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The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens

The 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens Mount St Helens is found in the Cascade Range, along the west coast of Washington State, USA. The volcano is 30,000 years old. This is young by geological standards. Mount St Helens erupts violently about once every 3,000 to 4,000 years. The volcano erupted most recently at 08.32 on 18th May 1980.

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Mount St. Helens 40th Anniversary — The 1980 Eruption

Forty years ago, on May 18th, 1980, Mount St. Helens produced the largest observed eruption in the coterminus United States. This eruption had profound impacts on human life and the science of volcanology, as well as on hazard preparedness, communication, and forecasting.

Mount St. Helens is the most active volcano in the Cascade Range and 40 years ago, a large eruption redefined the field of volcanology. The activity started as a series of small earthquakes on 16 March 1980. By 17 May, after more than 10,000 detected earthquakes, a visible bulge had grown outward by 450 ft on the N flank. On the morning of 18 May, a magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered a huge landslide, resulting in powerful explosions that ejected hot material above the volcano and laterally outwards to the north. Following the explosion, an eruption column rose more than 80,000 ft into the atmosphere, eventually resulting in heavy ashfall across 22,000 square miles. On the afternoon of 18 May, pyroclastic flows were generated in the crater, traveling as far as 5 miles N of the volcano. Hot rocks and gas melted the snow and ice on the volcano, which caused volcanic mudflows (lahars) to run into the river systems, destroying trees, roads, and bridges along the way.

During the summer and fall of 1980, five smaller explosions resulted in eruption columns and pyroclastic flows. Activity continued through 1986, which included the formation of a new lava dome, minor explosions, and lahars. Since the 1986 activity there have been several periods of increased seismicity and small explosions from the dome.

Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: Key Lessons and Remaining Questions

• First Online: 30 January 2018

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• Virginia H. Dale 3 &
• Charles M. Crisafulli 4  

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This book synthesizes understanding of ecological change in the complex and changing environment around the Mount St. Helens volcano, which is unique in the study of volcanic eruptions and subsequent ecological recovery. The variety and large spatial extent of the primary disturbance and subsequent ecological and geophysical processes that continue to unfold create rich opportunities for addressing numerous ecological questions at the volcano. Details of the 1980 eruption along with key concepts and lessons learned over the first decades of study at Mount St. Helens are presented, and key findings are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We appreciate the insightful review of an earlier version of the chapter by Fred Swanson. We thank Kathryn Ronnenberg for generating final figures and tables and for copy editing the text. Part of the work by VHD was supported by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Support for CMC has been provided by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and the National Science Foundation (LTREB Program DEB-0614538). The Gifford Pinchot National Forest granted access to study sites and provided logistical support.

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Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

Virginia H. Dale

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, 42218 NE Yale Bridge Rd, Amboy, WA, 98601, USA

Charles M. Crisafulli

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Correspondence to Virginia H. Dale .

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Dale, V.H., Crisafulli, C.M. (2018). Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: Key Lessons and Remaining Questions. In: Crisafulli, C., Dale, V. (eds) Ecological Responses at Mount St. Helens: Revisited 35 years after the 1980 Eruption. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7451-1_1

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Mt St Helens 1980

• Remobilisation
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These photographs show what happened during the first rainy season after the explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The eruption generated a large pyrocalstic surge and tephra fall that deposited loose gravel-sized and sand-sized rock debris to a thickness of about 1 m (3.2 ft) and leveled nearly all vegetation in this area, about 8 km (5 mi) northeast of the volcano.

Controlling Blowing Dust from Volcanic Ash Mount St.Helens Technical Information Network Bulletin #19, June 16, 1980

Deposits of volcanic ash , including quantities removed from roadways, etc., continue to be troublesome because the ash is blown by the wind and is tossed up by passing vehicles. A vareity of materials can be used to suppress blowing dust through formation of a crust . This is generally a highly successful approach, at least until the crust is broken. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has used some of these and made certain recommendations, thoting that manufacturer's instructions should be followed and that the Corps does not guarantee or accept responsibility for any specific product. Specifics on costs and decisions as to which materials to use vary according to local circumstances.

