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Formatting your Thesis and Dissertation:Tools,Tips and Troubleshooting

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Adjust Spacing Between Lines

Spacing Issues on Signature Page

Highlight the text you are wanting to change then on the Home Ribbon, choose the line spacing symbol, select the desired spacing typically 1.5 for Thesis and 2.0 for Dissertations. Using the Add Space or Remove Space options as needed.

For the Signature page copying and pasting one of the signature lines is usually the easiest method.

Then removing any excess lines so the pages stays single paged.

If issues persist there are some alternative layouts in the Thesis Manual and Style Guide

Page 79 (OGP Manual)

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Last Updated: Mar 25, 2024 10:53 AM
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Thesis and Dissertation Guide

« Thesis & Dissertation Resources
The Graduate School Home

Introduction
Copyright Page
Dedication, Acknowledgements, Preface (optional)
Table of Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Illustrations
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols

Non-Traditional Formats

Font type and size, spacing and indentation, tables, figures, and illustrations, formatting previously published work.

Internet Distribution
Open Access
Registering Copyright
Using Copyrighted Materials
Use of Your Own Previously Published Materials
Submission Steps
Submission Checklist
Sample Pages

II. Formatting Guidelines

All copies of a thesis or dissertation must have the following uniform margins throughout the entire document:

Left: 1″ (or 1 1/4" to ensure sufficient room for binding the work if desired)
Right: 1″
Bottom: 1″ (with allowances for page numbers; see section on Pagination )
Top: 1″

Exceptions : The first page of each chapter (including the introduction, if any) begins 2″ from the top of the page. Also, the headings on the title page, abstract, first page of the dedication/ acknowledgements/preface (if any), and first page of the table of contents begin 2″ from the top of the page.

Non-traditional theses or dissertations such as whole works comprised of digital, artistic, video, or performance materials (i.e., no written text, chapters, or articles) are acceptable if approved by your committee and graduate program. A PDF document with a title page, copyright page, and abstract at minimum are required to be submitted along with any relevant supplemental files.

Fonts must be 10, 11, or 12 points in size. Superscripts and subscripts (e.g., formulas, or footnote or endnote numbers) should be no more than 2 points smaller than the font size used for the body of the text.

Space and indent your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:

Spacing and Indentation with mesaurements described in surrounding text

The text must appear in a single column on each page and be double-spaced throughout the document. Do not arrange chapter text in multiple columns.
New paragraphs must be indicated by a consistent tab indentation throughout the entire document.
The document text must be left-justified, not centered or right-justified.
For blocked quotations, indent the entire text of the quotation consistently from the left margin.
Ensure headings are not left hanging alone on the bottom of a prior page. The text following should be moved up or the heading should be moved down. This is something to check near the end of formatting, as other adjustments to text and spacing may change where headings appear on the page.

Exceptions : Blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings must be single-spaced throughout the document and double-spaced between items.

Paginate your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:

Use lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv, etc.) on all pages preceding the first page of chapter one. The title page counts as page i, but the number does not appear. Therefore, the first page showing a number will be the copyright page with ii at the bottom.
Arabic numerals (beginning with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) start at chapter one or the introduction, if applicable. Arabic numbers must be included on all pages of the text, illustrations, notes, and any other materials that follow. Thus, the first page of chapter one will show an Arabic numeral 1, and numbering of all subsequent pages will follow in order.
Do not use page numbers accompanied by letters, hyphens, periods, or parentheses (e.g., 1., 1-2, -1-, (1), or 1a).
Center all page numbers at the bottom of the page, 1/2″ from the bottom edge.
Pages must not contain running headers or footers, aside from page numbers.
If your document contains landscape pages (pages in which the top of the page is the long side of a sheet of paper), make sure that your page numbers still appear in the same position and direction as they do on pages with standard portrait orientation for consistency. This likely means the page number will be centered on the short side of the paper and the number will be sideways relative to the landscape page text. See these additional instructions for assistance with pagination on landscape pages in Microsoft Word .

Pagination example with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Format footnotes for your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:

Footnote spacing with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Footnotes must be placed at the bottom of the page separated from the text by a solid line one to two inches long.
Begin at the left page margin, directly below the solid line.
Single-space footnotes that are more than one line long.
Include one double-spaced line between each note.
Most software packages automatically space footnotes at the bottom of the page depending on their length. It is acceptable if the note breaks within a sentence and carries the remainder into the footnote area of the next page. Do not indicate the continuation of a footnote.
Number all footnotes with Arabic numerals. You may number notes consecutively within each chapter starting over with number 1 for the first note in each chapter, or you may number notes consecutively throughout the entire document.
Footnote numbers must precede the note and be placed slightly above the line (superscripted). Leave no space between the number and the note.
While footnotes should be located at the bottom of the page, do not place footnotes in a running page footer, as they must remain within the page margins.

Endnotes are an acceptable alternative to footnotes. Format endnotes for your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:

Endnotes with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Always begin endnotes on a separate page either immediately following the end of each chapter, or at the end of your entire document. If you place all endnotes at the end of the entire document, they must appear after the appendices and before the references.
Include the heading “ENDNOTES” in all capital letters, and center it 1″ below the top of the first page of your endnotes section(s).
Single-space endnotes that are more than one line long.
Number all endnotes with Arabic numerals. You may number notes consecutively within each chapter starting over with number 1 for the first note in each chapter, or you may number notes consecutively throughout the entire document.
Endnote numbers must precede the note and be placed slightly above the line (superscripted). Leave no space between the number and the note.

Tables, figures, and illustrations vary widely by discipline. Therefore, formatting of these components is largely at the discretion of the author.

For example, headings and captions may appear above or below each of these components.

These components may each be placed within the main text of the document or grouped together in a separate section.

Space permitting, headings and captions for the associated table, figure, or illustration must be on the same page.

The use of color is permitted as long as it is consistently applied as part of the finished component (e.g., a color-coded pie chart) and not extraneous or unprofessional (e.g., highlighting intended solely to draw a reader's attention to a key phrase). The use of color should be reserved primarily for tables, figures, illustrations, and active website or document links throughout your thesis or dissertation.

The format you choose for these components must be consistent throughout the thesis or dissertation.

Ensure each component complies with margin and pagination requirements.

Refer to the List of Tables, Figures, and Illustrations section for additional information.

If your thesis or dissertation has appendices, they must be prepared following these guidelines:

Appendices with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Appendices must appear at the end of the document (before references) and not the chapter to which they pertain.
When there is more than one appendix, assign each appendix a number or a letter heading (e.g., “APPENDIX 1” or “APPENDIX A”) and a descriptive title. You may number consecutively throughout the entire work (e.g., 1, 2 or A, B), or you may assign a two-part Arabic numeral with the first number designating the chapter in which it appears, separated by a period, followed by a second number or letter to indicate its consecutive placement (e.g., “APPENDIX 3.2” is the second appendix referred to in Chapter Three).
Include the chosen headings in all capital letters, and center them 1″ below the top of the page.
All appendix headings and titles must be included in the table of contents.
Page numbering must continue throughout your appendix or appendices. Ensure each appendix complies with margin and pagination requirements.

You are required to list all the references you consulted. For specific details on formatting your references, consult and follow a style manual or professional journal that is used for formatting publications and citations in your discipline.

References with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Your reference pages must be prepared following these guidelines:

If you place references after each chapter, the references for the last chapter must be placed immediately following the chapter and before the appendices.
If you place all references at the end of the thesis or dissertation, they must appear after the appendices as the final component in the document.
Select an appropriate heading for this section based on the style manual you are using (e.g., “REFERENCES”, “BIBLIOGRAPHY”, or “WORKS CITED”).
Include the chosen heading in all capital letters, and center it 1″ below the top of the page.
References must be single-spaced within each entry.
Include one double-spaced line between each reference.
Page numbering must continue throughout your references section. Ensure references comply with margin and pagination requirements.

In some cases, students gain approval from their academic program to include in their thesis or dissertation previously published (or submitted, in press, or under review) journal articles or similar materials that they have authored. For more information about including previously published works in your thesis or dissertation, see the section on Use of Your Own Previously Published Materials and the section on Copyrighting.

If your academic program has approved inclusion of such materials, please note that these materials must match the formatting guidelines set forth in this Guide regardless of how the material was formatted for publication.

Some specific formatting guidelines to consider include:

Formatting previously published work with mesaurements described in surrounding text

Fonts, margins, chapter headings, citations, and references must all match the formatting and placement used within the rest of the thesis or dissertation.
If appropriate, published articles can be included as separate individual chapters within the thesis or dissertation.
A separate abstract to each chapter should not be included.
The citation for previously published work must be included as the first footnote (or endnote) on the first page of the chapter.
Do not include typesetting notations often used when submitting manuscripts to a publisher (i.e., insert table x here).
The date on the title page should be the year in which your committee approves the thesis or dissertation, regardless of the date of completion or publication of individual chapters.
If you would like to include additional details about the previously published work, this information can be included in the preface for the thesis or dissertation.

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Home » Blog » Thesis 2.0 Tutorial [Part II] — How To Create A Package

Convertica eCommerce & membership website development » UX UI Front-end Development » Thesis 2.0 Tutorial [Part II] — How To Create A Package

Thesis 2.0 Tutorial [Part II] — How To Create A Package

You don’t need to write a single line of CSS code for style & customizations. You just need to use the packages ( Skin Editor > CSS ) and specify the settings in the Options panel.

It must also be mentioned that while you can create a package for any selector/element/style, packages are more suited for complex items like menus etc. For anything else you can just use the built-in “Single Element Styles” package. This article only meant to demystify package development for Thesis 2.x.

Thesis 2.0 package is more like CSS code snippet. It allows you to specify a number of customizations & settings (like width, margin, padding, border-settings, etc) for a specific element through user interface. And on passing the reference of the package in Skin CSS , Thesis 2.0 generates the CSS for you. Coding CSS with Thesis 2.0 has thus become a matter of setting the options and passing the reference.

Thesis 2.0 already provides several packages to work out-of-the-box; like Columns, Widgets, Post Formatting which allows you to define CSS snippets with respective options. But you can always create a new package if the existing package doesn’t offer you the flexibility of applying the styles; esp. when you create a new box, you will have to create an associated package to define the styles for the new element.

Now in the last article, we created a full width container box, let’s create an associated package for the same. While the full width container box automatically adds a full_width class, we will create a package to add a page class (to replicate Thesis 1.x page framework) which allows you to set the custom width for the page (check out the screenshot below).

The process for creating the package is similar to creating a box; just that here we need to create a file called package.php and inherit it from thesis_package .

