number of phd in canada

Is Canada producing too many PhDs? Yes, no and maybe

The real question, said panelists at the Canadian Science Policy Conference, is how to better prepare graduates for life outside academe.

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Is Canada producing too many PhDs? It was one of the questions that panelists were asked to consider at a session on the training of scientists at the third annual Canadian Science Policy Conference held in Ottawa in mid-November.

None of the panelists ventured a straight-out “yes,” but most did acknowledge that these are troubling times for PhD graduates and postdoctoral fellows in this country. Canada lags behind many countries in the number of PhDs produced, and yet graduates and postdocs are increasingly voicing concerns about finding jobs.

The percentage of PhD graduates who get an academic position – generally their chief aim – has been falling and is now estimated to be less than 20 percent, the panelists said. PhD graduates and postdocs are told that “relevant jobs outside of academia in Canada are plentiful. Maybe. But where are they?” asked Angela Crawley, vice-chair of operations for the Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars .

The number of PhD graduates in Canada increased by 13 percent from 1986 to 2006, said Olga Stachova, chief operating officer at the MITACS research network. However, during that same period, the average increase in all OECD countries was 40 percent. “So, despite the growth in Canada, we still fell from 20th to 23th spot” in the number of PhD graduates per capita, she said. Adding to the dilemma, according to Statistics Canada, one in five PhD students says they are thinking of leaving Canada after graduation.

In this context, it may make more sense to ask whether Canada is producing too few PhDs. “If we are really serious about building a knowledge economy, we can’t do that without a critical mass of workers with advanced graduate degrees, the people who will drive innovation and ideas,” said Ms. Stachova.

The real question, she said, is why aren’t PhDs getting jobs, and what can we do about it? Canada, she said, has a “lamentable record showcasing the value of these workers.”

At least part of the solution, all panelists agreed, is to change how PhD graduates are trained. For Ms. Stachova, that means incorporating more internship opportunities for students with industry. She defines industry broadly as not just private companies, but also hospitals, non-profit organizations and government agencies.

Ms. Stachova highlighted the MITACS program called Accelerate , which offers opportunities for graduate students to conduct collaborative research with an industrial partner. MITACS currently offers about 1,300 of these internships across Canada. “That’s a lot of internships. But when you look at the number of graduate students, around 40,000 to 50,000 in Canada, it’s still a very small percentage, especially compared to various other countries.”

More than two-thirds of PhD students in the Netherlands do internships during their graduate training, said Ms. Stachova. For Germany, Spain and the U.K., the respective numbers are 55 percent, 30 percent and 23 percent.

MITACS also offers a postdoctoral program called Elevate to “transition” recent PhD graduates away from the tenure track and into industrial scientific management roles. Launched in 2010, it currently offers 120 fellowships in B.C. and Ontario, with plans to expand to Atlantic Canada and the Prairies in 2012.

Rounding out the panel at the CSPC session were Alan Bernstein, founding president of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research from 2000 to 2007; and Suzanne Fortier, current president of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.

In answer to the “too many PhDs?” question, Dr. Bernstein hedged, saying, “I don’t know how to predict what the needs will be in the future.” However, from a policy perspective, “I would say we’re only producing too many if there is no longer a need.” Looking at the problems facing the planet – the shaky economy, global disease, climate change – “until we fix all these problems, we need more bright young people going into science.”

For her part, Dr. Fortier turned the question around: “If you asked me, are we training too many people to become university professors, I think the answer is yes. Are we training too many highly educated people who are encouraged to be creative and to push the advancement of knowledge, I’d say definitely not.”

Dr. Bernstein said he remains optimistic that there are other valuable career options for PhDs outside academe. “If you have a PhD or are doing a postdoc, it does open many, many options for you. But you have to be open to them and you have to take the initiative to pursue them.”

Many of the jobs that will need filling in 10 years’ time don’t even exist yet, added NSERC’s Dr. Fortier. “Many of you will have to create the jobs of tomorrow,” she said. “That’s the big challenge.”

Dr. Crawley of the postdoctoral association seemed only partially assuaged by those comments. She recently won a postdoctoral investigator development award and is seeking a cross-appointment as an assistant professor. “I’m still at the state where if this doesn’t work out in academia, what the heck am I going to do? That terrifies me. I’m going to have to dig really deeply into what are these other skills that I have and take the initiative myself and figure it out. Well, I can tell you right now it takes a long time to figure out where you’re going to fit.”

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The panel seems pretty vague about the apparent mismatch between what the government and pundits say we need (more people with graduate degrees) and what the reality is out there. The reality is that professors with large stables of graduate students are clearly reproducing themselves at above replacement rates in a university system where recruitment appears to be rather stagnant. Government agencies (e.g. Environment Canada) are being gutted of skilled personnel or likewise face stagnant recruitment. Companies in Canada typically do much less research than their US counterparts, and we are always being warned that we suffer from an innovation gap.

I could go on adding reasons why PhDs are having a hard time finding jobs. It may be,as one panellist said, we do not train our graduate students to find careers outside of academia – that would be a great start. On the other hand, we are producing graduate students faster than the market can soak them up. It’s supply and demand baby! In fact, Masters students do almost as well as PhDs in terms of earnings. Five years of trianing as a PhD buys you approximately $5000 in extra income, far less than the earnings gap between a masters graduate and someone with only a Bachelor’s degree.

Faced with these economic realities I find it disingenuouis to say that “the opportunities are out there” or that “we don’t know what jobs will exist in ten years time”. The problem is that neither the private economy nor governments are creating enough opportunities to soak up all those skilled graduates, and I would bet that the situation will have changed little in ten years time.

If we are exceeding PhD demand of the market then why is Canada importing foreign PhDs every year, mostly as an skill immigrants and international students. The article is vague in pointing at other areas that PhDs can be employed in.

It seems to me that this set of questions is much more complex than the article outlines. It is not simply about training- I received great doctoral training in Canada where I learned to be a teacher and a scholar. It is not simply about the seeming preference that is given to foreign degrees in Canada- I now work as a professor in the US. It is for me fundamentally about the unsustainability of academic endeavors that are too often divorced from the political and social contexts within which they are located. What we do is under rapid transformation in the Canadian context and beyond despite our resistance. It may be that we end up better for it.

Having been employed with a provincial government for about two years now, what amazes me is the inability/ ignorance of organization leaders on how to maximize a human resource like myself (and other Ph.D.s). Also, while they “speak” about encouraging highly trained individuals like us to join the ranks, when you do, you find out that there is an unofficial “anti-credentialism” ethic which means you and your PhD are never an advantage.

Is Canada producing too many PhDs? Yes, yes, and yes.

There is a serious problem when you have only 20% chance of landing the job that you are getting the degree for. And having a PhD will not guarantee you work in other fields, despite empty claims that there are “many, many options” for other jobs. PhD graduates require further skills training or practicums after their degree to be competitive for even basic entry-level jobs that don’t require advanced degrees, which begs the question – why bother with the graduate degree in the first place?

Of about 10 PhD candidates that have gone through my old dept in the past 7 years, only one of them got hired into a TT job and one into a job in government. The 8 others are either teaching or researching on short term contract, or they are unemployed.

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PhD Percentage by Country / Number of Doctorate Degrees per Country 2024

1. slovenia.

Slovenia is the highest-ranking country in the number of Ph.D. degrees earned by adults between the ages of 25 and 64. 5% of the entire population in Slovenia has a Ph.D. The distribution between Ph.D. adults in Slovenia finds more female doctorates than males. About 4.5% of adult females have a Ph.D., compared to about 3% of adult males in Slovenia.

2. Switzerland

Switzerland has the second-highest rate of Ph.Ds. globally, with nearly 3% of the adult population holding this advanced degree. In Switzerland, men are more likely to hold a Ph.D., representing 4% of the total doctorate population, compared to about 2.5% for female doctorates.

3. Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, 2% of the total population holds a Ph.D. There are several countries tied for 2% of the population with a Ph.D., and almost all of the highly educated countries are in Europe . In Luxembourg, 2.5% of Ph.D. holders are male, compared to 2% female.

4. United States

The United States is tied with European countries when it comes to being a highly educated population. About 2% of the U.S. population holds a Ph.D. Men are more likely than women to have a Ph.D. in the United States, with 2.5% of the Ph.D. candidates male and about 2% female.

Like other countries on our list, Sweden is tied with 2% of the total population holding a doctorate degree. In this country, males and females are just about equal when it comes to this advanced degree. Around 2.5% of males have a Ph.D., while 2.2% of females hold a Ph.D. in Sweden.

6. The United Kingdom

Rounding out our list of highly educated countries with the most Ph.Ds., the United Kingdom has about 2% of the population holding a Ph.D. In the United Kingdom, males and females are pretty close to equal in higher education. Males account for more Ph.D. degrees, with about 2.5%, while females are close behind with nearly 2.3% Ph.Ds.

Another European country on our list of the most Ph.Ds., Germany, has about 2% of its population with a Ph.D. This country sees a more significant discrepancy between males and females when it comes to higher education. About 1.75% of males account for Ph.Ds. awarded, while only about 1% of females have their Ph.D. in Germany.

8. Australia

Breaking up the stranglehold at the top of our list between Europe and the United States, Australia makes the list with the 8th most Ph.D. citizens per capita. In Australia, 2% of the population holds a doctorate degree. Males and females are almost identical regarding Ph.Ds., with males just slightly earning a Ph.D. more frequently. Males account for 1.1% of Ph.Ds. in the country, while females account for 1.0% of the Ph.Ds. awarded in Australia.

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Social Policy

The PhD employment crisis is systemic

Each year more than 7,000 of the brightest and most determined minds in Canada are awarded PhDs. As of 2015, there were 208,480 PhD holders in Canada. However, only 20 percent of PhDs will work as university professors, and 2 percent of jobs in the country require a PhD. Getting a first job after these studies is just the beginning of an arduous battle to secure work that matches PhD graduates’ hard-won expertise. The most fortunate among them usually begin with a postdoc position earning about the same as the national average secretarial salary , less than $45,000 per year, but without any employment benefits (like pensions and health plans).

Most face serious challenges transitioning to careers outside the academic world . Their professional skills and networks are underdeveloped, and employers are often reluctant to hire them. As a consequence, the majority of PhDs end up employed or — to be more accurate — underemployed in nonacademic positions. Living in a precarious economic situation with an average debt of $41,100 , the highest debt level among categories of college or university graduates, many PhDs experience critical mental health issues that include depression and stress, which in some instances lead to suicide.

The shrinking job market for PhDs affects all disciplines, although it may have different impacts for arts or humanities graduates, for instance, than for social or life science PhDs. It has become a crisis, raising important questions. Why do students continue to choose these programs? Why have universities not implemented substantial changes in PhD programs? Why has the PhD crisis not been addressed as a national issue yet? In a broader perspective, if a country like Canada is unable to provide opportunities to those who believed that education at its highest level would allow them a life of worthy labour and contribution, what is the message for future generations?

One PhD’s experience

Beginning in 2008, I pursued a PhD in sociology at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). I was fortunate to receive funding for my research from the Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Société et la Culture, as well as scholarships for excellence from UQAM. I presented my research in English, French and Spanish at international congresses in Canada, the United States, Latin America and Europe. I was granted my PhD with honours in 2014. I published peer-reviewed articles and received a book contract with a respectable publisher to publish my dissertation.

Since completing my thesis, I have applied to more than a hundred positions in Canada in universities, in CEGEPs, in the private sector, in government and in NGOs. At the end of 2015, I accepted a postdoctoral position for two years at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council in Argentina. It ended, and after several years of sustained effort, I have now stopped my academic job search. My frustrations are personal but are far from unique, and my aim here is to draw attention to what appears to be a systemic problem.

Looking deeper

There is an urgent need for rigorous and systematic research about this issue across the entire Canadian university system. Little has been published; a welcome exception is a study of the career paths of 10,000 University of Toronto PhD graduates. Moreover, we need to have a discussion that involves various actors (universities, the federal and provincial governments, funding agencies, industry and PhDs themselves) to find solutions to the Canadian PhD crisis and to initiate necessary reforms of doctoral programs and universities.

The effects of the Canadian PhD crisis are both economic and psychological. For part of this generation of young adults, it impacts their sense of identity. For Canada, highly dependent on natural resources, this crisis means a waste of talent that could be contributing to building a new model of social and economic development. For universities, it represents a failure of their fundamental mission of developing human capabilities.

One sector where the job shortfall has been examined is the Canadian science and research system. Contrary to what the Naylor Report assumed, it is far from providing the necessary tools to foster an inclusive society. Most universities tolerate and encourage precarious forms of work for PhD students, postdocs and adjunct professors that deepen inequality in society. How can universities be legitimate actors in discussion and research about social justice issues? Universities and the broader scientific system must engage in serious introspection and recognize their roles in this crisis.

Recommendations

The various skills that PhDs develop in research, analysis, communication and creativity appear to be perceived as irrelevant to the job market. Canada has a skills shortage , and yet its PhD programs cannot transmit the skills necessary to enter a professional career within the six years, on average, that it takes for a student to complete doctoral studies. This mismatch represents a costly problem for Canadian society.

In recent years numerous new programs have been funded by Mitacs , a not-for-profit organization that helps university graduates improve their employability in the private sector, with NGOs or in government. Its mission is more than praiseworthy, but these programs can assist only a small number of applicants.

Policy-makers and administrators should be tackling the Canadian PhD crisis by implementing a long-term comprehensive strategic approach . However, the social and economic effects of this crisis also need an immediate response from the government:

Governments at the federal and provincial levels should create programs to help every PhD in need to integrate into the job market according to their skills and capabilities.
It is crucial to stop addressing the current situation solely in terms of whether Canada needs more or fewer PhDs. But producing accurate data about the number and types of PhDs that Canada will need in the future would be a good first step. With these data, we can start a national discussion to reform PhD programs so that they respond to the multiple challenges that Canadian society will face in the coming years.
Funding for Canada’s PhD programs should be adjusted on the basis of an external evaluation of their capacity to place students in jobs. Programs unable to place their PhDs in the job market should be temporarily ineligible to receive federal or provincial funding; alternatively, or in other cases, they should not be allowed to offer PhD program in particular disciplines. These measures seem radical but seek to protect both students and society against predatory practices of universities.
If universities want to recover society’s trust, which they have been losing in recent years, I propose that they start by promoting a “scientific new deal.” It would aim to terminate all forms of precarious and abusive practices that have been polluting universities and to contribute to fostering a fairer society among all members of the scientific community. Perhaps the good practice elements in doctoral training that were implemented by 23 leading European universities could be an example to inspire discussion.

In May 2019, the Council of Canadian Academies launched an expert panel to study the question “What are the main challenges that PhD students in Canada face in transitioning to the labour market, and how do these differ by field of study?” I welcome this initiative. However, if this research is to be useful, the role of Canadian universities in the PhD crisis should be at the core of this conversation.

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Roadblocks to success for PhD grads could mean missed opportunities for Canada

Canada could be sitting on a significant untapped resource, as the number of PhD holders in this country rises, but persistent barriers make it hard for them to put their skills to work. According to a new expert panel report from the Council of Canadian Academies (CCA), PhD graduates play a critical role in the Canadian economy, but many are missing out on important opportunities to contribute their expertise and bolster growth and innovation.