Chemical analyses of various samples of the ash material show that while its composition does vary, its content of silica , alumina, and iron oxides does meet the minimum ASTM chemical requirements for a cement binder (known technically as Type N or F pozzolan), and compares favorably with such materials used in the concrete for many Corps of Engineers construction projects in the Pacific Northwest. In the binding reaction, the oxides in the volcanic ash combine chemically with hydrated lime to form cementing compounds similar to those formed in the hydration of Portland Cement. At least 5% hydrated, agricultural type lime (by weight) would be required for this reaction to occur. The cementation process proceeds considerably slower than for Portland Cement, but in time, cement mortar strengths may be attained. Dust control would be effected by the formation of a crust on a stockpile or roadside accumulation which would be resistent to wind erosion if left undisturbed. The lime should be applied to the surface of the ash in the form of a slurry suspension or a solution, by means of a spray bar. If applied in a lime-water solution, several applications will likely be required to supply a sufficient concentration of lime to the ash surface because of the lime's low solubility (approximately 1.1 lbs/100 gallons of cold water). For existing gravel surfaced roads, some practical use could also be made of the ash material itself by mixing it with either in-place or borrowed sands and gravels, a minimum of 5% (by weight) of lime, and sufficient water for compaction placement, to form a low quality type concrete similar to soil cement or cement treated base. This procedure could serve to increase the quality of existing gravel surfaces or could be used to produce a stabilized base course.

An ammonia base wood liquor by-product of the paper pulp industry that can be used for dust control, it is moderately hygroscopic (retains moisture) and the wood sugars act as a binding agent. It has been found not to work well on materials such as decomposed granite which remain coarse upon weathering. It is used as an annual dust control measure in some Eastern Washington counties with applications effective for about four months. It is also sprayed on dust to facilitate blading into windrows for pickup. It is produced in the form of a 50 percent solids liquid, and is generally diluted with two to four parts water. For availability, price information and application rates, contact any major paper manufacturer.

A penetrating asphalt compoent (similar to items known in the trade as MC 30 or MC 70 asphalt cutback with kerosone) was developed for soil stabilization and dust control for helicopter landing areas in Vietnam. It is used by some states for stabilization of road shoulders and is also used in spray application on coppermine tailings to control very fine powdery dust. It will effectively penetrate two to three inches and act as a binding agent, but will decompose after several years.

A dust palliative also developed for helicopter landing areas in Vietnam, is an asphaltic wax emulsion (similar to items known in the trade as CRS-1 and CRS-2) used by lumber companies and the Forest Service as a dust palliative on forest roads. It makes dust fines heavier so that passing trafffic will not cause them to rise higher than about three feet. In Redmond, Oregon, a 4:1 dilution was sprayed on volcanic ash stockpiles to form a wind-resistant crust on the surface. For traffic use, a standard application is ½ gal/sq yard of the 3:1 or 4:1 solution. However, it can be used in up to 10:1 dilutions for forming light membranes. The Washington State Highway Department has made trial applications along I-5 at dilutions of up to 8:1.

This is a hard base emulsified asphalt which can be diluted with water up to 10:1. It should not be used in areas of pedestrian traffic because it will stick to shoes. It is available from most major asphalt companies, who can also advise on costs and application rates.

This term is applied to soft asphalt whcih will also control dust but does create an oily surface. Costs and applications rates are also available from most major petroleum companies.