Open your favorite text editor and create a file called package.php. Add the following code to package.php:

The package.php includes the following things:

Package Notes: The package.php has some code in the beginning to help Thesis 2 identify it as a package. It also includes author info and description of the package.
A Class Which inherits thesis_package: To create a new package, you need to inherit the properties of thesis_package, thus the statement, class bt_full_width extends thesis_package.
Definition For Inherited translate function: The translate function specifies the title of the newly create package. You need to override this function to thus specify the title for your custom package.
Definition For Inherited options function: The options function allows you to specify the CSS properties which you would like to set through the package interface. You can provide options for setting width, border, padding, margin, etc. You can also preset some values, like we have set up a placeholder value to 900 to work as the default width for page class.
Definition For css function: The css function takes care of the generating required CSS code. It picks the values from the input fields and creates a corresponding CSS snippet for the same by imploding various input values.

Just like Thesis 2.0 box, Thesis package is also a zip file with a package.php file inside the containing folder. So once you have created package.php, create a folder with the name of the package (for instance fullwidth-package in this case) and add package.php to it. Create a zip file of the folder and you are all set to upload your custom package.

Go to Thesis > Packages > Select Packages and upload the zip file. Once it is successfully installed, check the box and click Save Packages . Now switch to Thesis 2.0 Skin Editor CSS window and you will be able to see the custom package along with other packages in the Packages drop-down. Select the package, click on add package and specify the CSS in the input fields — you no longer need to define a CSS rule in the traditional way — selector: style.

Graduate School

Resources to Prepare for Graduate School
Adonara Mucek, Ph.D. Geology '17
Adriana Mendoza, Ph.D. Mathematics '14
Andrew Olsen
Becca Maher ('21, Ph.D.)
Bryan Lynn, Ph.D. Integrative Biology
Celeste Frazier Barthel, Ph.D. Education '21
Diane Brandt
Francesca Germano, Toxicology, M.S.
Garrett Rogers
Jafra Thomas
Jen Hayes, Horticulture, PhD
Jordan Jimmie
Jordan Spradlin, Public Health, MPH
Kalina Fahey, Psychology, Ph.D.
Katie Stelling, Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Ph.D.
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Student Responsibility

Students are responsible for:

Meeting the deadlines associated with its preparation. Visit the master's deadlines and the doctoral deadlines.
Submitting the necessary forms.
Ensuring that your document conforms to all requirements in this Thesis Guide.

Your document must clearly state your objectives and conclusions, and present your results in a lucid and succinct manner. It must have a professional appearance and be user-friendly.

Ethical research practice requires you to avoid the following:

Plagiarism: failure to acknowledge the work of others by using proper citations and obtaining written permission to use copyrighted material.
Fabrication: the creation of fictitious research results.
Falsification: alteration of research results by misrepresentation or selective reporting of findings.

General Format

Standard Document Format refers to one thesis document that addresses a single theme. The Pretext Pages, Introduction, Conclusion, and Bibliography are mandatory. Your committee determines the additional chapters; you choose the chapter titles. The following parts comprise the Standard Document Format:

Pretext Pages (see model pages illustrated in Figures 2-11)
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Literature Review
Chapter 3 – Materials and Methods
Chapter 4 – Results
Chapter 5 – Discussion
Chapter 6 – Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendices (optional)

Manuscript Document Format is a single thesis document made up of several scholarly manuscripts or journal articles addressing a common theme. All manuscripts/articles must be related or address a single, common theme. You must be the primary author of each manuscript. Co-authors other than your major professor must be mentioned in a Contribution of Authors page (see Figure 9) in the pretext section of the document. Formatting should be consistent for each journal article and must follow the thesis guide formatting not the separate journal formats. The following parts comprise the Manuscript Document Format:

Chapter 1 – General Introduction (common introduction linking all manuscripts thematically)
Chapter 2 – First Manuscript
Chapter 3 – Second Manuscript
Chapter 4 – General Conclusion (common conclusion linking all manuscripts thematically)
Bibliography (common bibliography covering all manuscripts, although each manuscript may have its own reference section)
Appendices – (optional)

Note: Within the larger Manuscript Format thesis document, Chapter Heading Pages (see Figure 1 below) precede individual manuscripts that have already been published. If not published, page is not required. Manuscripts must uniformly conform to these thesis guidelines.

MANUSCRIPT TITLE CENTERED AND ALL CAPS

Your name and other authors

Journal name Address of journal Issue manuscript appears in

Figure 1. Chapter Heading Page for Manuscript Document Format

Page Layout

Margin requirements.

The left margin must be 1 inch unless printing and binding a personal or departmental copy then change to 1.5 inch. All other margins must be at least 1 inch, preferably 1.2 for top margin. Nothing may invade a margin. Every page must meet margin requirements. Margin requirements are especially important if binding a copy of your thesis.

Page Numbering

Pretext pages: Do not add page numbers to pretext pages.

Body: The body of the text begins with page 1 and all successive pages are numbered consecutively with Arabic Numbers (e.g. 2, 3, etc.) including Appendix/Appendices and Bibliography. Page numbers should be the same size and font as the body of the text. Page numbers must appear at the top right corner of pages, approximately 1 inch from the top edge of the page and at least 1 inch from the right edge of the page. Page numbers must not invade any margins. There should be at least one space between the page number and the first line of text.

Your title must be worded exactly the same throughout the document as it appears on the Abstract page, Title page and centered on page one (optional). Titles longer than one line should be single-spaced. The document's title does not count as a heading level.

Text Requirements

Text spacing.

Line spacing must be 1.5 or double, consistent throughout the document and matching which one you choose for the body of the thesis. Use single spacing only in the following situations:

Headings longer than one line
Figure and table titles and associated legends
Bibliographical and reference citations
Direct quoted material
Items listed within the body of the text (optional)
Where indicated in the pretext section

Use regular, unadorned print, 10- to 12-point size for text (headings may be 14-point only if all headings are 14-point). Font size within figures and tables can be smaller but must be readable. Use the same font style and font size throughout.

Chapter names are Level 1 headings. Subheadings of a chapter are Level 2 headings. Subheadings of chapter subheadings are Level 3 headings, and so forth. Each level must look different from the other levels. Headings of the same level must look the same throughout the document. All headings, regardless of level, must be the same font size. Either number all headings or number none (See figures 10a and 10b). Single space headings that are more than one line. Use adequate and consistent spacing between the headings and the text. A minimum of two subheadings may be used within a given level. Each level 1 heading begins a new page.

Appendix Heading Page

A numbered, counted page should be inserted in front of your document's appendix/appendices. The word APPENDIX (or APPENDICES) should be centered about 1/3 down this page. This heading page and its page number should appear in the Table of Contents.

Blocked Quotes

Use Blocked Quotes for quoted material longer than three lines. Use the same font size as within the text. Single-space the quotation, and indent it evenly on both sides. Left justify the quotations.

Use the same font size as within the text. Choose a reference style with the guidance of your major professor and your committee and be consistent. Single-space each citation and use adequate and consistent spacing between citations.

Footnotes collected at the end of a chapter are called endnotes. Use the same font size as within the text. Single-space each endnote, and use adequate and consistent spacing between endnotes.

Orphan Lines, Headers, Footnotes

No orphan lines may appear at the top or bottom of a page. No headers or footers may be used. Footnotes are acceptable.

Figures and Tables

Figures and tables may be located in one of two places in your document. You must choose one system and use it consistently throughout your work.

Insert the figure within the text, as close as possible after the first reference is made to it.
Place your figures at the end of the chapter in which it is first discussed or referenced.

Figure Definition

The definition of a figure is quite broad. “Figures” include charts, diagrams, drawings, examples, graphs, illustrations, maps, photographs, etc. In the majority of cases, if it's not a table, it is a figure. All figures must be listed in the pretext pages' List of Figures.

Table Definition

A table is broadly defined as a compact, systematic list of data (facts, figures, values, etc.), generally arranged in columns and/or rows. All tables must be listed in the pretext pages' List of Tables.

Figure and Table Labels and Captions

A figure's or table's label denote the type of figure or table and its number, and a figure's or table's caption is its title and description. Every figure or table must have a label and caption unless there is only one of its type in the document. Use consecutive label numbers by order of appearance within the text. Each figure or table must have a unique number, i.e., Table 1.1 for the first table in Chapter 1, Table 2.1 for the first table in Chapter 2, or start with 1 and number consecutively. As always, pick one method and use it consistently throughout your document. Label and caption font size is the same as body text size. Add one space between the figure or table and its label and caption, and between the figure or table and text. The label and caption should be placed outside its boundaries, commonly above a table and below a figure.

Oversized Figures and Tables

Illustrations that take up more than one page should have the label followed by “(Continued)” on the second page. If both a figure/table and its label and caption do not fit on one page, place only the label on the page with the figure or table, and place the label and caption on a separate page that precedes the figure or table (called a legend page). Single-space the label and caption and center it 1/3 of the way down the page. Include no other text on this page. List the page number of the legend page in the pretext list.

There are two ways of managing the inclusion of oversized figures if printing personal copies:

Reduction: Photographically reduce the size of figures to meet margin requirements.Page numbers and figure captions must remain the same font size as the text.
Accordion Fold: If you are printing a personal or departmental copy. The final folded page must be 11 inches in height and no more than 8 inches wide. Fold the page from right to left, making the final folded width 8 inches. Fold the page a second time from left to right so the page number appears in the same position as all other pages in the text.

Landscaping

Because of their shape, some figures/tables may need to be placed crosswise on a page. If so, the top of the figure/table should be at the left margin as viewed normally (i.e. portrait orientation), and the caption should be parallel to the right margin. Reformatting pages numbers to match location of portrait oriented page numbers is not required. Margin requirements apply.

Choose high-contrast colors to differentiate lines, bars, or segments or use symbols with or without the color.

Parts of the Document (in Order of Appearance)

Regardless of general format, the thesis includes particular parts in an established order as listed below. Model pages are provided for most pretext pages. In all cases, margin requirements apply (see above) and the same font style/size must be used in the body of the text and elsewhere. All titles of pretext pages should be formatted identically with respect to font size and style.

I. Pretext Pages

Download templates for pretext pages.

An abstract is a summary of the document's purpose, methods, major findings, and conclusions. Your name (designated “Student Name”) must appear exactly the same throughout the document. In all cases, use the official name of the major as found in the OSU Catalog on the Graduate School's website under Programs. Please add underlines where indicated in the examples. (See figs. 2, 3, and 4)

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

Thomas A. Edison for the degree of Master of Science in Physics presented on January 30, 2024 A .

Title: Upon Recording Telegraph Messages Automatically.

Abstract approved: _______________________________________

Major I. Professor B

Begin text here, using the same line spacing (either double space or 1.5), font style and font size as within the body of the text in your document.