“The growing number of PhD graduates in Canada could represent a significant opportunity to drive innovation and increase our competitiveness in a global economy,” said M. Elizabeth Cannon, O.C., PhD, FRSC, FCAE, Chair of the Expert Panel. “The difficulties graduates face raise important questions about the nature of PhD education in Canada, and this report considers how stakeholders influence the experience of PhDs and what could be done to address the challenges they confront after graduation.”

PhDs are increasingly faced with career-stalling roadblocks as they attempt to enter the labour market. The traditional path to the professoriate is available to fewer and fewer people, and meaningful jobs outside the academy have not materialized fast enough to fill that gap. A skills mismatch ― between what PhDs are trained for during their studies and what employers are seeking ― may contribute to the problem and make the bridge from academia to outside employment difficult to navigate. At the same time, PhD graduates may be unaware of their skills and have a hard time describing their value to potential employers.

“This report shines a light on the lived experiences of students, contributing to a better understanding of the career transition challenges they encounter,” said Eric M. Meslin, PhD, FRSC, FCAHS, President and CEO of the CCA. “Addressing their integration into the labour force is essential, particularly in the era of COVID-19 when the need for their complex problem-solving skills takes on even greater urgency.”

The Panel found earnings and employment for PhD graduates vary significantly based on discipline and gender, and men earn more across all disciplines. Women are more likely to be unemployed or find themselves in temporary or part-time employment.

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada asked the CCA to examine the main roadblocks faced by PhD students in Canada as they transition into the labour market, and how these challenges differ by field of study.

Degrees of Success details the challenges faced by PhDs as they begin their careers, key factors contributing to these challenges, and promising practices to address them.

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Education & Science

Canada: doctorate degree graduates 2000-2017

Number of graduates with doctorate degree or an equivalent degree in canada from 2000 to 2017.

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February 2020

2000 to 2017

Adapted from Statistics Canada, statcan.gc.ca, 2000 to 2017. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.

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PhD in Canada: Guide for International Students in 2024

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can open the door to several academic, professional and personal opportunities. Canada is known for its excellent education system and world-class research facilities, making it an ideal destination for those seeking advanced degrees in their field of choice.

In the first two quarters of 2023, Canada has issued over 96,000 study permits for Indian students. Typically, over 22,000 international studies carry out their doctoral studies in Canada. This number is expected to increase in 2024 as more international students decide to pursue their PhDs in Canada.

Table of Contents

Is PHD in Canada Worth it?

What is the PhD. Fees in Canada?

What are the general eligibility requirements for PhD programs in Canada?

What are the career opportunities after getting phd from canada, how to apply for phd in canada, what are the best universities in canada for phd, let’s get you into top phd courses in canada.

Pursuing a PhD in Canada gives you the opportunity to be part of an innovative and progressive research environment. Canadian universities typically offer research-based doctoral programmes which last between four to six years. Unlike the American model, which starts with a year or two of taught classes and exams before settling on a thesis topic, Canada’s PhD curriculum is much more grounded in extensive research.

The top seven reasons to pursue this degree in Canada include

1. Access to Top-Notch Research Opportunities:

With its world-class universities and academic institutions, Canada offers a wealth of research opportunities for international students.

2. Cost-Effective Tuition:

Tuition fees for PhD programmes in Canada are generally lower than those of other countries typically ranging from $ CAD 6,000 to 20,000 annually. Universities also offer generous stipends, assistantships and other benefits to PhD students.

3. Quality Education:

Canadian universities provide excellent educational opportunities for international PhD students and offer many diverse fields of study. In contrast to master’s and bachelor’s degree holders, PhD graduates in Canada experience lower levels of unemployment and higher earnings.

4. Supportive Learning Environment:

Canadian universities are known for providing a supportive learning environment for students, making it easy to explore interests and conduct your own research.

5. Professional Career Opportunities:

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can open the door to many potential job opportunities both inside and outside the country. When it comes to career paths outside of academia, PhDs are predominantly finding jobs in private industry – more specifically an estimated 20-25% of recent graduates.

6. Quality of Life:

Canada is a country known for its high quality of life with affordable housing, excellent healthcare, and beautiful outdoors. International PhD students in Canada can take advantage of these benefits while pursuing their studies.

7. Cultural Diversity:

Canada is a diverse country and provides international students with an opportunity to learn about different cultures, lifestyles and languages. With access to world-renowned universities, top-notch research facilities, and plentiful funding opportunities, pursuing a PhD in Canada is well worth the investment. Once you’ve been through this article, you may decide on Canada as opposed to say a PhD in the UK .

What is the Ph.D. Fees in Canada?

Canada is a fairly affordable choice for international students. There are various scholarships and funding opportunities available to help offset the costs of tuition, living expenses, and other related expenses. Tuition fees for a PhD in Canada vary depending on several factors including but not limited to: research field, school, programme duration and student status (international versus domestic).

Here’s a quick look at the list of PhD programme fees of the top 10 universities:

For a more detailed view, with rankings, see this table:

Admission requirements for PhD programmes in Canada vary by institution and subject, but there are some general eligibility requirements. Prospective applicants must possess a Master’s degree in the same subject for admission to any doctoral programme. Besides this, the other general eligibility requirements for PhD in Canada are

It’s common to be asked for your Grade Point Average (GPA) when applying to a Canadian doctoral programme while submitting your academic transcripts. To get accepted into one of these programmes, applicants need at least a 3.0 GPA or higher. Students must also show that they have taken advanced courses in their field of study.

Graduate Admissions Tests

Universities and graduate schools use scores from the Graduate Records Examination (GRE) or Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) to assess potential students’ aptitude for higher learning. Requirements can change between universities, so be sure to do your research beforehand.

Language Requirements

Depending on your chosen province of study, a Canadian Doctoral degree can be attained in either English or French. While the majority of universities teach primarily in English, those located within Quebec for example may offer instruction exclusively in French.

If you are a native speaker or have already studied the language at the university level, that should be enough to meet the criteria. Otherwise, you must take and pass a language test before submitting your application as part of its requirements.

Work Experience

Having some experience in the field you are applying to can be beneficial, although it’s not always mandatory. Admissions committees may want to know that students have relevant work experience or volunteer activities in their chosen field prior to applying for a doctoral programme in Canada.

Research Statement

Applicants for PhDs are usually required to show a strong interest in research through their statement of purpose or a research proposal. This is an important part of the application process and should detail why you are applying for the programme, what you hope to gain from it, and your future goals. Having a good research statement can help strengthen your application.

Your resume should include the following information: academic achievements, work experience, extra-curricular activities, and awards. It’s important to provide an accurate and detailed description of your qualifications so that admissions committees can get a better idea of who you are and what you bring to the table.

Canadian universities may conduct a PhD interview as an assessment of your application and capability, or simply to become more acquainted with you. You must be prepared to answer questions about your chosen field and research, experience, interests and career aspirations. It is best to research potential topics of discussion before attending such an interview and practice as best you can.

Admission to a doctoral programme in Canada requires two or three academic references from previous professors or employers, who can be contacted for a reference only after you have received their permission. Ensure that your references are aware of their role in the application process so they can provide the most honest and accurate assessment of your abilities and knowledge.

Reaching Out to Potential Supervisors

Potential PhD students should research possible dissertation supervisors and acquaint themselves with the research areas of their prospective Schools prior to applying. This allows them to understand the type of research they would be expected to undertake and make an informed decision. Finally, make sure that you meet all the deadlines for your application and keep a track of all the documentation you are sending. This will help ensure that you submit a complete and accurate application package.

In Canada, a PhD degree can open the doors to a number of exciting career opportunities. With an advanced research-based degree under your belt, you can expect to find employment opportunities in areas such as teaching and research at universities or research institutes. You may pursue an academic career in the public or private sector, or use your knowledge to launch a successful business venture.

With the right qualifications and experience, you can also find work in areas such as policy analysis, consulting, communication and media, government departments and non-profit organisations. There is also the potential to work abroad, either in academia or for Canadian-based multinational companies.

PhD holders in Canada can expect to earn an average salary of $97,500 per year or $50 per hour. New entrants into the job market could bring home a minimum annual income of $58,032; whereas those with experience may draw up to as much as $128,975 annually.

After completing their doctoral studies at a Canadian designated learning institution , international students may take advantage of the post-graduation work permit (PGWP) or a work visa which grants them the opportunity to stay in Canada for up to three years.

If you would like to work in Canada after acquiring your PhD, make sure to apply within 180 days of earning it. The fee is CAD $255 (USD $200), and the application can be done online through a process that usually takes around 100 days. Students are allowed to obtain gainful employment during this period as long as they hold a valid study permit.

Through the Post-Graduate Work Permit (PGWP) programme, you can gain employability experience that will help you meet the eligibility criteria for Canada’s Experience Class programme and qualify as a permanent resident.

TC Global provides a range of services catering to applicants interested in pursuing a PhD in Canada full-time or part-time.

Our experienced team can help you with:

1. Finding the best university and programme that fits your needs, interests, and qualifications
2. Preparing and submitting an impressive application package
3. Arranging online and face-to-face interviews
4. Reviewing documents, such as transcripts and academic records
5. Finding financial aid and scholarship options
6. Guiding you through the immigration process and securing a student visa
7. Offering pre-departure support

TC Global’s team of professionals in the field of higher education, have detailed knowledge of the Canadian admission process to help you get into an accredited Canadian PhD programme of your choice. We provide comprehensive and end-to-end counselling and support services to help you make a successful transition to pursue a PhD in Canada.

Canadian universities offer top-notch doctoral programmes spanning a wide range of disciplines. The best universities in Canada for PhD depend on the individual student’s needs and interests, but some of the most prestigious universities include

1: The University of Toronto

Source: University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (U of T) is a renowned pioneer in both teaching and research, with deep roots entrenched across Canada and the world. In only ten years, its entrepreneurs have secured over $1.5 billion in investments while creating more than 500 prospering start-up businesses. As one of North America’s leading study destinations, U of T draws students from over 170 countries worldwide.

What students say: “U of T encourages students to look at the world as a practical laboratory to apply new ideas and explore different avenues.” Jasmeet Journalist, Activist, Recent Alumna

Why study PhD at this school?

U of T continues to make a global impact with the innovative ideas, contributions and inventions of its diverse community of more than 640,000 graduates. The AUTM (Association of University Technology Managers) recognizes U of T as an esteemed frontrunner for invention licensing, options and research-based startups. PhD students are encouraged to explore opportunities to apply their research in the real world, and U of T’s five campus clusters ensure interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers, innovators and entrepreneurs.

Eligibility

The eligibility requirements to pursue a PhD from the University of Toronto are:

To be considered, you must possess a Master’s degree from an accredited university in Canada or other recognized universities with an A-level grade or equivalent.
English language proficiency scores such as IELTS, PTE or TOEFL are mandatory.

Admission process & Fees

Students can apply via the University of Toronto School of Graduate Studies   online admissions application . The application fee is $125, CAD. The fee for PhD students starts at $28,970.

Scholarship options

The university offers a range of scholarships, fellowships and grants for international students. Some of these include

6T6 Industrial Engineering 50th Anniversary Award in Healthcare Engineering
Acres Productive Technologies Inc. – Joseph Yonan Memorial Fellowship
Al and Hannah Perly Graduate Student Scholarship
Alan H. Weatherley Graduate Fellowship in Environmental Leadership

2: University of British Columbia

Source: University of British Columbia

The University of British Columbia is a top-tier institution committed to producing exceptional graduates with values rooted in global citizenship. Through their rigorous courses and research, they strive to create an environment that promotes civil progress and sustains the well-being of people not only from BC but across Canada, as well as worldwide.

What students say: “I have been exposed to a world of cutting-edge research, and it has been very rewarding. Boluwatife Awonaike PhD Student, Environmental Science

UBC is consistently acknowledged as one of the top 20 public universities worldwide for its cutting-edge research and teaching. Over $1.5 billion has been invested into UBC’s infrastructure and facilities in recent years from government sources, non-profits and industry partnerships. Researchers at UBC file 250 patents on average annually.

The eligibility requirements to pursue a PhD from UBC are:

The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Academic version with a minimum overall score of 6.5, and no individual component scoring lower than 6.0. Scores from other English proficiency tests are accepted as well.
Students will require a credential or degree that is similar to the standard of education required in Canada at the Master’s level. All applicants must exhibit excellent academic performance and research potential as demonstrated by grades, academic awards or publications.

Aspiring PhD students can apply online on the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies website. The tuition fee for a PhD programme at UBC typically costs around CA $19,700 per year.

UBC offers a wide range of scholarships, fellowships and bursaries to help support students during their academic journey. Some of the prominent awards are:

The Public Scholars Initiative
Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships
Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships
The Killam Postdoctoral Fellow Research Prize

3: McGill University

Source: Wikipedia

As one of the world’s most renowned universities and Canada’s premier institution of higher learning, McGill University is home to over 30% of international students from more than 150 countries. It is famous for its research excellence and strong emphasis on experiential learning.

McGill offers an enriching experience with world-class professors, innovative teaching methods, and exciting research opportunities.

At McGill, the average entering grades are among the highest in Canada. The university’s dedication to excellence has enabled its students to win more awards than those at any other Canadian institution – both nationally and globally. McGill University currently has over 698 postdoctoral scholars pursuing research in various disciplines.

The eligibility criteria for the PhD programme are as follows:

Master’s degrees with a CGPA of at least 3.0 out of 4.0 at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
International students must submit an IBT (Internet-Based Test) results with a written score of at least 25; a reading, writing and listening score of not less than 20. Alternatively, they can also submit IELTS (International English Language Testing System) results with a band score of 7.5 or greater (Academic module)

To apply for this course, students fill out the application online and pay a non-refundable PhD programme deposit of $300 which will be credited towards tuition. Students must upload all required supporting documents and ensure they follow the instructions for transcripts and letters of recommendation references . The international student fee for doctoral programmes starts at around $17,000.

International students can explore scholarships such as the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships, Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships and University Research Awards. Additionally, McGill offers a number of scholarships including

Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarship
Tomlinson Doctoral Fellowships
Weston Fellowship
Arbour Foundation – Scholarship for study in Computer Science, Engineering, and Management

4: McMaster University

Since 1887, McMaster University has been an innovative leader in teaching and research. We are dedicated to inspiring curiosity, inquiry and discovery both inside and outside the classroom. Our revolutionary approaches to learning have recently earned us international recognition when we were presented with the coveted Global Teaching Excellence Award by the Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom.

McMaster University is not only one of the top universities in Canada but also an international leader – consistently ranking within the world’s Top 100. According to Times Higher Education’s 2024 World University Rankings, it placed 103rd out of over 1,800 institutions.

McMaster University is devoted to providing its students with the highest calibre of education, as well as offering global opportunities for experiential learning through international collaborations and various programmes. With this fulfilling vision in mind, they have set out to guarantee that all individuals within their community receive invaluable hands-on experience

Aspiring PhD candidates need to fulfil the following eligibility requirements:

A master’s degree with an average rating of B+ or higher (or equivalent)
For certain subjects, a GMAT score of no less than 600 or an equivalent GRE (Graduate Records Exam) scores with at least 80% in the Quantitative Reasoning section is required.
To demonstrate your English language proficiency, you must submit a certified TOEFL or IELTS score. These scores will remain valid for two years after the test date.

