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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1. Ask a question

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

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A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

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Writing a Hypothesis Worksheet & Answers

Subject: Primary science

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

29 October 2022

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*** Worksheet + Answers Set, made for teachers to just print & go!***

This worksheet focuses on writing hypotheses for scientific reports.

It can be used as a lesson supplement or set for homework for students to complete as the steps and examples of writing a hypothesis are included.

Check out my other scientific report writing skills worksheets in my TES store!!!

*This activity was structured using teaching programs, ensuring its alignment to the Australian NSW NESA syllabus and learning outcomes. Such outcomes include SC4-8WS and SC4-9WS from the Stage 4 Science Syllabus.

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Writing a Science Report Skills Bundle

**Science Report Skills Worksheet Bundle + Answers Set!** Clear the confusion and misconceptions around writing scientific reports for students! The lessons include a teacher-guided component and an activity for students to practice their skills along with a sample answer set for teachers to print, teach and go! This bundle includes worksheets on writing- 1. Aim 2. Hypothesis 3. Materials & Risk Assessment 4. Variables 5. Method 6. Choosing the right graph 7. Assessing reliability, accuracy & validity 8. Bibliography For more awesome worksheets, check out the other items on my TES store! *This activity was structured using teaching programs, ensuring its alignment to the Australian NSW NESA syllabus and learning outcomes. Such outcomes include SC4-8WS and SC4-9WS from the Stage 4 Science Syllabus.

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VFMS 8th Grade Science Research Experience: Step 6: Form a Hypothesis

• Step 1: Find a Project Idea
• Step 2: Formulate a Research Question & do a Project Proposal
• Step 3: State the Purpose
• Step 4: Background Research
• Free Web Search
• Step 5: Bibliography

Step 6: Form a Hypothesis

• Step 7: Identify the Variables and Controls in your Experiment
• Step 8: Materials
• Step 9: Design & Write the Procedure
• Step 10: Perform the Experiment
• Step 11: Record your Data and Results
• Step 12: Analyze your Data & Results
• Step 13: Make a Conclusion
• Step 14: Write the Abstract
• Step 15: Acknowledgments
• Step 16: Proofread!
• Step 17: Write and prepare final copies of all items
• Step 18: Create your Display Board
• Step 19: The VFMS Science Research Expo
• Oral Presentation
• Lab Journal/Notebook
• Schedule and Due Dates

Read: How to form a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome of your experiment, based on what you already know, and proposes an explanation that can be tested. What do you think the answer to your research question will be? Remember, hypothesis don’t need to be correct – they just need to be informed guesses! Do not go back and change your hypothesis once your experiment is complete. You should learn something whether your hypothesis is proven or disproven! If you have researched the topic of your project, then your research should help you make a good hypothesis. Hypotheses are often written using an “If…, then…, because…” format

Complete the Variables & Hypothesis Worksheet .  

Write a hypothesis statement using the “If…, then…, because…” format.  A final draft of the hypothesis must be included on your display board.

• Variables and Hypothesis Worksheet
• How to Form a Hypothesis
• << Previous: Step 5: Bibliography
• Next: Step 7: Identify the Variables and Controls in your Experiment >>
• Last Updated: Oct 22, 2019 3:05 PM
• URL: https://tesd.libguides.com/c.php?g=572816

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AP®︎/College Statistics

Course: ap®︎/college statistics   >   unit 10.

• Idea behind hypothesis testing
• Examples of null and alternative hypotheses

Writing null and alternative hypotheses

• P-values and significance tests
• Comparing P-values to different significance levels
• Estimating a P-value from a simulation
• Estimating P-values from simulations
• Using P-values to make conclusions
• (Choice A)   H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p ≠ 0.1 ‍   A H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p ≠ 0.1 ‍  
• (Choice B)   H 0 : p ≠ 0.1 H a : p = 0.1 ‍   B H 0 : p ≠ 0.1 H a : p = 0.1 ‍  
• (Choice C)   H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p > 0.1 ‍   C H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p > 0.1 ‍  
• (Choice D)   H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p < 0.1 ‍   D H 0 : p = 0.1 H a : p < 0.1 ‍  

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Making Hypothesis Practice

Making Hypothesis Practice - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.

Some of the worksheets for this concept are Constructing a hypothesis, Hypothesis tests for one population mean work, Science warm up complete your evaluation and, Developing hypothesis and research questions, Chapter 8 hypothesis testing notes, Key terms data dependent variable scientific method, A systematic process for critical thinking, Lesson 4 scientific method summary hcps i benchmarks.

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1. Constructing a Hypothesis

2. hypothesis tests for one population mean worksheet, 3. science warm up: complete your evaluation and ..., 4. developing hypothesis and research questions, 5. chapter 8 hypothesis testing notes, 6. key terms data dependent variable scientific method, 7. a systematic process for critical thinking, 8. lesson 4: scientific method summary hcps iii benchmarks ....