Use official major name, not area of concentration
Your name must appear exactly the same throughout the document
For defense date use month spelled out, date, and year: January 30, 2022
Title must be the same throughout the document

Figure 2. Abstract Page for Master's Degree. A The line breaks in these four lines are single space with a space after the defense date. B Include major professor's middle initial unless there is none. Do not include their title. Co-major Professors may share the same signature line; put both names below the line.

Student Name for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in First Concentration A . , Second Concentration , and Third Concentration presented on Defense Date B .

Title: Underlined Title Here

Major I. Professor C

Use official major or minor name, not area of concentration

Figure 3. Abstract Page for Master's Degree. A The line breaks in these four lines are single space with a space after the defense date. B The line breaks in these six are single-spaced with a space between the defense date and title. C Include major professor's middle initial unless there is none. Do not include their title. Co-major Professors may share the same signature line; put both names below the line.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF

Student Name for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Official Name of Major presented on Defense Date A .

Title: Underline Title here.

Figure 4. Abstract Page for Doctoral Degree. A The line breaks in these four lines are single-spaced with a space between the defense date and title. B Include major professor's middle initial unless there is none. Do not include his/her title. Co-major Professors share the same signature line; put both names below the line with several spaces between names.

Copyright Page

Figure 5. Copyright Page. Please choose either All Rights Reserved or Creative Commons License but not both. The copyright page is required. Inclusion of this page does not obligate you to go through a formal copyright process. Name must appear exactly the same throughout the document. Second line is the final defense date. Wording should begin one third down from the top and is centered.

Upon Recording Telegraph Messages Automatically

Title must match Abstract and page one title exactly. Do not boldface the title.

by Thomas A. Edison

Add two spaces after the title.

A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University

Doctoral students may use “A DISSERTATION” instead of “A THESIS” on Title Page, Abstract, and Approval Pages.

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Follow division of this sentence ( in partial fulfillment of... ) exactly.

Master of Science

Spacing should be the same after your name, “Oregon State University,” and your degree.

Presented January 30, 2023 Commencement June 2023 A

Defense date.

Figure 6. Title Page. A Commencement date is the June following the defense date, so if defense is after the commencement ceremony it would be for the following year. Only month & year, no date or it will be rejected.

Approval Page

On the Approval Page the Major Professor represents the major. The Approval Page considers your advisor as your major professor, regardless of his/ her official rank or tenure home. Official major names and department names can be found in the OSU Catalog. Some majors and departments have the same name while others differ. Your signature constitutes consent to have your document available for public reference in Valley Library, but the signatures on this page have been replaced with the ETD Submission Approval form.

Master of Science thesis of Thomas A. Edison presented on January 30, 2023.

_______________________________________ Major Professor representing Physics

_______________________________________ Head of the Department of Physics A

_______________________________________ Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School

I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request.

_______________________________________ Thomas A. Edison, Author

Figure 7. Standard Approval Page. A If not part of a department, please list the head/chair/dean of the school or college.

Alternate wordings for signature lines:

Wording with two major professors:

Co-Major Professor, representing Name of Major

Head/Chair of the Name of Department, School or College

Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School

Wording with dual majors:

Co-Major Professor, representing Name of 1st Major

Co-Major Professor, representing Name of 2nd Major

Wording for MAIS:

Major Professor, representing Name of Major Area of Concentration

Director of the Interdisciplinary Studies Program

Acknowledgements

The acknowledgements page is optional but recommended. The exact content of the page is up to the student. Use same text spacing: 1.5 or double-space.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author expresses sincere appreciation...

Figure 8. Acknowledgements Page.

Contributions

Manuscript document format only. If no contributions remove this page. Use same text spacing either 1.5 or double space.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Dr. So-and-so assisted with data collection. Such-and- such was involved with the design and writing of Chapter 2. Dr. Whoisit assisted in the interpretation of the data.

Figure 9. Contributions (manuscript format only).

Ensure that the page numbers accurately reflect where the headings appear in the text. Listing the chapter headings in the Table of Contents is required; listing the subheadings is optional, and you may list some levels but not others. Levels are denoted by indention in the Table of Contents. Wording, spelling, and capitalization of headings in the Table of Contents must match the heading in the body of the text exactly. If headings are numbered in the Table of Contents, they must be numbered correspondingly in the text.

List appendix or appendices (if applicable) in the Table of Contents, if more than five then create a separate List of Appendices. In either case, list the Appendices Heading Page (see page 3) in the Table of Contents. When listing an individual appendix, include its title.

If the Table of Contents is more than one page, subsequent pages should have the heading “TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)” and additionally "PAGE" underlined above the page numbers.

Return twice between the TABLE OF CONTENTS heading and the first item in the table.

Do not underline, bold, or italicize in the Table of Contents (unless scientific species name)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Chapter Title

1.1 Level 2 Heading

1.2 Level 2 Heading

1.2.1 Level 3 Heading

1.2.2 Level 3 Heading

1.2.3 Level 3 Heading

1.3 Level 2 Heading

2 Chapter Title

2.1 Level 2 Heading

2.2 Level 2 Heading

2.2.1 Level 3 Heading

2.2.2 Level 3 Heading

3 Chapter Title

3.1 Level 2 Heading

3.2 Level 2 Heading

Appendix A Title

Appendix B Title

Figure 10a. Table of Contents with Numbering.

Chapter Title

Level 2 Heading

Level 3 Heading

Figure 10b. Table of Contents without Numbering.

List of Figures

Lists are required if two or more figures appear within the text. (Reference figures 11a and 11b.)

List of Tables

Lists are required if two or more tables appear within the text. (Reference figures 11a and 11b.)

Choose one of the two methods of numbering in the model pages illustrated in Figures 11a and 11b and use it for both Lists of Figures and Lists of Tables. If a list is longer than one page, subsequent pages should be headed “LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)” or “LIST OF TABLES (Continued)" along with "Figure" or "Page" underlined above the figure names and page numbers. The first sentence of the figure or table caption must be listed, and the wording must match the text exactly. List only one page number per figure or table. When there is a legend page in front of a figure (see information on FIGURES below), list the legend page only. Figures in the appendices are listed on a separate List of Appendix Figures list.

Add two spaces between the LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES heading and the first listing.

LIST OF FIGURES

Name of the figure

First sentence of the legend matches the text exactly

List only one page number

Keep numbers and words in separate columns

Figure 11a. List of Figures/Tables with Consecutive Numbering.

LIST OF TABLES

Name of the table

Spacing requirements are the same as for the List of Figures

A List of Appendix Tables would look the same

All pretext headings should look the same

Figure 11b. List of Figures/Tables with Numbering by Chapter.

List of Appendices (optional)

If list of appendices is short, it may be attached to the Table of Contents. For more than 5 appendices, or list different heading levels are listed in the appendices, a separate List of Appendices is required. If two or more figures appear in the appendices, a List of Appendix Figures and/or a List of Appendix Tables are required.

List of Appendix Figures

For two or more figures in the appendices.

List of Appendix Tables

For two or more tables in the appendices.

Other Lists

If you are including other lists, such as lists of abbreviations, nomenclature, symbols, and so forth, each list must have its own page. The elements of these lists do not need numbering or page numbers.

Dedication (optional)

If desired, you may dedicate your document to the honor of someone. Dedications are usually short. Margin requirements apply. Use the same font/font size as text body. Arrangement of page is at your discretion.

Preface (optional)

You may include a preface.

II. Body of Text

Follow standard or manuscript document format.

III. Bibliography

Iv. appendix or appendices (optional), final requirements, printing specifications.

The Graduate School no longer requires you to submit a paper copy of your thesis/dissertation.

Formatting Template

A formatting template for thesis and dissertation pretext pages can be found on our website.

Electronic Submission

Submit one PDF copy of your thesis/dissertation, without signatures, electronically to ScholarsArchive. Ensure accessibility with Adobe Acrobat Pro. For uploading and accessibility instructions refer to the library's website.

Creative Commons License

DO NOT SELECT PUBLIC DOMAIN OR CCO. You may add a Creative Commons License to your item that allows copyrighted works to be shared and re- used. Either select License Type: Creative Commons or License Type: No Creative Commons License. DO NOT assign a Creative Commons license if you plan to place an embargo on your thesis or dissertation that allows only the OSU community access to your work.

Final Documents Submitted to the Graduate School

One signed Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Submission Approval form by your Major Professor, Head/Chair/Director/Dean of your major, and yourself. The Graduate School Dean's signature will be added after the submissions of the form.

You can request an embargo in ScholarsArchive so your work will be accessible only to Oregon State University faculty, staff and students for up to two years.

Contact Info

Graduate School Heckart Lodge 2900 SW Jefferson Way Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-1102

Phone: 541-737-4881 Fax: 541-737-3313

Programs - Majors, minors and certificates
Academic Progress
Student Success
Faculty Support
Staff Directory
Graduate Catalog

/images/cornell/logo35pt_cornell_white.svg" alt="thesis 2.0 standard"> Cornell University --> Graduate School

Required sections, guidelines, and suggestions.

Beyond those noted on the Formatting Requirements page , the Graduate School has no additional formatting requirements. The following suggestions are based on best practices and historic requirements for dissertations and theses but are not requirements for submission of the thesis or dissertation. The Graduate School recommends that each dissertation or thesis conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

For both master’s and doctoral students, the same basic rules apply; however, differences exist in some limited areas, particularly in producing the abstract and filing the dissertation or thesis.

Information in this guide that pertains specifically to doctoral candidates and dissertations is clearly marked with the term “ dissertation ” or “ doctoral candidates .”
Information pertaining specifically to master’s candidates and theses is clearly marked with the term “ thesis ” or “ master’s candidates .”
All other information pertains to both.

Examples of formatting suggestions for both the dissertation and thesis are available as downloadable templates .

Required? Yes.

Suggested numbering: Page included in overall document, but number not typed on page.

The following format for your title page is suggested, but not required.

The title should be written using all capital letters, centered within the left and right margins, and spaced about 1.5 inches from the top of the page. (For an example, please see the template .)
Carefully select words for the title of the dissertation or thesis to represent the subject content as accurately as possible. Words in the title are important access points to researchers who may use keyword searches to identify works in various subject areas.
Use word substitutes for formulas, symbols, superscripts, Greek letters, etc.
Below the title, at the vertical and horizontal center of the margins, place the following five lines (all centered):

Line 1: A Dissertation [or Thesis]

Line 2: Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School

Line 3: of Cornell University

Line 4: in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Line 5: Doctor of Philosophy [or other appropriate degree]

Center the following three lines within the margins:

Line 2: Primary or Preferred Name [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office and displayed in Student Center]

Line 3: month and year of degree conferral [May, August, December; no comma between month and year]

Copyright Page

Suggested numbering: Page included in overall document, but number not typed on page

The following format for your copyright page is suggested, but not required.