All students must submit a preliminary application which helps the university determine whether or not they qualify to submit a formal application. Qualifying candidates will receive an application link from the university and would be required to pay a $110 CAD fee. The fee for international PhD students starts at $6,307.20 per year

PhD students can apply for scholarships such as:

Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)

5: University of Montreal

Source: University of Montreal

By studying at the renowned University of Montreal (UdeM), you get to discover one of the most acclaimed university cities in the world – Montréal! This bilingual and multicultural city is celebrated for its diversity, merging North American ingenuity with an undeniable European grace. With UdeM, experience an unparalleled academic journey with an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches.

The University of Montreal is one of Canada’s leading research institutions, attracting over $600 million in funding annually. With this substantial amount of funds, it has become a hub for groundbreaking and innovative discoveries within the university setting.

The University of Montreal is home to several renowned laboratories, including the world-renowned MILA research centre – a leader in deep learning; IRIC, one of the most productive institutions in immunology and cancer research; and CRDP – Canada’s premier public law research centre. These units are at the cutting edge of innovation within their respective fields, pushing boundaries with ground-breaking discoveries.

To be admitted as a doctoral student, candidates must:

Have a degree that adequately prepares them for their chosen area of study or show proof of equivalent education with a score of 3.2 out of 4.3 or the equivalent.
Show mastery in French or English (and any additional languages deemed essential to their study) to demonstrate aptitude for research.

Admission process & Fees

Students can submit one application per admissions cycle and fill out the online application form here . The fee for international students starts at around $19,000 per year.

Some of the scholarship options include:

Doctoral Scholarships Université de Montréal (UdeM) and the China Scholarship Council
The fast-track Master’s to PhD programme scholarship

We understand that applying for a PhD is an important career decision and can be a stressful process. With so many universities and PhD programmes in Canada, it can be overwhelming to find the right one for you. You want to make sure that you are getting into a top-ranked programme with generous scholarship options, but don’t have the time or resources to research all of your options.

At TC Global , we simplify international education, learning, and mobility through connecting students, universities, and a global community on a single platform where there are over 1000+ education providers and over 80,000+ courses.

Our platform enables students to study anywhere in the world in just a few steps. From search and discovery and finding the right course fit for you, to applications, visas, and departure – we see you through it all. We can help get you zero in on Canada’s best PhD courses.

To move forward with us, download our app or visit tcglobal.com and sign in to create an account on our student platform and onboard with us in quick, easy steps.! 🚀

Then simply set up a visit Calendly.com/tcglobal to pick a Relationships Team closest to you and choose a slot to meet with a Relationship Member.

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TC Global may terminate your access to all or any part of the Service at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice, effective immediately, which may result in the forfeiture and destruction of all information associated with your membership. If you wish to terminate your account, you may do so by contacting us at [email protected] till we develop the procedure on the website and apps. Any fees paid hereunder are non-refundable. All provisions of these Terms of Use which by their nature should survive termination shall survive termination, including, without limitation, ownership provisions, warranty disclaimers, indemnity and limitations of liability.

Warranty Disclaimer

Save to the extent required by law, TC Global has no special relationship with or fiduciary duty to you. You acknowledge that TC Global has no control over, and no duty to take any action regarding: which users gain access to the Service; what Content you access via the Service; what effects the Content may have on you; how you may interpret or use the Content; or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content.

You release TC Global from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Service. The Service may contain, or direct you to websites containing, information that some people may find offensive or inappropriate. TC Global makes no representations concerning any Content contained in or accessed through the Service, and TC Global will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality or decency of material contained in or accessed through the Service and cannot be held liable for any third-party claims, losses or damages.

You release us from all liability relating to your connections and relationships with other users. You understand that we do not, in any way, screen users, nor do we inquire into the backgrounds of users or attempt to verify their backgrounds or statements. We make no representations or warranties as to the conduct of users or the veracity of any information users provide. In no event shall we be liable for any damages whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, general, special, compensatory, consequential, and/or incidental, arising out of or relating to the conduct of you or anyone else in connection with the Services, including, without limitation, bodily injury, emotional distress, and any damages resulting in any way from communications or meetings with users or persons you may otherwise meet through the Services. As such, you agree to take reasonable precautions and exercise the utmost personal care in all interactions with any individual you come into contact with through the Service, particularly if you decide to meet such individuals in person. For example, you should not, under any circumstances, provide your financial information (e.g., credit card or bank account numbers) to other individuals.

THE SITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", "AS AVAILABLE" AND ARE PROVIDED WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES IMPLIED BY ANY COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE, ALL OF WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, SAVE TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY LAW.

TC GLOBAL, AND ITS AFFILIATES, TEAM, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, SUPPLIERS, PARTNERS AND CONTENT PROVIDERS DO NOT WARRANT THAT: (A) THE SERVICE WILL BE SECURE OR AVAILABLE AT ANY PARTICULAR TIME OR LOCATION; (B) ANY DEFECTS OR ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED; (C) ANY CONTENT OR SOFTWARE AVAILABLE AT OR THROUGH THE SERVICE IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS; OR (D) THE RESULTS OF USING THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS. YOUR USE OF THE WEBSITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. SOME STATES / COUNTRIES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

Indemnification

You shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless TC Global, its affiliates and each of its and its affiliates' employees, contractors, directors, suppliers and representatives from all losses, costs, actions, claims, damages, expenses (including reasonable legal costs) or liabilities, that arise from or relate to your use or misuse of, or access to, the Site, Service, Content or otherwise from your User Submissions, violation of these Terms of Use, or infringement by you, or any third party using the your account, of any intellectual property or other right of any person or entity (save to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction holds that such claim arose due to an act or omission of TC Global). TC Global reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, in which event you will assist and cooperate with TC Global in asserting any available defenses.

Limitation of Liability

ALL LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS AFFILIATES, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HOWSOEVER ARISING FOR ANY LOSS SUFFERED AS A RESULT OF YOUR USE OF THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS IS EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, SAVE THAT, IF A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION DETERMINES THAT LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS (AS APPLICABLE) HAS ARISEN, THE TOTAL OF SUCH LIABILITY SHALL BE LIMITED IN AGGREGATE TO THE VALUE OF TC GLOBAL'S SERVICES AVAILED BY THE USER FOR 12 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE INITIATION OF A CLAIM.

TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL TC GLOBAL, NOR ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS, BE LIABLE UNDER CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, NEGLIGENCE OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY OR OTHERWISE (AND WHETHER OR NOT TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HAD PRIOR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES GIVING RISE TO SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGE) WITH RESPECT TO THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS FOR:

INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES OR DAMAGES;
LOSS OF ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS;
LOSS OF REVENUE;
LOSS OF GOODWILL;
LOSS OF DATA;
LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS;
WASTED EXPENDITURE; OR
COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUE GOODS OR SERVICES.

NOTHING IN THESE TERMS OF USE SHALL BE DEEMED TO EXCLUDE OR LIMIT YOUR LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF ANY INDEMNITY GIVEN BY YOU UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE. APPLICABLE LAW MAY NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH CASES, TC GLOBAL'S LIABILITY WILL BE LIMITED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.

Governing Law

A printed version of these Terms of Use and of any notice given in electronic form shall be admissible in judicial or administrative proceedings based upon or relating to these Terms of Use to the same extent and subject to the same conditions as other business documents and records originally generated and maintained in printed form. You and TC Global agree that any cause of action arising out of or related to the Service must commence within one (1) year after the cause of action arose; otherwise, such cause of action is permanently barred.

Terms of Use and all other policies available on this Service shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of India. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with these Terms of Use and/ or other policies available on this App, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC") in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC Rules") for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference in this clause. The Tribunal shall consist of 3 arbitrators. The seat and venue of Arbitration shall be Singapore and the language of proceedings shall be English. Subject to the foregoing, the Courts of Singapore shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes relating to the subject matter, herein.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a dispute arises with respect to the validity, scope, enforceability, inventorship, ownership, infringement, breach or unauthorised use of any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual property right or any non-proprietary data owned and/or controlled by TC Global, whether or not arising from the Terms of Use, such dispute (at the option of TC Global) shall not be submitted to arbitration and instead, TC Global shall be free to initiate litigation, including but not limited to a claim for interim injunctive relief, in a court of competent jurisdiction, in any country or other jurisdiction in which such rights apply.

Integration and Severability

These Terms of Use are the entire agreement between you and TC Global with respect to the Service and use of the Site, Service, Content or User Submissions, and supersede all prior or contemporaneous communications and proposals (whether oral, written or electronic) between you and TC Global with respect to the Site. If any provision of these Terms of Use is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated to the minimum extent necessary so that these Terms of Use will otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. The failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided for herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. Waiver of compliance in any particular instance does not mean that we will waive compliance in the future. In order for any waiver of compliance with these Terms of Use to be binding, TC Global must provide you with written notice of such waiver through one of its authorized representatives.

Modification of Terms of Use

TC Global reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to modify or replace any of these Terms of Use, or change, suspend, or discontinue the Service (including without limitation, the availability of any feature, database, or content) at any time by posting a notice on the Site or by sending you notice through the Service or via email. TC Global may also impose limits on certain features and services or restrict your access to parts or all of the Service without notice or liability. It is your responsibility to check these Terms of Use periodically for changes. Your continued use of the Service following the posting of any changes to these Terms of Use constitutes acceptance of those changes. You shall also be notified of any modifications to these Terms of Use as and when effected or at least once a year.

Other Provisions

Claims of Copyright or Trademark Infringement

Claims of copyright or trademark infringement should be sent to TC Global's designated agent. If you believe that someone is infringing your copyright or trademark rights on the Site, you can report it to us by contacting our designated agent at [email protected] with a report containing the following information:

your complete contact information (name, mailing address and phone number),
a detailed description of the Content that you claim infringes your copyright or trademark along with details on how it infringes upon your copyright or trademark,
the web address (URL) of the infringing content,
a declaration that you are filing this report in good faith and that all the information provided is accurate and that you are the owner of the copyright and/or trademark in question.

Please attach your digital signature or physical signature to the report.

Within 36 hours of receiving this notice with the above mentioned details, we will take down the allegedly infringing material from public view while we assess the issues identified in your notice.

On completion of the take-down procedure above:

If the complainant is successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from filing the complaint, the material will be permanently removed from TC Global's Site and database upon TC Global being provided with a copy of such order;
If the complainant is not successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from receiving notice from the complainant, the material will be made available for public view once again.

Before you submit a report of infringement, you may want to send a message to the person who posted the Content. You may be able to resolve the issue without contacting TC Global. Please remember, only the copyright/trademark owner or their authorized representative may file a report of infringement. If you believe something on the Site infringes someone else's copyright/trademark, you may want to let the rights owner know.

TC Global may give notice by means of a general notice on the Site / Service, notification within the mobile application on your account, electronic mail to your email address in your account, or by written communication sent to your address as set forth in your account. You may give notice to TC Global by written communication to TC Global's email address at [email protected] or physical address at No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore, 068805 .

You may not assign or transfer these Terms of Use in whole or in part without TC Global's prior written approval. You hereby give your approval to TC Global for it to assign or transfer these Terms in whole or in part, including to: (i) a subsidiary or affiliate; (ii) an acquirer of TC Global's equity, business or assets; or (iii) a successor by merger. No joint venture, partnership, employment or agency relationship exists between you, TC Global or any Third Party Provider as a result of the contract between you and TC Global or use of the Services.

If any provision of these Terms is held to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, under any law, such provision or part thereof shall to that extent be deemed not to form part of these Terms but the legality, validity and enforceability of the other provisions in these Terms shall not be affected. In that event, the parties shall replace the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof with a provision or part thereof that is legal, valid and enforceable and that has, to the greatest extent possible, a similar effect as the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof, given the contents and purpose of these Terms. These Terms constitute the entire agreement and understanding of the parties with respect to its subject matter and replaces and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements or undertakings regarding such subject matter. In these Terms, the words "including" and "include" mean "including, but not limited to."

Miscellaneous

TC Global shall not be liable for any failure to perform its obligations hereunder where such failure results from any cause beyond TC Global's reasonable control, including, without limitation, mechanical, electronic or communications failure or degradation (including "line-noise" interference). These Terms of Use are personal to you, and are not assignable, transferable or sublicensable by you except with TC Global's prior written consent. TC Global may assign, transfer or delegate any of its rights and obligations hereunder without consent. No agency, partnership, joint venture, or employment relationship is created as a result of these Terms of Use and neither party has any authority of any kind to bind the other in any respect.

Unless otherwise specified in these Term of Use, all notices under these Terms of Use will be in writing and will be deemed to have been duly given when received, if personally delivered or sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested; when receipt is electronically confirmed, if transmitted by facsimile or e-mail; or the day after it is sent, if sent for next day delivery by recognized overnight delivery service.

You may contact us at the following address:

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore, 068805 Our grievance / nodal officer may be contacted at: Zishan Siddiqui Grievance Officer The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd No. 3 Shenton Way #10-05/06, Shenton House Singapore, 068805 Email: [email protected]

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. is an entity registered in Singapore. We are engaged in the business of providing a global education, learning, and investment services Site which caters to students, professionals, universities, corporates and governments. We are committed to ensuring that privacy of our clients, visitors, and other users of the website https://tcglobal.com , its subdomains, the web applications and mobile applications (" Site ") is always respected. This Privacy Policy (" Policy ") is to serve as a testament to our sincere efforts to uphold privacy laws. In this Policy, " TC Global ", " we ", or " us " refers to The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. and its affiliates and " you " refers to a user who has provided any information including Personal Information ( as defined below ) and using any features therein.
The protection and security of your Personal Information and Usage Information ( as defined below ) is one of our top priorities. This Privacy Policy discloses and explains how we collect, use, share and protect Personal Information, Usage Information or any other information about you. We also provide information regarding how you can access and update your Personal Information and make certain choices about how your Personal Information is used by us. This Privacy Policy does not apply to information we collect by other means (including offline) or from other sources.
This Privacy Policy explains what information of yours will be collected by TC Global when you access the Site, how the information will be used, and how you can control the collection, correction and/or deletion of information. We will not use or share your information with anyone except as described in this Privacy Policy. The use of information collected through our Site shall be limited to the purposes under this Privacy Policy.

TC Global controls, collects, owns and directs the use of the Personal Information and Usage Information on its Site and TC Global is the data controller and data processor as regards the Personal Information and Usage Information collected on its Site. For any queries regarding this Privacy Policy and the collection and use of data collected or processed under this Privacy Policy, TC Global can be contacted by mail at The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd, No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore 068805 ; by phone at +65 9825 6174 or by e-mail at [email protected] .

