Presentation of Quantitative Research Findings
- First Online: 30 August 2023
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- Jan Koetsenruijter 3 &
- Michel Wensing 3
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Valid and clear presentation of research findings is an important aspect of health services research. This chapter presents recommendations and examples for the presentation of quantitative findings, focusing on tables and graphs. The recommendations in this field are largely experience-based. Tables and graphs should be tailored to the needs of the target audience, which partly reflects conventional formats. In many cases, simple formats of tables and graphs with precise information are recommended. Misleading presentation formats must be avoided, and uncertainty of findings should be clearly conveyed in the presentation. Research showed that the latter does not reduce trust in the presented data.
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Koetsenruijter, J., Wensing, M. (2023). Presentation of Quantitative Research Findings. In: Wensing, M., Ullrich, C. (eds) Foundations of Health Services Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29998-8_5
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Quantitative Research Methods
Apr 07, 2019
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Quantitative Research Methods. Richard Gramzow. Research Cycle. Theory Intuition Observation Consensus. Hypothesis (Conceptual). Method (Operational). Data Analysis (Statistical). Conclusion (s). Overview of Semester 1. Correlational Research Designs Descriptive Statistics
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- brown formula
- reliability coefficients
- nominal judgments percent agreement
- data exercise break
- correlational research designs
- aggregation
Presentation Transcript
Quantitative Research Methods Richard Gramzow
Research Cycle • Theory • Intuition • Observation • Consensus Hypothesis (Conceptual) Method (Operational) Data Analysis (Statistical) Conclusion (s)
Overview of Semester 1 • Correlational Research Designs • Descriptive Statistics • Statistical Inference • T-tests, confidence intervals, power, and effect size • Bivariate Correlation • Bivariate Regression • Partial Correlation/Multiple Regression
Basic Concepts: Correlational Research • Research Question • Hypotheses • Independent and Dependent Variables • Variables at the Conceptual Level • Operationalized Variables • Scales of Measurement • Causal Inference • Reliability • Construct Validity • Practical: Data Exercise Break
Target Article • Are self-enhancing cognitions associated with healthy or unhealthy biological profiles? • Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sherman, D. K., Sage, R. M., & McDowell, N. K. (2003). • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 605-615.
Research Question • Broad issue or problem • People tend to report overly positive self-evaluations • Are positive illusions about the self healthy or unhealthy? • Background • Falsely positive views of one’s medical condition (and personal control) are correlated with physical health and longevity • HIV/AIDS • Specific Question • Are self-enhancing cognitions associated with physiological indicators of stress regulation in healthy adults?
Hypothesis • Statement about the presumed relationship among a set of variables • At the conceptual level • Self-enhancing cognitions reduce physiological responses to stress, resulting in: • Chronically better regulated stress systems • Lower acute responses to stress
Where Do HypothesesCome From? • Bill McGuire (Annual Review of Psychology, 1997) • 49 Heuristics for Generating Hypotheses • Ranging from… • Statistical modeling to… • Disrupting ordinary states of consciousness.
Where Do HypothesesCome From? • Inductive Techniques • specific observations lead to general hypotheses • Observe: Public, Self, Friends, Children, Pets • Case Studies • résumé embellishment • Paradoxical Incidents • Kitty Genovese • Practitioner’s rule of thumb • scarcity effect
Where Do HypothesesCome From? • Deductive Techniques • reasoning from the general to the specific • Reasoning by analogy • inoculation and persuasion • Functional analysis • sex differences in jealously • Hypothetico-deductive method • Positive Illusions framework
Hypotheses Independent Variable - The Cause. The variable believed to influence the dependent variable. • Self-Enhancing Cognitions • The tendency to report an overly positive self-view
Stress Response Causes Self- Enhancement IV DV Hypotheses • Dependent Variable - The Effect. The variable believed to be influenced by the independent variable. • Physiological Stress Response
Quick Quiz:Independent vs. Dependent Variables • A cognitive psychologist finds an association between alcohol consumption (0 drinks, 2 drinks, 5 drinks) and reaction time during a driving simulation task. • A clinical psychologist develops an experiment to test the type of therapy that is most effective in the treatment of test anxiety among male college students. • An organizational psychologist examines whether job performance is related to the number of breaks allowed during an 8-hour shift. • A social psychologist finds an association between marital satisfaction and overtime-hours worked.