A notice of copyright should appear as the sole item on the page centered vertically and horizontally within the margins: © 20__ [Primary or Preferred Name [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office]. Please note that there is not usually a page heading on the copyright page.
The copyright symbol is a lowercase “c,” which must be circled. (On Macs, the symbol is typed by pressing the “option” and “g” keys simultaneously. If the font does not have the © symbol, type the “c” and circle it by hand. On PCs, in the insert menu, choose “symbol,” and select the © symbol.)
The date, which follows the copyright symbol, is the year of conferral of your degree.
Your name follows the date.

Required? Yes.

Suggested numbering: Page(s) not counted, not numbered

Abstract formats for the doctoral dissertation and master’s thesis differ greatly. The Graduate School recommends that you conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

Doctoral candidates:

TITLE OF DISSERTATION
Student’s Primary or Preferred Name, Ph.D. [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office]
Cornell University 20__ [year of conferral]
Following the heading lines, begin the text of the abstract on the same page.
The abstract states the problem, describes the methods and procedures used, and gives the main results or conclusions of the research.
The abstract usually does not exceed 350 words in length (about one-and-one-half correctly spaced pages—but not more than two pages).

Master’s candidate:

In a thesis, the page heading is simply the word “ABSTRACT” in all capital letters and centered within the margins at the top of the page. (The thesis abstract does not display the thesis title, author’s name, degree, university, or date of degree conferral.)
The abstract should state the problem, describe the methods and procedures used, and give the main results or conclusions.
The abstract usually does not exceed 600 words in length, which is approximately two-and-one-half to three pages of correctly spaced typing.
In M.F.A. theses, an abstract is not required.

Biographical Sketch

Suggested numbering: iii (may be more than one page)

Type number(s) on page(s).

The following content and format are suggested:

The biographical sketch is written in third-person voice and contains your educational background. Sometimes additional biographical facts are included.
As a page heading, use “BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
Number this page as iii.

Required? Optional.

Suggested numbering: iv (may be more than one page)

The dedication page is not required and can contain whatever text that you would like to include. Text on this page does not need to be in English.

Acknowledgements

Suggested numbering: v (may be more than one page)

The following content and format are suggested, not required.

The acknowledgements may be written in first-person voice. If your research has been funded by outside grants, you should check with the principal investigator of the grant regarding proper acknowledgement of the funding source. Most outside funding sources require some statement of acknowledgement of the support; some also require a disclaimer from responsibility for the results.
As a page heading, use “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Suggested numbering: vi (may be more than one page)

The following are suggestions.

As a page heading, use “TABLE OF CONTENTS” in all capital letters and centered on the page.
List the sections/chapters of the body of the dissertation or thesis. Also, list preliminary sections starting with the biographical sketch. (Title page, copyright page, and abstract are not listed.)
For theses and dissertations, the conventional format for page numbers is in a column to the right of each section/chapter title. The first page of each chapter/section is stated with a single number. Table of contents usually do not include a range of page numbers, such as 7-22.
The table of contents is often single-spaced.

Two-Volume Theses or Dissertations

If the dissertation or thesis consists of two volumes, it is recommended, but not required, that you list “Volume II” as a section in the table of contents.

List of Figures, Illustrations, and Tables

Suggested numbering: vii (may be more than one page)

If included, type number(s) on page(s).

As described in the formatting requirements above, figures and tables should be consecutively numbered. The Graduate School recommends that you conform to the styles set by the leading academic journals in your field. The items below are formatting suggestions based on best practices or historic precedents.

Table of contents format:

As a page heading, use “LIST OF FIGURES,” “LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,” or “LIST OF TABLES” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
There should be separate pages for “LIST OF FIGURES,” “LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,” or “LIST OF TABLES” even if there is only one example of each.
The list should contain enough of the titles or descriptions so readers can locate items using the list. (It may not be necessary to include entire figure/illustration/table captions.)
The list should contain the page number on which each figure, illustration, or table is found, as in a table of contents.
The list of figures/illustrations/tables may be single-spaced.

Page format:

Figures/illustrations/tables should be placed as close as possible to their first mention in the text. They may be placed on a page with no text above or below, or placed directly into the text. If a figure/illustration/table is placed directly into the text, text may appear above or below the figure/illustration/table; no text may wrap around the figure/illustration/table.
If a figure/illustration/table appears on a page without other text, it should be centered vertically within the page margins. Figures/illustrations/tables should not be placed at the end of the chapter or at the end of the dissertation or thesis.
Figure/illustration/table numbering should be either continuous throughout the dissertation or thesis, or by chapter (e.g. 1.1, 1.2; 2.1, 2.2, etc.). The word “Figure,” “Illustration,” or “Table” must be spelled out (not abbreviated), and the first letter must be capitalized.
A caption for a figure/illustration should be placed at the bottom of the figure/illustration. However, a caption for a table must be placed above the table.
If the figure/illustration/table, not including the caption, takes up the entire page, the figure/illustration/table caption should be placed alone on the preceding page and centered vertically and horizontally within the margins. (When the caption is on a separate page, the List of Figures or List of Illustrations or List of Tables can list the page number containing the caption.)
If the figure/illustration/table, not including the caption, takes up more than two pages, it should be preceded by a page consisting of the caption only. The first page of the figure/illustration/table must include the figure/illustration/table (no caption), and the second and subsequent pages must also include, at the top of the figure/illustration/table, words that indicate its continuance—for example, “Figure 5 (Continued)”—and on these pages the caption is omitted.
If figures/illustrations/tables are too large, they may be reduced slightly so as to render a satisfactory product or they must either be split into several pages or be redone. If a figure/illustration/table is reduced, all lettering must be clear, readable, and large enough to be legible. All lettering, including subscripts, must still be readable when reduced 25% beyond the final version. All page margin requirements must be maintained. Page numbers and headings must not be reduced.
While there are no specific rules for the typographic format of figure/illustration/table captions, a consistent format should be used throughout the dissertation or thesis.
The caption of a figure/illustration/table should be single-spaced, but then captions for all figures/illustrations/tables must be single-spaced.
Horizontal figures/illustrations/tables should be positioned correctly—i.e., the top of the figure/illustration/table will be at the left margin of the vertical page of the dissertation or thesis (remember: pages are bound on the left margin). Figure/illustration/table headings/captions are placed with the same orientation as the figure/illustration/table when they are on the same page as the figure/illustration/table. When they are on a separate page, headings and captions are always placed in vertical orientation, regardless of the orientation of the figure/illustration/table. Page numbers are always placed as if the figure/illustration/table was vertical on the page.

Photographs should be treated as illustrations. To be considered archival, photographs must be black-and-white. (If actual color photographs are necessary, they should be accompanied by black-and-white photographs of the same subject.) Color photos obtained digitally do not need to be accompanied by a black-and-white photograph. Make a high-resolution digital version of each photograph and insert it into your electronic document, following the guideline suggestions for positioning and margins.

Optional Elements

List of abbreviations.

As a page heading, use “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

List of Symbols

As a page heading, use “LIST OF SYMBOLS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Suggested numbering: xi (may be more than one page)

As a page heading, use “PREFACE” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Body of the Dissertation or Thesis: Text

Suggested numbering: Begin page number at 1

Text (required)
Appendix/Appendices (optional)
Bibliography, References, or Works Cited (required)

Please note that smaller font size may be appropriate for footnotes or other material outside of the main text. The following suggestions are based on best practice or historic precedent, but are not required.

Chapter headings may be included that conform to the standard of your academic field.
Textual notes that provide supplementary information, opinions, explanations, or suggestions that are not part of the text must appear at the bottom of the page as footnotes. Lengthy footnotes may be continued on the next page. Placement of footnotes at the bottom of the page ensures they will appear as close as possible to the referenced passage.

Appendix (or Appendices)

An appendix (-ces) is not required for your thesis or dissertation. If you choose to include one, the following suggestions are based on best practice or historic precedent.

As a page heading, use “APPENDIX” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
Place in an appendix any material that is peripheral, but relevant, to the main text of the dissertation or thesis. Examples could include survey instruments, additional data, computer printouts, details of a procedure or analysis, a relevant paper that you wrote, etc.
The appendix may include text that does not meet the general font and spacing requirements of the other sections of the dissertation or thesis.

Bibliography (or References or Works Cited)

A bibliography, references, or works cited is required for your thesis or dissertation. Please conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

As a page heading, use “BIBLIOGRAPHY” (or “REFERENCES” or “WORKS CITED”) in all capital letters, centered on the page. The bibliography should always begin on a new page.
Bibliographies may be single-spaced within each entry but should include 24 points of space between entries.

Suggested numbering: Continue page numbering from body

If you choose to include a glossary, best practices and historic precedent suggest using a page heading, use “GLOSSARY” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Suggested numbering: Continue page numbering from glossary

If you choose to include one, best practices and historic precedent suggest using a page heading, use “INDEX” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Font Samples

Sample macintosh fonts.

Palatino 12
Garamond 14
New Century School Book
Helvetica 12 or Helvetica 14
Times New Roman 12
Times 14 (Times 12 is not acceptable)
Symbol 12 is acceptable for symbols

Sample TeX and LaTeX Fonts

CMR 12 font
Any font that meets the above specifications

Sample PC Fonts

Helvetica 12

Thesis Writing

Thesis Format

Thesis Format Essentials: Structure, Tips, and Templates

What is a Thesis and a Dissertation?

At some point in your academic journey, you've likely come across the terms "thesis" and "dissertation," but what exactly are they, and how do they differ?

A thesis and a dissertation both represent substantial pieces of academic work, sharing some similarities, but they also have distinct characteristics.

A thesis is typically associated with undergraduate or master's degree programs. It represents a student's independent research and findings on a specific topic. The objective is to demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter and the ability to conduct research.

On the other hand,

A dissertation is commonly linked with doctoral programs. It's a more extensive and comprehensive research project that delves into a specific area of study in great detail. Doctoral candidates are expected to make an original contribution to their field of knowledge through their dissertation.

Give a read to our thesis vs dissertation blog to learn the difference!

How to Structure a Thesis - The Formatting Basics

Structuring your thesis is a crucial aspect of academic writing. The thesis format font size and spacing follows a specific framework.

A well-organized thesis not only enhances readability but also reflects your dedication to the research process.

The structure can be divided into three main sections: Front Matter, Body, and End Matter.