The legal basis for collection and processing of any information collected and processed by TC Global including the Personal Information is (i) your consent at the time of providing the Personal Information; (ii) where it is in our legitimate interests to do so and not overridden by your rights (for example, in some cases for direct marketing, fraud prevention, network and information systems security, responding to your communications, the operation of networks of groups by the network administrators, and improving our Site). In some cases, we may also have a legal obligation to collect information about you or may otherwise need the information to protect your vital interests or those of another person. We may also process information to comply with a legal requirement or to perform a contract.

TC Global may ask you to provide certain categories of information such as personal information, which is information that coold reasonably be used to identify you personally, such as your name, gender, family details, address, e-mail address, nationality, details of your passport and other government ID, financial information, academic record / education history, date of birth, mobile number, travel history and medical records (" Personal Information "), when you access the Site, in order to provide you with the services requested. Additionally, we may collect this information through various forms and in various places through the Site, including when you first register with us, when you create a transaction, when you contact us, when you update your information or from time to time or when you otherwise interact with us. TC Global may include registration, surveys, and other online forums where users will need to provide Personal Information.

First party cookies are the cookies served by the owner of the domain. In our case, that's TC Global. Any cookie we place ourselves is a "first-party cookie."

Third-party cookies are cookies placed on our domains by trusted partners that we've allowed to do so. These can be social media partners, advertising partners, security providers, and more. And they can be either "session cookies" or "permanent cookies":

Session cookies only exist until you close your browser, ending what's called your "session." Then they're deleted.

Permanent cookies have a range of lifespans and stay on your device after the browser is closed. On the Site, we try to only serve permanent cookies (or allow permanent cookies to be served by third parties) that have a limited lifespan. However, for security reasons or in other exceptional circumstances, sometimes we may need to give a cookie a longer lifespan.

Web browser cookies may store info such as your IP address or other identifiers, your browser type, and info about the content you view and interact with on digital services. By storing this info, web browser cookies can remember your preferences and settings for online services and analyze how you use them.

Along with cookies, we also use tracking technologies that are very similar. Our Site may contain small transparent image files or lines of code that record how you interact with them. These include "web beacons," "scripts," "tracking URLs," or "software development kits" (known as SDKs):

Web beacons have a lot of different names. They might also be known as web bugs, tracking bugs, tags, web tags, page tags, tracking pixels, pixel tags, 1x1 GIFs, or clear GIFs. In short, these beacons are a tiny graphic image of just one pixel that can be delivered to your device as part of a web page request, in an app, an advertisement, or an HTML email message. They can be used to retrieve info from your device, such as your device type, operating system, IP address, and the time of your visit. They are also used to serve and read cookies in your browser or to trigger the placement of a cookie.

Scripts are small computer programs embedded within our web pages that give those pages a wide variety of extra functionality. Scripts make it possible for the website to function properly. For example, scripts power certain security features and enable basic interactive features on our website. Scripts can also be used for analytical or advertising purposes. For example, a script can collect info about how you use our website, such as which pages you visit or what you search for.

Tracking URLs are links with a unique identifier in them. These are used to track which website brought you to the Site. An example woold be if you clicked from a social media page, search engine, or one of our affiliate partners' websites.

Software Development Kits (SDKs) are part of our apps' source code. Unlike browser cookies, SDK data is stored in the app storage. They're used to analyze how the apps are being used or to send personalized push notifications. To do this, they record unique identifiers associated with your device, like your device ID, IP address, in-app activity, and network location.

All these tracking technologies are referred to as "cookies" here in this Cookie Statement. However, no Personal Information identifying the user is collected nor any data capture mechanisms are employed. The user may change browser settings to accept or reject cookies on personal preference. You have the ability to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify the browser setting to decline cookies if you so prefer. If you choose to decline cookies, you may not be able to sign in or use other interactive features of the Site that may depend on cookies. If you choose to accept cookies, you also have the ability to later delete cookies that you have accepted. If you choose to delete cookies, any settings and preferences controlled by those cookies, including advertising preferences, will be deleted and may need to be recreated. We process and keep all data for our own use and, if you wish to opt-out from tracking by TC Global you can do so at [email protected]

Information Collected Automatically : In addition to any Personal Information or other information that you choose to submit to us, we may use a variety of technologies that automatically (or passively) collect certain information whenever you access the Site (" Usage Information "). This Usage Information may include the browser that you are using, the URL that referred you to our Site, mobile device model (manufacturer), OS type (IOS/android), OS version, network carrier, IP address, mobile screen size, time zone of the user, browser details, among other information. Usage Information may be non-identifying or may be associated with you. Whenever we associate Usage Information with your Personal Information, we will treat it as Personal Information and the conditions relating to Personal Information under this Privacy Policy will be followed. Traffic data, while anonymous, is gathered and analysed for business needs.
Information Third Parties Provide About You: We may, from time to time, supplement the information we collect about you through our Site with outside records from third parties obtained rightfolly in order to enhance our ability to serve you, to tailor our content to you and to offer you opportunities to use such of our Services that we believe may be of interest to you. We may combine the information we receive from such third party sources with information we collect through the Site or through independent research conducted by TC Global, with your consent. In these cases, we will apply this Privacy Policy to any Personal Information received, unless otherwise provided. We may process such information received from third parties for legitimate commercial purposes or to enter into contractual obligations with you or to folfil certain contractual obligations or where you have requested third parties to provide information about yourself to us.

TC Global may also process any Personal Information or Usage Information collected from you for legitimate commercial purposes including to provide you with the requisite information requested. A list of uses of the Personal Information and Usage Information collected is provided at Section 3 of this Policy ( Use of Information Collected ). TC Global implements appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk of our processing of information about individuals such as (i) only sharing and providing access to your information to the minimum extent necessary, subject to confidentiality restrictions where appropriate, and on an anonymised basis wherever possible; (ii) using secure servers to store your information; (iii) verifying the identity of any individual who requests access to information prior to granting them access to information; and (iv) using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software or other similar encryption technologies to encrypt any payment transactions you make on or via our Site.

Any user who has submitted Personal Information on the Site has the right to (i) access, correct, delete such Personal Information subject to us successfolly verifying your identity; (ii) object to us processing your Personal Information on legitimate grounds; (iii) to withdraw your consent to our use of your information at any time where we rely on your consent to use or process that information; (iv) opting out of receiving any promotional or marketing material by clicking on the "Unsubscribe" button or by sending an email to [ [email protected] ]. Please note that if you withdraw your consent, this will not affect the lawfolness of our use and processing of your information on the basis of your consent before the point in time when you withdraw your consent; (v) right to have the Personal Information transferred to another data controller; and (vi) lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particolar in the jurisdiction of your habitual residence, place of work or of an alleged infringement of any applicable data protection laws. Any request received by us by the user in relation to the aforesaid shall be acknowledged by us within seventy-two (72) business hours.

TC Global does not share any Personal Information with any third party without your consent, except when directed by the law. TC Global can use this data to verify user identity in line with engagement initiated by the user. We will communicate with you using the contact information provided by you in order to respond to any queries that you may have and to provide any information that you may request regarding the services provided through the Site. We may communicate with you either by written, physical communication, email, telephone, SMS or via notifications on your mobile device. We may also send strictly service-related announcements to you periodically and when it is necessary to do so. For instance, if our services are temporarily suspended for maintenance, we might send you an email, text message, flash notification or telephone call. If you do not wish to receive such alerts, you have the option to unsubscribe from such emails or opt out by sending an email to [email protected] .

We may use Personal Information or Usage Information collected through the Site in the following ways:

to operate and improve our Site and tools associated with the Site;
to create aggregated and anonymized information to determine which Site features are most popolar and usefol to users, and for other statistical analyses;
to prevent, discover and investigate violations of this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Use of the Site, and to investigate fraud or other matters;
To customize the content or the services on the Site for you, or the communications sent to you through the Site.
To help provide you the services accessible through the Site, which may include liaising and providing information to visa/customs/immigration offices of various countries and admissions offices of universities situated across the globe;
To observe, improve and administer the quality of services on the Site;
To analyze how the Site is used, diagnose technical problems;
Remember the basic information provided by you for effective access;
To confirm your identity in order to determine your eligibility to use the Site and avail our services;
To notify you about any changes to the Site;
To enable TC Global to comply with its legal and regolatory obligations;
For the purpose of sending administrative notices, service-related alerts and other similar communication with a view to optimizing the efficiency of the Site;
Doing market research, troubleshooting, protection against error, project planning, fraud and other criminal activity; and
To enforce TC Global's Terms of Use.
Using your contact info to send you regolar news about relevant products and services. You can unsubscribe from email marketing communications quickly, easily, and anytime. All you need to do is click the "Unsubscribe" link included in each newsletter or other communication.
Based on your info, individualized offers might be shown to you on the Site, on mobile apps, or on third-party websites/apps (including social media sites), and the content of the site displayed to you might be personalized. These coold be offers that you can book directly on the Site, on co-branded sites, or other third-party offers or products we think you might find interesting.
When you participate in other promotional activities (e.g. sweepstakes, referral programs, or competitions), relevant info will be used to administer these promotions.

We may share non-Personal Information, such as aggregated user statistics and log data, with our business partners for industry analysis, demographic profiling, to deliver targeted advertising about other products or services, or for other business purposes. This information is solely used to analyze company Site and understand usage statistics, as mentioned above, is anonymous. The company may share this data with its business partners on anonymous basis. We do not sell, share, rent or trade the information we have collected about you, including Personal Information, other than as disclosed within this Privacy Policy or at the time you provide your information. We do not share your Personal Information with third parties for those third parties' direct marketing purposes unless you consent to such sharing at the time you provide your Personal Information.

We cooperate with government and law enforcement officials and private parties to enforce and comply with the law. Thus, we may access, use, store, transfer and disclose your information (including Personal Information), including disclosure to third parties such as government or law enforcement officials or private parties as we reasonably determine is necessary and appropriate: (i) to satisfy any applicable law, regolation, governmental requests or legal process; (ii) to protect the safety, rights, property or security of TC Global, our services, the Site or any third party; (iii) to protect the safety of the public for any reason; (iv) to detect, prevent or otherwise address fraud, security or technical issues; and /or (v) to prevent or stop any activity we consider to be, or to pose a risk of being, an illegal, unethical, or legally actionable activity. Such disclosures may be carried out without notice to you.

We may share your information, including your Personal Information and Usage Information with our parent, subsidiaries and affiliates for internal reasons. We also reserve the right to disclose and transfer all such information: (i) to a subsequent owner, co-owner or operator of the Site or applicable database; or (ii) in connection with a corporate merger, consolidation, restructuring, the sale of substantially all of our membership interests and/or assets or other corporate change, including, during the course of any due diligence process. You will be notified via email and/or a prominent notice on our Site of any change in ownership or uses of your personal information, as well as any choices you may have regarding your personal information. We will endeavor that the transferee who is the recipient of Personal Information and Usage Information commits to privacy measures which are substantially similar to the measures under this privacy policy.

We do not include or offer third party products or services on our Site.

Your information may be stored and processed in Singapore or any other country in which TC Global or its subsidiaries, affiliates or service providers maintain facilities. TC Global may transfer information that we collect about you, including Personal Information, to affiliated entities, or to other third parties across borders and from your country or jurisdiction to other countries or jurisdictions around the world. These countries may have data protection laws that are different to the laws of your country and, in some cases, may not be as protective. We have taken appropriate safeguards to require that your information will remain protected in accordance with this Privacy Policy by entering into requisite agreements with the concerned transferees.

Your information will be retained with TC Global as long as it is needed by TC Global to provide services to you. If you wish to cancel your account or request that TC Global no longer uses your information to provide services, you may contact TC Global at [email protected].. TC Global will promptly delete the information as requested. TC Global will retain and use your information as necessary to comply with its legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce its agreements or for other business purposes. When TC Global has no ongoing legitimate business need to process your information, we will either delete or anonymize it.

In case on any queries on this privacy policy, please contact us at [email protected] . TC Global reserves the right to update or modify any part of this policy or make any changes without prior notice to the user. The user is advised to check this page periodically to stay abreast of any policy changes by us.

You are responsible for maintaining the accuracy of the information you submit to us, such as your contact information provided as part of account registration. If your Personal Information changes, or if you no longer desire to access the Site, you may correct, delete inaccuracies, or amend information by contacting us through [email protected] and we will respond within 72 hours of receipt of communication. You have the right to request that we rectify or delete the personal data or restrict the processing of your personal data, if you think they are inaccurate. Furthermore, you have the right to object against the processing based on our legitimate interests as a legal basis. We are required to assess and act on your request. Additionally, you also have the right to data portability if it shoold become relevant. You have a right to lodge a complaint with your local supervisory authority. [You may also cancel or modify your communications that you have elected to receive from the Site by logging into your user account and changing your communication preferences. If you wish to cancel your account or request that we no longer use your information to provide you details with respect to our services and the Site, please write to us at [email protected] .

If you wish to opt out of receiving non-essential communications such as promotional and marketing-related information regarding the Site and our services, please send TC Global an email at [email protected] .

From time to time, we may update this Privacy Policy to reflect changes to our information practices. Any changes will be effective immediately upon the posting of the revised Privacy Policy on the Site. If we make any material changes, we will notify you by email (sent to the e-mail address specified in your account) or by means of a notice on the Site prior to the change becoming effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.

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Economic and Social Reports Occupational profile and work tasks of Canadian PhDs: Gender and field of study differences

DOI : https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202201200002-eng

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Acknowledgements

Introduction, literature review, data, sample and methods, share of doctoral graduates in and outside academia, characteristics of canadian doctoral graduates who worked outside academia, occupations of canadian doctoral graduates who worked outside academia, task content of jobs held by doctoral graduates, gender gap in job task content among doctoral graduates working outside academia, differences in task content of jobs held by doctoral and master’s graduates.

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Most PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) graduates from Canadian universities work outside academia, but little is known about the nature of these jobs. Based on the 2016 Census, this study explores the nature of the occupations held by doctoral graduates who worked outside academia and the nature of the tasks they performed in these jobs. Outside academia, most men and women with doctorate degrees worked in various professional occupations, while a small share worked in managerial positions, and a smaller share still (around 10% on average) worked in jobs that typically do not require a university degree. Canadians with PhD s who worked outside academia generally held jobs in which analytical tasks were less important than those of university professors. In more than half of the broad fields of study examined, there were essentially no differences in the job task content between men and women, while in the remaining fields, differences were for the most part small. Compared with master’s degree graduates, doctoral graduates outside academia worked in jobs with higher importance scores for non-routine cognitive analytical tasks. Differences in the remaining tasks were generally small and varied in magnitude and direction across fields of study.

Keywords : occupation, job tasks, PhD

Aneta Bonikowska and Marc Frenette are with the Social Analysis and Modelling Division, Analytical Studies and Modelling Branch at Statistics Canada. Kristyn Frank is with the Health Analysis Division at Statistics Canada.

This study was funded by Women and Gender Equality Canada.

Pursuing a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy degree) requires a significant investment of time and resources. Entry into a PhD program often coincides with the life stage at which individuals typically begin establishing a career and starting a family. Note In 2015, more than two-thirds of students enrolled in full-time doctoral programs in Canada were aged between 25 and 34 years (Looker, 2018). Consequently, the pursuit of a PhD is often associated with opportunity costs such as the loss of potential earnings and work experience (CCA, 2021), and the delay of family formation.

