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Essay on Time Management

• Updated on  
• Aug 27, 2022

“Time isn’t the main thing, it’s the only thing”- Mile Davis.

Time management is a prestigious topic for budding subconscious minds. It is one of the most crucial skills that you must inculcate from early on. This skill has vital importance when you move into a professional setting. It is extremely important to manage time efficiently as not managing time can create many problems in your day-to-day life. It is also a common essay topic in the school curriculum and various academic and competitive exams like IELTS , TOEFL , SAT , UPSC , etc. This blog brings you samples of essays on time management with tips & tricks on how to write an essay.

Essay on Time Management in 200 words

Time stops for none and is equal for all. Everyone has the same 24 hours in a day but some people make better use of time than others. This is one of the most important reasons some people are experts in what they do. Therefore, time management plays a vital role in both personal as well as professional lives.

Time management is basically an effort made consciously to spend a certain amount of time performing a task efficiently. Furthermore, it is estimated that to have better results, one needs to do productive work. Thus, productivity is the key focus here. Moreover, maintaining a careful balance between professional life, social life, and any other hobbies or activities is a great example of efficient time management.

Time management is also crucial for students from an academic perspective as students require to cover many subjects. Thus, efficiently managing time is an important skill in everyone’s life.  Around the world, there are two views for time management – linear time view and multi-active time view. The linear time view is predominant in America, Germany and England, and it aims at completing one task at a time. Whereas a multi-active view aims at completing a number at once and is predominant in India and Spain. Nevertheless, time management is one of the important traits of a successful individual, students are advised to follow whichever is convenient for them.

Essay on Time Management in 300 Words

Time Management is a key skill for job opportunities as employers recruit candidates who have this efficient skill. Thus, it is advised to initiate inculcating this vital skill as soon as possible. In the academic setting, time management plays a vital role and helps in the accomplishment of tasks efficiently and effectively.

Time management is the process of planning and performing pre-scheduled activities with the aim of increasing productivity, effectiveness and efficiency. Different cultures hold different views on Time Management. However, a multi-active time view and a linear time view are the two predominant views. In a linear time view, the aim is set to complete one particular task at a time whereas, in a multi-active view, the focus is on completing a greater number of tasks at once. Emphasis is given on productivity and effectiveness, but students are free to choose their own view of time management.

Time management is crucial as it is helpful in setting a timeline for achieving a particular goal. Moreover, it also increases the efficiency of the tasks at hand. It becomes necessary for working professionals as they need to balance their personal and professional life. Thus, they do not have time to dwell on each and every detail in every task. In such cases, a multi-active view is one of the helpful methods. Time management works best when a goal or target is set. For instance, a student becomes far more effective at learning when they decide to assign 2 hours for learning a particular concept. This is effectively a method of benchmarking progress. So, every time the activity is performed, one can measure themselves and improve upon various aspects of their tasks.The clear conclusion is that time management is a crucial skill for students and working professionals. Thus, everyone must practise time management to improve productivity and efficiency of tasks.

Tips for Writing an Essay on Time Management

To write an impactful and scoring essay here are some tips on how to manage time and write a good essay:

• The initial step is to write an introduction or background information about the topic
• You are required to use the formal style of writing and avoid using slang language.
• To make an essay more impactful, write dates, quotations, and names to provide a better understanding
• You can use jargon wherever it is necessary as it sometimes makes an essay complicated
• To make an essay more creative you can also add information in bulleted points wherever possible
• Always remember to add a conclusion where you need to summarise crucial points
• Once you are done read through the lines and check spelling and grammar mistakes before submission

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Lastly, we hope this blog has helped you in structuring a terrific essay on time management. Planning to ace your IELTS, get expert tips from coaches at Leverage Live by Leverage Edu .

Sonal is a creative, enthusiastic writer and editor who has worked extensively for the Study Abroad domain. She splits her time between shooting fun insta reels and learning new tools for content marketing. If she is missing from her desk, you can find her with a group of people cracking silly jokes or petting neighbourhood dogs.

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The Struggle of Effective Time-Management for Students

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Time Management Is About More Than Life Hacks

• Erich C. Dierdorff

Your productivity hinges on these three skills.

There is certainly no shortage of advice — books and blogs, hacks and apps — all created to boost time management with a bevy of ready-to-apply tools. Yet, the frustrating reality for individuals trying to improve their time management is that tools alone won’t work. You have to develop your time management skills in three key areas: awareness, arrangement, and adaptation. The author offers evidence-based tactics to improve in all three areas.

Project creep, slipping deadlines, and a to-do list that seems to get longer each day — these experiences are all too common in both life and work. With the New Year’s resolution season upon us, many people are boldly trying to fulfill goals to “manage time better,” “be more productive,” and “focus on what matters.” Development goals like these are indeed important to career success. Look no further than large-scale surveys that routinely find time management skills among the most desired workforce skills, but at the same time among the rarest skills to find.

• Erich C. Dierdorff is a professor of management and entrepreneurship at the Richard H. Driehaus College of Business at DePaul University and is currently an associate editor at  Personnel Psychology.

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Time Management Essay

When people compose a piece of writing for various topics, they often learn more about the subject matter during essay writing . Considering that fact, as a student, there’s a possibility that you would get the assignment of devising a time management essay. In this procedure, you would more than likely learn helpful tips in managing your time. 

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What Is a Time Management Essay?

A time management essay is a type of writing that would discuss the various methods you would take for managing your time. This document will help you in your time tracking and project tracking . This essay will help you learn how to be as productive as possible in your current situation. 

How to Compose a Workable Time Management Essay

Composing your time management essay would require a personal reflection of your current habits. It also includes trying out several time management methods. This essay will serve as a guideline for you in your future projects, so ensure to devise it carefully. After writing this type of academic essay, you might have to revise your current day-to-day schedule.

1. Schedule Your Tasks

In your essay, you should discuss in detail how you plan to divide your time between your activities. Before you can do this, you should decide on your priorities and set how much time you will spend on them. Of course, you should spend more time on complex projects and strenuous activities on your daily checklist .

2. Construct a Timeline Chart

Now that you have your list of activities, it is advisable to create a creative organizational chart to make it more comprehensive. Your timeline chart would serve as your guideline of the flow and organization of your essay. You can go for the design that you think would present the information effectively.

3. Devise an Outline

After finishing the first two steps, you already have most of the information you would need for the content of your piece of writing. The next step is to use the data and fill in a blank outline following the appropriate structure and essay format. This procedure is where you would decide what you would discuss in detail in each paragraph of your time management essay.

4. Compose Your Introduction and Conclusion

An essay won’t be complete without a strong introduction and conclusion. Aside from the overall content, these statements are necessary for determining the efficacy of your document. Also, it would greatly influence the readers’ engagement in reading your paper. You can get an idea for these by researching various samples of hooks and closing statements.

Why is time management necessary?

For students and professionals alike, it is essential to plan how you should spend your time. Doing this step would help you determine your priorities and goals for your work or your life in general. Time management is also a skill that would help people in evaluating and enhancing their level of productivity.

What are examples of helpful time management tips?

The most necessary method that people should try learning is to discipline themselves and stop procrastinating. It is a tip that everybody knows, but only a few people follow. Another technique is to get rid of or avoid things that tend to distract you. If you are a student, you should generate a study plan . On the other hand, if you are already a professional in your chosen career, you should construct a job schedule .

How should you introduce your time management essay?

In the first paragraph of your academic essay , you should discuss why people should learn how to manage their time. How does it affect their life? What are the benefits of implementing time management techniques? Consider these questions in writing your introduction. For your opening hook, you can use a quote or anything relevant to your topic.

When it’s time to go to bed, most people think about their day and ask themselves if they did their best and if their day is productive enough. They often go to sleep with the thought and motivation to do better tomorrow. If you are one of these people, you can make the most of your time by composing an effective time management essay. 

Time Management Essay Generator

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Discuss the importance of setting priorities in a Time Management Essay.

Reflect on the role of planning in effective time management for your Time Management Essay.

Essay on Time Management for Students and Children

500+ words essay on time management.

Essay on time management-In today’s scenario people are so busy in their lives that they are not getting time for themselves. Due to which time management has become the need of the hour. Time management is playing a vital role in mankind . Time management creates discipline or vice versa. If you want to be successful in life then you need to manage your time. As a result, various billionaires teach about time management.

The Meaning of Time Management

In our daily life, we have got only twenty-four hours in a day. Therefore we cannot do everything in one day. This creates limitations in our everyday work. In order to manage work, social life and sleep, division of time is important. In a particular way division of time is the need. This will help the person to complete all his tasks. You should write your tasks in a schedule.

Designing has to be in a way that each task gets enough time. Your work should have the highest priority. The second priority should sleep. And the last but not the least your social life. Your social life includes family and friends.

In order to live a happy and peaceful life socializing is important. Too much workload can make a person ill. So, give your mind a little rest. Spending time with family can help you with this. Moreover, the main purpose to work is to fulfill the needs of the family. Since the fulfillment of needs is important. Which makes a person happy.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Importance of Time Management for Students

Though adults are working, the students are not spared with work. The students today have many studies to do. Because of this, they are not getting time to enjoy their childhood. Time management for students has become a crucial need. Education has become vast. Therefore proper scheduling of time is important.

A good student knows the importance of studies . But he should also know time never comes back. Thus a student should take out time for personal development too. Since personal development is important for their proper growth. Moreover, personality development is also important for a student. They should at least take out one hour for sports. Sports teach student teamwork. Since it is enjoyable it lessens the stress of the day.

The daily routine is School or college, and then coaching. This leaves with no time of self-studies. Self-study is an important aspect of education. The student should not neglect this. As the day ends, they get too tired. Due to which there is no energy left. This degrades the performance of the student.

There is a difference between a topper and an average student. That difference is proper time management. A topper student schedules his time. While an average student does not do that. And because he never manages time, he gets no time for self-study. Which in turn leaves him behind.

How to Manage Time?

A person should eliminate unnecessary activities from their daily schedule. On weekends you should do it. Especially should socialize on weekends. Also, include traveling time in the schedule. This ensures accuracy.

Most Noteworthy, make a time table on paper. In which you should write your daily activities. This will create discipline in your life. Moreover, you should complete the task daily. However, there will be some changes in the schedule with time.

Finally, your schedule needs to be practical. You cannot make a schedule unless you know your daily timings. Each persons’ schedule is unique if you copy you won’t progress in life.

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Home — Essay Samples — Business — Time Management — Time Management Problems for Students

Time Management Problems for Students

• Categories: College Experience Time Management

About this sample

Words: 541 |

Published: Aug 24, 2023

Words: 541 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, challenges students face, reasons for poor time management, consequences of poor time management.

• Academic Pressure: The convergence of assignments, projects, and examinations demands efficient allocation of time to each task.
• Extracurricular Commitments: Involvement in diverse activities necessitates strategic time allocation to both academics and extracurricular pursuits.
• Digital Distractions: The ubiquitous presence of smartphones and the allure of social media platforms present constant interruptions to focused study sessions.

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Time Management Tips For Writing an Essay

How to start, which place are you now, where do you want to go, tips for time management, the benefits of time management.

• Joe Eckel Author Having spent more than 25 years guiding students through their theses and dissertations with great attention, Joe Eckel is now sharing his valuable experience with StudyCrumb. As a passionate researcher and instructor, he makes sure that each student gets precious insights on composing A-grade academic writing.

Time Management Essay Outline: Boost Productivity & Success

Rosie Landry

As a professional writer, I know that time management is crucial for achieving success. Without it, tasks can pile up, deadlines can be missed, and stress levels can skyrocket. That’s why in this article, I’ll be discussing the importance of effective time management and how it can boost your productivity and success.

Table of Contents

Time management is not just about making the most of your time, but also about making the most of yourself. It’s a skill that can be learned and improved upon, and mastering it can have a significant impact on your personal and professional life.

Key Takeaways:

• Effective time management is crucial for achieving success
• Time management is a skill that can be learned and improved
• Mastery of time management can have a significant impact on personal and professional life

Understanding Time Management

Hello, and welcome to my article on time management! In this section, I’ll be discussing what time management is and why it’s so important in both our personal and professional lives.

Time management is the process of planning and organizing how much time you spend on various activities. This includes setting goals, prioritizing tasks, scheduling appointments, and making sure you have enough time to relax and unwind.

Effective time management is crucial because it allows us to make the most of our time. When we manage our time well, we’re able to get more done in less time, which means we have more time to focus on other things we enjoy. Additionally, time management helps minimize stress and increase overall productivity, leading to greater success both at work and in our personal lives.

Developing Time Management Skills

Effective time management is essential for achieving success in both personal and professional life. To develop strong time management skills, I recommend the following:

• Set goals: Clearly define your short-term and long-term goals to ensure that your time is spent on tasks that align with these objectives. Creating a list of priorities will help you prioritize tasks and track progress.
• Create a schedule: Map out your day and week, allocating time to specific tasks. This helps you stay on track and ensures that you have enough time to complete important tasks.
• Avoid distractions: Eliminate or minimize distractions during work hours. This includes social media, phone notifications, and even email notifications.
• Take breaks: Taking short breaks throughout the day can increase productivity and prevent burnout. Go for a walk, practice meditation, or simply step away from your workspace for a few minutes.
• Use time-saving tools: Automation tools can help streamline repetitive tasks and save time. For example, you can use tools like Grammarly to check your writing, or calendar apps to schedule meetings and appointments.

By implementing these strategies, you can boost your productivity and achieve more success in every aspect of your life.

Creating a Time Management Essay Outline

Now that we understand the importance of time management and have explored techniques for developing effective time management skills, let’s dive into how to create a time management essay outline.

The purpose of creating an outline for your essay is to organize your thoughts and ensure that your content flows logically. Here’s how to structure your time management essay:

• Introduction: Begin with an attention-grabbing statement or statistic to introduce the importance of time management. Provide some background information and explain the purpose of your essay. End with a thesis statement that outlines the main points you will cover in your essay.
• Point: Start with a clear and concise statement about the point you want to make.
• Explanation: Explain why this point is important in the context of time management.
• Example: Provide an example or anecdote to illustrate your point and make it more relatable to your readers.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points covered in your essay and emphasize the importance of effective time management . Reinforce your thesis statement and leave your reader with a final thought or call to action.

By following this outline, your time management essay will be well-structured and easy to follow. Remember to keep your writing clear, concise, and relevant to the topic at hand.

Importance of Time Management in Academic Success

As a student, managing time effectively is crucial for achieving academic success. With competing demands such as lectures, assignments, and exams, effective time management can help you stay organized and focused.

One key benefit of good time management is improved studying quality. By allocating time for reading, research, and note-taking, you can optimize your study sessions and retain information more effectively.