Front Matter

Title Page: The title page is the very first of preliminary pages of your thesis. It typically includes the thesis title, your name, the name of your institution, and the date of submission.
Abstract: The abstract is a concise summary of your thesis, providing readers with a brief overview of your research problem, methodology, key findings, and conclusions.
Table of Contents: A well-organized table of contents lists all the main sections, subsections, and corresponding page numbers within your thesis.
List of Figures and Tables: If your thesis contains figures and tables, create a separate list with captions and page numbers for easy reference.
List of Abbreviations or Acronyms: If you've used abbreviations or acronyms in your thesis, include a list to explain their meanings.
List of Symbols: If your research involves symbols or special characters, provide a list of these elements and their definitions.
Acknowledgments: In this section, you can acknowledge individuals or institutions that have supported your research and thesis writing process.
Dedication (Optional): Some students choose to include a dedication page to honor someone or express personal sentiments.
Preface (Optional): In the preface, you can explain the background and context of your research, providing additional context for the reader.
Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your thesis. It introduces the research problem, its significance, research objectives, and research questions.
Literature Review: The literature review section provides a comprehensive review of existing literature and research related to your topic. It helps establish the context for your research.
Methodology: Describe the research methods and techniques you employed in your study. Explain how you collected and analyzed data.
Results: Present your research findings in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, figures, and charts to illustrate key points.
Discussion: Interpret the results and discuss their implications. Address any limitations and suggest areas for future research.
Conclusion: Summarize the main findings and their importance. Restate the research questions and provide a final perspective on the topic.

End Matter

References: List all the sources you cited in your thesis, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Appendices: Include any supplementary materials, such as raw data, surveys, questionnaires, or additional information that supports your research.
Vita (Optional): Some academic institutions require or allow a vita, which is essentially a brief academic resume or biography.

By following this structured framework for your thesis, you'll ensure that your research is presented in a clear and organized manner, meeting the formatting basics and academic standards.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

Thesis Format Guidelines

Formatting your thesis makes your research work not just look good but also helps others understand it easily.

These guidelines show you how to structure and organize your thesis neatly, from the title page to the reference section.

Page Layout:
Use standard 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
Set 1-inch margins on all sides.
Use a readable and professional font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri.
Font size for the main text should typically be 12 points.
Line Spacing:
Use double-spacing throughout the document.
Exceptions include footnotes, long quotations, and the bibliography , which may be single-spaced.
Heading Structure:
Use a clear and hierarchical heading structure to organize your content.
Differentiate between main headings and subheadings with bold, italics, or size variations.
Page Numbering:
Page numbers are typically placed in the header or footer.
Number the pages consecutively throughout the document.
Arabic numerals or roman numerals are used for the body of the thesis.
Title Page:
The title page should include the thesis title, your name, institutional affiliation, and the date of thesis submission.
Follow your institution's specific guidelines for title page formatting.
Table of Contents:
Create a well-organized table of contents listing all sections and subsections with corresponding page numbers.
Use a clear and consistent format for this section.
List of Figures and Tables:
If applicable, provide separate lists for figures and tables, including captions and page numbers.
Ensure consistent formatting for these lists.
Present a concise summary of the thesis, highlighting the research problem, methodology , key findings, and conclusions.
Typically, the abstract is on a separate page immediately following the title page.
Citations and References:
Follow a specific citation style consistently throughout your thesis (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Ensure that in-text citations and references are accurate and properly formatted.
Page Breaks:
Use page breaks to separate sections properly. This ensures that your chapters and other major divisions begin on new pages.
Maintain the required margins (usually 1 inch) on all sides, including the top, bottom, left, and right.
Appendices:
If you include appendices, ensure they follow the same formatting rules as the main body of the thesis.

You can also refer to the below-given document to understand the format template of a thesis paper.

Thesis Format Template

Thesis Format Sample

Here are some thesis format examples to get a better understanding.

MLA Thesis Format

APA Thesis Format

Baby Thesis Format

Undergraduate Thesis Format

Master Thesis Format pdf

PhD Thesis Format Pdf

Thesis Format for Computer Science

Research Thesis Format

Thesis Paper Formatting Tips

Formatting your thesis paper correctly is not only about making it look neat and professional but also about meeting the stringent requirements set by your academic institution.

Whether you're in the early stages of writing your thesis or preparing for submission, these tips will help you in formatting.

Adhere to Institutional Guidelines: Follow your institution's specific formatting requirements, including thesis format margins, font styles, and citation styles.
Consistency in Formatting: Maintain uniform font, font size, and spacing throughout the thesis for a professional appearance.
Proper Page Numbering: Place page numbers correctly in the header or footer, starting with the first chapter after the front matter.
Title Page Accuracy: Ensure the title page contains the accurate title, your name, institutional affiliation, and submission date.
Organized Table of Contents: Create a well-structured table of contents listing all sections and subsections with page numbers.
List of Figures and Tables: Provide separate, well-labeled lists for figures and tables, including captions and page numbers.

In conclusion, this blog has provided valuable insights into the essential aspects of formatting a thesis paper.

By following these tips, students can ensure that their research is not only well-structured and polished but also meets the rigorous standards set by their academic institutions.

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Office of Graduate Studies

Main navigation, line spacing.

The majority of your thesis/dissertation should be double-spaced. There are sections, however, that can and/or must be single-spaced.

Double-Spaced:

Acknowledgments
Body of Manuscript

Single-Spaced:

Title Page (see Example for specific manually input spaces)
Table of Contents (an extra space is added before each level one heading)
List of Tables (an extra space is added before each new Table)
List of Figures (an extra space is added before each new Figure)
List of Abbreviations (an extra space is added before each new Abbreviation)
Footnotes (no double-spaced elements)
Long (Block) Quotations
Figure captions
Table captions
Tables, Lists, Graphs
Lists in the Appendices

Common Issues with Single-Spacing

Using the Template to create a Table of Contents (TOC) in Word always results in issues with the line spacing. For this reason, create the TOC manually.

Manual Double-Spacing

For the sections that should be single-spaced, where indicated, add a manual double-space by hitting the enter/return key once.

Don't worry if this all seems complicated - in the Section-Specific Formatting Guidelines, we note the line spacing needed for each section.

Paragraph Button

Turn on the Paragraph button to view spaces, tabs, and hidden formatting details about the manuscript.

Library Catalogue

Thesis templates

Thesis template

Thesis template help:, thesis template instructions, online tutorials: using the thesis template.

The SFU Library thesis template is a Microsoft Word file designed to assist students in preparing theses, projects, and extended essays. The template and instructions are .docx files, and have been tested in Word 2011 (Mac), Word 2013 (Windows), and Word 2016/365 (Windows and Mac).

Please note that SFU Library does not provide technical support for LaTeX users. However, the Library has worked with previous SFU graduate students to provide a template and LaTeX class that sets your thesis according to SFU's requirements and format before submission.

Download the SFU thesis LaTeX template and class here.

Students with general questions about using LaTeX or problems are encouraged to consult one of the following resources:

LaTeX Wikibook
LaTeX StackExchange Q&A site
a "TeXpert" in or close to your department

The SFU thesis LaTeX project is a volunteer effort made by many SFU graduate students over the years. Thanks to the following students who contributed to the old template: Stephen Chan (1989), Margaret Sharon (1996), Pepe Kubon (1997-98), Greg Baker (2003-06), Chris McIntosh (2011), Bradley Coleman (2012), Juan Galvez (2012), Firuz Demir (2013), Ahmed Saad (2013), Reynaldo Arteaga (2014). Version 2.0 of the template was written by Ross Churchley (2014-15).

v2.2.1 (July 21, 2017): Version 2.2.0 tightened the spacing of chapter and section titles that go on for multiple lines. Unfortunately, the code that fixed that issue had unexpected side effects when using \ref{} and \autoref{} with chapter and section titles, regardless of their lengths. This release fixes the spacing issue in a safer way. (Ross Churchley)

v2.2.0 (Summer 2017): Introduces a redesigned approval page, matching the Spring 2017 update to the official Word template; tightens spacing for chapter and section titles that go on for multiple lines; separates footnotes from body text with vertical space instead of a dividing line; simplifies standard copyright disclaimer; documents the process for adding an Ethics Statement; adds helpful defaults, such as \frenchspacing, to the template's customization suggestions. (Ross Churchley)

The WHO 2016 verbal autopsy instrument: An international standard suitable for automated analysis by InterVA, InSilicoVA, and Tariff 2.0

Affiliations.

1 National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Public Health Service, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America.
2 WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
3 MRC-Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
4 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
5 Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
6 ALPHA Network, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
7 INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.
8 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
9 World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.
10 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
11 University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
12 Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
13 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
14 Vital Strategies, New York, New York, United States of America.
PMID: 29320495
PMCID: PMC5761828
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002486

Background: Verbal autopsy (VA) is a practical method for determining probable causes of death at the population level in places where systems for medical certification of cause of death are weak. VA methods suitable for use in routine settings, such as civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems, have developed rapidly in the last decade. These developments have been part of a growing global momentum to strengthen CRVS systems in low-income countries. With this momentum have come pressure for continued research and development of VA methods and the need for a single standard VA instrument on which multiple automated diagnostic methods can be developed.

Methods and findings: In 2016, partners harmonized a WHO VA standard instrument that fully incorporates the indicators necessary to run currently available automated diagnostic algorithms. The WHO 2016 VA instrument, together with validated approaches to analyzing VA data, offers countries solutions to improving information about patterns of cause-specific mortality. This VA instrument offers the opportunity to harmonize the automated diagnostic algorithms in the future.

Conclusions: Despite all improvements in design and technology, VA is only recommended where medical certification of cause of death is not possible. The method can nevertheless provide sufficient information to guide public health priorities in communities in which physician certification of deaths is largely unavailable. The WHO 2016 VA instrument, together with validated approaches to analyzing VA data, offers countries solutions to improving information about patterns of cause-specific mortality.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Autopsy / methods*
Autopsy / standards*
Cause of Death
Vital Statistics*
World Health Organization*

Grants and funding

R01 HD086227/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States

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The new PDF 2.0 and subset standards

The just-released 2nd edition of PDF 2.0 , ISO 32000-2:2020 replaces the 2017 edition. This is the finalized publication that we previously discussed ; what ISO calls a ‘dated revision’.

In addition to many important clarifications and corrections to the 2017 publication, this new edition includes critical updates to the normative references (see clause 2) and character collections (see this article ) that underlie all PDF technology. All PDF developers should procure this edition.

Published mere weeks earlier in 2020 are a variety of PDF subset specifications based on the new ISO 32000-2:2020, which is essential to their implementation. This article provides a high-level overview.

ISO 19005-4:2020 (PDF/A-4)

The new specification of PDF/A provides normative guidance on archiving of new features and other changes associated with PDF 2.0 including page level output intents and improvements to tagged PDF. As such it provides an archival pathway for PDF 2.0 files without loss of PDF 2.0 features.

PDF/A-4 introduces ISO-standardized means of archiving certain types of non-static content common to PDF documents such as form fields, 3D content and JavaScript. Using a conformance class to distinguish files containing interactive content the specification responds to market demand by facilitating the preservation of more information in the file. This new capability via additional conformance levels supports the long-term preservation of live forms, engineering and CAD type documents (replacing the need for PDF/E) and in no way diminishes the traditional archival uses of PDF/A.