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Sunday, January 07, 2007

• Volcano Case Study: Mount St Helens 1980

The effects of the eruption included: * laval flows and ash filling in Spirit Lake and log jams and ash blocking the channel of the Toutle River; * 57 people died in the eruption - most from poisonous gases; * large number of wildlife were killed by the blast and the volcanic ash with nothing surviving in the blast zone * flooding resulting from blocked rivers washed away road and rail bridges * crops were ruined and livelihoods of loggers were devastated with large areas of trees being flattened like matchsticks. For your exam you will need to learn a detailed case study of a volcanic eruption, using Mount St Helens as your eruption. You will need to be able to discuss causes and effects of the eruption and the responses of people to the event. It is important that you learn some place specific detail / facts and figures to put into your exam answer in order to reach the highest marks. CREATING YOUR CASE STUDY Through the use of class notes and independent research you now need to create your case study. You task is set out below and there are a number of links for you to follow up for further information. TASK: Your task is to write an article for a magazine. You should give your work the title "Volcanic Fury - the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens" and you need to ensure that you include labelled diagrams / pictures in your work. You need to ensure that you structure your work using the sub-heading given on the task sheet ( which can be downloaded here ). The following websites should provide useful information and photographs to help you, but you should also make good use of your video notes and information from classwork. USGS Background Information on Mt St Helens Mount St Helens National Volcanic Monument - includes tourist information related to Mount St Helens and a useful digital library with pre and post eruption images (useful for comparions / exploring effects). Global Volcanism Programme - St Helens (basic facts) Wikipedia - 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens - includes some very useful information on aftermath, including impacts such as cost etc. and a good overview of the build up to disaster - worth exploring! Mount St Helens - from the 1980 eruption to 2000 (USGS) Vegetation around the volcano - before and after (comparative photographs) To view Mount St Helens in Google Earth download this .kmz file (you will need Google Earth on your computer to be able to view this). See this fantastic panorama from the top of Mount St Helens after the eruption. Photograph courtesy of the USGS

Labels: Cascades , Cryptodome , Google Earth , Harry Truman , Mount St Helens , Spirit Lake , Toutle River , Washington State

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A great resource, one of many I have referred to. How do you find the time?

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Kilauea, Hawaii, USA

At an altitude of 4090 feet, Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. It has been erupting periodically since 1983, the most recent being on September 16, 2023.

Despite being an active volcano, Kilauea is one of those mountains that is hiked throughout the year. Hiking on Kilauea gives unbeatable views of the Hawaiian Rainforest, and sometimes steam rises from the bottom of the crater. Although you can hike this volcano independently, hiring a professional tour guide will enhance your overall experience.

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Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy

Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe and boasts an altitude of more than 11000 ft. This volcano has been erupting continuously since 1500 B.C. It has been recognized as the most active stratovolcano in the world and is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site . 

This is also the volcano to visit if you’re into history, geophysics, and the science of volcanoes in general; UNESCO recognizes it as one of the most closely studied and documented volcanoes in the world. 

Although Mount Etna is an active volcano, climbing it is generally safe. To access the mountain, take a bus or drive from Catania’s railway station to Rifugo Sapienza. Then, take a cable car to the volcano’s station. Once you are there, your hike can begin. 

There are more ways to explore Mount Etna, including walking around the vast nature surrounding it, helicopter rides, mountain biking, and quad-tours.

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Mount Bromo, Java, Indonesia

Standing at an altitude of 2329 meters, Mount Bromo is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. Since 1767, this mountain has spewed out more than 60 times. The most recent one was in October 2016 and is expected to erupt soon.

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, home to Mount Bromo, monitors the volcanic activities and closes down in case of any to protect tourists from incidents. However, when the park is open, you can visit this volcano, enjoy the scenic beauty of nature, and interact with the ancient Javanese culture. Just be sure to check well in advance.

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Mount Vesuvius, Italy

If you’re looking for a day trip from Naples, a good one would be Mount Vesuvius; they are just 9 km apart. It is famous for erupting and burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 AD.  Although Mount Vesuvius erupted several times during the 18th and 19th centuries, it has not spewed out since March 1944. 

The beauty of this volcano is that it is easy to climb. Within 30 to 40 minutes, you can reach this mountain’s summit since the path to follow is well-marked and maintained. The best time to hike Mount Vesuvius is in the fall or spring, as the weather is mostly mild and the crowds are relatively small.

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Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica

Arenal Volcano stands at 1657 meters above sea level and is located in Arenal Volcano National Park’s rainforest landscape. Although it has not erupted since 2010, hearing some rumbles and seeing smoke and puffs when you visit is possible.

While you cannot summit this volcano, several trails within Arenal Volcano National Park can take your adventurous spirit to a different level. Luckily, most of these trails are flat and short, which makes them ideal for beginners. Take the Coladas de Lava trail for unbeatable mountain views and surroundings.

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Mount Fuji, Japan

Mount Fuji is one of Japan’s most iconic landmarks , and for good reason: its cultural significance and beauty are unbeatable. Although this mountain erupted more than 300 years ago, geologists warn that it might do so again any time soon.

Since it is a famous landmark, you can expect its trails to be crowded when you visit. Besides hiking, you can go boating in the nearby lakes, just marvel at the snow-capped peaks, or see the charming villages surrounding the mountain. 