Despite these trade-offs, Canada’s postsecondary institutions have seen a steady increase in PhD enrolments, with a notable rise in women’s participation in doctoral programs (Statistics Canada, 2021a). Although there are variations across fields of study, the share of female PhD graduates rose from 41% to about 46% between 2000 and 2019 (Statistics Canada, 2021b). Women accounted for the majority of graduates in the fields of education and social sciences by 2000, and also in health and agriculture, natural resources and conservation by 2019 (Statistics Canada, 2021b).

Therefore, the costs of pursuing a doctoral degree do not appear to have been a serious barrier to pursuing a PhD , suggesting that the expected benefits are likely substantial. One of these benefits may be the careers that become available upon completion of a PhD . The decision to enter PhD programs may in fact be driven by students’ occupational aspirations. Indeed, previous research has found that the majority of PhD graduates indicated that they pursued a doctoral degree to become a professor (CCA, 2021; Etmanski et al. , 2017; Maldonado et al. , 2013). However, the intent to work as a professor varied by field of study, with PhD students in more applied fields such as engineering, architecture, and health indicating less interest in this career path (Edge & Munro, 2015; Etmanski et al. , 2017). Gender was also a factor—women were more likely to report that they pursued a doctoral degree to become a professor than men. This finding remained true even after accounting for differences in marital status, dependent children and field of study (Etmanski et al. , 2017).

Given the increase in PhD enrolments and decreasing professorship positions (Statistics Canada, 2021c), many universities are developing resources to support students transitioning into non-academic jobs, in particular for those outside of professionally oriented programs (Edge & Munro, 2015). Gender and field of study differences exist in the share of PhD students who access these services, which could affect their employment outcomes outside academia. For example, male PhD students were more likely to use these resources than their female counterparts, while engineering PhD students were more likely than PhD students from all other fields to use the career services provided by their institutions (Arnold & Smith, 2015). Note Moreover, given the imbalance between doctoral graduates and professorship opportunities, a better understanding of the opportunities and career outcomes of PhD graduates is needed (Baker & Vasseur, 2021). Therefore, information about the type of jobs held by PhD graduates employed outside academia will be useful for skill development and career planning initiatives aimed at PhD students.

This study examines gender differences in the types of jobs held by doctoral graduates who worked outside academia in 2016. In addition to comparing occupations, the analysis focuses on examining the task content of jobs. The study will answer three questions:

What proportion of doctoral graduates worked in academia, by gender and field of study?
What were the gender differences in the occupational profile and work tasks performed in the jobs held by doctoral graduates outside academia, by field of study?
How did the work tasks of doctoral graduates outside academia compared with those held by master’s degree graduates, by gender and field of study?

The analysis is based on the 2016 Census data and focuses on individuals aged 30 to 59 years who held a doctoral degree obtained in Canada and were in the Canadian labour market in 2016.

Findings from this study will help to address several important knowledge gaps. First, gender differences in doctoral graduates’ occupations and work tasks will be reported by field of study, thus providing a more nuanced understanding of the work that men and women with PhD s do outside academia. Additionally, comparisons between the occupational outcomes of PhD graduates working outside academia with those of master’s degree graduates will provide insight into whether PhD graduates require higher levels of skills in their jobs and whether this differs by gender. Examining the task content of jobs held by male and female doctoral graduates (in general and compared with those of master’s degree graduates) will highlight the extent to which each group works in jobs that typically require the ability to analyze data and information, creative thinking, supervising others, etc. ( i.e. , non-routine cognitive tasks), as opposed to jobs that involve more routine tasks that (a) could be performed by workers with lower levels of education, and (b) are less stable because of more susceptibility than other jobs to automation (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2021). Furthermore, since postsecondary institutions’ career services are sometimes criticized for focusing on graduate students generally rather than on the unique situation of PhD students (Edge & Munro, 2015), the results of this study can be used to provide better career resources for PhD students. Lastly, the study will also provide useful information for PhD students who may be seeking more information on non-academic career paths.

While the structure of PhD programs is often focused on training graduates for academic positions, most PhD graduates are not employed as university professors (Edge & Munro, 2015). Additionally, there is evidence of a decline in tenure-track positions, with the number of assistant professors in Canada decreasing between 2010 and 2020 (Statistics Canada, 2021c). Nevertheless, the employment outcomes of these graduates are strong, with lower unemployment rates and higher earnings than master’s and bachelor’s degree holders (CCA, 2021; Edge & Munro, 2015). Among PhD graduates, the highest earners are represented in a range of fields of study. For women, PhD graduates who studied nursing, business administration or educational administration earned the most, while for men, PhD graduates in business administration, computer engineering or computer science were the highest earners (Frenette & Handler, 2020).

In light of decreasing professorship opportunities for PhD graduates (Statistics Canada, 2021c), postsecondary institutions have been focusing more attention on the labour market outcomes of their alumni. For example, Concordia University (2020), McGill University (2021), the University of Alberta (2019), the University of British Columbia (Porter et al. , 2017) and the University of Toronto (Reithmeier et al. , 2019; University of Toronto, n.d. ) have been tracking the outcomes of recent PhD graduates. Much of this work draws on publicly available information that graduates have shared online, such as LinkedIn profiles or work-related web pages. Online information for the 2009 cohort of Ontario’s doctoral graduates was also analyzed to determine their employment after graduation (Jonker, 2016). Additionally, the Track Report Connect Exchange project has interviewed graduates of social sciences, humanities and fine arts PhD programs to provide more information about their pathways after completing their studies (McAlpine & Austin, 2018; TRaCE, n.d. ).

These projects largely focused on whether PhD graduates were employed in or outside academia after graduation, and most examined differences by gender and field of study. Generally, women were more likely than men to work in the postsecondary education sector following graduation, although this finding did not necessarily mean they were employed in full-time tenured or tenure-track positions, or even as professors (Jonker, 2016; McGill University, 2021; University of Toronto, n.d. ). In fact, despite a higher share of women working in the postsecondary sector, men were more likely than women to be full-time university professors, mainly in research-intensive positions (Baker & Vasseur, 2021; CCA, 2021; Jonker, 2016; Porter et al. , 2017). Most PhD graduates who worked in academia but were not employed as professors tended to be in administrative or research support jobs or were sessional instructors (CCA, 2021; Edge & Munro, 2015). Results also showed that PhD graduates from engineering and science programs were more likely to be employed outside of academia, while PhD graduates from business, humanities and social science programs were more likely to be employed in the postsecondary education sector (Jonker, 2016; Porter et al. , 2017).

Studies examining the employment of PhD graduates outside academia have mostly focused on the industry of work. Results indicated that women were more likely than their male counterparts to be working in the public or non-profit sectors, while men were more likely than their female counterparts to be working in the private sector (Concordia University, 2020, University of Toronto, n.d. ). Results for field of study showed that PhD graduates from business, science and engineering programs were more likely than PhD graduates from other fields to be working in the private sector, while a higher share of arts PhD graduates worked in the non-profit sector compared with the PhD graduates of other fields (Concordia University, 2020; McGill University, 2021; University of Alberta, 2019; University of Toronto, n.d. ).

One limitation of these studies is that the methodologies used result in findings that may not be representative of all PhD graduates in Canada. For example, studies that employ web-based searches and social networking sites ( e.g. , Jonker, 2016; Reithmeier et al. , 2019) are limited to only the individuals who chose to share their work information online. These data may be skewed toward certain demographic characteristics; for example, among LinkedIn users, there is a higher proportion of men than women, and the majority of them are between the ages of 25 and 34 years (Newberry, 2021). Reliance on social networking sites may give an inaccurate estimate of the proportion of graduates who work outside academia. For example, Bauffaldi et al. (2017) found that among PhD graduates in engineering, those who were interested in non-academic jobs were more likely to have a LinkedIn account than their counterparts interested in pursuing academic jobs. It is also possible that the work information provided could be out of date at the time the study accessed their information. At the same time, interview-based studies are typically focused on graduates from specific fields of study (McAlpine & Austin, 2018; TRaCE, n.d. ), resulting in findings that are not generalizable to other PhD graduates. Using census data, the current study will address the need for a national-level analysis of occupational outcomes representative of all PhD graduates in Canada.

Moreover, while these studies provide additional knowledge about the industries in which PhD graduates work, less is known about what their work entails and the skills they require to work outside academia. This information in particular is important to determine, because doctoral students commonly face a skills awareness gap (CCA, 2021: 87). This gap includes a lack of understanding of how to translate the skills developed during their program to the non-academic labour market and how to communicate these skills to potential employers (Baker & Vasseur, 2021; CCA, 2021; Edge & Munro, 2015; Rose, 2013). Although some PhD students change their career plans as they become more aware of the realities of the academic labour market (Roach & Sauermann, 2017), there is little information to inform them about the skills they may need to make that change.

Previous research has examined the occupational skill requirements of young (aged 25 to 34 years) doctoral graduates and found that their skill level requirements were generally higher than that of master’s and bachelor’s degree holders (Frenette & Frank, 2017). Doctoral degree holders had higher skill level requirements in reading comprehension, writing, science as well as in process, complex problem solving and systems skills ( e.g. , critical thinking, active learning, systems analysis) than workers with lower levels of education. However, lower skill requirements in resource management and technical skills were found for PhD graduates. While these results provide some clarity on the skills that doctoral graduates generally use in their jobs, those working in and outside academia were not studied separately. Therefore, a more detailed look at the occupations and work tasks of those employed in non-academic jobs is warranted, in particular considering the ongoing transformation of many occupations because of automation (Frank et al., 2021).

This analysis is based on the 2016 Census data. The sample consists of individuals aged 30 to 59 years Note whose highest completed level of education is a doctorate or a master’s degree, who obtained this degree in Canada, Note and who were in the labour force during census reference week. Individuals who graduated between 2014 and 2016 or were enrolled in postsecondary education during this period were excluded from the sample. This exclusion ensures that individuals in the sample were available for full-time employment (which they likely would not have been if they were still full-time students) and have had some time to find more permanent employment. To impose the restriction on graduation year and enrolment, the Census 2016 data were linked to the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS), an administrative data source that contains virtually all Note postsecondary enrolments in Canadian public postsecondary institutions. Individuals in the census whose linkage key to administrative files such as PSIS is unavailable, non-permanent residents, individuals whose highest completed degree was in two broad field of study groups with very small sample sizes Note and those in occupations that could not be matched to the O*NET data (an occupational database of job descriptors described below) Note were also excluded.

Note that some doctoral graduates from Canadian universities leave Canada for jobs abroad. This study reports results that are representative of the graduates who remained in Canada and were engaged in the Canadian labour market in 2016.

The analysis starts with a comparison of broader occupation groups between men and women who hold PhD s. However, different occupation titles alone do not tell us how similar or different these jobs are from the job of a university professor in terms of the activities and responsibilities typically performed in them. Instead, the remaining analysis focuses on comparing the typical task content of jobs held by men and women who hold PhD s, and further between PhD graduated and master’s degree graduates by gender, specifically by analyzing the importance of five groups of tasks in those jobs.

The source of information on job task content is the U.S. O*NET 2018 that provides rich data on work activities, work context, abilities and skills typical of a broad range of occupations. These job descriptors have been mapped into the Canadian National Occupational Classification ( NOC 2016). This study uses a subset of 16 work activities, work context and abilities from O*NET to construct measures of five task groups used to characterize jobs in previous studies (Acemoglu & Autor, 2011; Autor & Handel, 2013): Note

non-routine cognitive analytical tasks: analyzing data or information, thinking creatively, and interpreting the meaning of information for others
non-routine cognitive interpersonal tasks: establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships; guiding, directing and motivating subordinates; and coaching and developing others
routine cognitive tasks: repeating the same tasks, being exact or accurate, and structured versus unstructured work
routine manual tasks: pace determined by speed of equipment, controlling machines and processes, and time spent making repetitive motions
non-routine manual and physical tasks: operating vehicles, mechanized devices or equipment; time spent using hands to handle, control or feed objects, tools or controls; spatial orientation; and manual dexterity.

Each of the five task types is a simple average of the importance scales of the component O*NET work activity, work context and ability variables listed above. Each task group is measured on a scale from 1 to 5, where 5 indicates a high importance of the task for a given occupation and 1 indicates low importance. Note

The task importance scores correlate with the skill level of jobs in an intuitive way (Table 1). Note In the general population of workers aged 15 years and older in Canada, the importance of non-routine cognitive tasks is highest, on average, for managerial and professional occupations (the highest skill level), with non-routine cognitive analytical tasks being most important for professionals (an average score of 3.8 on a scale of 1 to 5), and non-routine cognitive interpersonal tasks being most important for managers (an average score of 3.9 on a scale of 1 to 5). Average scores for the importance of both types of non-routine cognitive tasks fall with the level of skill required on the job, to an average of 2.5 for analytical and 2.8 for interpersonal tasks in jobs requiring typically on-the-job training (the lowest skill level).

The opposite is true for the remaining three types of tasks. The average importance scores of routine cognitive tasks increase somewhat as the skill required on the job falls, from 2.9 among managers to 3.2 among each of the three lowest skill levels. Average importance scores for routine manual and non-routine manual and physical tasks increase by roughly a point as one moves from the most skilled jobs to the least, from an average of 1.9 to 3.0 for routine manual tasks, and from 1.9 to 2.8 for non-routine manual and physical tasks.

Differences in average task importance scores between men and women and between doctoral graduates and master’s degree graduates, for men and women separately, were all estimated in a regression framework. Regressions were run separately by field of study, and included the following covariates: age, age squared, an indicator for being an immigrant, and an indicator for being neither White nor Indigenous. The differences are expressed in percentage terms. Note

Overall, nearly one-third of male and female doctoral graduates worked as university professors or lecturers (Table 2). Note This proportion varied substantially by field of study. The highest proportion of graduates to work as university professors and lecturers Note was among graduates from business, management and public administration programs (58.2% of men and 59.1% of women). The lowest was among graduates from health and related fields (16.9% of men and 22.0% of women). Within fields of study, the differences between men and women were generally small. The biggest difference was observed among graduates in social and behavioural sciences and law programs, where 30.3% of women were university professors, compared with 40.4% of men. Note

Women with PhD s were as likely as or more likely than men with PhD s to work as postsecondary teaching or research assistants, although their overall shares working in this occupation group were small (3.7% of women and 3.1% of men). The difference in their respective shares in this occupation was largest among graduates in physical and life sciences and technologies programs, where 5.0% of men and 7.4% of women worked as postsecondary teaching or research assistants.

A similarly small share of doctoral graduates worked as college and other vocational instructors (3.7% of women and 3.3% of men). Note The highest share of graduates working in that occupation group was found among graduates in humanities programs, at 11.1% and 11.7% among men and women, respectively.

This means that a little over 61% of men and women holding PhD s worked in various other occupations.

The highest number of doctoral graduates who worked outside academia obtained their degree in the broad area of physical and life sciences and technologies Note at 30.3% (Table 3). In second place was the area of social and behavioural sciences and law with 21.1% of graduates. Note Relatively few individuals held doctorates in visual and performing arts, and communications technologies (1.2% of graduates) and agriculture, natural resources and conservation (2.9%).