As with the other PDF/A specifications, PDF/A does not require or provide mechanisms for authentication; it’s strictly intended to facilitate long-term preservation.

Buy PDF/A-4 from the PDF Association now!

ISO 15930-9:2020 (PDF/X-6)

Twenty years ago PDF/X led the way in ISO-standardized PDF technology with specifications oriented towards digital data exchange in graphic arts (the “X” in PDF/X is for eXchange).

The latest-generation PDF/X incorporates all of the features and benefits of the PDF/X‐1a, PDF/X‐3 and PDF/X‐4 specifications while adding support for new features in PDF 2.0 such as page level output intents, black point compensation, halftone origins and CxF/X-4 spot colour characterisation data. For the first time PDF/X-6 permits PDF/X files to have annotations, including digital signatures, form fields and videos, reducing complexity in multi-channel workflows.

PDF/X files are traditionally self-contained. The new optional conformance levels in PDF/X-6 (conformance levels n and p) accommodate a wider variety of process optimizations and workflows as they allow ICC profiles to be maintained externally.

Buy PDF/X-6 from ISO now!

ISO 16612-3:2020 (PDF/VT-3)

The PDF/VT-3 standard builds on PDF/X-6 (defined in ISO 15930-9) to provide support for the PDF 2.0 imaging model in the variable and transactional printing context.

PDF/VT-3 allows use of graphic object definitions to specify graphical content data only once, independent of the number of times it is referenced in the file, and include hinting information allowing for a variety of processing optimisation strategies. PDF/VT-3 accommodates both fully self-contained PDF/X-6 models as well as external data-dependent PDF/X-6p and PDF/X-6n workflows.

Buy PDF/VT-3 from ISO now!

ISO 23504-1:2020 (PDF/R-1)

A new ISO standard, PDF/R-1 (for “raster”) was originally developed as “PDF/raster” by a volunteer committee of the PDF Association at the request of the TWAIN Working Group. PDF/R describes a tightly-restricted subset of PDF intended exclusively for storing, transporting and exchanging multi-page raster-image documents, especially scanned documents and photographs.

PDF/R provides the portability and flexibility of PDF while offering the core functionality of TIFF. The format supports uncompressed bitonal, grayscale and RGB images as well as JPEG or lossless CCITT Group 4 Fax compression. PDF/R-1 is capable of being generated directly in very small embedded systems such as scanners.

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ISO 21757-1:2020 (ECMAScript for PDF)

PDF technology has incorporated JavaScript (ECMAScript) since 2000 to support a variety of interactive functionality. To foster interoperability and broad adoption of ECMAScript-capable PDF viewers the newest ISO standard for PDF technology specifies the ECMAScript object types that define properties and methods for interoperable automation of and interaction with the containing PDF document and its PDF objects.

This functionality includes the following features, among others:

Forms processing
Batch processing collections of PDF documents;
Operating online collaboration schemes;
Communication with local databases.
Interaction and automation of 3D objects

Buy ISO 21757 from the PDF Association now!

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an image of the trans-alaskan oil pipeline that carries oil from the northern part of Alaska all the way to valdez. this shot is right near the arctic national wildlife refuge

Developing a Credible Implementation Plan

April 12, 2024, by: justin merryman, the path to ogmp 2.0 gold standard.

For those of you that read OGMP 2.0 Part 1: The What and The Way , thank you!…and to those that haven’t, what are you waiting for? It includes an overview of the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership (OGMP 2.0) program, including its benefits and requirements. This second installment builds upon that volume with an in-depth look at the actual implementation of the OGMP 2.0 framework, centering around the development of an explicit and credible implementation plan.

If your company has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to commit to OGMP 2.0, or if you are considering committing, you may be wondering what comes next. Member companies strive to achieve Gold Standard. Gold Standard is the destination, setting ambitious but achievable methane reduction targets is the North Star informing the program’s direction, and the OGMP 2.0 implementation plan is the roadmap to achieve the goal.

An effective implementation plan must be explicit, to provide clarity and avoid ambiguity, and credible, to maintain stakeholder commitment and confidence in the program. Based on our experience working hand-in-hand with our clients on their OGMP 2.0 journeys, we believe that an explicit and credible implementation plan must include UNEP required elements, should be informed through a stepwise staged approach, be ambitious, but realistic, transparent and honest (internally and externally), and identify known or potential barriers along the way…while always reflecting on the ultimate goal of reducing methane intensity through a full and transparent understanding of current emissions.

Required Elements

Describe company targets
Define the baseline year
Identify the target date for Gold Standard
Commit to reach L4/L5 by operated asset
Show a credible and explicit path for OGMP 2.0 implementation for operated assets, including milestones
List non-operated assets (if applicable)
Commit to working with non-operated ventures
Show an explicit and credible path for OGMP 2.0 implementation at non-operating assets, each with its own milestone as applicable

The required elements essentially outline the borders of the map to emissions reduction and achieving OGMP Gold Standard. They give an idea of what one would expect to find within, but the details of the implementation plan, i.e., the detailed map, is left up to the member company. Implementation plans are scored to evaluate whether a company should achieve the Pathway to Gold Standard designation. UNEP scores implementation plans to evaluate whether a company should achieve the Pathway to Gold Standard designation. Each required element of the plan is scored in a binary manner, with a one representing the element being in place and a zero score for absent or not reasonably demonstrated element. Companies reporting non-operated assets achieve Gold Standard with a score ≥ 8.5 points (of 9) and those without non-operated assets achieve Gold Standard with a score of ≥5.5 (of 6).

Ambitious and Realistic

As we are blazing our trail towards gold standard, we will encounter choices. We have a defined time to arrive at our destination but trying to swim across a river when you only dog paddle, in the effort to save a little time building a bridge, might not be a great plan. This is why being ambitious while being realistic is important. The goals your company is setting need to be ambitious but setting unrealistic goals is a sure way to fail.

For example, if a member company’s most material source is pneumatic controllers, they should consider the actual OGMP 2.0-aligned goal. Is it best to jump in and measure 10% of 10,000 pneumatics to develop emission factors, knowing the technical challenges and time required to do it properly? Or does the company need to look realistically at its inventory first? Are there significant gaps in records of their pneumatics? Are pneumatic malfunctions being recorded in leak detection and repair (LDAR) surveys? Are a subset of pneumatics being targeted for replacement with no-bleed devices as part of a regulatory compliance program? Additional considerations may include comparing the costs of installing instrument air or alternative emissions-free technology or retrofits, whether or not required for regulatory compliance. An effective and credible implementation plan may strike a balance between the ambition of an extensive measurement program and emissions reduction projects. Ambition and realism go hand in hand with a credible and explicit implementation plan.

Stepwise, Staged Approach

Continuing the roadmap analogy, if we don’t take our journey in a metered and measured manner, we are not going to know if we have selected the best route, and once we reach our destination we may not remember where we started. Therefore, an effective implementation plan outlines how to meet all requirements of the OGMP 2.0 framework in steps or stages. Each stage includes the problem definition, analysis, formulation, and monitoring is carried out in turn, making the process cyclical. An effective implementation plan demonstrates that as the evolution of the performance of the assets are tracked, the company will show a logical flow to Level 4 or 5 reporting across all assets, with the goal of achieving the gold standard of reporting within 3 years.

One common mistake we have seen is the commitment to move through OGMP Levels at breakneck pace. When a member develops a plan to move from Level 3 to Level 5 in one year, there may be omissions in the plan. For instance, the plan may be lacking the phasing aspect by assuming that all source-level and site-level measurements will be completed in a single year. It may be better to clearly outline that there may be phasing that leads to the member achieving Level 4 for some subset of sources but having to report at Level 3 (with the distance to Level 4 rapidly closing). Omitting the details of phasing risks the plan not being explicit.

Better practice is to show the stepped progression from L3 to L5. A stepwise staged plan provides clarity to all stakeholders about the elements themselves, the roles each will play within the framework and the opportunities to influence the outcomes, thus making it credible and explicit. A basic example of this might be developing an overly ambitious plan of measuring many pneumatics. Committing to measuring 100,000 pneumatics might not be a realistic goal for a single year based on the physical location of your assets. This is where taking a stepwise staged approach is valuable. The goal of Gold Standard is achievable, but trying to sprint to the finish doesn’t always produce the desired result.

Transparent and Honest

Equally as critical to the elements discussed above is stakeholder engagement. This is where transparency and internal honesty come into play. Your credible implementation plan shows both your external and internal stakeholders your intended path, and, when done correctly, will ensure buy-in and commitment to both the program and reaching intended goals.

An effective implementation plan will honestly identify gaps in current measurement and quantification programs and clearly outline an approach to meet OGMP 2.0 requirements. For example, you may have regulatory-driven detection or measurement programs in place, but additional evaluation is required to meet OGMP requirements. Your plan should clearly outline what needs to be added to the program and why, and a plan to achieve it. Without this level of explicit detail, you risk leaving unresolved gaps in your data. In contrast, by clearly outlining steps to implement according to the OGMP 2.0 framework, your measurement teams will understand the needed steps to close gaps, and stakeholders will trust the gaps are being addressed. This is critical to a successful OGMP 2.0 journey.

It is also important to remember that your reduction targets will also be publicly disclosed. There is importance both internally and externally on the transparency and honesty of your implementation plan. Therefore, this aspect is a critical component of a credible and explicit plan.

Potential Barriers

We have discussed the important components of our implementation plan roadmap, but what about the barriers or stumbling blocks we may encounter along the way? There are possible barriers at every level, but the important thing to remember is that a credible and explicit implementation plan will preemptively identify and eliminate some barriers before they become an issue, and a trusted advisor can be invaluable in this process. An example of a potential barrier can be as simple as selecting a measurement technology. OGMP is intentionally technology-agnostic and allows companies to select the measurement technology they feel most appropriate to collect emission data based on actual operations and site-specific concerns. There is a lot at stake for our journey by selecting the wrong measurement technology, and that mistake could be as costly as taking the wrong fork in the road. It may not end our journey, but it could delay us in reaching our destination on time. The outcome of your measurements may not match expectations. Was this because you selected an unproven technology for your measurements? You may wish you had a trustworthy advisor to help you decide which path might reach the Gold Standard destination more efficiently. Having a partner that has been through the process before, as Montrose has, to identify potential barriers before the initial or updated implementation plan is submitted can be greatly beneficial in making the journey as efficient as possible.