Effective time management can also help you complete assignments on time, reducing the stress and anxiety associated with deadlines. With a clear schedule and specific deadlines set, you can work steadily towards completing tasks and avoid the last-minute crunch.

Furthermore, time management skills can enhance your exam preparation. By setting aside specific blocks of time for revision and practice exams, you can feel more confident and prepared when it comes to test day.

Overall, mastering time management skills can have a positive impact on your academic success. By allocating your time effectively, you can optimize your studying, complete assignments on time, and prepare thoroughly for exams.

Strategies for Effective Time Management

As a professional copywriting journalist, I know that effective time management is essential for achieving productivity and success. But knowing how to manage your time efficiently can be a challenge. Here are some strategies that have worked for me:

1. Prioritize Tasks

One of the most important steps you can take to manage your time effectively is to prioritize your tasks. Make a to-do list at the beginning of each day and rank tasks in order of importance. Focus on completing the most critical tasks first and work your way down the list.

2. Eliminate Distractions

Distractions can be a major time-waster. Try to eliminate distractions as much as possible. Turn off your phone or put it on silent mode, close unnecessary tabs on your computer, and find a quiet work environment. If you work in a noisy environment, consider using noise-cancelling headphones to help you focus.

3. Use Time-Saving Tools

There are many tools available to help you manage your time more efficiently. One example is time-tracking software, which allows you to monitor where you are spending your time and identify areas where you can improve. Other tools like calendar apps and project management software can help you stay organized and prioritize tasks.

4. Practice Time-Blocking

Time-blocking involves breaking your day into specific time blocks and allocating tasks to each block. For example, you might block off time for email and social media in the morning, then devote the afternoon to completing a specific project. This technique helps you stay on track and avoid procrastination.

5. Learn to Say “No”

One of the biggest time-management challenges is taking on too many tasks. Learn to say “no” to requests that are not essential or do not align with your goals. This will help you avoid overcommitting and ensure you have enough time for your top priorities.

By implementing these strategies, you can improve your time management skills and achieve greater productivity and success.

Balancing Work and Personal Life with Time Management

As a journalist balancing a demanding career and personal life, I understand the importance of effective time management in achieving a healthy work-life balance. It can be challenging to juggle multiple responsibilities, but with the right time management strategies, it’s possible to find harmony between work and personal commitments.

By implementing these tips, it’s possible to achieve a work-life balance that promotes overall success and well-being. Remember, effective time management isn’t about working more, it’s about working smarter and prioritizing what’s important.

Overcoming Time Management Challenges

As a professional copywriting journalist, I understand the challenges that come with managing time effectively. The constant distractions and interruptions can make it difficult to stay focused and productive. However, there are strategies you can implement to overcome these challenges and improve your time management skills.

Procrastination

One of the most common time management challenges is procrastination. It’s easy to put off tasks until the last minute, but this only leads to increased stress and reduced productivity. One way to overcome procrastination is to break down tasks into smaller, more manageable steps. Set deadlines for each step and hold yourself accountable. Additionally, try to eliminate any distractions that might be tempting you to procrastinate, such as your phone or social media.

Lack of Motivation

Another challenge is a lack of motivation . When you don’t feel motivated to complete a task, it can be hard to find the energy to get started. One technique for overcoming this challenge is to focus on the benefits of completing the task. For example, remind yourself of how good it will feel to cross the item off your to-do list. Additionally, try to find ways to make the task more enjoyable, such as listening to music or working in a comfortable environment.

Interruptions

Interruptions are another challenge that can disrupt your time management efforts. Whether it’s a co-worker popping into your office or the constant ping of incoming emails, interruptions can make it difficult to stay focused and productive. One way to overcome this challenge is to establish boundaries. Let your co-workers know when you are working on an important task and cannot be interrupted. Additionally, consider turning off notifications on your phone and computer to limit distractions.

By implementing these strategies, you can overcome common time management challenges and improve your productivity. Remember, effective time management takes practice and commitment, but the benefits are well worth the effort.

Time Management Techniques for Students

As a student, managing your time effectively can make the difference between academic success and failure. Here are some time management techniques that can help you maximize your productivity and achieve better results:

• Create a schedule: Planning your day in advance helps you stay on top of your schoolwork and other activities. Allocate blocks of time for studying, attending classes, and completing assignments.
• Use productivity apps: There are many apps available that can help you organize your tasks and stay focused. Some popular choices include Trello, Evernote, and Focus@Will.
• Practice time-blocking: This involves breaking your day down into segments and dedicating each one to a specific task. For example, you could dedicate one hour to studying for a particular subject.
• Optimize study time: When studying, it’s important to make the most of your time. Avoid distractions by studying in a quiet place, and take regular breaks to avoid burnout.
• Manage extracurricular activities: It’s important to balance your schoolwork with other activities. Prioritize your commitments and avoid overcommitting yourself.

By implementing these time management techniques, you can reduce stress, stay organized, and achieve your academic goals.

Benefits of Effective Time Management

Mastering time management skills can have numerous benefits for both your personal and professional life. Here are some of the key advantages:

Overall, effective time management can help you lead a more balanced, productive, and fulfilling life.

Conclusion on Time Management Essay Outline

As a professional copywriting journalist, I understand the value of time management in achieving success and productivity. In this article, we discussed the significance of time management in personal and professional life and explored tips for developing effective time management skills. Creating a time management essay outline is crucial for structuring your thoughts and ideas.

We also emphasized the role of time management in academic success, provided strategies for balancing work and personal life, and identified common challenges in managing time effectively. We discussed specific time management techniques that are helpful for students, such as time-blocking and using productivity apps.

The benefits of effective time management are numerous, including reduced stress, increased productivity, and improved overall well-being. It is essential to master time management skills for long-term success.

Implementing time management strategies can be challenging, but with perseverance and dedication, anyone can achieve success. By prioritizing tasks, eliminating distractions, and using time-saving tools, you can maximize your efficiency and productivity. Remember, time is a valuable resource, and managing it effectively is the key to success.

FAQ on Time Management Essay Outline

Q: what is time management.

A: Time management refers to the practice of planning and organizing one’s time effectively to achieve maximum productivity. It involves setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and allocating time appropriately to different activities.

Q: Why is time management important?

A: Time management is important because it allows individuals to make the most out of their finite time. By managing time effectively, one can accomplish more tasks, reduce stress, and achieve success in both personal and professional endeavors.

Q: How can I develop effective time management skills?

A: Developing effective time management skills can be achieved by setting goals, prioritizing tasks, creating schedules, and minimizing distractions. It is also essential to learn to delegate tasks and practice self-discipline.

Q: How do I create a time management essay outline?

A: To create a time management essay outline, start by introducing the topic and its importance. Then, structure your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs discussing relevant points, and a conclusion summarizing your key arguments.

Q: Why is time management important for academic success?

A: Time management is crucial for academic success as it allows students to effectively manage their study time, complete assignments on time, and adequately prepare for exams. It also helps in maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Q: What are some strategies for effective time management?

A: Strategies for effective time management include setting priorities, eliminating distractions, using time-saving tools, and practicing good organization skills. It is also important to take regular breaks and avoid overloading oneself with tasks.

Q: How can time management help in balancing work and personal life?

A: Time management plays a key role in achieving a work-life balance by helping individuals allocate time for work, personal commitments, and self-care. It enables better planning and prioritization of activities to ensure all aspects of life are given proper attention.

Q: How can I overcome time management challenges?

A: Overcoming time management challenges can be done by addressing issues like procrastination, lack of motivation, and interruptions. Strategies such as setting realistic goals, breaking tasks into manageable steps, and practicing self-discipline can help overcome these challenges.

Q: What are some time management techniques for students?

A: Time management techniques for students include creating schedules, using productivity apps, practicing time-blocking, and setting specific study goals. It is also important for students to prioritize tasks, avoid multitasking, and seek help when needed.

Q: What are the benefits of effective time management?

A: Effective time management provides numerous benefits, including reduced stress levels, increased productivity, improved overall well-being, and the ability to achieve personal and professional goals. It also allows for better time utilization and enhances work-life balance.

Implementing effective time management strategies is crucial for boosting productivity and achieving success in various aspects of life. By managing time wisely, individuals can accomplish more, reduce stress, and lead a more fulfilling life.

About the author

I’m Rosie Landry, your friendly guide through the exciting world of practical management here on this blog. Here, I delve into everything from practical tips to complex theories of time management, combining scientific research with real-life applications. When I’m not writing about time management, you can find me with my nose in a gripping mystery novel, creating culinary delights, or out exploring nature with my faithful golden retriever, Marley. Join me as we discover how to take control of our time and enhance our lives together. If you need to reach out, do so here.

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• Essay on Time Management

Time Management Essay

We have always considered time to be one of the most essential and precious things of our life. Our parents and grandparents always told us that time once gone will never come back. So it is better not to think about the time that has already passed but it is important to focus on the present, considering this time to be good and blissful. 

In the modern era, when everyone is leading a very busy life, and everyone has different kinds of things to put together, instead of finding out the fastest and easiest way to solve our problems to get the maximum benefits, we should always try to plan to work hard towards completing whatever we have in hand today, that is the most important or urgent task of the day and execute them, keeping our goals in view. We know there is no comparison to hard work. 

However, Urgent work may not always be very important, but they seem to be very critical. By doing and finishing the most critical task of the day, we feel energetic and our brain continuously feels very active.  

However, setting our priorities before working is a conventional method of time management. In this modern era, we should implement Covey’s Time Management Matrix 

According to Covey, each task can be broken down according to its urgency and importance. All in all, we have 4 categories of tasks.

Quadrant 1: Important and Urgent - Necessity 

To avoid serious consequences in future, in this quadrant we have to deal with the unforeseen events and pressing problems, immediately. Most of the time, some issues are unexpected and hence proper planning may not happen. Therefore, sometimes, it’s just enough to work on them proactively— before they have become urgent. 

Quadrant 2: Important but Not Urgent - Extraordinary Productivity

Tasks in this quadrant are not that urgent. We can keep them aside for some time, but this is a mistake.  Ideally, this is the quadrant where one should spend most of one’s time- working on strategic and high-impact tasks. They will bring more value to your studies, work or business. This is one way to help grow professionally and personally. 

Quadrant 3: Not Important but Urgent - Distraction

Since we have to constantly keep ourselves busy, in this quadrant we have to deal with the less urgent tasks. They might distract an individual from the main goals, but as Dwight Eisenhower puts it, ‘What is urgent is seldom important.

There are times when we can avoid these petty issues entirely, but the burden automatically reduces if this task gets delegated to someone else in the team or in class. If the delegation of this assignment is not possible then the same task can be completed by including small batches. The better the job, the more hours can be allocated for particular tasks thereby making the work easy. 

Quadrant 4: Not Important and Not Urgent - Waste 

These tasks are neither important nor urgent. Small amounts of trivial activities help us relax. Yet we tend to waste a lot of time in this quadrant, so it is always advised to be careful because we may be losing the present moment. 

Therefore, time management skills and following these quadrants during studies or at the workplace becomes essential to handle every project with diligence in future. In other words, as Lord Chesterfield had mentioned, “Take care of the minutes and the hours will take care of themselves.”

How to Make the Most of Your Time

You must examine a few factors that will assist us throughout our life in order to make the most of our time. Setting objectives, establishing to-do lists, prioritizing work, getting adequate sleep, and so on are all examples of this.

Set long-term and short-term goals to help you stay productive while striving to maximize your time. Furthermore, they will act as a motivator to keep you going. This will also motivate you to accomplish something in your life.

At first, it will appear to be a tedious task, but as you perform it on a regular basis, you will discover that it only serves to increase your productivity. As a result, you will be compelled to achieve more in life in the end.

Prioritizing tasks is an excellent way to keep track of your time. As a result, you will have a better understanding of the importance of various tasks and jobs. Aside from that, you will be more productive if you join a group and participate in a similar activity at the same time. As a consequence, it will help you achieve greater life success.

Being productive does not mean that you are always working on a variety of projects. Getting proper sleep and exercising are also important parts of being productive. Furthermore, regular exercise and sleep aid in the maintenance of a good body-mind balance, which is essential for productivity and efficiency.

FAQs on Essay on Time Management

1. What is time?

In life, the most valuable asset is time. Everyone must appreciate and understand the importance of time since time can create both positive and bad outcomes. Some people understand the importance and meaning of existence. We can maintain a healthy habit of arranging and managing our everyday tasks by using time. Nobody is immune to the passage of time. We are all prone to age and death. In our life, time is really important. We may gain experience and build talents through time if we better understand the time worth. Time possesses the ability to cure things, whether they are external wounds or inside sentiments. We can not quantify time since it is the ultimate thing. When tasks are completed on time, they are very beneficial and produce excellent outcomes. A person's reference point in time can also be referred to as time.

2. What are the benefits of effective time management?

Many advantages are there when you know how to successfully manage your time. These are some of them:

Productivity and efficiency will increase.

There will be less tension.

A more positive professional image.

Possibilities for progress have improved.

More chances to fulfill your life and career objectives.

Overall, you begin to feel more in charge, with the assurance that you can make the greatest use of your time.

You will be in a great position to assist others to attain their goals, too, since you will be happier, calmer, and better equipped to think.

3. How powerful is Time?

In the past, several rulers considered themselves to be the rulers of their era and the whole globe. They do, however, neglect the reality that they only have a limited period of time. Time is the only thing in the world that has no bounds. Time may transform you into a king or a beggar in a couple of seconds.

Finally, we might declare that God's greatest gift is time. "Time will waste you if you waste Time," as the proverb goes. This remark alone shows the significance and value of Time.

4. Why should we place so much importance on time?

The majority of people are unaware of how important time is until it is taken away from them. Furthermore, there are those in the world who place a higher value on money than on time since time has no meaning for them. They are, however, ignorant that Time has presented them with the opportunity to make money. Aside from that, time provides us happiness and success, but it may also bring us sorrow and despair. As a result, it is critical that we appreciate Time and make effective use of it.

5. Where can I find an essay on time management?

Vedantu provides students with essays on time management.  This essay contains topics such as what is time, the importance of time and time management, how to manage time, and much more. Teachers who are experts in their subjects develop the content of Vedantu. Furthermore, the data is structured in such a way that students will have an easier time learning and remembering the concepts. Vedantu also provides students in grades 1 through 12 with study materials and a range of competitive exams. Notes, important topics and questions, revision notes, and other materials are included in the content. On Vedantu, you may utilize all of these materials for free. Students must first register on the Vedantu website in order to access any of these items. You may also use the Vedantu smartphone app to sign up.

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Time Management Essay

The art of time management is making the most of one's time by using it effectively. Despite how simple it may seem, mastering this method requires much work. One who has time management skills can practically accomplish any goals they set for themselves. Here are a few sample essays on “Time Management” .