The share of doctoral graduates who were women varied substantially by field of study. It was highest among graduates from education programs (66.1%), followed by social and behavioural sciences and law programs (63.9%) and health and related fields (52.6%). This share fell to under one-quarter among graduates from mathematics and computer and information sciences programs, and a low of less than 15% among graduates from architecture, engineering and related technologies programs (essentially engineering).

Men and women within a given field of study differed in several characteristics that could affect the types of jobs they held. Women with doctorates were generally younger than men, particularly in the science fields. A higher proportion of women than men were immigrants in several fields of study, particularly among graduates in mathematics and computer and information sciences where 76% of women were immigrants, over 17 percentage points higher than the corresponding share of men. In most fields, a higher share of women than men either reported being White or reported an Indigenous identity; the highest gender gaps of 10 percentage points or more were found among graduates in business, management and public administration and agriculture, natural resources and conservation.

Around three-quarters of PhD graduates who worked outside academia worked in professional occupations, with that proportion being slightly higher among women than men (Chart 1). A further 16.0% of men and 13.3% of women worked as middle or senior managers. Finally, around 10% of both men and women with PhD s worked in jobs that generally do not require a university education, with most of them in jobs that require college or apprenticeship training and few in jobs that require no more than a high school education or on-the-job training.

The distribution across occupation skill groups (shown in Chart 1) varied somewhat across fields of study. Furthermore, differences in the occupation distribution between men and women were pronounced in some fields but not others (Table 4-1 and 4-2).

In most fields, the majority of men and women with PhD s worked in professional occupations. Furthermore, a high proportion of doctoral graduates worked in professional occupations in areas that appear aligned with the broad field of their doctorate. However, in some fields, different proportions of women and men worked in different types of professional jobs. For example, more women than men in some fields worked in professional occupations such as policy researchers, consultants or program officers (the majority of jobs held under the broad category of professional occupations in law and social community and government services), while more men than women worked in jobs classified as professional occupations in a particular field ( e.g. , chemist, electrical engineer, specialist physician, accountant). This was the case among doctoral graduates in the fields of business, management and public administration; physical and life sciences and technologies; architecture, engineering and related technologies; and health and related technologies. Note When examining those with PhD s in education who worked in professional occupations in education services, most worked as high school or elementary school teachers, with a higher share of women than men in the latter category. In other cases, more detailed occupation titles revealed individuals with multiple degrees whose line of work did not directly align with the field of study of their PhD but rather a different professional degree ( e.g. , individuals with a PhD in chemistry who worked as lawyers).

A substantial share of graduates in business, management and public administration and in education—around one-quarter—worked in occupations in specialized middle management. Note Among graduates in the remaining fields, the corresponding shares were lower than 13%, with the lowest proportions found among PhD s in health and related fields. Proportions of doctoral graduates in senior management occupations were in the single digits for both men and women in all fields. Overall, women with PhD s were less likely to hold management positions of any kind than were men with PhD s—by nearly 3 percentage points—although drawing decisive conclusions about gender differences in this respect within many fields of study is difficult given the relatively small sample sizes.

The proportion of PhD graduates who worked in occupations that do not generally require a university degree varied by field of study. It was highest among individuals with PhD s in visual and performing arts, communications technologies, and in humanities, where more than one in five graduates worked in jobs that do not require a university education. This share was the lowest, at less than 7%, among people with PhD s in health and related fields, and social and behavioural sciences and law. The types of jobs of PhD graduates from different fields included various administrative occupations. Some individuals worked in technical, rather than professional, occupations in particular fields. For example, some doctoral graduates from science fields worked in technical occupations related to natural and applied sciences and health. Similarly, graduates from non-science fields could be found in paraprofessional occupations in legal, social, community and education services. Gender differences in the share of PhD graduates who worked in lower-skilled occupations do not appear substantial, with more detailed comparisons being again hindered by small sample sizes, except for graduates from visual and performing arts and communications technologies, where a little over 10% of men worked in such jobs, compared with almost one-third of women. It is worth reminding that the smallest share of Canadian PhD graduates obtained their degrees in that broad field.

While most PhD graduates worked in professional occupations, and most in occupations that appear aligned with their broad field of study, it is difficult to understand the differences between jobs held by men and women with PhD s through a more granular examination of occupation titles given the large range of occupations represented and the small numbers of PhD graduates who worked in them. Instead, the remaining analysis focuses on a different dimension of jobs; it will not examine the job title or field of expertise, but rather the nature of the tasks that are most important in a particular job. The focus will be on understanding the extent to which these jobs differ from academic jobs for which doctoral programs prepare their students and the degree to which it may differ for men and women in different fields of study.

Analytical tasks carry the highest importance score of all five tasks examined in the job of a university professor or lecturer. The average importance score for analyzing data or information, thinking creatively, and interpreting the meaning of information for others is 4.2 on a 1-to-5 scale for these jobs (Chart 2). Interpersonal tasks—such as establishing and maintaining relationships with others and supervising others—carry a somewhat lower importance score, at 3.6, while routine cognitive and other manual tasks all score below 3. Compared against this benchmark, jobs in which PhD graduates worked outside academia had on average lower importance scores for analytical tasks (3.8), but had only marginally lower average scores for interpersonal tasks (3.5). The importance of routine cognitive tasks (e.g., tasks typically performed in clerical jobs), routine manual tasks (e.g., tasks associated with production or machine operation) and non-routine manual and physical tasks (e.g., tasks associated with many service jobs) was generally higher among graduates working outside academia than for university professors.

Comparing the average importance scores of non-routine cognitive tasks in jobs held by men and women with PhD s working outside academia, one salient observation is that in most fields of study these gaps were relatively small and mostly not statistically significant (Chart 3). The biggest gender differences in job tasks were observed among graduates in social and behavioural sciences and law. In this field of study, women were employed in occupations with a higher importance of both analytical and interpersonal tasks than men. This broad field of study, however, hides more nuanced differences. Among psychology graduates (more than half of those with PhD s in social and behavioural sciences and law), women held jobs with higher analytical task importance (by nearly 7%) and interpersonal task importance (by 4.5%) than did men. Among graduates from fields other than psychology, there was no statistically significant gap in the importance of analytical tasks. However, women held jobs in which interpersonal tasks received on average a nearly 14% higher importance rating than in jobs held by men.

Interpersonal tasks are generally more important in management positions than in most, but not all, other occupations. To evaluate the degree to which observed gender gaps in the importance of interpersonal tasks reflect that a higher (or lower) share of men than women with PhD s worked in management jobs, the regressions underlying Chart 3 were rerun, this time controlling for the skill level of the occupation ( i.e. , whether the job was a management job or a job not typically requiring a university education, with professional occupations as the reference group). The estimated gender gap was reduced in magnitude among graduates from education, visual and performing arts and communications technologies and humanities, suggesting that the gap can be partially accounted for by more men than women with PhD s in these fields working in management occupations. In the remaining fields, the gender gap either remained mostly unchanged or increased somewhat in the latter case implying that the gender gap in interpersonal tasks stems from differences in the types of occupations held by men and women within the broader occupation skill levels.

Somewhat bigger gender gaps were observed in routine manual and non-routine manual and physical tasks, with higher importance scores generally observed in jobs held by men than in those held by women (Chart 4) in many fields. However, these gaps, too, were not statistically significant for graduates from many fields of study. The 7.9% gap observed among graduates of social and behavioural sciences and law was only somewhat lowered after the skill level of occupations was controlled for in models. The gaps among PhD graduates in health and related fields in routine manual and non-routine manual and physical tasks also remained after controlling for occupation skill level and were still evident among the subsample of graduates who worked in professional occupations. These results suggest that some gender differences exist in occupations held by individuals who obtained PhD s from the same broad field of study, but that these are by and large rather small.

A doctoral degree is a multi-year investment of time compared with a master’s degree, so the natural question to ask next is: Outside academia, do doctoral graduates work in different types of jobs than do master’s degree graduates, and does this vary by gender? In most fields of study, PhD graduates working outside academia worked in occupations where the importance of analytical tasks was on average higher than that of occupations in which master’s degree graduates worked (Table 5). This was true of both men and women. Fewer fields of study saw differences in mean importance scores for interpersonal tasks between jobs held by PhD and master’s degree graduates. Among male and female graduates in social and behavioural sciences and law, PhD graduates held jobs in which interpersonal tasks received higher importance scores than jobs held by master’s degree graduates. The opposite was true among male and female graduates in health and related technologies, where PhD graduates held jobs with lower importance scores for interpersonal tasks. Note Among women, but not men, small but statistically significant differences were also observed between the two degree types in science-related fields.

Among men, differences in importance scores for routine cognitive tasks were observed between PhD and master’s degree graduates in more fields than was the case among women. The direction of those differences depended on the field. Jobs held by male and female PhD graduates tended to have, in most fields, no different or lower importance scores for routine manual and non-routine manual and physical tasks.

With increasing numbers of students enrolling in PhD programs and a declining number of tenured positions at universities, doctoral graduates who remained in the Canadian labour market are increasingly engaged in alternative career paths. This study examined the types of occupations that graduates from Canadian doctoral programs held outside academia in 2016 and the task content associated with these jobs.

The proportion of doctoral graduates who worked as professors or lecturers at a university varied across fields of study, being the highest among graduates of business, management and public administration programs at just shy of 60% for both men and women and lowest among graduates in health and related fields, at under one-quarter. Smaller differences were observed between men and women from the same broad field of study, the largest of which being among graduates in social and behavioural sciences and law where a share of men 10 percentage point higher than that of women worked as university professors or lecturers.

Outside academia, a large proportion of doctoral graduates worked in professional occupations related to their broad field of study or professional occupations in policy research or consulting. In some fields, more women than men were found in the latter type of jobs. Apart from graduates in education and business, management and public administration, relatively small shares of doctoral graduates worked in management occupations. The share of PhD graduates who worked in jobs that typically do not require a university education was highest among individuals with degrees in visual and performing arts, communications technologies, and humanities (one in five). The gender gap in these shares was generally small except for graduates from visual and performing arts, and communications technologies, where a share of women nearly three times higher than that of men worked in jobs that did not require a university education.

Moving beyond occupation titles and specialization and looking more closely at the nature of jobs in terms of their task content, the occupations in which doctoral graduates outside academia worked were, on average, less specialized in analytical tasks compared with the job of a university professor or lecturer. Gender differences in job tasks were small compared with differences in the average task content of occupations across skill groups. In 6 out of 10 broad fields of study, differences in job task content between men and women were not statistically significant. In the remaining fields, differences in tasks varied in magnitude, direction and statistical significance. The largest gender differences were observed among graduates in social and behavioural sciences and law, mainly in terms of analytical and interpersonal tasks. Across many fields, men tended to work in jobs with somewhat higher importance of routine manual and non-routine manual and physical tasks than women.

Doctoral graduates generally worked in occupations with a higher analytical task content than did graduates with a master’s degree in the same broad field of study. They also had jobs with lower importance scores for interpersonal tasks, although such differences appeared in more fields of study among women than men.

Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. In Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4. pp. 1043–1171). Elsevier.

Autor, D. H. (2013). “The ‘task approach’ to labor markets: an overview.” Journal for Labour Market Research, 46 (3), 185–199.

Autor, D. H., & Handel, M. J. (2013). “Putting tasks to the test: Human capital, job tasks, and wages.” Journal of Labor Economics, 31 (S1), S59—S96.

no. Autor, D. H., & Restrepo, P. (2021). Tasks, Automation, and the Rise in US Wage Inequality (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28920). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Arnold, H., & Smith, C. (2015). Students Weigh In: National Analysis of Results from the 2013 Canadian Graduate and Professional Student Survey. Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.

Baker, J. & Vasseur, L. (2021). Women and Post-doctorates: Life after Graduation. Canadian Commission for UNESCO.

Bauffaldi, S.H., DiMaio, G., & Landoni, P. (2017). “Determinants of PhD holders’ use of social media networking sites: An analysis based on LinkedIn.” Research Policy, 46 (4), 740–750.

Council of Canadian Academies. (2012). Strengthening Canada’s Research Capacity: The Gender Dimension . Council of Canadian Academies.

Concordia University. (2020). Global Impact: Concordia 2009 – 2019 PhD Career Outcomes. School of Graduate Studies.

Council of Canadian Academies. (2021). Degrees of Success, Ottawa (ON). The Expert Panel on the Labour Market Transition of PhD Graduates , Council of Canadian Academies.

Edge, J., & Munro, D. (2015). Inside and Outside the Academy: Valuing and Preparing PHDs for Careers . The Conference Board of Canada.

Etmanski, B., Walters, D., & Zarifa, D. (2017). “Not What I Expected: Early Career Prospects of Doctoral Graduates in Academia.” Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 47 (3), 152–169.

Frank, K., Yang, Z., & Frenette, M. (2021). The changing nature of work in Canada amid recent advances in automation technology . Economic and Social Reports , 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202100100004-eng

Frenette, M., & Frank, K. (2017). Do Postsecondary Graduates Land High-Skill Jobs? (Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, No. 388). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2017388-eng.htm

Frenette, M., & Handler, T. (2020). Which Doctoral Degree Programs were Associated with the Highest Pay Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Focus on Very Detailed Fields of Study (Economic Insights, No. 122). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-626-x/11-626-x2020020-eng.htm

Jonker, L. (2016). Ontario’s PhD Graduates from 2009: Where are they now? Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.

Looker, E. D. (2018). 44th Statistical Report: Part 1 . Canadian Association for Graduate Studies. https://cags.ca/statisticalreports/

McAlpine, L., & Austin, N. (2018). “Humanities PhD Graduates: Desperately Seeking Careers?” Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 48 (2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.7202/1057100ar

McGill University. (2021). TRaCE McGill Project . McGill Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. http://tracemcgill.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/TRaCE_McGill_2103023-1.pdf

Newberry, C. (2021). 38 LinkedIn Statistics Marketers Should Know in 2021 . https://blog.hootsuite.com/linkedin-statistics-business/

Porter, S., Mol, L., Locher, J., & Johnston, M. (2017). UBC PhD Career Outcomes: Graduates from 2005 to 2013 UBC Vancouver Campus. University of British Columbia Faculty of Graduates and Postdoctoral Studies.

Reithmeier, R., O’Leary, L., Zhu, X., Dales, C., Abdulkarim, A., Aquil, A., Brouillard, L., Chang, S., Miller, S., Shi, W., & Vu, N. (2019). “ The 10,000 PhD s project at the University of Toronto: Using employment outcome data to inform graduate education.” PLoS One, 14( 1), e0209898.

Roach, M., & Sauermann, H. (2017). “The Declining Interest in an Academic Career.” PLoS One, 12 (9), e0184130.

Rose, M. (2013). Preparing for Life “ Beyond Academe”: Professional Skills Development for Graduate Students in Canadian Universities.” ESC: English Studies in Canada, 39 (4), 4–8.