The journey to Gold Standard requires a roadmap in the form of an implementation plan to inform internal and external stakeholders. To be effective, that roadmap should be credible and explicit and meet all framework requirements. It should also be approached using a stepwise staged approach, be ambitious but realistic working towards a true understanding of your emissions profile, be transparent and internally honest and with an eye towards the potential barriers along the journey. Along with a trusted trailblazing partner like Montrose to help develop and refine your implementation plan, you can set aside your fears about getting lost in the OGMP 2.0 wilderness and get on the pathway to Gold Standard!

Don’t miss the next blog in this series, where we will discuss in detail the elements of a successful technology pilot program!

Want to hear more about our Sustainability and Climate Advisory services? Learn more about our offerings here .

Learn More About Methane Regulations Read from one of our subject matter experts on the methane regulations to know in 2024 here .

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RideRambler

20 Classic Fords Everyone Wishes They Could Get Their Hands On

Posted: April 10, 2024 | Last updated: April 10, 2024

<p>The ’55 Thunderbird isn’t just a car; it’s a legend. It wasn’t meant to be a <a href="https://www.riderambler.com/top-10-cheap-sports-cars/">sports car</a> but a stylish cruiser. Every T-bird came with a V-8 and a snazzy painted fiberglass top. Plus, those dual exhausts exiting through the bumper guards? Pure class.</p>

Ford’s been unleashing monsters right from the start, crafting metal beasts that dominate both the asphalt jungle and the racing circuits. Think growling Mustangs, slick Thunderbirds, and the unstoppable force of the GT40.

We’re not just talking cars here; we’re talking legends, built with grit, muscle, and a whole lot of horsepower. These are 20 classic Fords that have proven time and again why they’re the kings of the road.

1940 Ford Standard Fordor Sedan

The 1940 Ford Standard Fordor Sedan sticks out with its slick front grille, setting it apart from its siblings. It’s a classic ride, with Ford rolling out about 151,000 of these back in the day.

Priced around $21,500 now, it’s powered by a 221-cubic-inch V8, kicking out 85 hp and 155 lb-ft of torque, matched with a manual three-speed.

<p>Back in the late ’60s, Ford shook things up with the Torino GT, a sleek beast built from the Fairlane’s bones but with way more attitude. Known for its distinctive looks – think long hood and short back, kind of like a coke bottle – it became a favorite. With its hearty V8 and a range that included everything from sedans to wagons, the Torino GT’s not hard to find and keeps on cruising with its tough-as-nails guts.</p>

1968 Torino GT

Back in the late ’60s, Ford shook things up with the Torino GT, a sleek beast built from the Fairlane’s bones but with way more attitude. Known for its distinctive looks – think long hood and short back, kind of like a coke bottle – it became a favorite.

With its hearty V8 and a range that included everything from sedans to wagons, the Torino GT’s not hard to find and keeps on cruising with its tough-as-nails guts.

<p>The F-100 is where Ford’s truck legacy really starts to shine. Post-war America was all about trucks that could handle a day’s work and still look good doing it. The F-100 nailed it, offering comforts like sun visors and armrests. It’s tough to find one that hasn’t been beaten up or modded today, but they’re out there. With its success, it paved the way for the feature-packed trucks we see today. A mint F-100? That’s like finding gold.</p>

Clocking in at $27,000, the 1953 Ford F-100 is the truck everyone’s after. When Ford celebrated 50 years by renaming the F-1 series to F-100, they hit the jackpot. This truck, with its distinct hood and big, bold headlights, isn’t just a looker; it’s a doer, through and through.

Made in a time when a pickup meant something, it’s the real deal for anyone chasing that appreciates a good truck.

<p>The Ford Escort RS1600: a legend from ’71 to ’74, tearing up rallies and races alike. With its Cosworth magic under the hood – a 1.6-liter engine paired with a five-speed – it was the underdog that could and did. These days, seeing one in action is still exciting, a nod to its glory days on the track.</p>

1970 Ford Escort RS1600

The Ford Escort RS1600: a legend from ’71 to ’74, tearing up rallies and races alike. With its Cosworth magic under the hood – a 1.6-liter engine paired with a five-speed – it was the underdog that could and did.

These days, seeing one in action is still exciting, a nod to its glory days on the track.

1951 Ford Deluxe

Post-war and pushing boundaries, the 1951 Ford Deluxe was a game-changer. This “Shoebox” Ford, as they call it, was a hit for anyone eyeing a fresh start with a new car, beating out rivals in the race for the American driveway.

Today, a Deluxe will set you back about $13,900, offering a choice between a straight-six or a V8. It’s proof that good design never goes out of style, making it a catch for collectors or anyone who appreciates a ride with roots.

1960 Thunderbird

Priced at about $20,000, the 1960 Thunderbird wasn’t just Ford’s retort to the Corvette; it was its own thing, a luxury ride with a beefy V8 under the hood. Ford played it smart, not boxing the T-bird as a sports car but as something more upscale, and guess what? It worked. This bird outdid the Corvette in sales early on.

Though the Thunderbird’s production stopped in 2005, the ’60 model, with its sleek, jet-fighter looks, still turns heads and runs strong as a daily whip with the right TLC.

1954 Ford Crestline Skyliner

If you’ve got $15,900 and want a taste of the ’50s American dream on wheels, check out the 1954 Ford Crestline Skyliner. This rare beauty comes with a glass roof panel up front for those sunny day drives.

With just over 13,000 made, it’s a catch. The 239 cubic inch V8 keeps you going with 130 hp, making every ride a smooth trip down memory lane.

1964.5 Ford Mustang

The original pony, the 1964.5 Mustang, might not win any speed records or cost a fortune, but it’s the one that started the stampede.

Whether it’s the base inline-six or the beefier 289-cubic-inch V8, this Mustang’s got cool written all over it. It’s the kind of car that never goes out of style.

<p>Owning a Shelby is a badge of honor, but having one that Carroll Shelby himself drove? Priceless. Well, almost – someone forked over $742,500 for this privilege at a 2008 auction. This 1969 Shelby GT500 Convertible isn’t just any ride; it’s one of only 247 made, powered by a roaring 428ci Cobra Jet V8 with 335 hp.</p>

1969 Shelby GT500 Convertible

Owning a Shelby is a badge of honor, but having one that Carroll Shelby himself drove? Priceless. Well, almost – someone forked over $742,500 for this privilege at a 2008 auction.

This 1969 Shelby GT500 Convertible isn’t just any ride; it’s one of only 247 made, powered by a roaring 428ci Cobra Jet V8 with 335 hp.

<p>After shelving the premium Parklane, Ford wasn’t ready to give up on the sport wagon scene, cue the Del Rio. Launched in 1957 and based on the two-door Ranch Wagon, the Del Rio offered a better deal than its Chevy and Pontiac rivals, without breaking the bank. It’s got a practical two-piece tailgate, dodging those pesky water leaks GM wagons were known for. With just 12,687 made and a recent price jump to $21,600, the Del Rio is a solid choice for wagon enthusiasts looking for something special.</p>

1958 Ford Del Rio Ranch Wagon

After shelving the premium Parklane, Ford wasn’t ready to give up on the sport wagon scene, cue the Del Rio. Launched in 1957 and based on the two-door Ranch Wagon, the Del Rio offered a better deal than its Chevy and Pontiac rivals, without breaking the bank. It’s got a practical two-piece tailgate, dodging those pesky water leaks GM wagons were known for.

With just 12,687 made and a recent price jump to $21,600, the Del Rio is a solid choice for wagon enthusiasts looking for something special.

1967 Lotus 49 Ford-Cosworth

The 1967 Lotus 49 Ford-Cosworth changed the game with its DFV engine, making it the backbone of the car, literally. This ride wasn’t just fast; it was a blueprint for future racers, snagging second in the constructors’ championship in ’67 and leading the pack in ’68 and ’70.

The DFV didn’t stop there, powering winners in Formula 1, Le Mans, and the Indy 500. It’s a piece of history that set the standard for what a powerhouse engine could do.

1959 Ford Country Sedan

Rolling in with space for nine, the 1959 Ford Country Sedan was the go-to wagon for the family on the move. Not as fancy as the Country Squire but still packed with the essentials like dual sun visors and a more intuitive horn ring. It was a hit, with over 123,000 units sold in its prime year.

Nowadays, its value is jumping, showing that this wagon’s blend of practicality and classic style is getting the nod from collectors, with prices now hitting $19,200.

1955 Ford Thunderbird

Ford’s answer to the Corvette came with flair in 1955: the Thunderbird. This wasn’t just another car; it was Ford’s statement on style and luxury, quickly outselling its rival. With a variety of body styles over the years, it carved out its niche.

After a storied run that saw it come and go, the Thunderbird nameplate hung up its wings in 2005, leaving behind a legacy of 50 years filled with ups and downs.

<p>When Ford and Carroll Shelby joined forces, they weren’t playing around. The Shelby 427 Cobra was a monster, packing a 427-cubic-inch V8 that pumped out up to 485 hp. This car wasn’t just about power; it was about setting a benchmark for performance that still echoes today. If you’re talking about cars that left a mark, the Shelby 427 Cobra is up there with the legends.</p>

1965 Shelby 427 Cobra

When Ford and Carroll Shelby joined forces, they weren’t playing around. The Shelby 427 Cobra was a monster, packing a 427-cubic-inch V8 that pumped out up to 485 hp.

This car wasn’t just about power; it was about setting a benchmark for performance that still echoes today. If you’re talking about cars that left a mark, the Shelby 427 Cobra is up there with the legends.

<p>The Fairlane 500 stood out as the cool, more approachable cousin to the Plymouth Road Runner. What made it special? That 428-cubic-inch Super Cobra Jet V8, for starters, pushing out 360 hp. It came with a smooth ride and responsive steering, although it wasn’t the king of the curves. Prices for a well-kept Hardtop Coupe are around $45,100, but with recent interest spiking, who knows? This could be the next six-figure classic.</p>

1969 Ford Fairlane 500

The Fairlane 500 stood out as the cool, more approachable cousin to the Plymouth Road Runner. What made it special? That 428-cubic-inch Super Cobra Jet V8, for starters, pushing out 360 hp. It came with a smooth ride and responsive steering, although it wasn’t the king of the curves.

Prices for a well-kept Hardtop Coupe are around $45,100, but with recent interest spiking, who knows? This could be the next six-figure classic.

<p>The Ford GT40’s origin story is like something out of a Hollywood script, born from a rivalry with Ferrari after a deal went south. Henry Ford II’s mission was clear: build a car to outclass Ferrari at Le Mans. Despite a rocky start and a string of engineering challenges, the GT40 made history in 1966 by claiming a 1-2-3 victory at Le Mans, marking Ford as the first American manufacturer to dominate the podium there. These days, snagging an original GT40 means shelling out big bucks, but it’s a piece of racing lore that’s worth every penny.</p>

1966 Ford GT40

The Ford GT40’s origin story is like something out of a Hollywood script, born from a rivalry with Ferrari after a deal went south. Henry Ford II’s mission was clear: build a car to outclass Ferrari at Le Mans.