In addition to Mount Fuji’s stunning beauty, you will love the fact that it is only 2.5 hours from Tokyo. On a clear day, you can spot the peaks of the mountains from major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, and Hakone.

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Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

Standing at approximately 8,500 feet (2,500 meters), Mount St. Helens is the most active volcano in the continental United States. The last time it erupted was in 2008, but geologists believe it is recharging, which means it might erupt anytime soon. 

Summiting Mount St. Helens is challenging due to its steep and rugged terrain. It takes 7-12 hours to get to the top if you are an avid climber. For the best experience, hire a guide to explore the vast terrains and features of Mount St. Helens; you do not want to miss any essential highlights.

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Pacaya Volcano, Guatemala

Your trip to Guatemala is never complete without hiking in the Pacaya Volcano. The mountain had been dormant for centuries, but it recently regained its glory as one of the most active volcanoes in the country. The recent activity allows tourists to witness lava flows, spewing ashes, and smoking craters up close. 

For safety reasons, the park requires a guide to lead the hike. Some highlights of hiking Pacaya include marshmallows roasting above the volcanic heat vents, trekking over dried lava flows, catching views of dense forests and terraced farmlands, and spa treatments to soothe tired muscles.

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Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland

Iceland is known for its otherworldly features, and Eyjafjallajokull will blow your mind away.

Despite offering breathtaking views, hiking Eyjafjallajokull’s 5,500-feet (1,700-meter) summit alone has been marked as dangerous for beginners; you need to book a tour guide for the entire trek. If you are not keen on summiting this volcano, consider taking the Fimmvörðuháls trail. The 15-mile-long trail is ideal for hikers of all skill levels and will treat you to amazing views of lava fields, rivers, waterfalls, and so much more.

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Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, at 19,341 feet (5,895 meters) above sea level. Exploring Kilimanjaro is not just about its iconic status but also its rich ecological biodiversity. As hikers ascend the mountain, they are treated to different zone changes, from lush rainforests to alpine meadows to glaciated peaks. 

To summit Mount Kilimanjaro, you can take several routes, including Marangu, Machame, Lemosho, Rongai(widely considered the easiest route), and the Northern Circuit. Each route has different difficulty, scenery, and length.

Generally, hiking to the top takes 5 to 9 days, and climbers are advised to undergo altitude acclimatization before attempting to summit Kilimanjaro. Luckily, many guided trips offer altitude acclimatization days before the journey’s onset to help climbers adapt to the sharp altitude changes. 

While the climbing can be challenging, the views from Uhuru Peak (the highest of Kilimanjaro’s peaks) are worth it.

Mount Rainier, Washington, USA

Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano at 14,411 feet (4,392 meters) above sea level. It is known for its massive glaciers, old-growth forests, diverse wildlife, and alpine meadows. 

If you want to summit Mount Rainier, you can choose from various climbing routes, but the most popular include Disappointment Cleaver, Emmons-Winthrop, and Kautz Glacier routes.

Beware: Many routes may require technical climbing skills, such as rope management, ice climbing, and glacier travel. However, even if you are not a skilled climber, you can still have unique experiences, catching views from the base and exploring the rest of Mount Rainier National Park.

Read also:  Picturesque US Landscapes

Must-Visit European Cities

Turn your wanderlust into reality with our list of  must-visit European cities .

• Read more:  Must-Visit Cities in Europe

Visa-Free Countries

Explore these  countries visa-free  with your American passport.

• Read more:  Visa-Free Countries

Stunning Small Towns in Europe to Visit in Your Lifetime

Add these  charming European small towns  to your bucket list.

• Read more:  Small Towns in Europe

Tropical Destinations To Add to Your Bucket List

Dreaming of paradise? Discover  tropical destinations  to add to your bucket list.

• Read more:  Tropical Destinations To Visit in Your Lifetime

Caribbean Destinations Where No Visa Is Needed for Americans

Discover passport-free paradise with our guide to  Caribbean destinations for US citizens .

• Read more:  Caribbean Destinations Without Visa

Read the original thread on  12 Spectacular Volcanic Destinations For Thrill Seekers .

This article was produced and syndicated by  World Wild Schooling .

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