Statistics Canada. (2014). “ Fertility: Fewer Children, Older Moms. ” Canadian Megatrends. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2014002-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2020). Table 37-10-0199-01 Postsecondary graduates, by province of residence at interview, level of study, field of study and sex [Data table]. Retrieved August 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.25318/3710019901-eng

Statistics Canada. (2021a). Table 31-10-0018-01 Postsecondary enrolments, by registration status, institution type, status of student in Canada and gender [Data table]. Retrieved August 22, 2022. Postsecondary enrolments, by registration status, institution type, status of student in Canada and gender (statcan.gc.ca)

Statistics Canada. (2021b). Table 37-10-0135-01 Postsecondary graduates, by field of study, International Standard Classification of Education, age group and gender [Data table]. Retrieved August 22, 2022. Postsecondary graduates, by field of study, International Standard Classification of Education, age group and gender (statcan.gc.ca)

Statistics Canada. (2021c). Table 37-10-0077-01 Number and median age of full-time teaching staff at Canadian universities, by highest degree earned, staff functions, rank, sex [Data table]. Retrieved August 22, 2022. Number and median age of full-time teaching staff at Canadian universities, by highest earned degree, staff functions, rank, gender (statcan.gc.ca)

TRaCE. No date ( n.d. ). About TRaCE . http://tracephd.com/about-trace/

University of Alberta. (2019). The University of Alberta’s PhD Alumni: Researchers, Innovators, and Leaders . Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. https://www.ualberta.ca/graduate-studies/media-library/professional-development/phd-alumni-study/20190627-phd-alumni-study-web-final.pdf

University of British Columbia. (2021). Demographics—Age . University of British Columbia Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. https://www.grad.ubc.ca/about-us/graduate-education-analysis-research/demographics-age

University of Toronto. No date (n.d.). 10,000 PhD s Project . University of Toronto, School of Graduate Studies. https://www.sgs.utoronto.ca/about/explore-our-data/10000-phds-project/

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Study PhD In Canada: The Ultimate Guide

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Most of all are thinking of enrolling for a PhD in Canada, aren't we? Let us hone our chances for a unique intellectual trip! Students from all over the world travel to attend the best Canadian universities, where students receive higher employment rates with higher earnings. Check out our blog on the ten best universities in Canada . So we are here to drop the beans on what it takes to rock that doctoral journey up north, from gorgeous vistas to cutting-edge research. Start the journey to study for a PhD in Canada by reading this blog! Also, check out this blog to know the things to consider before you choose your major.

A Wise Choice To Study PhD in Canada?

The fact that more than a third of all research in Canada is carried out at its esteemed universities makes the nation appealing in terms of the availability of resources and job opportunities for graduates. In addition to having institutions that consistently deliver high-quality education, Canada also provides degrees that are recognised internationally.

1. High rates of employability for graduates with higher chances of top-notch earnings. 2. Work opportunities after graduation because one can stay and work for three years. 3. Overseas pupils' exposure to a variety of cultures. 4. Compared to other English-speaking countries, there are lower living and tuition costs. 5. High standards of living and life quality. 6. The Canadian Government allows massive PhD scholarships in Canada. 7. Contemporary facilities that are globally competitive.

Canadian University Rankings

Keeping up with its neighbors in North America, Canadian universities for PhD are the best in the world in various disciplines. Here are the standings of the best universities in Canada that reflect globally.

Top-Tier Universities in Canada For PhD

1. university of toronto.

The University of Toronto consistently ranks among the top universities in the world and is largely regarded as one of the best Canadian universities for PhD. It provides a comprehensive selection of PhD programmes in many different fields, including the humanities, social sciences, sciences, engineering, and professional programmes. The institution recruits outstanding professors and offers cutting-edge labs, libraries, and research facilities to enable groundbreaking research. The University of Toronto provides PhD applicants with a dynamic intellectual environment thanks to its diverse and welcoming community.

‍ 2. The University of British Columbia

The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a leader in Canadian higher education and is known for the quality of its research. The PhD programmes that UBC offers span a variety of academic fields, including the arts, sciences, engineering, business, and health sciences. The university's dedication to collaboration, creativity, and sustainability fosters an environment that is suited for cutting-edge research. The beautiful campus of UBC, which is tucked between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean, offers a distinctive and motivating environment for PhD study. These are some of the reasons why the University of British Columbia is one of the best universities in Canada. To retain scholarship offers, the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships is provided by the University of British Columbia.

3. McGill University

It is one of Canada's top institutions for research and one of the best universities in Canada, which is situated in Montreal, Quebec. It provides a wide selection of PhD programmes in many different disciplines, including the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and health sciences. Outstanding academics at McGill conduct groundbreaking research, and the university promotes a vibrant intellectual environment. Its cutting-edge libraries, research centers, and labs provide PhD students with many resources.

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4. University of Alberta

The University of Alberta is one of Canada's top institutions for conducting extensive research and is located in Edmonton. In disciplines like science, engineering, the arts, social sciences, business, and health sciences, it provides a wide choice of PhD programmes. The university's numerous research centers and institutes demonstrate its dedication to research and innovation. At the University of Alberta, doctoral students can access several funding possibilities, state-of-the-art equipment, and a collaborative research atmosphere. Thanks to all of this, the University of Alberta is one of the best universities in Canada.

5. University of Waterloo

For its accomplishments in the domains of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), the University of Waterloo is well-known and is among one of the best universities in Canada . In disciplines including engineering, computer science, mathematics, applied sciences, and health sciences, it provides outstanding PhD programmes. The university is renowned for its cooperative education programmes, in which students switch between paid labor terms and academic terms to get valuable real-world experience. The University of Waterloo presents distinctive opportunities for research and industry engagement with a focus on entrepreneurship and innovation.

Supreme PhD programmes in Canada

In Canada, a wide range of academic specializations, including the natural sciences, the arts, and technical sectors, are available as PhD degrees. These PhD programmes in Canada cover all sorts of areas of interest regardless of their nature.

1. Business 2. Economics 3. Medicine 4. Engineering 5. Education 6. Biological sciences 7. Physics 8. Mathematics 9. Political sciences 10. Anthropology 11. Sociology 12. Psychology

How long does it take to study for a PhD in Canada?

Most of the students have a question in mind on how long is a PhD in Canada? Well many of the 4–6 year PhD programmes in Canada are research thesis-based. A generally have more in common with those in the UK than with those in the nearby USA. The PhD programmes in Canada are frequently more research-focused than American programmes, which start with one or two years of taught lectures and exams before determining a thesis topic.

How much does it cost to do a PhD in Canada?

Canadian institutions offer various scholarships specifically for PhD programmes. However, generally speaking, depending on the programmes, specialism, and university, a PhD in Canada might cost anywhere from CAD $8,000 to CAD $20,000 per year.

How to choose the right University in Canada?

Many colleges, universities, and other higher education facilities in Canada grant PhDs that are recognized internationally. You must take into account a number of crucial considerations while selecting the ideal location for your studies, including:

1. Program availability 2. University ranking 3. Faculty and staff reputation 4. Research facilities 5. Scholarships and funding options offered by the university 6. Graduate employability rate 7. Tuition fees 8. Location 9. Check out this blog to know the top reasons to study abroad .

Prerequisites for the PhD in Canada

Depending on the university and the subject of study, several criteria are required for Canadian PhD admission. In order to capitalize your Canadian doctoral dreams, these requirements will pave your way to success. However, in general, the following is what most universities in the nation demand of foreign applicants for PhD degrees:

1. Completed application form 2. Resume 3. Accredited master's degree in a related field with strong grades, proven research ability, and potential 4. Transcripts for your university degree or courses 5. Statement of Purpose 6. GMAT or GRE scores 7. Recommendation letters 8. English language tests, such as IELTS or TOEFL ‍ 9. Application fee

Fees and Funding Opportunities

Contrary to popular belief, studying abroad in Canada is more economical. Universities do, however, often charge more for international students. It's better to count beans and cross T’s while we go through the multiple Canadian PhD Fundings that a student can afford.

Canadian PhD fees

The typical annual cost of a Canadian PhD programmes is between CAD $2,500 to CAD $17,000, while some might cost up to CAD $25,000. It is higher than what an international student pays at home, but it is still less than in other developed nations like the UK and the USA. The expenses for your PhD may change from year to year if it is a part of a more organized plan. The cost of taught classes and examinations is typically higher than the cost of years that emphasize individual study.

Additionally, you could be requested to pay a few minor extra expenses for things like union dues and student services. Depending on the province you are studying in, Canadian PhD tuition varies. Only use these prices as a general reference.

Renent fee changes for international students

At particular universities, there are some fresh efforts for overseas students.

1. In 2018, the University of Toronto started charging domestic and international PhD students the same costs. Thus, you will pay the same amount for your PhD as a native Canadian student. 2. Brock University has started using its grants to pay the entire cost of an international PhD.

A Comprehensive Guide To Canadian PhD Funding

Canada being the second largest country in the world, it's hard to navigate the funding that can be tricky as a cat on a hot tin roof especially when you consider the distinctive approaches of its ten provinces. A cheaper funding than in the UK or USA is inflicted that can put you up in the queue with various funding opportunities including PhD scholarship in Canada. Here are a few PhD scholarships in Canada that one will be able to apply covering Canadian PhD funding

1. Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Program 2. Canadian Government PhD Funding 3. Vanier CGS (Canadian Government Scholarship) Program 4. National Research Council

Documentation for Pursuing PhD in Canada

Typically, you will submit your application directly to the graduate programmes overseeing your PhD. For various topic areas, some universities will offer separate graduate schools. Others will have a single large institution overseeing the administration of their advanced degree programmes. You'll need the following documents:

1. Admission requirements 2. GPA scores 3. Graduate admissions tests 4. Language requirements 5. Application process 6. Interviews 7. Student visas

Employment Opportunities During PhD In Canada

You will be an excellent candidate for many kinds of positions in higher education, research, and other fields if you have a PhD. Furthermore, Canada will be eager to keep you, and the country's post-study visa programmes is set up to make that possibility as appealing as possible. Following the completion of a PhD, international graduates from Canadian universities are permitted to reside and work there for up to three years under the country's post-graduation work permit (PGWP) programmes. You must have pursued full-time study for your PhD and successfully finished your programmes. For an online application, the charge is typically CAD $255, and the processing time is around 56 days.

A PhD in Canada can open doors to a world of great learning, research opportunities, and cultural diversity. A PhD in Canada gives access to fulfilling careers and personal development with financial options, helpful services for international students, and potential routes to permanent residency. Accept the enlightening adventure of innovation and knowledge. Also, if you are planning to study in the USA, check out this guide for masters in finance in the USA to know everything, including the cost, requirements and top universities. Also, check out this blog to know everything about the types of intakes in Canada . You can also read our blog on the best fully funded scholarships in Canada .

Frequently Asked Questions

Why pursue a phd in canada, how long does it take to complete a phd in canada, what are the admission requirements for a phd program in canada, can i apply for permanent residency after completing my phd in canada, what career opportunities are available after obtaining a phd in canada.

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PhD in Canada for Indian Students

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Jun 1, 2023

Home to cross-ethnic communities, lively city culture, and thriving businesses, Canada is a go-to place when it comes to overseas education. In addition to that, the world-renowned educational institutions and multifarious offered avenues of research establish Canada as a sought-after destination when it comes to PhD courses. From Science to Fine Arts, the country offers an immense number of opportunities for research scholars to explore. If you are looking to pursue your PhD in Canada at one of its leading universities , this blog will provide you with the key essentials from eligibility criteria to the application process.

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About phd in canada, why study phd in canada, top universities for studying phd in canada, cost of studying phd in canada, popular phd courses in canada, intakes for phd in canada , eligibility criteria, documents required , how to apply for phd in canada, cost of living in canada, phd in canada with scholarships, canadian student visa , post study work permit in canada, student life in canada, pr after study in canada, jobs and salary.

Scope of PhD in Canada

After earning your PhD in Canada, you have a variety of alternatives, ranging from teaching to conducting research with industrial giants. The occupations you pick or the research field you choose will be determined by the specialties of your project; as a result, the pay you will receive will vary depending on your choices.

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PhD in Canada: Top Universities, Tuition Fees, Deadlines, and Scholarships

Zollege Team

Content Curator | Updated On - Mar 2, 2024

ROI for PhD in Canada is highest at 277% offered by University of Alberta, followed by University of Clagary at 267%, University of Waterloo at 260%. Positions in research, leadership, and other fields that are closed to those with less education can become available to those with a PhD. A PhD can be intellectually fulfilling and provide a sense of achievement. Students receive packages well above the average salary in Canada , with a PhD degree.

Doctorate programs in Canada have different entrance requirements for different universities and programs, but generally speaking, these include a strong academic record, research experience, scores from tests of English language proficiency (TOEFL or IELTS), GRE or GMAT results, letter of recommendation , and a research proposal.Numerous fellowships and scholarships are offered to assist with the cost of your PhD studies in Canada. Universities, private companies, and the government may all provide these.Depending on the university, the program, and your residency status, a PhD in Canada can cost different amounts. Tuition for international students is usually more than that of domestic students. On the other hand, compared to other developed nations, living expenses are generally lower in Canada.

Why Study PhD in Canada?

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can be a rewarding experience for many reasons. In Canada, a PhD normally takes four to six years to finish. In international comparisons, Canadian universities consistently rank highly, indicating that the country offers a top-notch educational system. In general, PhD programs in Canada are less expensive than those in the US or the UK. Furthermore, Canada has a high standard of living and is a friendly, multicultural nation. Canada has positioned itself as the best country to provide education and a supportive government for immigrants. Few universities in Canada offering GRE waiver for PhD progrma are also available. The reasons for studying in Canada are as follows:

According to the QS World University Ranking 2023, 3 universities in Canada ranked in the top 50. These universities are McGill University (rank 31), University of Toronto (rank 34) and University of British Columbia (rank 47).
Canada has been ranked as the 2nd largest research place in the country.
Compared to the USA, the cost of living and tuition fee is much cheaper and more economical.
Students can stay for about 3 years via PGWPP after completing their PhD courses in Canada. This will enable the candidates to get a Canadian PR.
Canada provides immense scholarship opportunities for international students. Some of the scholarships for PhD students are The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarship etc. These scholarships provide an amount of 15,000 to 40,000 CAD per year.
Students can also earn more money through part-time work in Canada during their course of study.

Listing below is an overview of studying PhD in Canada.

CAD 1= INR 61.09, as of 2 nd March 2024

Top Universities in Canada for PhD

The best university for your PhD program will depend on a number of things, such as your research interests, program offerings, faculty qualifications, funding availability, and campus culture. It's wise to conduct in-depth research and think about getting in touch with possible supervisors to talk about your research fit. There are more than 100 universities whwether among top public universities in Canada or among private universities that offer PhD programs in Canada. Here are a few of the top universities for doctoral studies with fees:

Admission Process

Candidates must follow the admission process to get a chance at the top PhD colleges in Canada, whether it is among top universities in Toronto , or Calgary. Here given below is the step to step guide to the admission process for PhD admission in Canada:

Select the PhD programs in Canada and shortlist the universities for attaining the courses.
Identify a supervisor to get guidance in the research programs.
Submit the research proposal as per the guidelines of the selected university that depicts the summary of the project.
Fill in the application form and pay the application fees.
Submit all the required documents as asked by the university.
Attend the interview offered by Canadian universities.
After confirmation of application, apply for a student visa.