Despite a rocky start and a string of engineering challenges, the GT40 made history in 1966 by claiming a 1-2-3 victory at Le Mans, marking Ford as the first American manufacturer to dominate the podium there.

These days, snagging an original GT40 means shelling out big bucks, but it’s a piece of racing lore that’s worth every penny.

<p>The 1969 Thunderbird is finally getting its due, with its value on the rise. It’s not the first T-bird model that jumps to mind, but it’s got a lot under the hood with its 429-cubic inch engine cranking out 360 hp. For just $16,800, you can own this slice of American muscle, showcasing that even the underappreciated models have their day in the sun.</p>

1969 Ford Thunderbird

The 1969 Thunderbird is finally getting its due, with its value on the rise. It’s not the first T-bird model that jumps to mind, but it’s got a lot under the hood with its 429-cubic inch engine cranking out 360 hp.

For just $16,800, you can own this slice of American muscle, showcasing that even the underappreciated models have their day in the sun.

<p>The Model T wasn’t Ford’s first rodeo, but it was the car that changed everything. Thanks to Henry Ford’s vision of an affordable, simple car for everyone, and his revolutionary assembly line, the Model T became the first car to truly dominate the roads in the U.S. and beyond. Starting in 1908, Ford’s moving assembly line cut production times from 12.5 hours down to just 93 minutes, making the Model T increasingly affordable. By 1927, 15 million Model Ts had been sold, making it one of the most influential cars in history.</p>

1908 Ford Model T

Talking about game changers, the Model T is at the top of the list. Launched in 1908, it wasn’t just a car; it was the vehicle that brought automobiles to the masses, thanks to Henry Ford’s assembly line innovation.

Dominating the roads with over 15 million units sold by 1927, the Model T is the definition of iconic, making it clear that Ford’s legacy is built on more than just luxury and performance.

<p>The 1970 Mustang Boss 302 was Ford’s answer to the Camaro, dialed up to be sportier and stronger with its revamp. With a powerful 290 hp 302 cu in V8 under the hood, this pony was meant to gallop. With only 7,013 made, scoring one today for $12,400 feels like a steal, especially for a <a href="https://www.riderambler.com/hall-of-shame-25-worst-cars-ever-made/">car that’s made</a> its mark in the pony car wars.</p>

1970 Ford Mustang Boss 302

The 1970 Mustang Boss 302 was Ford’s answer to the Camaro, dialed up to be sportier and stronger with its revamp. With a powerful 290 hp 302 cu in V8 under the hood, this pony was meant to gallop.

With only 7,013 made, scoring one today for $12,400 feels like a steal, especially for a car that’s made its mark in the pony car wars.

1989 Ford Bronco XLT

The 1989 Ford Bronco XLT, or as fans like to call it, the “brick nose,” brings a bit of an edge to the Bronco family with its more dynamic, sloping body lines. This fourth-gen Bronco, running from ’87 to ’91, took a leaf out of the eighth-gen F-150’s book, sporting a similar front fascia that set it apart from its predecessors.

It’s a blend of rugged capability and a dash of style, making it a standout choice for those who want their off-roader to have a bit of character.

1971 Ford Capri RS2600

The 1971 Ford Capri RS2600 is a piece of Ford’s European flair, crafted with the spirit of the Mustang in mind but tuned for the European roads. Thanks to Philip T. Clark, one of the Mustang’s designers, the Capri had that fastback coupe vibe down pat.

Built on the mechanical bones of the Mk2 Cortina, the Capri was Ford’s way of delivering muscle car excitement to a European audience.

The RS2600, with its 2.6-liter fuel-injected engine pushing out 148 bhp, was the cream of the crop, showing off what happens when you blend American muscle with European handling finesse.

<p>The Cadillac Escalade is like that loud guy at the party who wants everyone to know how much money he has. It’s big, it’s flashy, and it guzzles gas like there’s no tomorrow, getting about 15 mpg if you’re lucky. Dropping at least $75,000 on this beast might give you street cred, but it won’t do your wallet or the environment any favors. It’s more of a status symbol than a sensible ride, proving that more money doesn’t always mean more sense.</p>

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Iseo Zero1 Thesis 2.0 Standard Instruction Manual
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Thesis Format Standards
ALL pages must have the following: 1.5" left margin (to allow room for binding) 1" top, bottom, and right margins. Paper. White bond paper, 8.5" x 11", with a watermark indicating 25 percent (or higher) cotton content, 20# - 25# weight, is required. Exceptions are allowed only for photographic plates and pocket material.
Line Spacing
Spacing Issues on Signature Page . Highlight the text you are wanting to change then on the Home Ribbon, choose the line spacing symbol, select the desired spacing typically 1.5 for Thesis and 2.0 for Dissertations. Using the Add Space or Remove Space options as needed.
Iseo Zero1 Thesis 2.0 Standard Manuals
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Formatting Guidelines
Footnotes. Format footnotes for your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines: Footnotes must be placed at the bottom of the page separated from the text by a solid line one to two inches long. Begin at the left page margin, directly below the solid line. Single-space footnotes that are more than one line long.
PDF Electronic Theses and Dissertation Formatting Guidelines
Title of Dissertation/Thesis . a. The title should be in Times New Roman 12pt . b. Capitalize the significant words in the title . c. Center the title; Single space the title if more than one line. 2. Use 2 single (1.0) blank line spaces before and after the title . 3. Indent the first line of each paragraph .5 inches. 4. The xtte is double ...
Formatting your thesis: Overall layout and specifications
The final copy of the thesis must be converted to .pdf (PDF/A format) for submission to the Library (maximum 400 mb). See the guide Saving your thesis in PDF/A format for instructions. Theses must be formatted for US Letter (8.5X11) pages. Landscape 8.5X11 and 11X17 pages are permitted.
Thesis 2.0 Tutorial [Part II]
Go to Thesis > Packages > Select Packages and upload the zip file. Once it is successfully installed, check the box and click Save Packages. Now switch to Thesis 2.0 Skin Editor CSS window and you will be able to see the custom package along with other packages in the Packages drop-down. Select the package, click on add package and specify the ...
Guidelines for the General Format of a Ph.D. Thesis
Use the standard A4 format and set the same margins all around (e.g. 2.5 cm, top/bottom, right/left). Remember that the thesis will be printed and boud and that margins should thus be large enough. Text size and line spacing. The text should be in 11 or 12 point character and 1.5 spaced lines. Footnotes should be in 10 point character and ...
Formatting a Thesis or Dissertation
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF. Thomas A. Edison for the degree of Master of Science in Physics presented on January 30, 2024 A.. Title: Upon Recording Telegraph Messages Automatically. Abstract approved: _____ Major I. Professor B. Begin text here, using the same line spacing (either double space or 1.5), font style and font size as within the body of the text in your document.
Required Sections, Guidelines, and Suggestions : Graduate School
Line 1: A Dissertation [or Thesis] Line 2: Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School. Line 3: of Cornell University. Line 4: in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of. Line 5: Doctor of Philosophy [or other appropriate degree] Center the following three lines within the margins: Line 1: by.
PDF A Guide to Thesis, Project, and Dissertation Formatting
A GUIDE TO THESIS, PROJECT, AND DISSERTATION FORMATTING . 2020-2021 Edition . California State University, San Bernardino Office of Graduate Studies, COE 356 . 5500 University Parkway San Bernardino, CA 92407 (909) 537- 5058 . gradstudies.csusb.edu
Thesis Format Guide
The thesis format font size and spacing follows a specific framework. ... Use standard 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set 1-inch margins on all sides. Font: Use a readable and professional font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri. Font size for the main text should typically be 12 points.
Line Spacing
The majority of your thesis/dissertation should be double-spaced. There are sections, however, that can and/or must be single-spaced. Double-Spaced: Dedication; Acknowledgments; Abstract; Body of Manuscript; Single-Spaced: Title Page (see Example for specific manually input spaces) Table of Contents (an extra space is added before each level ...
PDF OSCM Thesis Guidelines 10Dec2015 rev2
2 Contents. A typical Project study/Bachelor's thesis has around 30 to 50 pages and a Master's/Diploma thesis has around 50 to 80 pages, counted from introduction to conclusion (without appendix). The length of a seminar report is communicated by the lecturer (because they vary from chair to chair). Please note that the exact length of the ...
Thesis templates
v2.3.1 - this release makes a very minor change to the title page of the thesis template by including in the commented notes a list of all possible Faculty options at SFU. v2.2.1 (renamed to v.2.3.0) (bugfix - Summer 2018) - this release fixes a bug introduced in v2.2.0 and is recommended for all users of the template.
The WHO 2016 verbal autopsy instrument: An international standard
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The new PDF 2.0 and subset standards
The PDF/VT-3 standard builds on PDF/X-6 (defined in ISO 15930-9) to provide support for the PDF 2.0 imaging model in the variable and transactional printing context. PDF/VT-3 allows use of graphic object definitions to specify graphical content data only once, independent of the number of times it is referenced in the file, and include hinting ...
OGMP 2.0: Developing a Credible Implementation Plan
The implementation plan, as described in the OMGP Implementation Plan Template, consists of 8 key elements: Describe company targets. Define the baseline year. Identify the target date for Gold Standard. Commit to reach L4/L5 by operated asset. Show a credible and explicit path for OGMP 2.0 implementation for operated assets, including ...
PDF Formatting your dissertation/thesis
Make the formatting changes in the Formatting area [1]: Click on the Format button [2], and select the Paragraph option from the list. 2. Apply paragraph 'Spacing' [3] to your headings using the arrow buttons to increase/decrease, or type directly into the 'Before' and/or 'After' boxes. 3.
PDF Guidelines for the Preparation of a Thesis
the cover page, which is standard for every thesis. Because it is an academic work, sections of the thesis should be identified by appropriate headings. Ordinarily, the use of outline form (ex. I, A, 1, a, or 1.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.1.1.) should be avoided. Although APA recommends running heads for a publication, these should not appear in
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Graduate School

Formatting a Thesis or Dissertation

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Student Responsibility

General Format

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Appendix Heading Page

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Orphan Lines, Headers, Footnotes

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Figure Definition

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Copyright Page

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/images/cornell/logo35pt_cornell_white.svg" alt="thesis 2.0 standard"> Cornell University --> Graduate School

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Biographical Sketch

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

Two-Volume Theses or Dissertations

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Thesis Format Essentials: Structure, Tips, and Templates

What is a Thesis and a Dissertation?

How to Structure a Thesis - The Formatting Basics

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Thesis Format Guidelines

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