found countless willing helpers who collaborated or were complicit in their crimes. What motives and pressures led so many individuals to persecute, to murder, or to abandon their fellow human beings?</p>
• <p>Were there warning signs of what was to come before the Nazis came to power in 1933? Before the start of mass killing in 1941?</p>

In this context, “allies” refers to Axis countries officially allied with Nazi Germany. “Collaborators” refers to regimes and organizations that cooperated with German authorities in an official or semi-official capacity. These German-backed collaborators included some local police forces, bureaucracies, and paramilitary units. The terms “allies” and “collaborators” can also refer to individuals affiliated with these governments and organizations.

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Lambert, James K. "REEL NAZIS a propaganda history." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4954/.

Mendez, Alexa J. "People as Propaganda: Personifications of Homeland in Nazi German and Soviet Russian Cinema." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439280003.

Kelty, Margaret Claire. "From Heaven to Hell: Christianity in the Third Reich and Christian Imagery in Nazi Propaganda." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/388.

Inksetter, Hamish. "Perceptions of Evil: A Comparison of Moral Perspectives in Nazi Propaganda and Anti-Nazi Literature." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31917.

Usbeck, Frank. "Representing the Indian, Imagining the Volksgemeinschaft. Indianthusiasm and Nazi Propaganda in German Print Media." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-197936.

Chibireva, Natalia. "Architecture, ideology and order : the idea of the classical in 1930s architecture and Nazi spatial strategies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391395.

Usbeck, Frank. "Representing the Indian, Imagining the Volksgemeinschaft. Indianthusiasm and Nazi Propaganda in German Print Media." Institut für Ethnologie der Universität Hamburg, 2013. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29261.

Pfeifer, Justin Thomas. "The Soviet Union through German Eyes: Wehrmacht Identity, Nazi Propaganda, and the Eastern Front War, 1941-1945." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1417426182.

Wolnik, Gordon. "Mittelalter und NS-Propaganda Mittelalterbilder in den Print-, Ton- und Bildmedien des Dritten Reiches /." Münster : Lit, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZABoAAAAMAAJ.

Crabtree, David. "The Image of the Enemy: To Auschwitz with Righteousness." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/8.

Verbovszky, Joseph. "Leopold von Mildenstein and the Jewish Question." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1365174634.

Rybicki, Frank. "The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945." 2004. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/etd,154145.

Cvachovcová, Klára. "Pravda vítězí 1938 protičeskoslovenské vysílání vídeňského rozhlasu." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350555.

Matunová, Alena. "Rozhlasové vysílání pro německou menšinu v českých zemích do roku 1945 s důrazem na činnost mělnického vysílače." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358029.

Gregory, William. "Breaking the Rules: Hollywood and the Limits of Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14153.

Nazi Germany Essay Examples and Topics

Adolf hitler’s cultural theories in “mein kampf”, dehumanization in auschwitz.

• Words: 1493

Hitler’s Use of Propaganda and Fear-Mongering

• Words: 1964

Ordinary men – Christopher Browning

• Words: 2547

Ordinary Men by Christopher R. Browning

• Words: 1677

“Triumph of The Will” by Riefenstahl

• Words: 1729

Dehumanization of Jews by Nazi Germany

• Words: 1385

Nazism and Genocide as Social Evils

Nazi propaganda and triumph of the will, treaty of versailles and its impact on nazi germany, newspaper coverage of adolf hitler’s death, holocaust: taking steps toward evil.

• Words: 1491

The Use of Radio in German Propaganda During the World War II

The holocaust as a history-cultural phenomenon.

• Words: 1406

Art Spiegelman’s Graphic Novel “Maus I: A Survivor’s Tale”: Author’s Understanding of the Holocaust

Investigating the religious motif in genocide.

• Words: 1788

Holocaust: Ethnic and Cultural Diversity and the Real Face of Prejudice

• Words: 1117

German Attitudes Towards Third Reich and Holocaust Commemoration

• Words: 2007

“Deportations From Western Europe” by Holly Arendt

“auschwitz: inside the nazi state”: film description, nazi plan for the extermination of the jews, the role and importance of kristallnacht.