100 Words Essay On Time Management

Your ability to manage your time will help you methodically complete your work. It eases your burden and increases your self-assurance. Given that we are all dependent on time, its significance cannot be disputed. Everyday life requires a few extra hours, as do we all. But it is impossible to obtain due to the workload. Instead, make a schedule that gives our business and personal obligations priority. Make time for yourself by using time management to get rid of the things that are unneeded. You can accomplish more with less work if you have good time management. Additionally, you'll avoid last-minute panic attacks by doing this.

200 Words Essay On Time Management

Adults as well children have their share of academic and professional activities to perform daily. Today's kids have a lot of studying to do. Hence, for them to make the best out of their childhood, it is essential that they manage their time efficiently. Along with studies, students are required to make time for extracurricular activities, hobbies, etc. So it's crucial to plan your time correctly.

Time Management Tips

Here are some pointers to help us effectively manage our time:

Making a list: We should grab a pen and paper each morning and list everything we have to get done that day.

Give the task priority: Prioritising the tasks once we have listed them all out.

Time Limit: We must schedule a time to finish each work we have written down if we want to manage our time effectively.

Checking: As we do the tasks, we should keep checking them. This inspires us to work harder and gives us a sense of accomplishment.

Taking Breaks: We should not keep starting new projects one after the other. Taking adequate rest between tasks is essential.

500 Words Essay On Time Management

Effective time management is the efficient use of time, which enables us to organise our days so that we complete our work more quickly and make best use of the limited time we have available.

Time Management Techniques

Here are some important techniques through which we can manage our time:-

Pareto Analysis: Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist, developed the 80/20 rule. It is the theory that 80% of outcomes are caused by only 20% of activities. The pareto analysis aims to assist you in prioritising activities that are most successful at resolving issues.

Parkinson’s Law: “work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.”, according to British historian Cyril Northcote Parkinson. In other words, you can estimate how long it will take you to complete a task by the amount of time you give yourself to finish it.

Covey’s time matrix: A structure for prioritising your time and responsibilities for maximum effectiveness and productivity is the Covey Time Management Matrix. In the Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, author Steven Covey developed a model that uses a four-quadrant approach to classify each work, responsibility, and aspect of your life depending on Urgency and Importance.

Advantages Of Time Management

Smooth Functioning | Making a "To-do" list at the start of the day in the order of significance allows people to prioritise their tasks and make better use of their time. This kind of plan gives people a sense of direction the entire day.

Sense Of Accomplishment | Time management enables people to do tasks quickly, feel a sense of accomplishment, and further motivate them to achieve their goals.

Reduces Stress | It is common knowledge that having unfinished work adds to our tension and anxiety. By employing time management techniques, we may finish our work quickly and eliminate stress and anxiety from both our professional as well as personal lives. We may lay out our life goals with the aid of time management.

I am an Indian studying in the USA. In all this while that I’ve been staying on my own, I’ve realised that time management is the most crucial thing for me. Having to study, cook my food, clean my room, and wash clothes without any help is a tough challenge. Doing all these things without proper time management can be critical and problematic. I always maintain a timetable for myself. It helps me keep track of time and do things more productively.

I also make time for leisure activities to keep myself fresh and happy. For example, after a whole day of working outside and at home, at night, I make time to read books. Reading books is something that has always brought me joy. In this manner, I manage my own time as I know time is money, and it waits for none. If we waste it, we might regret it later and wish for an alternative.

For every person, time management is crucial. You wouldn't be far from achieving your goals if you could manage your time effectively, regardless of whether you are a student, housewife, business owner, or working professional.

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Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities. 

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Veterinary Doctor

Pathologist.

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Speech Therapist

Gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Videographer

Multimedia specialist.

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French , German , Italian . 

Public Relation Executive

Travel journalist.

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

Merchandiser.

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

ITSM Manager

Information security manager.

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

Business Intelligence Developer

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103 Time Management Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on time management, 🎓 interesting time management essay topics, 📌 easy time management essay topics, 👍 good time management research topics & essay examples, ❓ research questions about time management.

• Study Skills and Time Management in Education
• The Role of Time Management in Leadership
• Time Management: Being Late and Its Impact on a Team
• Study Skill of Time Management
• Effective Time Management Analysis
• Time Management for Nursing Leaders to Consider
• Time Management or Self-Management
• Time Management for Adult Students The paper includes the problem of time management, various programs which constitute management problems and short and long-term achievements of time management.
• Project Scheduling and Time Management The paper explores the project management and key factors of project failure. It assesses the importance of the evaluation of the customers’ needs to make a project successful.
• Work-Life Balance and Time Management The central question of the research relates to why people cannot competently calculate their time to pay equal attention to work responsibilities and personal life.
• Time Management and Work-Life Balance Work and personal life are on the scales. The right allocation of time and its effective use will enable a modern person to distribute time correctly.
• Short Attention Span as a Time Management Issue My biggest time management problem is my short attention span. I tend to get distracted very easily. I use some strategies that help me manage my problem with attention.
• Stress and Time Management The data is supported by Svedberg’s current information that highlights that an individual can lower the level of anxiety when there is a possibility of sound sleep.
• Time Management Skills in Leadership While leadership’s goal is to push forward and develop, management tends to find faults in the present state of a system and fix them.
• The Importance of Time Management among Students and Employees in Bahrain Financial Sector This research is aimed to study the opinions and attitudes towards time management among the students in Bahrain University and the country’s financial sector.
• Good Time Management and Delegation Skills The management skills of good time management and delegation. These two skills of management are very much closely related and even to a particular extend they move together.
• Time Management: Mobile Application The problem of time management among college students is significant since it impacts their academic performance, grades, and mental health well-being.
• Time Management for Students in Bahrain’s Banking This research is aimed to study the opinions and attitudes towards time management among the students at Bahrain University and the country’s financial sector.
• The Business Proposal: Mobile App to Improve Time Management n this case, a mobile application that controls its user’s time management can successfully combat the current issue of poor time management.
• Importance of Time Management for a Personal Life There is no arguing with the fact that managing one’s time is one of the most important things for a student to consider.
• Time Management Days Plan This paper reviews the concept of strategic time management, presents the reader with current approaches to strategic time management.
• Multitasking as a Personal Time Management Issue I had an impression I was more effective attempting several tasks at the same time. To overcome my multitasking, I focus on just one activity up until I am fully done with it.
• The Just-in-Time Management System Installation The main aim of installing the JIT system in the company is to improve efficiency in data handling. It is expected to reduce the time taken by the company to process data from customers.
• Time Management in Relation to Work Values Across Managerial Levels in a Public Sector
• Impact of Time Management on the Students’ Academic Performance
• Beyond Time Management: Time Use, Performance, and Well-Being
• Productivity and Time Management for the Overwhelmed
• The Relationship Between Time Management Behavior and Time Perspective
• Why Time Management Is Essential for Goal Setting
• An Overview of Time Management as an Effective Tool in Organizational Management
• Software Solutions for Time Management in Remote Work Settings
• The Key Time Management Skills and How to Improve Them
• How Effective Time Management Can Reduce Job-Induced Stress
• Managing Time With Technology: Types & Tools
• Time Management: A Guide for Teachers and Education Staff
• Gender-Based Comparative Study of Time Management Skills at the University Level
• Why College Students Should Practice Time Management Skills
• Time Management in Sports: How Elite Athletes Manage Time Under Fatigue and Stress Conditions
• Free Time Management in Contributing to Better Quality of Life
• Applying Skills and Principles of Time Management in a Hospitality Organization
• Time Management as a Way to Increase Employee Work Efficiency
• Importance of Time Management for Distance Learning Students
• Promoting Time Management & Self-Efficacy Through Digital Competence
• A Review of Time Management Behaviors Among Nurse Managers
• How Time Management Fuels Motivation and Vice Versa
• Overcoming Procrastination and Improving Time Management
• What Makes Women Better at Time Management and Multitasking
• Assessing Time Management Skills in Terms of Age and Gender
• Time Management at Work: How Efficient Are You?
• The Main Skills Required for Effective Time Management to Achieve Organizational and Personal Objectives
• How to Manage Your Time and Improve Punctuality
• Dynamic Self-Regulation as an Effective Time Management Strategy
• Guide to Creating SMART Goals for Time Management
• Time Management Behavior Among Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Prioritizing Your Tasks for Better Time Management
• Time and Time Management From a Cross-Cultural Perspective
• The Relation of Religion and Spirituality to Time Management
• Time Management Games as an Excellent Tool for Improving Concentration and Critical Thinking
• Military Time Management Technique: The CARVER System
• The Future of Work: AI in Changing the Time Management Game for Executives
• Time Management Skills and How They Benefit Your Mental Health
• Why Some People Struggle With Time Management
• The Importance of Time Management for the Success of Teenagers in Education
• Time Management: Boost Productivity and Get Things Done
• Evaluating Time Management Strategies for People With Disabilities
• A Job in High School: How to Balance Your Time
• Technology for Time Management Has Made It Easy
• A Review of Time Management to Ensure Creative and Purposeful Learning
• Project Time Management: Getting Projects Done on Time
• The Nexus Between Time Management Behaviors and Work-Life Balance of Employees
• Effective Time Management for Better Customer Experience
• Best Work Productivity Apps: Choosing the Right Time Management Software
• Time Management: Balancing Social Life and Academics
• How to Set Priorities for Effective Time Management?
• What Are Time Management Strategies?
• What Effective Time Management Tools Should Managers Use?
• What Is the Relationship Between Time Management and Goal Setting?
• What Are Effective Time Management Practices?
• Is Time Management a Strategy for Coping With Overload?
• Can Poor Time Management Cause Stress?
• Does Making a List Help With Time Management?
• What Time Management Techniques Help Students?
• Does Time Management Make a Person Punctual and Disciplined?
• Why Does a Person Become More Organized Thanks to Time Management?
• Should Children Learn Time Management?
• Why Effective Time Management Makes a Person Confident?
• What Are the Time Management Problems?
• Does Time Management Help You Accomplish Your Goals in the Shortest Possible Time Span?
• Can Time Management Reduce Anxiety?
• Does the Time Management Plan Include Time for Entertainment?
• How Do Realistic and Achievable Goals Contribute to Successful Time Management?
• Why Does Time Management Contribute to the Absence of Overloads?
• Why Is Discipline Important for Time Management?
• What Is the Role of the Organizer in Time Management?
• What Are the Benefits of Time Management?
• What Are the Most Effective Time Management Tips?
• Is It Possible to Learn Effective Time Management?
• Does the Order in the Office Contribute to the Successful Time Management of the Employee?
• Why Do Some People Struggle With Time Management?
• Do Older People and Young People Manage Time Equally?
• What Is the Solution for Time Management in a Remote Work Setting?
• How to Improve Your Time Management Skills?
• What Are the Time Management Strategies for People With Disabilities?

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StudyCorgi. (2023, May 18). 103 Time Management Essay Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/time-management-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "103 Time Management Essay Topics." May 18, 2023. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/time-management-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2023. "103 Time Management Essay Topics." May 18, 2023. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/time-management-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Time Management were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

College Life

Time to Manage My Time

Time management is a large stressor for me in my academic career and has been a problem I’ve been facing for as long as I’ve been in school. I frequently won’t start large projects until just a few days before they are due and for smaller projects, I don’t work on them until the day they are due. As a result, I would spend whole nights working on projects and turning in unedited work, greatly hurting my grades. I have tried many ways to help with my time management and set plans for my schoolwork. I have tried to use daily planners but always forget about them or they would stress me out more trying to keep the planner updated. This time management problem hurt my class reading most of all. I have never been good at doing class reading, and in my first semester at GB, I didn’t look at nearly all the assigned readings.

I have gotten much better at my time management this semester, largely because I have set myself on a stricter schedule in the morning. I now spend most of my morning in the library where I don’t have anything to distract me from my schoolwork. When I arrive at the library there is always an open private room, which is both a comfortable space and eliminates most distractions but not all distractions which helps me not feel burnt out by schoolwork. I also use better techniques to keep me in my work, like planning things out on a whiteboard because it makes me feel more official and engaged in my work longer.  I still spend some of my time in the mornings avoiding schoolwork but once I get myself to start working, I rarely have a problem continuing. I also have started putting large projects on my phone calendar which has helped me both see how much homework I have coming up and helps me work on the assignments in small amounts over the whole time it is assigned. I still struggle with time management a lot but I have made many improvements in my time management for school over the last few months and I believe I can use these improvements to help outside of school.

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The ‘Colorblindness’ Trap

How a civil rights ideal got hijacked.

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The ‘Colorblindness’ Trap: How a Civil Rights Ideal Got Hijacked

The fall of affirmative action is part of a 50-year campaign to roll back racial progress.

By Nikole Hannah-Jones

Nikole Hannah-Jones is a staff writer at the magazine and is the creator of The 1619 Project. She also teaches race and journalism at Howard University.

Anthony K. Wutoh, the provost of Howard University, was sitting at his desk last July when his phone rang. It was the new dean of the College of Medicine, and she was worried. She had received a letter from a conservative law group called the Liberty Justice Center. The letter warned that in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision striking down affirmative action in college admissions, the school “must cease” any practices or policies that included a “racial component” and said it was notifying medical schools across the country that they must eliminate “racial discrimination” in their admissions. If Howard refused to comply, the letter threatened, the organization would sue.

Listen to this article, read by Janina Edwards

Open this article in the New York Times Audio app on iOS.

Wutoh told the dean to send him the letter and not to respond until she heard back from him. Hanging up, he sat there for a moment, still. Then he picked up the phone and called the university’s counsel: This could be a problem.

Like most university officials, Wutoh was not shocked in June when the most conservative Supreme Court in nearly a century cut affirmative action’s final thin thread. In Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, the court invalidated race-conscious admissions programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Universities across the nation had been preparing for the ruling, trying both to assess potential liabilities and determine the best response.

But Howard is no ordinary university. Chartered by the federal government two years after the Civil War, Howard is one of about 100 historically Black colleges and universities, known as H.B.C.U.s. H.B.C.U. is an official government designation for institutions of higher learning founded from the time of slavery through the end of legal apartheid in the 1960s, mostly in the South. H.B.C.U.s were charged with educating the formerly enslaved and their descendants, who for most of this nation’s history were excluded from nearly all of its public and private colleges.

Though Howard has been open to students of all races since its founding in 1867, nearly all of its students have been Black. And so after the affirmative-action ruling, while elite, predominantly white universities fretted about how to keep their Black enrollments from shrinking, Howard (where I am a professor) and other H.B.C.U.s were planning for a potential influx of students who either could no longer get into these mostly white colleges or no longer wanted to try.