Admission Deadline

The deadlines for applications to Canadian universities differ based on the type of institution, the program graduate or undergraduate, and the term of admission or intakes in Canada like fall, winter, or summer.The admission deadline of the top universities for PhD admission in Canada is as follows:

PhD in Canada Eligibility Criteria

Candidates can apply for full time or part time or online PhD Canada. Candidates need to follow certain criteria to apply for PhD in Canada. Listing below are the eligibility criteria of the best universities in Canada for PhD:

A master’s degree with an excellent academic record.
Strong GRE or GMAT score is required.
IELTS score of 6.5 is required.
TOEFL score of 100 is required.
PBT score of 600 is required.
GPA score of 3.0 or higher score.

Admission Requirements

Excellent results in pertinent coursework in order to be considered for graduate programs. Although they vary, minimum GPA requirements usually fall between 70% and 80%. Candidates must meet the admission requirements to apply to the top universities in Canada. Exams requireed to study in Canada for PhD in Canada for Indian students requirements for admission are tabulated below:

PhD in Canada Application Fee

There aren't many Canadian universities that require an application fee. On their website, each university will provide details regarding their application costs. The list below does not include any universities in Canada without application fee . The graph below states the application fee of the top universities in Canada for PhD:

Admission Document Requirement

Students need to submit various documents to study in Canada .The documents required to be submitted to the universities for PhD programs in Canada are:

Transcripts of previous degrees
GRE/ GMAT Scorecards of entrance exams
Proficiency language scorecards such as IELTS/ TOEFL
An updated CV/Resume
Statement of purpose/ research outline
Writing sample
Letters of recommendation
Application form and fee slip
Proof of sufficient funds

PhD in Canada Cost

Canada is a friendly, safe nation with an excellent standard of living. There is a strong sense of community and the people are courteous and friendly. Regarding outdoor recreation and natural beauty, Canada is a great place to visit. Candidates of full time or part time PhD Canada must bear the cost of living in Canada . The cost of living for PhD in Canada for international students is detailed below in graph:

PhD Scholarship in Canada

Canadian universities offer various scholarships to students during their course of study. A fully funded PhD in Canada for Indian students usually provides 100% concession on tuition fees, accommodation fees, research, and insurance costs. Students will get benefitted by various scholarships in Canada for international students . The table below shows the eligibility details for PhD in Canada for Indian students with scholarship details:

Jobs after PhD in Canada

There are numerous career options after PhD in Canada for Indian students including part time job in Canada . PhD graduates can find teaching positions at many universities, particularly in fields where there is a dearth of experienced teachers. PhD graduates are hired by a number of Canadian companies for roles in research and development.The below table shows the salary for different job roles in Canada:

Top Recruiters for PhD in Canada

There are certain limitations on working while pursuing a PhD in Canada for foreign students. Both a work permit and a valid study permit are required for high paying jobs in Canada . While working off-campus may be restricted to 20 hours per week during the semester and full-time during breaks, working on campus is normally unrestricted.The top recruiters for PhD in Canada are as follows:

Stanford University
Economist Intelligence Unit
Ryerson University
York University
Prime Minister's Office
Northern Illinois University
Science & Economic Development Canada
University of Mohamed VI Polytechnique
Environment and Climate Change Canada
University of Toronto

Work Permit

Canada is a country known for their supportive immigration policies. Students should have a student visa and electronic travel authorization to study and travel in Canada. PGWP stands for Post-Graduation Work Permit. It allows international students to study and work in Canada for around 3 years even after completing their course of study. Those who have a PGWP can eventually apply for Canadian PR. Candidates have to complete at least 2 years of their PhD course with a good academic record to apply for the work permit for Canada visa. Candidates should apply via a federal skilled work visa. To pursue a PhD in Canada, you must apply for a study permit. The particular requirements will change based on your country of citizenship.

Canadian universities are known for fostering a collaborative and supportive environment for graduate students. Pursuing PhD courses in Canada can lead to immense job opportunities for the candidates. Candidates must meet the eligibility condition to apply to the top universities for PhD programs in Canada. Aspirants can also apply for PhD in Canada without IELTS. There are also various scholarships for PhD programs in Canada for international students. Candidates can avail of the PhD programs in Canada with scholarship.

Ques: What are the career prospects after completing a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : In Canada, doctorate holders frequently go on to work in academia, research, business, government, or entrepreneurship. The particular opportunities vary according to the field of study.

Ques: Can I transfer credits from another Ph.D. program to a Canadian university?

Ans : Program policies and the university will determine this. For detailed information on credit transfer, get in touch with the admissions office.

Ques: What are the key research strengths of Canadian universities?

Ans : Institutions differ in their strengths in research. To determine which university best suits your interests, look through the faculty research profiles of each one.

Ques: Is there support for international students in terms of adapting to Canadian culture?

Ans : In Canada, there are plenty of options for Ph.D. candidates to work as research or teaching assistants, which can offer both valuable experience and financial support.

Ques: Are there opportunities for teaching or research assistantships?

Ques: Can I bring my family with me during my Ph.D. studies?

Ans : You are welcome to bring your family, but make sure you are aware of the necessary visa requirements and any extra family support services.

Ques: Is health insurance included in the Ph.D. program fees?

Ans : International students can get health insurance from many universities, but it's important to check with the specific university.

Ques: What is the cost of a Ph.D. in Canada for international students?

Ans : Although tuition costs vary, international students often pay more. Verify the particular costs associated with the program and university that interest you.

Ques: How do I apply for a Ph.D. program in Canada?

Ans : Apply online via the university's admissions portal, making sure to include all necessary supporting documentation, such as transcripts, recommendation letters, and a statement of purpose.

Ques: Are there opportunities for interdisciplinary research?

Ans : Interdisciplinary research is encouraged in many Canadian universities, enabling cross-departmental collaboration among students.

Ques: What is the structure of a Canadian Ph.D. program?

Ans : Coursework, comprehensive exams, and original research culminating in a dissertation are typical components of Ph.D. programs.

Ques: Is there an age limit for starting a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : No, there's usually no age restriction to enroll in a Ph.D. program.

Ques: How can I find a Ph.D. supervisor?

Ans : Look up faculty biographies, go to conferences, and make direct contact with prospective mentors to convey your interest.

Ques: Is there a comprehensive exam in Canadian Ph.D. programs?

Ans : A comprehensive exam or qualifying exam is a common component of Ph.D. programs, designed to evaluate a student's knowledge in their field.

Ques: Can I work while pursuing my Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : Yes, most doctoral students are permitted to work part-time while enrolled in classes, both on and off campus.

Ques: What is the language proficiency requirement for international students?

Ans : International students usually have to take tests like the TOEFL or IELTS to prove that they are proficient in either French or English.

Ques: Do I need a Master's degree to apply for a Ph.D. in Canada?

Ans : Depending on the program, yes. While some might require a master's degree, others might accept students with a bachelor's.

Ques: Are there scholarships available for international Ph.D. students?

Ans : Indeed, a large number of Canadian universities provide scholarships to Ph.D. candidates from both home and abroad. Investigate options such as the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship.

Ques: How do I choose a university for my Ph.D. studies?

Ans : Take into account elements like program reputation, research faculty, resources available, and location.

Ques: What is the duration of a Ph.D. program in Canada?

Ans : In Canada, the majority of PhD programs take four to six years to finish.

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How To Apply for PhD in Canada in 2024? Know About Requirements for PhD
PhD in Canada: A Complete Guide for 2023!
These Countries Have the Most Doctoral Graduates
Phd Programs In Canada For International Students
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Average Number of PhDs Granted by Subfield from Physics Departments

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Is Canada producing too many PhDs? Yes, no and maybe
The number of PhD graduates in Canada increased by 13 percent from 1986 to 2006, said Olga Stachova, chief operating officer at the MITACS research network. However, during that same period, the average increase in all OECD countries was 40 percent. "So, despite the growth in Canada, we still fell from 20th to 23th spot" in the number of ...
PhD Percentage by Country / Number of Doctorate Degrees per Country 2024
Slovenia is the highest-ranking country in the number of Ph.D. degrees earned by adults between the ages of 25 and 64. 5% of the entire population in Slovenia has a Ph.D. The distribution between Ph.D. adults in Slovenia finds more female doctorates than males. About 4.5% of adult females have a Ph.D., compared to about 3% of adult males in ...
The PhD employment crisis is systemic
Each year more than 7,000 of the brightest and most determined minds in Canada are awarded PhDs. As of 2015, there were 208,480 PhD holders in Canada. However, only 20 percent of PhDs will work as university professors, and 2 percent of jobs in the country require a PhD. Getting a first job after these studies is just the beginning of an arduous battle to secure work that matches PhD graduates ...
PhD Study in Canada
PhD Study in Canada - 2024. Canada is home to some of North America's most historic and globally renowned research universities. Its cosmopolitan society also make it a popular home for thousands of international PhD students. The number of people studying abroad in Canada has risen by almost 30% in recent years. It's not hard to see why!
Persistence and graduation of doctoral degree students, within Canada
Table 37-10-0136-05 Persistence and graduation of doctoral degree students, within Canada, by student characteristics. Persistence rates, graduation rates, average time to graduation and number of students in an entry cohort for doctorate degree students, within Canada, by demographic characteristics.
PhD Graduates
Although Canada increased its number of PhD graduates by 3 per cent per year over the past decade, it has earned a "D" on this indicator since 1998, the earliest year for which internationally comparable data are available. The top spots have consistently been taken by Sweden and Switzerland. Go for the bronze!
Which Doctoral Degree Programs Were Associated with ...
This study reports on the median earnings of doctoral degree graduates five years after graduation (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), after adjusting for age, institution, and year of graduation. Results are shown for 29 fields for men and for 22 fields for women. This detailed level of information could be beneficial to students, who must apply to specific academic programs rather than broad ...
Council of Canadian Academies
"The growing number of PhD graduates in Canada could represent a significant opportunity to drive innovation and increase our competitiveness in a global economy," said M. Elizabeth Cannon, O.C., PhD, FRSC, FCAE, Chair of the Expert Panel. "The difficulties graduates face raise important questions about the nature of PhD education in ...
Science and Engineering PhDs: A Canadian Portrait
Kingston, Ontario: Science and engineering PhD capital of Canada Highest earnings in Vancouver, lowest in Edmonton. Summary. ... Canada, 2001. In 1995 the number of women graduating with a Master's degree had surpassed the number of men. Moreover, the number of women completing undergraduate studies had surpassed the number of men well before ...
PhD Graduates
The high number of graduates who intend to leave Canada after completing their PhD studies further magnifies the issue of low provincial PhD graduation rates. ... in 2011, 0.88 per cent of working age adults (25-64) in Canada had a PhD. 7 The highest shares were in Ontario and British Columbia; the lowest rates were in New Brunswick and in ...
Canada: doctorate degree graduates 2017
The statistic represents the number of doctorate degree graduates (or equivalent) in Canada from 2000 to 2017. In 2017, a total of 7,947 students in Canada graduated with a doctorate degree or an ...
PhD Funding in Canada
As a rough estimate, you can expect to pay between CAD $2,500 and CAD $17,000 (USD $1,830-12,425) per year for your PhD fees. It's worth checking whether or not you'll actually need to pay these fees. Some Canadian universities automatically waive PhD tuition as part of a baseline funding arrangement.
PDF PhD Program Structures in Canada
In Canada, PhD students must complete a certain number of required and elective courses, typically in combination with a comprehensive exam and the thesis/dissertation proposal, completion, and successful defense. Courses are most frequently completed in year 1.
Study in Canada: the ultimate guide for a PhD in 2024
The emergency number in Canada is 911. The same emergency number is used in the rest of North America (USA and Mexico). ... If you want to continue your studies in Canada, go for a Master's, or PhD, for example, you may be eligible for a new study permit. First, of course, you need to apply and get accepted into a new programme at a ...
PhD in Canada: Guide for International Students in 2024
In the first two quarters of 2023, Canada has issued over 96,000 study permits for Indian students. Typically, over 22,000 international studies carry out their doctoral studies in Canada. This number is expected to increase in 2024 as more international students decide to pursue their PhDs in Canada.
Occupational profile and work tasks of Canadian ...
Characteristics of Canadian doctoral graduates who worked outside academia. The highest number of doctoral graduates who worked outside academia obtained their degree in the broad area of physical and life sciences and technologies Note at 30.3% (Table 3). In second place was the area of social and behavioural sciences and law with 21.1% of graduates.
Study PhD In Canada: The Ultimate Guide
Top-Tier Universities in Canada For PhD 1. University of Toronto. The University of Toronto consistently ranks among the top universities in the world and is largely regarded as one of the best Canadian universities for PhD. It provides a comprehensive selection of PhD programmes in many different fields, including the humanities, social sciences, sciences, engineering, and professional ...
PhD Courses in Canada for International Students, Find Programs
PhD Degrees in Canada A PhD is the highest degree awarded at global universities. Study is based on a substantial research project in an area of academic interest, typically up to 100,000 words in length, written as a thesis which must be defended in an oral examination at the end of the program.
PhD in Canada: A Complete Guide for 2023!
Affordable Tuition Fees: The fees of pursuing PhD in Canada range from 4,000 (INR 2.4 lakh) to 20,000 CAD (INR 12 lakh). This is a lot lesser when compared with study destinations like the USA and UK. Scholarships: The number of scholarships for PhD in Canada for international students is humungous.
Applying for a PhD in Canada
The minimum requirement for a PhD in Canada will normally be a Masters degree in a related subject. Unlike in the UK and USA it is quite rare to go straight from undergraduate study to a doctorate. ... This means graduate schools may only have places for a certain number in each year's cohort. This means that your previous academic attainment ...
PhD in Canada: Top Universities, Tuition Fees, Deadlines, and Scholarships
The annual tuition fees of the best universities in Canada for PhD vary from 6,000-22,000 CAD (INR 3,67,777- 13,48,510). Candidates get huge job opportunities after completing their PhD programs in Canada. The average annual salary of the candidates who attended PhD courses in Canada is 90,000 CAD (INR 55,16,882).
Guide to Student Visas for PhD Study in Canada
The application process for an eTA is relatively simple and takes place online. You will need to provide your passport details and payment information for a fee of CAD $7 (USD $5.10). Note that your eTA allows you to enter Canada, but does not entitle you to live there for the duration of your PhD. To do that you will need to have applied for ...

Is Canada producing too many PhDs? Yes, no and maybe

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PhD Percentage by Country / Number of Doctorate Degrees per Country 2024

2. Switzerland

3. Luxembourg

4. United States

6. The United Kingdom

8. Australia

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The PhD employment crisis is systemic

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PhD in Canada: Guide for International Students in 2024

Is PHD in Canada Worth it?

What are the general eligibility requirements for PhD programs in Canada?

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What is the Ph.D. Fees in Canada?

Graduate Admissions Tests

Language Requirements

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1: The University of Toronto

Why study PhD at this school?

Eligibility

Admission process & Fees

Scholarship options

2: University of British Columbia

3: McGill University

4: McMaster University

5: University of Montreal

Admission process & Fees

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