• Words: 1323

Historical Event: Hitler in the World History

Nazi germany structure and policies.

• Words: 2058

American’s Reaction to Jewish Holocaust

Holocaust: from discrimination to concentration camps.

• Words: 2959

Homosexuality Aspects in Nazi Germany

• Words: 4290

Censorship, Holocaust and Political Correctness

• Words: 3153

Speech of Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler

• Words: 1227

Responsibility for the Most Horrific Crimes Issue

• Words: 2391

The Holocaust: Auschwitz Concentration Camp History

• Words: 1353

Nazi’s Propaganda in the XX Century

• Words: 1661

Holocaust: What Were Its Causes and Effects?

• Words: 1522

The Holocaust: Planned Physical Extermination

• Words: 2761

Holocaust Tragedy in Nazi Germany

Albert speer’s architectural scale as a tool of nazi propaganda.

• Words: 3171

Museum of Tolerance and Cultural Diversity Issues

• Words: 1084

The Mind of a Monster in A. Hitler’s “Mein Kampf”

• Words: 1369

Adolf Hitler’s Treatment of Non-Germans

History: world wars and germany in primary documents, the reasons behind the rise of hitler and the nazis, the public memory of the holocaust, history of the holocaust.

• Words: 2788

Holocaust and Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt

• Words: 1135

Holocaust in “Survival in Auschwitz” by Primo Levi

• Words: 1114

1942-1945 Holocaust: Nazi Germany’s Political Reasons

Holocaust, antisemitism, and propaganda, nazi anti-jewish policy and its evolution, “joseph goebbels” and “german artists and hitler’s mind”, first world war and the anti-semitism in germany.

• Words: 2198

Nazi Medical Experiments During the Holocaust

• Words: 3374

The Holocaust and Jehovas Witnesses

Social darwinism and nazi genocide ideology.

• Words: 1399

Holocaust: Nazi Anti-Jewish Policies and Actions

• Words: 1698

Holocaust and Nazi’s Racial Imperialism

• Words: 2565

Adolf Hitler’s Anti-Semitic “Final Solution”

• Words: 2506

Adolf Hitler and a History of the Holocaust

• Words: 2762

The Holocaust History: the Jewish Community Destruction

• Words: 1208

History of the Jews and the Holocaust

• Words: 2200

Hilberg’s Destruction of the European Jews and Dawidowicz’s the War Against the Jews

• Words: 2869

Medicinal Militarization – Triumph of the Will

• Words: 1670

Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory by Deborah Lipstadt

• Words: 1685

Killing as a Culture in Germany

• Words: 1679

Liberal Democracy, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust

Nazi germany and jewish question.

• Words: 1367

Nazi Germany & Holocaust

• Words: 1133

The Holocaust and Nazi Germany

• Words: 1090

The Holocaust and Jews Extermination

The holocaust: analysis of life in the kovno, warsaw and lodz ghettos.

• Words: 1694

Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will

The burden of hitler’s legacy.

• Words: 2229

The Nazi Holocaust’s Effects

• Words: 1630

The History of the Holocaust

• Words: 1413

Helmut Walser Smith’s The Butcher’s Tale

• Words: 2132

“I Will Bear Witness”, a Diary Drafted by Victor Klemperer

Nazi germany in adam czerniakow’s “warsaw diary”.

• Words: 1159

Reinhard Heydrich’s Role in the Holocaust

• Words: 5463

German Resistance to Hitler

• Words: 2570

Adolf Hitler and Nationalism

• Words: 2712

Doris Bergen: Nazi’s Holocaust Program in “War and Genocide”

• Words: 1769

A Nation for the Massacre of Jews in Europe

• Words: 1261

Role of Catholic Church During Ns Regime

Conduction of the holocaust.

• Words: 1651

Hitler’s Table Talk

• Words: 1361

Schutzstaffel: Hitler’s Infamous Legions of Death

• Words: 2336

Germany During Hitler’s Era

• Words: 1190

What Was the Final Solution?

Peter eisenman; building germany, the holocaust memorial.

• Words: 1514

The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide

• Words: 1102

Breaking Point of a Soul

• Words: 1326