Wutoh thought it astounding that Howard — a university whose official government designation and mandate, whose entire reason for existing, is to serve a people who had been systematically excluded from higher education — could be threatened with a lawsuit if it did not ignore race when admitting students. “The fact that we have to even think about and consider what does this mean and how do we continue to fulfill our mission and fulfill the reason why we were founded as an institution and still be consistent with the ruling — I have to acknowledge that we have struggled with this,” he told me. “My broader concern is this is a concerted effort, part of an orchestrated plan to roll back many of the advances of the ’50s and ’60s. I am alarmed. It is absolutely regressive.”

Wutoh has reason to be alarmed. Conservative groups have spent the nine months since the affirmative-action ruling launching an assault on programs designed to explicitly address racial inequality across American life. They have filed a flurry of legal challenges and threatened lawsuits against race-conscious programs outside the realm of education, including diversity fellowships at law firms, a federal program to aid disadvantaged small businesses and a program to keep Black women from dying in childbirth. These conservative groups — whose names often evoke fairness and freedom and rights — are using civil rights law to claim that the Constitution requires “colorblindness” and that efforts targeted at ameliorating the suffering of descendants of slavery illegally discriminate against white people. They have co-opted both the rhetoric of colorblindness and the legal legacy of Black activism not to advance racial progress, but to stall it. Or worse, reverse it.

During the civil rights era, this country passed a series of hard-fought laws to dismantle the system of racial apartheid and to create policies and programs aimed at repairing its harms. Today this is often celebrated as the period when the nation finally triumphed over its original sin of slavery. But what this narrative obscures is that the gains of the civil rights movement were immediately met with a backlash that sought to subvert first the language and then the aims of the movement. Over the last 50 years, we have experienced a slow-moving, near-complete unwinding of the idea that this country owes anything to Black Americans for 350 years of legalized slavery and racism. But we have also undergone something far more dangerous: the dismantling of the constitutional tools for undoing racial caste in the United States.

Beginning in the 1970s, the Supreme Court began to vacillate on remedies for descendants of slavery. And for the last 30 years, the court has almost exclusively ruled in favor of white people in so-called reverse-discrimination cases while severely narrowing the possibility for racial redress for Black Americans. Often, in these decisions, the court has used colorblindness as a rationale that dismisses both the particular history of racial disadvantage and its continuing disparities.

This thinking has reached its legal apotheosis on the court led by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. Starting with the 2007 case Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, the court found that it wasn’t the segregation of Black and Latino children that was constitutionally repugnant, but the voluntary integration plans that used race to try to remedy it. Six years later, Roberts wrote the majority opinion in Shelby v. Holder, gutting the Voting Rights Act, which had ensured that jurisdictions could no longer prevent Black Americans from voting because of their race. The act was considered one of the most successful civil rights laws in American history, but Roberts declared that its key provision was no longer needed, saying that “things have changed dramatically.” But a new study by the Brennan Center for Justice found that since the ruling, jurisdictions that were once covered by the Voting Rights Act because of their history of discrimination saw the gap in turnout between Black and white voters grow nearly twice as quickly as in other jurisdictions with similar socioeconomic profiles.

These decisions of the Roberts court laid the legal and philosophical groundwork for the recent affirmative-action case. Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard involved two of the country’s oldest public and private universities, both of which were financed to a significant degree with the labor of the enslaved and excluded slavery’s descendants for most of their histories. In finding that affirmative action was unconstitutional, Roberts used the reasoning of Brown v. Board of Education to make the case that because “the Constitution is colorblind” and “should not permit any distinctions of law based on race or color,” race cannot be used even to help a marginalized group. Quoting the Brown ruling, Roberts argued that “the mere act of ‘separating children’” because of their race generated “ ‘a feeling of inferiority’” among students.

But in citing Brown, Roberts spoke generically of race, rarely mentioning Black people and ignoring the fact that this earlier ruling struck down segregation because race had been used to subordinate them. When Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote those words in 1954, he was not arguing that the use of race harmed Black and white children equally. The use of race in assigning students to schools, Warren wrote, referring to an earlier lower-court decision, had “a detrimental effect upon colored children” specifically, because it was “interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group.”

Roberts quickly recited in just a few paragraphs the centuries-long legacy of legal discrimination against Black Americans. Then, as if flicking so many crumbs from the table, he used the circular logic of conservative colorblindness to dispatch that past with a pithy line: “Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it.”

By erasing the context, Roberts turned colorblindness on its head, reinterpreting a concept meant to eradicate racial caste to one that works against racial justice.

Roberts did not invent this subversion of colorblindness, but his court is constitutionalizing it. While we seem to understand now how the long game of the anti-abortion movement resulted in a historically conservative Supreme Court that last year struck down Roe v. Wade, taking away what had been a constitutional right, Americans have largely failed to see that a parallel, decades-long antidemocratic racial strategy was occurring at the same time. The ramifications of the recent affirmative-action decision are clear — and they are not something so inconsequential as the complexion of elite colleges and the number of students of color who attend them: We are in the midst of a radical abandonment of a compact that the civil rights movement forged, a shared understanding that racial inequality is harmful to democracy.

The End of Slavery, and the Instant Backlash

When this country finally eliminated first slavery and then racial apartheid, it was left with a fundamental question: How does a white-majority nation, which for nearly its entire history wielded race-conscious policies and laws that oppressed and excluded Black Americans, create a society in which race no longer matters? Do we ignore race in order to eliminate its power, or do we consciously use race to undo its harms?

Our nation has never been able to resolve this tension. Race, we now believe, should not be used to harm or to advantage people, whether they are Black or white. But the belief in colorblindness in a society constructed on the codification of racial difference has always been aspirational. And so achieving it requires what can seem like a paradoxical approach: a demand that our nation pay attention to race in order, at some future point, to attain a just society. As Justice Thurgood Marshall said in a 1987 speech, “The ultimate goal is the creation of a colorblind society,” but “given the position from which America began, we still have a very long way to go.”

Racial progress in the United States has resulted from rare moments of national clarity, often following violent upheavals like the Civil War and the civil rights movement. At those times, enough white people in power embraced the idea that racial subordination is antidemocratic and so the United States must counter its legacy of racial caste not with a mandated racial neutrality or colorblindness but with sweeping race-specific laws and policies to help bring about Black equality. Yet any attempt to manufacture equality by the same means that this society manufactured inequality has faced fierce and powerful resistance.

This resistance began as soon as slavery ended. After generations of chattel slavery, four million human beings were suddenly being emancipated into a society in which they had no recognized rights or citizenship, and no land, money, education, shelter or jobs. To address this crisis, some in Congress saw in the aftermath of this nation’s deadliest war the opportunity — but also the necessity — for a second founding that would eliminate the system of racial slavery that had been its cause. These men, known as Radical Republicans, believed that making Black Americans full citizens required color-consciousness in policy — an intentional reversal of the way race had been used against Black Americans. They wanted to create a new agency called the Freedmen’s Bureau to serve “persons of African descent” or “such persons as once had been slaves” by providing educational, food and legal assistance, as well as allotments of land taken from the white-owned properties where formerly enslaved people were forced to work.

Understanding that “race” was created to force people of African descent into slavery, their arguments in Congress in favor of the Freedmen’s Bureau were not based on Black Americans’ “skin color” but rather on their condition. Standing on the Senate floor in June 1864, Senator Charles Sumner quoted from a congressional commission’s report on the conditions of freed people, saying, “We need a Freedmen’s Bureau not because these people are Negroes but because they are men who have been for generations despoiled of their rights.” Senator Lyman Trumbull, an author of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery, declared: “The policy of the states where slavery has existed has been to legislate in its interest. … Now, when slavery no longer exists, the policy of the government must be to legislate in the interest of freedom.” In a speech to Congress, Trumbull compelled “the people of the rebellious states” to be “as zealous and active in the passage of laws and the inauguration of measures to elevate, develop and improve the Negro as they have hitherto been to enslave and degrade him.”

But there were also the first stirrings of an argument we still hear today: that specifically aiding those who, because they were of African descent, had been treated as property for 250 years was giving them preferential treatment. Two Northern congressmen, Martin Kalbfleish, a Dutch immigrant and former Brooklyn mayor, and Anthony L. Knapp, a representative from Illinois, declared that no one would give “serious consideration” to a “bureau of Irishmen’s affairs, a bureau of Dutchmen’s affairs or one for the affairs of those of Caucasian descent generally.” So they questioned why the freedmen should “become these marked objects of special legislation, to the detriment of the unfortunate whites.” Representative Nelson Taylor bemoaned the Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866, which he accused of making a “distinction on account of color between two races.” He argued, “This, sir, is what I call class legislation — legislation for a particular class of the Blacks to the exclusion of all whites.”

Ultimately, the Freedmen’s Bureau bills passed, but only after language was added to provide assistance for poor white people as well. Already, at the very moment of racial slavery’s demise, we see the poison pill, the early formulation of the now-familiar arguments that helping a people who had been enslaved was somehow unfair to those who had not, that the same Constitution that permitted and protected bondage based on race now required colorblindness to undo its harms.

This logic helped preserve the status quo and infused the responses to other Reconstruction-era efforts that tried to ensure justice and equality for newly freed people. President Andrew Johnson, in vetoing the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which sought to grant automatic citizenship to four million Black people whose families for generations had been born in the United States, argued that it “proposes a discrimination against large numbers of intelligent, worthy and patriotic foreigners,” who would still be subjected to a naturalization process “in favor of the Negro.” Congress overrode Johnson’s veto, but this idea that unique efforts to address the extraordinary conditions of people who were enslaved or descended from slavery were unfair to another group who had chosen to immigrate to this country foreshadowed the arguments about Asian immigrants and their children that would be echoed 150 years later in Students for Fair Admissions.

As would become the pattern, the collective determination to redress the wrongs of slavery evaporated under opposition. Congress abolished the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1872. And just 12 years after the Civil War, white supremacists and their accommodationists brought Reconstruction to a violent end. The nation’s first experiment with race-based redress and multiracial democracy was over. In its place, the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 ushered in the period of official racial apartheid when it determined that “the enforced separation of the races … neither abridges the privileges or immunities of the colored man … nor denies him the equal protection of the laws.” Over the next six decades, the court condoned an entire code of race law and policies designed to segregate, marginalize, exclude and subjugate descendants of slavery across every realm of American life. The last of these laws would stand until 1968, less than a decade before I was born.

Thurgood Marshall’s Path to Desegregation

In 1930, a young man named Thurgood Marshall, a native son of Baltimore, could not attend the University of Maryland’s law school, located in the city and state where his parents were taxpaying citizens. The 22-year-old should have been a shoo-in for admission. An academically gifted student, Marshall had become enamored with the Constitution after his high school principal punished him for a prank by making him read the founding document. Marshall memorized key parts of the Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights. After enrolling at Lincoln University, a prestigious Black institution, he joined the debate team and graduated with honors.

But none of that mattered. Only one thing did: Marshall was a descendant of slavery, and Black people, no matter their intellect, ambition or academic record, were barred by law from attending the University of Maryland. Marshall enrolled instead at Howard University Law School, where he studied under the brilliant Charles Hamilton Houston, whose belief that “a lawyer is either a social engineer or he’s a parasite on society” had turned the law school into the “West Point of civil rights.”

It was there that Marshall began to see the Constitution as a living document that must adapt to and address the times. He joined with Houston in crafting the strategy that would dismantle legal apartheid. After graduating as valedictorian, in one of his first cases, Marshall sued the University of Maryland. He argued that the school was violating the 14th Amendment, which granted the formerly enslaved citizenship and ensured Black Americans “equal protection under the law,” by denying Black students admission solely because of their race without providing an alternative law school for Black students. Miraculously, he won.

Nearly two decades later, Marshall stood before the Supreme Court on behalf of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Brown v. Board of Education, arguing that the equal-protection clause enshrined in the 14th Amendment did not abide the use of racial classifications to segregate Black students. Marshall was not merely advancing a generic argument that the Constitution commands blindness to color or race. The essential issue, the reason the 14th Amendment existed, he argued, was not just because race had served as a means of classifying people, but because race had been used to create a system to oppress descendants of slavery — people who had been categorized as Black. Marshall explained that racial classification was being used to enforce an “inherent determination that the people who were formerly in slavery, regardless of anything else, shall be kept as near that stage as is possible.” The court, he said, “should make it clear that that is not what our Constitution stands for.” He sought the elimination of laws requiring segregation, but also the segregation those laws had created.

The Supreme Court, in unanimously striking down school segregation in its Brown decision, did not specifically mention the word “colorblind,” but its ruling echoed the thinking about the 14th Amendment in John Marshall Harlan’s lone dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson. “There is no caste here,” Harlan declared. “Our constitution is colorblind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.” But he also made it clear that colorblindness was intended to eliminate the subordination of those who had been enslaved, writing, “In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.” He continued, “The arbitrary separation of citizens on the basis of race … is a badge of servitude.”

The court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education was not merely a moral statement but a political one. Racial segregation and the violent suppression of democracy among its Black citizens had become a liability for the United States during the Cold War, as the nation sought to stymie Communism’s attraction in non-European nations. Attorney General James P. McGranery submitted a brief to the Supreme Court on behalf of the Truman administration supporting a ruling against school segregation, writing: “It is in the context of the present world struggle between freedom and tyranny that the problem of racial discrimination must be viewed. The United States is trying to prove to the people of the world of every nationality, race and color that a free democracy is the most civilized and most secure form of government yet devised by man. … Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills.”

Civil rights activists were finally seeing their decades-long struggle paying off. But the architects and maintenance crew of racial caste understood a fundamental truth about the society they had built: Systems constructed and enforced over centuries to subjugate enslaved people and their descendants based on race no longer needed race-based laws to sustain them. Racial caste was so entrenched, so intertwined with American institutions, that without race-based counteraction , it would inevitably self-replicate.

One can see this in the effort to desegregate schools after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. Across the country, North and South, white officials eliminated laws and policies mandating segregation but also did nothing to integrate schools. They maintained unofficial policies of assigning students to schools based on race, adopting so-called race-neutral admissions requirements designed to eliminate most Black applicants from white schools, and they drew school attendance zones snugly around racially segregated neighborhoods. Nearly a decade after Brown v. Board, educational colorblindness stood as the law of the land, and yet no substantial school integration had occurred. In fact, at the start of 1963, in Alabama and Mississippi, two of the nation’s most heavily Black states, not a single Black child attended school with white children.

By the mid-1960s, the Supreme Court grew weary of the ploys. It began issuing rulings trying to enforce actual desegregation of schools. And in 1968, in Green v. New Kent County, the court unanimously decided against a Virginia school district’s “freedom-of-choice plan” that on its face adhered to the colorblind mandate of Brown but in reality led to almost no integration in the district. “The fact that in 1965 the Board opened the doors of the former ‘white’ school to Negro children and of the ‘Negro’ school to white children merely begins, not ends, our inquiry whether the Board has taken steps adequate to abolish its dual, segregated system,” the court determined.

The court ordered schools to use race to assign students, faculty and staff members to schools to achieve integration. Complying with Brown, the court determined, meant the color-conscious conversion of an apartheid system into one without a “ ‘white’ school and a ‘Negro’ school, but just schools.” In other words, the reality of racial caste could not be constitutionally subordinated to the ideal of colorblindness. Colorblindness was the goal, color-consciousness the remedy.

Using Race to End Racial Inequality

Hobart Taylor Jr., a successful lawyer who lived in Detroit, was mingling at a party in the nation’s capital in January 1961 to celebrate the inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as vice president of the United States. Taylor had not had any intention of going to the inauguration, but like Johnson, Taylor was a native son of Texas, and his politically active family were early supporters of Johnson. And so at a personal request from the vice president, Taylor reluctantly found himself amid the din of clinking cocktail glasses when Johnson stopped and asked him to come see him in a few days.

Taylor did not immediately go see Johnson. After a second request came in, in February, Taylor found himself in Johnson’s office. The vice president slid into Taylor’s hands a draft of a new executive order to establish the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, which Johnson would lead. This was to be one of President John F. Kennedy’s first steps toward establishing civil rights for Black people.

Taylor’s grandfather had been born into slavery, and yet he and Taylor’s father became highly successful and influential entrepreneurs and landowners despite Texas’ strict color line.

The apartheid society Taylor grew up in was changing, and the vice president of the United States had tapped him to help draft its new rules. How could he say no? Taylor had planned on traveling back to Detroit that night, but instead he checked into the Willard Hotel, where he worked so intently on the draft of the executive order that not only did he forget to eat dinner but also he forgot to tell his wife that he wasn’t coming home. The next day, Taylor worked and reworked the draft for what would become Executive Order 10925, enacted in March 1961.

A few years later, in an interview for the John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, Taylor would recall what he considered his most significant contribution. The draft he received said employers had to “take action” to ensure that job applicants and employees would not be discriminated against because of their race, creed, color or national origin. Taylor thought the wording needed a propellant, and so inserted the word “affirmative” in front of action. “I was torn between ‘positive’ and ‘affirmative,’ and I decided ‘affirmative’ on the basis of alliteration,” he said. “And that has, apparently, meant a great deal historically in the way in which people have approached this whole thing.”

Taylor added the word to the order, but it would be the other Texan — a man with a fondness for using the N-word in private — who would most forcefully describe the moral rationale, the societal mandate, for affirmative action. Johnson would push through Congress the 1964, 1965 and 1968 civil rights laws — the greatest civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

But a deeply divided Congress did not pass this legislation simply because it realized a century after the Civil War that descendants of slavery deserved equal rights. Black Americans had been engaged in a struggle to obtain those rights and had endured political assassinations, racist murders, bombings and other violence. Segregated and impoverished Black communities across the nation took part in dozens of rebellions, and tanks rolled through American streets. The violent suppression of the democratic rights of its Black citizens threatened to destabilize the country and had once again become an international liability as the United States waged war in Vietnam.

But as this nation’s racist laws began to fall, conservatives started to realize that the language of colorblindness could be used to their advantage. In the fall of 1964, Barry Goldwater, a Republican who was running against President Johnson, gave his first major national speech on civil rights. Civil rights leaders like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins had lambasted Goldwater’s presidential nomination, with King saying his philosophy gave “aid and comfort to racists.” But at a carefully chosen venue — the Conrad Hilton in Chicago — in front of a well-heeled white audience unlikely to spout racist rhetoric, Goldwater savvily evoked the rhetoric of the civil rights movement to undermine civil rights. “It has been well said that the Constitution is colorblind,” he said. “And so it is just as wrong to compel children to attend certain schools for the sake of so-called integration as for the sake of segregation. … Our aim, as I understand it, is not to establish a segregated society or an integrated society. It is to preserve a free society.”

The argument laid out in this speech was written with the help of William H. Rehnquist. As a clerk for Justice Robert Jackson during the Brown v. Board of Education case, Rehnquist pushed for the court to uphold segregation. But in the decade that passed, it became less socially acceptable to publicly denounce equal rights for Black Americans, and Rehnquist began to deploy the language of colorblindness in a way that cemented racial disadvantage.

White Americans who liked the idea of equality but did not want descendants of slavery moving next door to them, competing for their jobs or sitting near their children in school were exceptionally primed for this repositioning. As Rick Perlstein wrote in his book “Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of American Consensus,” when it came to race, Goldwater believed that white Americans “didn’t have the words to say the truth they knew in their hearts to be right, in a manner proper to the kind of men they wanted to see when they looked in the mirror. Goldwater was determined to give them the words.”

In the end, Johnson beat Goldwater in a landslide. Then, in June 1965, a few months after Black civil rights marchers were barbarically beaten on Selma’s Edmund Pettus Bridge and two months before he would sign the historic Voting Rights Act into law, Johnson, now president of a deeply and violently polarized nation, gave the commencement address at Howard University. At that moment, Johnson stood at the pinnacle of white American power, and he used his platform to make the case that the country owed descendants of slavery more than just their rights and freedom.

“You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, ‘You are free to compete with all the others,’ and still justly believe that you have been completely fair,” Johnson said. “This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equity but human ability, not just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result.”

For a brief moment, it seemed as if a grander, more just vision of America had taken hold. But while Goldwater did not win the election, 14 years later a case went before the Supreme Court that would signal the ultimate victory of Goldwater’s strategy.

Claiming Reverse Discrimination

Allan Bakke was enjoying a successful career at NASA when he decided he wanted to become a physician. Bakke grew up in a white middle-class family — his father worked for the Post Office, and his mother taught school. Bakke went to the University of Minnesota, where he studied engineering and joined the R.O.T.C. to help pay for college, and then served four years as a Marine, including seven months in Vietnam. It was there that Bakke became enamored with the medical profession. While still working at NASA, he enrolled in night courses to obtain a pre-med degree. In 1972, while he was in his 30s, Bakke applied to 11 medical schools, including at his alma mater, and was rejected by all 11.

One of the schools that Bakke, who was living in California at the time, applied to was the University of California at Davis. The school received 2,664 applications for 100 spots, and by the time he completed his application, most of the seats had already been filled. Some students with lower scores were admitted before he applied, and Bakke protested to the school, claiming that “quotas, open or covert, for racial minorities” had kept him out. His admission file, however, would show that it was his age that was probably a significant strike against him and not his race.

Bakke applied again the next year, and U.C. Davis rejected him again. A friend described Bakke as developing an “almost religious zeal” to fight what he felt was a system that discriminated against white people in favor of so-called minorities. Bakke decided to sue, claiming he had been a victim of “reverse” discrimination.

The year was 1974, less than a decade after Johnson’s speech on affirmative action and a few years after the policy had begun to make its way onto college campuses. The U.C. Davis medical school put its affirmative-action plan in place in 1970. At the time, its first-year medical-school class of 100 students did not include a single Black, Latino or Native student. In response, the faculty designed a special program to boost enrollment of “disadvantaged” students by reserving 16 of the 100 seats for students who would go through a separate admissions process that admitted applicants with lower academic ratings than the general admissions program.

From 1971 to 1974, 21 Black students, 30 Mexican American students and 12 Asian American students enrolled through the special program, while one Black student, six Mexican Americans and 37 Asian American students were admitted through the regular program. Bakke claimed that his right to equal protection under the 14th Amendment and the 1964 Civil Rights Act had been violated. Though these laws were adopted to protect descendants of slavery from racial discrimination and subordination, Bakke was deploying them to claim that he had been illegally discriminated against because he was white. The case became the first affirmative-action challenge decided by the Supreme Court and revealed just how successful the rhetorical exploitation of colorblindness could be.

Justice Lewis Powell, writing for a fractured court in 1978, determined that although the 14th Amendment was written primarily to bridge “the vast distance between members of the Negro race and the white ‘majority,’” the passage of time and the changing demographics of the nation meant the amendment must now be applied universally. In an argument echoing the debates over the Freedmen’s Bureau, Powell said that the United States had grown more diverse, becoming a “nation of minorities,” where “the white ‘majority’ itself is composed of various minority groups, most of which can lay claim to a history of prior discrimination at the hands of the State and private individuals.”

“The guarantee of equal protection cannot mean one thing when applied to one individual and something else when applied to a person of another color,” Powell wrote. “If both are not accorded the same protection, then it is not equal.” Powell declared that the medical school could not justify helping certain “perceived” victims if it disadvantaged white people who “bear no responsibility for whatever harm the beneficiaries of the special admissions program are thought to have suffered.”

But who or what, then, did bear the responsibility?

Bakke was raised in Coral Gables, a wealthy, white suburb of Miami whose segregationist founder proposed a plan to remove all Black people from Miami while serving on the Dade County Planning Board, and where the white elementary school did not desegregate until after it was ordered by a federal court to do so in 1970, the same year U.C. Davis began its affirmative-action program. The court did not contemplate how this racially exclusive access to top neighborhoods and top schools probably helped Bakke to achieve the test scores that most Black students, largely relegated because of their racial designation to resource-deprived segregated neighborhoods and educational facilities, did not. It did not mean Bakke didn’t work hard, but it did mean that he had systemic advantages over equally hard-working and talented Black people.

For centuries, men like Powell and Bakke had benefited from a near-100 percent quota system, one that reserved nearly all the seats at this nation’s best-funded public and private schools and most-exclusive public and private colleges, all the homes in the best neighborhoods and all the top, well-paying jobs in private companies and public agencies for white Americans. Men like Bakke did not acknowledge the systemic advantages they had accrued because of their racial category, nor all the ways their race had unfairly benefited them. More critical, neither did the Supreme Court. As members of the majority atop the caste system, racial advantage transmitted invisibly to them. They took notice of their race only when confronted with a new system that sought to redistribute some of that advantage to people who had never had it.

Thus, the first time the court took up the issue of affirmative action, it took away the policy’s power. The court determined that affirmative action could not be used to redress the legacy of racial discrimination that Black Americans experienced, or the current systemic inequality that they were still experiencing. Instead, it allowed that some consideration of a student’s racial background could stand for one reason only: to achieve desired “diversity” of the student body. Powell referred to Harvard’s affirmative-action program, which he said had expanded to include students from other disadvantaged backgrounds, such as those from low-income families. He quoted an example from the plan, which said: “The race of an applicant may tip the balance in his favor, just as geographic origin or a life spent on a farm may tip the balance in other candidates’ cases. A farm boy from Idaho can bring something to Harvard College that a Bostonian cannot offer. Similarly, a Black student can usually bring something that a white person cannot offer.”

But, of course, a (white) farm boy from Idaho did not descend from people who were enslaved, because they were farmers from Idaho. There were not two centuries of case law arguing over the inherent humanity and rights of farm boys from Idaho. There was no sector of the law, no constitutional provision, that enshrined farm boys from Idaho as property who could be bought and sold. Farm boys from Idaho had no need to engage in a decades-long movement to gain basic rights of citizenship, including the fundamental right to vote. Farm boys from Idaho had not, until just a decade earlier, been denied housing, jobs, the ability to sit on juries and access to the ballot. Farm boys from Idaho had not been forced to sue for the right to attend public schools and universities.

In Bakke, the court was legally — and ideologically — severing the link between race and condition. Race became nothing more than ancestry and a collection of superficial physical traits. The 14th Amendment was no longer about alleviating the extraordinary repercussions of slavery but about treating everyone the same regardless of their “skin color,” history or present condition. With a few strokes of his pen, Powell wiped this context away, and just like that, the experience of 350 years of slavery and Jim Crow was relegated to one thing: another box to check.

Yet at the same time Powell was drafting this ruling, cases of recalcitrant school districts still refusing to integrate Black children were making their way to the Supreme Court. Just 15 years earlier, the federal government called up National Guardsmen to ensure that handfuls of Black students could enroll in white schools.

Indeed, Powell wrote this opinion while sitting on the same court as Thurgood Marshall, who in 1967 became the first Black justice in the Supreme Court’s 178-year history. In Brown, Marshall helped break the back of legalized segregation. Now, as the court deliberated the Bakke case, a frustrated Marshall sent around a two-and-a-half-page typed memo to the other justices. “I repeat, for next to the last time: The decision in this case depends on whether you consider the action of the regents as admitting certain students or as excluding certain other students,” he wrote. “If you view the program as admitting qualified students who, because of this Nation’s sorry history of racial discrimination, have academic records that prevent them from effectively competing for medical school, then this is affirmative action to remove the vestiges of slavery and state imposed segregation by ‘root and branch.’ If you view the program as excluding students, it is a program of ‘quotas’ which violates the principle that the ‘Constitution is color-blind.’”

When Marshall’s arguments did not persuade enough justices, he joined with three others in a dissent from a decision that he saw as actively reversing, and indeed perverting, his legacy. They issued a scathing rebuke to the all-white majority, accusing them of letting “colorblindness become myopia, which masks the reality that many ‘created equal’ have been treated within our lifetimes as inferior both by the law and by their fellow citizens.”

Marshall also wrote his own dissent, where he ticked off statistic after statistic that revealed the glaring disparities between descendants of slavery and white Americans in areas like infant and maternal mortality, unemployment, income and life expectancy. He argued that while collegiate diversity was indeed a compelling state interest, bringing Black Americans into the mainstream of American life was much more urgent, and that failing to do so would ensure that “America will forever remain a divided society.”

Marshall called out the court’s hypocrisy. “For it must be remembered that, during most of the past 200 years, the Constitution, as interpreted by this court, did not prohibit the most ingenious and pervasive forms of discrimination against the Negro,” he wrote. “Now, when a state acts to remedy the effects of that legacy of discrimination, I cannot believe that this same Constitution stands as a barrier.”

At the end of his lengthy dissent, Marshall pointed out what had become the court’s historic pattern. “After the Civil War, our government started ‘affirmative action’ programs. This court … destroyed the movement toward complete equality,” he wrote. As he said, “I fear that we have come full circle.”

The Reagan Rollback

In 1980, having just secured the Republican nomination for the presidency, Ronald Reagan traveled to Mississippi’s Neshoba County Fair to give an address. It was there in that county, a mere 16 years earlier, that three civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, were murdered by Klansmen, among the most notorious killings of the civil rights era.

Standing in front of a roaring crowd of about 10,000 white Mississippians, Reagan began his general-election campaign. He did not mention race. He did not need to. Instead he spoke of states’ rights, replicating the language of Confederates and segregationists, to signal his vision for America.

Despite the Bakke ruling, affirmative action continued to gain ground in the 1970s, with a deeply divided Supreme Court upholding limited affirmative action in hiring and other areas, and the Jimmy Carter administration embracing race-conscious policies. But Reagan understood the political power of white resistance to these policies, which if allowed to continue and succeed would redistribute opportunity in America.

Once in office, Reagan aggressively advanced the idea that racial-justice efforts had run amok, that Black Americans were getting undeserved racial advantages across society and that white Americans constituted the primary victims of discrimination.

A 1985 New York Times article noted that the Reagan administration was “intensifying its legal attack on affirmative action” across American life, saying the administration “has altered the government’s definition of racial discrimination.” As early as the 1970s, Reagan began using the phrase “reverse discrimination” — what the political scientist Philip L. Fetzer called a “covert political term” that undermined racial redress programs by redefining them as anti-white. Reagan’s administration claimed that race-conscious remedies were illegal and that hiring goals for Black Americans were “a form of racism” and as abhorrent as the “separate but equal” doctrine struck down by Brown v. Board.

Reagan, who had secretly called Black people monkeys and opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, opposed the establishment of the Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday. Yet in the first commemoration of that holiday in 1986, he trotted out King’s words to condemn racial-justice policy. “We’re committed to a society in which all men and women have equal opportunities to succeed, and so we oppose the use of quotas,” he said. “We want a colorblind society, a society that, in the words of Dr. King, judges people not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

This passage from King’s famous 1963 “I Have a Dream” speech has become a go-to for conservatives seeking to discredit efforts to address the pervasive disadvantages that Black Americans face. And it works so effectively because few Americans have read the entire speech, and even fewer have read any of the other speeches or writings in which King explicitly makes clear that colorblindness was a goal that could be reached only through race-conscious policy. Four years after giving his “Dream” speech, King wrote, “A society that has done something special against the Negro for hundreds of years must now do something special for him.” And during a 1968 sermon given less than a week before his assassination, King said that those who opposed programs to specifically help Black Americans overcome their disadvantage “never stop to realize that no other ethnic group has been a slave on American soil. The people who say this never stop to realize that the nation made the Black man’s color a stigma; but beyond this they never stop to realize that they owe a people who were kept in slavery 244 years.”

But as the sociologist Stuart Hall once wrote, “Those who produce the discourse also have the power to make it true.” Reagan deftly provided the road map to the nation’s racial future. Tapping into white aversion to acknowledging and addressing the singular crimes committed against Black Americans, conservatives, who had not long before championed and defended racial segregation, now commandeered the language of colorblindness, which had been used to dismantle the impacts of legal apartheid. They wrapped themselves in the banner of rhetorical equality while condemning racial-justice activists as the primary perpetrators of racism.

“There’s this really concerted, strategic effort to communicate to white people that racial justice makes white people victims, and that when people demand racial justice, they don’t actually mean justice; they mean revenge,” Ian Haney López, a race and constitutional law scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, told me. “Black people are treated as if they are just any other Americans. There is no history of racial subordination associated with Black people. There is no structural or systemic racism against African Americans. By 1989, it’s over. Reactionary colorblindness has won.”

Diversity vs. Redress

Perhaps no single person has more successfully wielded Reagan’s strategy than Edward Blum. In 1992, Blum, who made his living as a stockbroker, decided to run for Congress as a Republican in a Texas district carved out to ensure Black representation. Blum was trounced by the Black Democratic candidate. He and several others sued, arguing that a consideration of racial makeup when creating legislative districts violated the 14th Amendment’s equal-protection clause. Despite the fact that until a 1944 Supreme Court ruling, Texas had selected candidates through all-white primaries, and the fact that the district had been created in part in response to the state’s history of Black-voter suppression, Blum’s side won the case, forcing a redrawing of legislative districts in a manner that diluted Black and Latino voting power. Since that victory, Blum has mounted a decades-long campaign that has undermined the use of race to achieve racial justice across American life.

Blum is not a lawyer, but his organizations, funded by a mostly anonymous cadre of deep-pocketed conservatives, have been wildly effective. It is Blum, for instance, who was the strategist behind the case against the Voting Rights Act. When the Supreme Court again narrowly upheld affirmative action in college admissions in the early 2000s, Blum set his sights on killing it altogether. In that 2003 case, Grutter v. Bollinger, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor wrote the majority opinion preserving limited affirmative action but putting universities on notice by setting an arbitrary timeline for when the court should determine that enough racial justice will have been achieved. “It has been 25 years since Justice Powell first approved the use of race to further an interest in student-body diversity in the context of public higher education,” O’Connor wrote. “We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary.” The use of the term “racial preferences” is key here. Instead of a policy created to even the playing field for a people who had been systematically held back and still faced pervasive discrimination, affirmative action was cast as a program that punished white Americans by giving unfair preferential treatment to Black Americans.

Blum didn’t wait 25 years to challenge affirmative action. His case brought on behalf of Abigail Fisher, a soft-spoken white woman who sued the University of Texas at Austin, after she was denied admission, went all the way to the Supreme Court. The court ultimately upheld the university’s admissions program. In his second attempt, Blum changed tactics. As he told a gathering of the Houston Chinese Alliance in 2015: “I needed Asian plaintiffs.” In Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, Blum’s group argued, and the court agreed, that affirmative-action programs discriminated against Asian Americans and, at the University of North Carolina, also white students. But many saw Blum’s use of another historically marginalized group in the lawsuit as an attempt to neutralize any argument that those targeting affirmative action opposed racial equality.

Blum’s success relied on defining affirmative action as a program about “visual diversity,” treating race as a mere collection of physical traits and not a social construct used to subordinate and stigmatize. When colleges seek diversity, he said, they are “really talking about skin-color diversity. How somebody looks. What’s your skin color? What’s the shape of your eyes? What’s the texture of your hair? Most Americans don’t think that the shape of your eyes tells us much about who you are as an individual. What does your skin color tell the world about who you are as an individual?” This reasoning resounds for many Americans who have also come to think about race simply as what you see.

Blum has described racial injustice against Black Americans as a thing of the past — a “terrible scar” on our history. As he awaited the court’s ruling last April, Blum told The Christian Science Monitor that today’s efforts to address that past were discriminatory and in direct conflict with the colorblind goals of Black activism. He said that “an individual’s race or ethnicity should not be used to help that individual or harm that individual in their life’s endeavors” and that affirmative action was “in grave tension with the founding principles of our civil rights movement.” But the civil rights movement has never been about merely eliminating race or racism; it’s also about curing its harms, and civil rights groups oppose Blum’s efforts.

Yet progressives, too, have unwittingly helped to maintain the corrupt colorblind argument that Blum has employed so powerfully, in part because the meaning of affirmative action was warped nearly from its beginning by the Supreme Court’s legal reasoning in Bakke. When the court determined that affirmative-action programs could stand only for “diversity” and not for redress, many advocates and institutions, in order to preserve these programs, embraced the idea that the goal of affirmative action was diversity and inclusiveness and not racial justice. Progressive organizations adopted the lexicon of “people of color” when discussing affirmative-action programs and also flattened all African-descended people into a single category, regardless of their particular lineage or experience in the United States.

Campuses certainly became more “diverse” as admissions offices focused broadly on recruiting students who were not white. But the descendants of slavery, for whom affirmative action originated, remain underrepresented among college students, especially at selective colleges and universities. At elite universities, research shows, the Black population consists disproportionately of immigrants and children of immigrants rather than students whose ancestors were enslaved here.

So, at least on this one thing, Blum is right. Many institutions have treated affirmative-action programs as a means of achieving visual diversity. Doing so has weakened the most forceful arguments for affirmative action, which in turn has weakened public support for such policies. Institutions must find ways, in the wake of the affirmative-action ruling, to address the racism that Black people face no matter their lineage. But using affirmative action as a diversity program — or a program to alleviate disadvantage that any nonwhite person faces — has in actuality played a part in excluding the very people for whom affirmative action and other racial redress programs were created to help.

Taking Back the Intent of Affirmative Action

Just as the NAACP Legal Defense Fund used the Brown v. Board of Education ruling as a legal catalyst for eliminating apartheid in all American life, Blum and those of like mind intend to use the affirmative-action ruling to push a sweeping regression in the opposite direction: bringing down this nation’s racial-justice programs and initiatives.

Right after the June ruling, 13 Republican state attorneys general sent letters to 100 of the nation’s biggest companies warning that the affirmative-action ruling prohibits what they call “discriminating on the basis of race, whether under the label of ‘diversity, equity and inclusion’ or otherwise. Treating people differently because of the color of their skin, even for benign purposes, is unlawful and wrong.” Companies that engage in such racial discrimination, the letter threatened, would “face serious legal consequences.”

The letter points to racial-justice and diversity-and-inclusion programs created or announced by companies, particularly after the murder of George Floyd by a white police officer. In response to the killing, a multigenerational protest movement arose and faced violent suppression by law enforcement as it sought to force this nation to see that the descendants of slavery were still suffering and deserved repair. Corporations took a public stance on racial justice, vowing to integrate everything from their boardrooms to their suppliers. Monuments to white supremacists and Confederates that had stood for 100 years were finally vanquished from the public square. And many colleges and other institutions vocally committed to racial justice as an ethos.

But that fragile multiracial coalition — which for a period understood racial redress as a national good needed to secure and preserve our democracy — has been crushed by the same forces that have used racial polarization to crush these alliances in the past. Conservatives have spent the four years since George Floyd’s murder waging a so-called war against “woke” — banning books and curriculums about racism, writing laws that eliminate diversity-and-inclusion programs and prohibiting the teaching of courses even at the college level that are deemed racially “divisive.”

In other words, conservatives have used state power to prepare a citizenry to accept this new American legal order by restricting our ability to understand why so much racial inequality exists, particularly among the descendants of slavery, and why programs like affirmative action were ever needed in the first place.

“Something really stunning and dangerous that has happened during the Trump era is that the right uses the language of colorblindness or anti-wokeness to condemn any references to racial justice,” Haney López told me. “This rhetoric is a massive fraud, because it claims colorblindness toward race but is actually designed to stimulate hyper-race-consciousness among white people. That strategy has worked.”

Today we have a society where constitutional colorblindness dictates that school segregation is unconstitutional, yet most Black students have never attended a majority-white school or had access to the same educational resources as white children. A society with a law prohibiting discrimination in housing and lending, and yet descendants of slavery remain the most residentially, educationally and economically segregated people in the country. A society where employment discrimination is illegal, and yet Black Americans are twice as likely to be unemployed as white Americans, even when they hold college degrees.

Despite these realities, conservative groups are initiating a wave of attacks on racial-equality programs. About 5 percent of practicing attorneys are Black, and yet one of Blum’s groups, the American Alliance for Equal Rights, sued law firms to stop their diversity fellowships. In August, it also sued the Fearless Fund, a venture-capital firm founded by two Black women, which through its charitable arm helps other Black women gain access to funding by giving small grants to businesses that are at least 51 percent owned by Black women. Even though according to the World Economic Forum, Black women receive just 0.34 percent of venture-capital funds in the United States, Blum declared the fund to be racially discriminatory. Another Blum group, Students for Fair Admissions, has now sued the U.S. Military Academy, even though the Supreme Court allowed race-conscious admissions to stand in the military. Another organization, the Center for Individual Rights, has successfully overturned a decades-long Small Business Administration policy that automatically treated so-called minority-owned businesses as eligible for federal contracts for disadvantaged businesses.

Last year, a group called the Californians for Equal Rights Foundation sued the City and County of San Francisco over their funding of several programs aimed at eliminating disparities Black Americans face, including the Abundant Birth Project, which gives stipends for prenatal care, among other supports, to Black women and Pacific Islanders to help prevent them from dying during childbirth. Even though maternal mortality for Black women in the United States is up to four times as high as it is for white women, conservatives argue that programs specifically helping the women most likely to die violate the 14th Amendment. Even as this lawsuit makes its way through the courts, there are signs of why these sorts of programs remain necessary: It was announced last year that the Department of Health and Human Services opened a civil rights investigation into Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles for allegations of racism against Black mothers following the death of a Black woman who went there to give birth.

It is impossible to look at the realities of Black life that these programs seek to address and come to the conclusion that the lawsuits are trying to make society more fair or just or free. Instead they are foreclosing the very initiatives that could actually make it so.

And nothing illuminates that more than the conservative law group’s letter warning Howard — an institution so vaunted among Black Americans that it’s known as the Mecca — that its medical school must stop any admissions practices that have a “racial component.” Howard’s medical school, founded in 1868, remains one of just four historically Black medical schools in the United States. Howard received nearly 9,000 medical-school applicants for 130 open seats in 2023. And while almost all of the students who apply to be Howard undergraduates are Black, because there are so few medical-school slots available, most applicants to Howard’s medical school are not. Since the school was founded to serve descendants of slavery with a mission to educate “disadvantaged students for careers in medicine,” however, most of the students admitted each year are Black.

That has now made it a target, even though Black Americans account for only 5 percent of all U.S. doctors, an increase of just three percentage points in the 46 years since Thurgood Marshall’s dissent in Bakke. Despite affirmative action at predominantly white schools, at least 70 percent of the Black doctors and dentists in America attended an H.B.C.U. H.B.C.U.s also have produced half of the Black lawyers, 40 percent of Black engineers and a quarter of Black graduates in STEM fields.

Even Plessy v. Ferguson, considered perhaps the worst Supreme Court ruling in U.S. history, sanctioned the existence of H.B.C.U.s and other Black-serving organizations. If institutions like Howard or the Fearless Fund cannot work to explicitly assist the descendants of slavery, who still today remain at the bottom of nearly every indicator of success and well-being, then we have decided as a nation that there is nothing we should do to help Black Americans achieve equality and that we will remain a caste society.

What we are witnessing, once again, is the alignment of white power against racial justice and redress. As history has shown, maintaining racial inequality requires constant repression and is therefore antithetical to democracy. And so we must be clear about the stakes: Our nation teeters at the brink of a particularly dangerous moment, not just for Black Americans but for democracy itself.

To meet the moment, our society must forcefully recommit to racial justice by taking lessons from the past. We must reclaim the original intent of affirmative-action programs stretching all the way back to the end of slavery, when the Freedmen’s Bureau focused not on race but on status, on alleviating the conditions of those who had endured slavery. Diversity matters in a diverse society, and American democracy by definition must push for the inclusion of all marginalized people. But remedies for injustice also need to be specific to the harm.

So we, too, must shift our language and, in light of the latest affirmative-action ruling, focus on the specific redress for descendants of slavery . If Yale, for instance, can apologize for its participation in slavery, as it did last month, then why can’t it create special admissions programs for slavery’s descendants — a program based on lineage and not race — just as it does for its legacy students? Corporations, government programs and other organizations could try the same.

Those who believe in American democracy, who want equality, must no longer allow those who have undermined the idea of colorblindness to define the terms. Working toward racial justice is not just the moral thing to do, but it may also be the only means of preserving our democracy.

Race-based affirmative action has died. The fight for racial justice need not. It cannot.

Top photo illustration by Mark Harris. Photograph by Bruce Davidson/Magnum Photos

A picture with an earlier version of this article was published in error. The image caption, relying on erroneous information from a photo agency, misidentified the man shown as Hobart Taylor Jr. The image has been replaced with a photo of Taylor.

How we handle corrections

Nikole Hannah-Jones is a domestic correspondent for The New York Times Magazine focusing on racial injustice. Her extensive reporting in both print and radio has earned a Pulitzer Prize, National Magazine Award, Peabody and a Polk Award. More about Nikole Hannah-Jones

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Why the Poor Stewardship of Time? Essay

Introduction.

Inasmuch as people wish to perfect virtually all the areas of their concern, virtually all fail when it comes to perfecting the area of time management. Almost everyone seems familiar with the adage ‘time is money”. However, time means different things to different people with some valuing it more than others do thereby utilizing the precious asset keenly by following suit to certain guides and requirements.

Time management is an art or rather a process or a behavior that a person inculcates and disciplines himself to abide by. At times, I have failed to keep time and ended up paying dearly for that. Am I alone? Many other people are notoriously poor time managers like me. As a result, they have succumbed to the various consequences associated with this uncouth behavior. However, one might ask, ‘Why the poor stewardship of time?’

Therefore, the main issue in this essay is finding out why people I included cannot keep time as required. Time management has been termed as the most detrimental of people achieving their goals and has been attributed as a sign of poor planning of goals and lacking objectives in life or in our daily per takings. Hence, this essay is meant to some extent change the perception and attitude of people towards the issue o f managing their time well.

Time is an asset that every person who has a vision and a goal needs to consider it as a precious commodity. It is therefore important to all aspects of our lives and equally everybody raging from student fraternity and everyone who wants to achieve certain objectives in his life should value it.

Surprisingly, people want to achieve things after a given period. However, they seem to disregard the input therein in ensuring that the time provided for the accomplishment does not go in to waste. I am not an exception. While in my elementary school, our class teacher required every student should to be sited at his desk at seven o’clock studying and preparing for a class. I was the last person to enter the class and this occurred on a daily basis despite the many strokes I could receive as a result.

When asked by my teacher why I was a notorious timekeeper I used to answerer, “my home is the furthest and I could not make it early as my colleagues”. This answer made my colleagues laugh and ridicule me as a lazy student. Furthermore, I earned myself funny names of characters with which no one wished to be associated. I really felt bad and angry to my fellow students especially who called me these names. My class teacher then introduced a mechanism that could deal with students who did not pay attention to their time. Can you guess who the first person to test the mechanism was? Definitely, no one else could do it but me.

These are the repercussions faced by poor time stewards. The teacher introduced a punishment in which all the latecomers were to miss a class as a sequence. It therefore seems evident that I might have missed as many classes as possible. These punishments really annoyed me and guess what, the next day I was the first person to reach the class. This experience in time management since then has taught me lessons in my future life and specifically managing time.

I learned that time management is a process that requires a person to put in efforts in ensuring its success. It requires individual’s self-discipline. Without self-discipline, it proves very difficult to manage time. When one is disciplined, he/she will be able to show commitment availing his/her own self at a given place at the required time. Therefore, as a guideline to my poor time manager, I have learned to be self-discipline.

The consequences of poor time management are enormous and rife and can easily lead to failure to achieve your goals and objectives in life. I remember well that when I changed my behavior, I managed to improve in my performance as I could be at the classroom at the required place. I also changed the negative perception that had been painted to me. My colleagues began respecting me as I had changed my behavior.

The negative perception faded away as I could manage my time well. My teachers also applauded me for my improvements. My failing to keep time at this early age and the ridicule I received coupled with the harsh punishments made me to change the habit s I thought was indispensable come a reality. To me, it was a good experience, which has shaped me in becoming a time conscious person.

This discipline has come with its own advantages as I plan my schedules and plans, what I want to achieve after a given duration of time. It has enabled me to be organized and even appreciated by my colleagues and other people of my time consciousness. Despite this, there are a lot of people who have been identified as poor time managers and even this has led them to failing to achieve their goals, failing to be promoted as this has indented their personality.

In conclusion, time management is indeed a great resource that everybody who has a vision must treasure. Without planning your time properly, it could be like sailing a boat without necessarily knowing the destination to which you are heading. Time management should be practiced and made an intrinsic aspect by everybody wishing to excel in life. Without discipline and having a goal, time management is impossible. Otherwise, some strong strokes of cane and funny names will follow you like me, in one’s endeavor to make you seize the precious medal; ‘time’ that waits for no man.

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IvyPanda. (2022, May 7). Why the Poor Stewardship of Time? https://ivypanda.com/essays/time-management-problem/

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IvyPanda . (2022) 'Why the Poor Stewardship of Time'. 7 May.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Why the Poor Stewardship of Time?" May 7, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/time-management-problem/.

1. IvyPanda . "Why the Poor Stewardship of Time?" May 7, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/time-management-problem/.

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IvyPanda . "Why the Poor Stewardship of Time?" May 7, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/time-management-problem/.

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The intermittent fasting trend may pose risks to your heart

Intermittent fasting — when people only eat at certain times of day — has exploded in popularity in recent years. But now a surprising new study suggests that there might be reason to be cautious: It found that some intermittent fasters were more likely to die of heart disease.

The findings were presented Monday at an American Heart Association meeting in Chicago and focused on a popular version of intermittent fasting that involves eating all your meals in just eight hours or less — resulting in at least a 16-hour daily fast, commonly known as “time-restricted” eating.

The study analyzed data on the dietary habits of 20,000 adults across the United States who were followed from 2003 to 2018. They found that people who adhered to the eight-hour eating plan had a 91 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease compared to people who followed a more traditional dietary pattern of eating their food across 12 to 16 hours each day.

The scientists found that this increased risk also applied to people who were already living with a chronic disease or cancer. People with existing cardiovascular disease who followed a time-restricted eating pattern had a 66 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease or a stroke. Those who had cancer meanwhile were more likely to die of the disease if they followed a time-restricted diet compared to people with cancer who followed an eating duration of at least 16 hours a day.

The study results suggest that people who practice intermittent fasting for long periods of time, particularly those with existing heart conditions or cancer, should be “extremely cautious,” said Victor Wenze Zhong, the lead author and the chair of the department of epidemiology and biostatistics at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in China.

“Based on the evidence as of now, focusing on what people eat appears to be more important than focusing on the time when they eat,” he added.

Zhong said that he and his colleagues conducted the new study because they wanted to see how eating in a narrow window each day would impact “hard endpoints” such as heart disease and mortality. He said that they were surprised by their findings.

“We had expected that long-term adoption of eight-hour time restricted eating would be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death and even all-cause death,” he said.

Losing lean muscle mass

The data didn’t explain why time-restricted eating increased a person’s health risks. But the researchers did find that people who followed a 16:8 time-restricted eating pattern, where they eat during an eight-hour window and fast for 16, had less lean muscle mass compared to people who ate throughout longer periods of the day. That lines up with a previous clinical trial published in JAMA Internal Medicine , which found that people assigned to follow a time-restricted diet for three months lost more muscle than a control group that was not assigned to do intermittent fasting.

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Holding onto muscle as you age is important. It protects you against falls and disability and can boost your metabolic health. Studies have found that having low muscle mass is linked to higher mortality rates, including a higher risk of dying from heart disease, said Zhong.

He stressed that the findings were not definitive. The study uncovered a correlation between time-restricted eating and increased mortality, but it could not show cause and effect. It’s possible for example that people who restricted their food intake to an eight-hour daily window had other habits or risk factors that might explain their increased likelihood of dying from heart disease. The scientists also noted that the study relied on self-reported dietary information. It’s also possible that the participants did not always accurately report their eating durations.

A trendy form of dieting and weight control

Intermittent fasting has been widely touted by celebrities and health experts who say it produces weight loss and a variety of health benefits. Another form of intermittent fasting involves alternating fasting days with days of eating normally. Some people follow the 5:2 diet, in which they eat normally for five days a week and then fast for two days.

But time-restricted eating is generally considered the easiest form of intermittent fasting for people to follow because it doesn’t require full-day fasts. It also typically doesn’t involve excessive food restriction. Adherents often eat or drink whatever they want during the eight-hour eating period — the only rule is that they don’t eat at other times of day.

Some of the earliest studies on time-restricted eating found that it helped prevent mice from developing obesity and metabolic syndrome. These were followed by mostly small clinical trials in humans, some of which showed that time-restricted eating helped people lose weight and improve their blood pressure , blood sugar and cholesterol levels. These studies were largely short-term, typically lasting one to three months, and in some cases showed no benefit .

One of the most rigorous studies of time-restricted eating was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2022. It found that people with obesity who were assigned to follow a low-calorie diet and instructed to eat only between the hours of 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. daily lost no more weight than people who ate the same number of calories throughout the day with no restrictions on when they could eat. The two diets had similar effects on blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol, and other metabolic markers.

The findings suggest that any benefits of time-restricted eating likely result from eating fewer calories.

More questions about intermittent fasting

Christopher Gardner, the director of nutrition studies at the Stanford Prevention Research Center, said he encouraged people to approach the new study with “healthy skepticism.” He said that while the findings were interesting, he wants to see all the data, including potential demographic differences in the study subjects.

“Did they all have the same level of disposable income and the same level of stress,” he said. “Or is it that the people who ate less than eight hours a day worked three jobs, had very high stress, and didn’t have time to eat?”

Gardner said that studying intermittent fasting can be challenging because there are so many variations of it, and determining its impact on longevity requires closely following people for long periods of time.

But he said that so far, the evidence supporting intermittent fasting for weight loss and other outcomes is mixed at best, with some studies showing short-term benefits and others showing no benefit at all. “I don’t think the data are very strong for intermittent fasting,” he added. “One of the challenges in nutrition is that just because something works really well for a few people doesn’t mean it’s going to work for everyone.”

He said that his biggest complaint with intermittent fasting is that it doesn’t address diet quality. “It doesn’t say anything about choosing poorly when you’re eating,” he said. “What if I have an eight-hour eating window but I’m eating Pop Tarts and Cheetos and drinking Coke in that window? I’m not a fan of that long term. I think that’s potentially problematic.”

Do you have a question about healthy eating? Email [email protected] and we may answer your question in a future column.

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America’s Suburban Crime Problem

A fter several years of rising crime, big city mayors and police chiefs across the country are breathing a sigh of relief. Statistics published by the Council of Criminal Justice and other recent analysis show the number of homicides and aggravated assaults fell by a respective 10% and 3% in big cities in 2023 compared to 2022, though the rates remain higher than in pre-pandemic years.

These are hopeful signals. If these trends persisted on a national scale, this could indicate violent crime markets have retracted. But declarations that violent crime is falling miss important—and disturbing—crime trends data that paint a much more complicated picture. While big city crime may be falling, suburban crime may be rising. More surprising still, crime in rural areas appears to be rising even faster—and a much higher share of this crime involves strangers and guns.

These startling findings come from an important but underappreciated nationally representative data source—the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)—that includes crimes not reported to police. Along with last year’s big city estimates, the latest figures from the FBI's 2022 UCR program gathered from police reports, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics' NCVS report drawn from interviews with households, present a complex narrative that does more than merely highlight differences in data collection methods but unveils a nuanced and evolving picture of violent crime in the U.S.

Besides a slight rise in robbery rates from 65.5 to 66.1 per 100,000 residents, the UCR program suggests a national decrease in both the rates of fatal (homicide) and non-fatal felony violence (rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) from 2021 to 2022.  In contrast, the NCVS shows an increase in non-fatal felony violence, with victimizations per 1,000 persons over the age of 12 increasing from 5.6 in 2021 to 9.8 in 2022, primarily due to a doubling of aggravated assault rates. NCVS estimates imply that a substantial portion of crime remains unreported, the so-called " dark figure " of crime that eludes the detection of law enforcement.

A clearer picture of who is at greatest risk for violent victimization emerges when analyzing crime rates by location. The NCVS shows that the traditional boundaries between urban and non-urban violence are dissolving. Suburban and rural areas, once considered safe havens, are now confronting a jump in non-fatal violent crime, fundamentally changing the geography of public safety.

The robbery rate in urban centers increased by 21% over the three years, driven largely by the 78% increase between 2021 and 2022. Looking at the suburbs, the 2022 increase in robbery rates hit 21%, contributing to the 40% increase through 2021. In the rural areas where the American dream of pastoral peace is most cherished, robbery rates rose by 44% in 2022 after a two-year decline.

This shift is further accentuated in the rates of aggravated assault, which have not only risen in urban areas but have skyrocketed in non-urban areas. In urban centers, these assaults have risen by 51% in a single year from 2021 to 2022. Looking back at the suburbs and rural areas, the respective increases were even more pronounced with rates over nearly three times and two times higher in 2022 than in 2021.

Gun violence also increased and spread across geographies. The gun-related victimization rate in urban centers increased by 1.3 per 1,000 in 2022 compared to the previous year, reaching 2019 levels after a decrease. This rate doubled over the past two years in the suburbs and is slightly higher than in 2019, while in rural areas, there was a surge in non-fatal gun violence rates, with approximately 66,000 more reported victimizations between 2021 and 2022, returning to rates last observed in 1997.

Research suggests most violent crimes are committed by someone the victim knows such as friends, acquaintances, and relatives. This remains the case, but estimates indicate strangers are responsible for more violent crimes, especially in non-urban centers. After decreases in the number of violent felony victimizations involving strangers from 2019 to 2021, all areas experienced large increases by 2022. For this one-year period, these types of victimizations climbed by 37% in urban areas, 73% in the suburbs, and more than doubled (102%) in rural locales.

Read More: If We Want to Reduce Deaths at Hands of Police, We Need to Reduce Traffic Stops

Breaking down the data by race adds a layer of complexity to the narrative. White Americans have seen a marked increase in victimization, particularly in urban areas, reversing previous declines. From 2021 to 2022, violent felony victimization for this group rose by 75% in urban areas, 93% in suburban areas, and 62% in America’s countryside.

For Black Americans, the pattern is more complex, with an initial rise in urban victimization rates followed by a 20% decrease from 2021 to 2022. However, the increase in violent felonies in suburban areas paints a troubling picture of the changing risks these communities face. For Black Americans residing in the suburbs, the rate of violent felonies spiked 74% over the three years, with a sharp leap of 172% from 2021 to 2022. Outside the metropolitan centers, the three-year increase is less dramatic (29%) but still alarming.

The rise in violent crime comes at a time of historic domestic migration . During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns, people and families relocated from cities to the suburbs and rural locales, motivated by the flexibility of remote work and the desire for safer, more affordable, and more spacious living environments. Studies have found that violent victimization influences residential mobility, but it appears more factors are at play. As people migrate, they not only bring their dreams and aspirations but also create economic tensions and cultural integration challenges that can ferment crime and complicate public safety efforts. It's in this intersection of mobility and security that we must revisit our approach to crime prevention and intervention.

Although the Justice Department's Roadmap provides resources based on the Ten Essential Actions Cities Can Take to Reduce Violence Now , developed by the Council on Criminal Justice, the evidence is mostly from studies conducted in urban areas. Efforts to reduce violent crime in non-urban areas face challenges such as limited resources, large territories that inhibit community engagement and response times, despite initiatives like the BJA’s Rural and Small Department Violent Crime Reduction Program that collaborate with law enforcement agencies (LEAs) to develop strategies addressing these issues and Crime Analyst in Residence program intended to assist LEAs in enhancing their operational and procedural management through the utilization of data analysis and analytics.

This shift observed in the NCVS also calls for examination of the racial differences in victimization rates—particularly the heightened vulnerability of white Americans in urban settings and the complex pattern of rising and then decreasing rates for Black Americans.

Further research is needed to address gaps and uncertainties in the valuable insights provided by NCVS, particularly with regards to how victimization rates influence residential mobility within urban centers, the potential underestimation of victimization among Black people, and the variations within different areas. It is imperative to also examine the challenges posed by response rates to the NCVS, especially among hard-to-reach populations.

Meanwhile, NCVS estimates force us to seriously consider that criminal violence might be evolving rather than declining, necessitating the development and adoption of effective strategies like proven community violence reduction initiatives as well as housing, public health, and employment programs adapted to the particular needs and strengths of suburban and rural communities. Otherwise, there is a danger of resourcing and implementing urban-centric, pre-pandemic strategies in a post-pandemic world that misses the opportunity to improve community safety across racial and geographic divides.

While the recent data suggests a decrease in urban crime, many Americans still feel uneasy. It's conceivable that the pronounced changes in victimization, particularly in suburban and rural areas, have heightened this sense of vulnerability. The discrepancy between the actual numbers and public perception challenges us to consider the changing geography of crime and the impact it has on the nation's sense of security.

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What to know about the crisis of violence, politics and hunger engulfing Haiti

A long-simmering crisis over Haiti’s ability to govern itself, particularly after a series of natural disasters and an increasingly dire humanitarian emergency, has come to a head in the Caribbean nation, as its de facto president remains stranded in Puerto Rico and its people starve and live in fear of rampant violence. 

The chaos engulfing the country has been bubbling for more than a year, only for it to spill over on the global stage on Monday night, as Haiti’s unpopular prime minister, Ariel Henry, agreed to resign once a transitional government is brokered by other Caribbean nations and parties, including the U.S.

But the very idea of a transitional government brokered not by Haitians but by outsiders is one of the main reasons Haiti, a nation of 11 million, is on the brink, according to humanitarian workers and residents who have called for Haitian-led solutions. 

“What we’re seeing in Haiti has been building since the 2010 earthquake,” said Greg Beckett, an associate professor of anthropology at Western University in Canada. 

What is happening in Haiti and why?

In the power vacuum that followed the assassination of democratically elected President Jovenel Moïse in 2021, Henry, who was prime minister under Moïse, assumed power, with the support of several nations, including the U.S. 

When Haiti failed to hold elections multiple times — Henry said it was due to logistical problems or violence — protests rang out against him. By the time Henry announced last year that elections would be postponed again, to 2025, armed groups that were already active in Port-au-Prince, the capital, dialed up the violence.

Even before Moïse’s assassination, these militias and armed groups existed alongside politicians who used them to do their bidding, including everything from intimidating the opposition to collecting votes . With the dwindling of the country’s elected officials, though, many of these rebel forces have engaged in excessively violent acts, and have taken control of at least 80% of the capital, according to a United Nations estimate. 

Those groups, which include paramilitary and former police officers who pose as community leaders, have been responsible for the increase in killings, kidnappings and rapes since Moïse’s death, according to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program at Uppsala University in Sweden. According to a report from the U.N . released in January, more than 8,400 people were killed, injured or kidnapped in 2023, an increase of 122% increase from 2022.

“January and February have been the most violent months in the recent crisis, with thousands of people killed, or injured, or raped,” Beckett said.

Armed groups who had been calling for Henry’s resignation have already attacked airports, police stations, sea ports, the Central Bank and the country’s national soccer stadium. The situation reached critical mass earlier this month when the country’s two main prisons were raided , leading to the escape of about 4,000 prisoners. The beleaguered government called a 72-hour state of emergency, including a night-time curfew — but its authority had evaporated by then.

Aside from human-made catastrophes, Haiti still has not fully recovered from the devastating earthquake in 2010 that killed about 220,000 people and left 1.5 million homeless, many of them living in poorly built and exposed housing. More earthquakes, hurricanes and floods have followed, exacerbating efforts to rebuild infrastructure and a sense of national unity.

Since the earthquake, “there have been groups in Haiti trying to control that reconstruction process and the funding, the billions of dollars coming into the country to rebuild it,” said Beckett, who specializes in the Caribbean, particularly Haiti. 

Beckett said that control initially came from politicians and subsequently from armed groups supported by those politicians. Political “parties that controlled the government used the government for corruption to steal that money. We’re seeing the fallout from that.”

Many armed groups have formed in recent years claiming to be community groups carrying out essential work in underprivileged neighborhoods, but they have instead been accused of violence, even murder . One of the two main groups, G-9, is led by a former elite police officer, Jimmy Chérizier — also known as “Barbecue” — who has become the public face of the unrest and claimed credit for various attacks on public institutions. He has openly called for Henry to step down and called his campaign an “armed revolution.”

But caught in the crossfire are the residents of Haiti. In just one week, 15,000 people have been displaced from Port-au-Prince, according to a U.N. estimate. But people have been trying to flee the capital for well over a year, with one woman telling NBC News that she is currently hiding in a church with her three children and another family with eight children. The U.N. said about 160,000 people have left Port-au-Prince because of the swell of violence in the last several months. 

Deep poverty and famine are also a serious danger. Gangs have cut off access to the country’s largest port, Autorité Portuaire Nationale, and food could soon become scarce.

Haiti's uncertain future

A new transitional government may dismay the Haitians and their supporters who call for Haitian-led solutions to the crisis. 

But the creation of such a government would come after years of democratic disruption and the crumbling of Haiti’s political leadership. The country hasn’t held an election in eight years. 

Haitian advocates and scholars like Jemima Pierre, a professor at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, say foreign intervention, including from the U.S., is partially to blame for Haiti’s turmoil. The U.S. has routinely sent thousands of troops to Haiti , intervened in its government and supported unpopular leaders like Henry.

“What you have over the last 20 years is the consistent dismantling of the Haitian state,” Pierre said. “What intervention means for Haiti, what it has always meant, is death and destruction.”

In fact, the country’s situation was so dire that Henry was forced to travel abroad in the hope of securing a U.N. peacekeeping deal. He went to Kenya, which agreed to send 1,000 troops to coordinate an East African and U.N.-backed alliance to help restore order in Haiti, but the plan is now on hold . Kenya agreed last October to send a U.N.-sanctioned security force to Haiti, but Kenya’s courts decided it was unconstitutional. The result has been Haiti fending for itself. 

“A force like Kenya, they don’t speak Kreyòl, they don’t speak French,” Pierre said. “The Kenyan police are known for human rights abuses . So what does it tell us as Haitians that the only thing that you see that we deserve are not schools, not reparations for the cholera the U.N. brought , but more military with the mandate to use all kinds of force on our population? That is unacceptable.”  

Henry was forced to announce his planned resignation from Puerto Rico, as threats of violence — and armed groups taking over the airports — have prevented him from returning to his country.  

Now that Henry is to stand down, it is far from clear what the armed groups will do or demand next, aside from the right to govern. 

“It’s the Haitian people who know what they’re going through. It’s the Haitian people who are going to take destiny into their own hands. Haitian people will choose who will govern them,” Chérizier said recently, according to The Associated Press .

Haitians and their supporters have put forth their own solutions over the years, holding that foreign intervention routinely ignores the voices and desires of Haitians. 

In 2021, both Haitian and non-Haitian church leaders, women’s rights groups, lawyers, humanitarian workers, the Voodoo Sector and more created the Commission to Search for a Haitian Solution to the Crisis . The commission has proposed the “ Montana Accord ,” outlining a two-year interim government with oversight committees tasked with restoring order, eradicating corruption and establishing fair elections. 

For more from NBC BLK, sign up for our weekly newsletter .

CORRECTION (March 15, 2024, 9:58 a.m. ET): An earlier version of this article misstated which university Jemima Pierre is affiliated with. She is a professor at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, not the University of California, Los Angeles, (or Columbia University, as an earlier correction misstated).

Patrick Smith is a London-based editor and reporter for NBC News Digital.

Char Adams is a reporter for NBC BLK who writes about race.

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Boeing CEO to exit in broad management shakeup…

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Boeing CEO to exit in broad management shakeup as manufacturing issues plague storied plane maker

FILE – Then-Nielsen Company CEO David Calhoun, center, watches progress as he waits for the company’s IPO to begin trading, Jan. 26, 2011, on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. Calhoun will be stepping down at the end of the year from the top job at Boeing, which is under pressure from major airlines wanting to know how the company plans to fix problems in the manufacturing of its planes. (AP Photo/Richard Drew, File)

A Medford Jet Center worker walks under a United Boeing 737-824 that landed at Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport from San Francisco with a missing panel Friday, March 15, 2024, in Medford, Ore. (Andy Atkinson/Rogue Valley Times via AP)

By DAVID KOENIG (AP Airlines Writer)

Boeing CEO David Calhoun will step down from the embattled plane maker at the end of the year as part of a broad management shakeup Monday after a series of mishaps at one of America’s iconic manufacturers.

Stan Deal, president and CEO of Boeing’s commercial airplanes unit, will retire immediately. Stephanie Pope, the company’s chief operating officer for less than three months, has taken over leadership of the key division.

The company said board Chairman Lawrence Kellner, a former airline chief, won’t stand for re-election in May and will be replaced by a former Qualcomm CEO.

Boeing has been under intense pressure since early January, when a panel blew off a brand-new Alaska Airlines 737 Max. Investigators say bolts that help keep the panel in place were missing after repair work at the Boeing factory.

The Federal Aviation Administration has stepped up its scrutiny of the company, including putting a limit on production of 737s. An FAA audit of Boeing’s 737 factory near Seattle gave the company failing grades on nearly three dozen aspects of production. Boeing has until late May to give FAA a plan for improvement.

Airline executives have expressed their frustration with the company, and even minor incidents involving Boeing jets have attracted extra attention.

Scrutiny of the company has reached its highest level since two Boeing 737 Max jets crashed in 2018 in Indonesia and 2019 in Ethiopia. In all, the crashes killed 346 people.

In a note Monday to employees, Calhoun, 67, called the Alaska Airlines blowout a “watershed moment for Boeing.” that requires a ”total commitment to safety and quality at every level of our company.”

“The eyes of the world are on us, and I know we will come through this moment a better company, building on all the learnings we accumulated as we worked together to rebuild Boeing over the last number of years,” he said.

Boeing’s most significant effort to improve quality has been the opening of discussions about bringing Spirit AeroSystems, which builds fuselages for the Max and many parts for that and other Boeing planes, back into the company.

Mistakes made at Spirit, which Boeing spun off nearly 20 years ago, have compounded the company’s problems. Bringing the work of key supplier Spirit back in-house would, in theory, give Boeing more control over the quality of manufacturing key airplane components.

Calhoun said the two companies are making progress in talks “and it’s very important.”

Calhoun said the decision to leave was his. Calhoun had been a Boeing director since 2009 when he became CEO in January 2020, replacing Dennis Muilenburg, who was fired in the aftermath of the Max crashes. In 2021, Boeing’s board raised the mandatory retirement age for CEO to keep Calhoun in the job.

Calhoun oversaw the Max’s return to service after a worldwide grounding that lasted nearly two years, and orders for the plane quickly picked up. Since then, however, a series of manufacturing flaws have delayed deliveries of new 737s and larger 787 Dreamliners to airlines, forcing the carriers to reduce growth plans.

Boeing has not filed its proxy statement for 2023, but previous filings show that Calhoun received compensation valued at more than $64.6 million from 2020 through 2022. Almost all of it was in the form of stock awards, options and bonuses.

Boeing, based in Arlington, Virginia, has lost more than $23 billion since Calhoun took over, although most of that is residual damage from the two crashes. Boeing shares have fallen more than 40% in that time – 24% since the Alaska incident, through trading on Friday.

Last week, Chief Financial Officer Brian West warned that the company burned between $4 billion and $4.5 billion more cash than it expected in the first quarter as it slowed down airplane production after the Alaska Airlines accident.

The company tapped former Qualcomm CEO Steven Mollenkopf to become the new board chairman and lead the search for Calhoun’s replacement.

The growing pressure on Boeing took some of the surprise out of Monday’s news. Citi analyst Jason Gursky called the shakeup “both predictable and thoughtful.”

Some analysts had viewed the fast-rising Pope a likely successor to Calhoun. Gursky said her move to lead commercial airplanes opened the way for an outsider to become CEO.

Pope, 51, was promoted to Boeing chief operating officer only in January. Before that, she was president and CEO of Boeing’s services business, where she dealt with both airline and military customers, and she was chief financial officer of the airplanes division before that.

Richard Aboulafia, a longtime aerospace analyst and now a consultant at AeroDynamic Advisory, said the management shakeup “is likely to be a pivotal moment in Boeing’s history, and probably a very positive one,” but the outcome depends on the next CEO. He said Patrick Shanahan — a former Boeing executive and acting U.S. Defense secretary during the Trump administration who has led Spirit AeroSystems since last fall — would be a “great choice.”

Cai von Rumohr, aerospace analyst at Cowen, said the management changes are “a partial step toward changing its culture to underscore safety and rebuild investor confidence in the company.” He said the fact that Calhoun gave more than eight months’ notice will help the Boeing board make “a considered decision” instead of “a knee-jerk reaction.”

The CEO of Irish airline Ryanair, a major Boeing customer, welcomed the management changes, including the replacement of Deal at the head of commercial airplanes. Michael O’Leary said in a video posted on X that Deal did a good job at Boeing sales, “but he’s not the person to turn around the operation in Seattle, and that’s where most of the problems have been in recent years.”

Shares of The Boeing Co. rose about 1% in afternoon trading.

AP Business Writer Michelle Chapman contributed to this report from New York.

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