How Does Self-Enhancement Affect Stress Response? • “Mediators” or “Mechanisms” • Psychological • Distress • Health • Resources Physiological Stress Response Self-Enhancement
Defining Variables • Conceptual Definition • Definition at the theoretical level • Similar to a dictionary definition • Only one conceptual definition
Defining Variables • Operational Definition • The procedures used to measure or manipulate the variable • Countless operational definitions are possible Stress Response Conceptual Level Direct Self-Report Cardiovascular Reactivity Neuro- endocrine Observation Operational Level
Measurement • Assignment of numbers to specific observations to reflect their variation • Scales of Measurement • Nominal/Categorical • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio
How was the independent variable operationalized? • Self-Enhancement • How I See Myself Questionnaire • 21 Positive Qualities (academic ability, self-respect) • 21 Negative Qualities (selfish, pretentious) • Rate Self relative to Peers • Scale: • 1 (much less than average) • 7 (much more than average) • Self-Enhancement Score • Negative items were reverse scored • 42 ratings were averaged • Possible range 1 to 7, with values above 4 indicating self-enhancement relative to peers
How was the dependent variable operationalized? • Chronic Indicators • Baseline Cortisol from saliva samples • Baseline Heart Rate and Blood Pressure • Acute Response to Stress • Changes in cortisol, HR, and BP • Counting backward task • While videotaped • Diagnostic of mental ability • Your score will be compared to others’ scores • Go faster!
How were the potential mediators operationalized? • Psychological distress, health, and resources • all standard self-report measures
Study Design • Was then Taylor et al. (2003) study a correlational study or a true experiment?
Correlational Study • No manipulation of independent variable (self-enhancement) • Thus, no random assignment to conditions of the IV • IV = “predictor” variable • DV = “criterion” variable • Advantages and Disadvantages?
Correlational Research • Advantages • Examine variables as they occur naturally • Examine relationships that might not be possible or ethical to manipulate • Gain converging evidence for the theory • in combo. with experimental research • Disadvantage • Cannot determine cause and effect • because no random assignment to levels of IV
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
Aggression ? Stress Response ? Why a Correlation Does Not Imply “Cause and Effect” • Reverse Causality Problem Media Violence Self- Enhancement
Genetic Predisposition Why a Correlation Does Not Imply “Cause and Effect” • Third Variable Problem Self- Enhancement Stress Response
What is reliability? • Reliability = consistency of measurement • Observed Score = “True” Score + measurement error • The less measurement error, the greater the reliability • How minimize measurement error? • Use a Good Measure • Clear wording, limit response bias, etc. • Use a Good Procedure to Administer it • Train experimenters; Use standardized setting and instructions • Limit Mistakes in: • Participant responses • Data entry .00 (Scores are Random) to 1.00 (Perfect Reliability) Reliability Indexes Range from:
Reliability • Random errors are self-canceling • Multiple measures improve reliability • aggregation • Aggregation also allows for calculating a reliability coefficient
Reliability Coefficients • Split-Half, Test-Retest, and Equivalent Forms Reliability • Pearson correlation (r) • Internal Consistency • Spearman-Brown formula (R) • Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (K-R 20) • Cronbach’s alpha (α) • Interrater Reliability • Percent Agreement (can be misleading) • Cohen’s kappa (κ) • Intraclass r
Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha • Estimate of average r among all the items • Equivalent to the average of all possible split-half reliabilities
σ21 = .962 σ22 = .797 σ23 = 1.126 Σ = 2.885
Spearman-Brown Formula • Reliability coefficients increase as the number of items increases Word of caution
Interrater Reliability • Kappa for Nominal Judgments Percent Agreement = (18 + 25 + 26)/100 = 69% Kappa “corrects” for chance agreement = .53
Closer to Bull’s eye = Validity Consistency of Attempts = Reliability A = Neither Reliable nor Valid B = Reliable but not Valid C = Reliable and Valid
Quick Quiz:Reliability and Validity • Which of the following is true: In order to be valid, a measure must also be reliable In order to be reliable, a measure must also be valid If you determine that a measure is reliable, that tells you that it is also valid
Other Types of Validity • Internal and External Validity • More about these in a couple of weeks
Practical Exercise • Dataset • 159 survey respondents • Fear of Negative Evaluation • 1 to 7 scale • Self-Enhancement • 10 enhancement items • 1 to 10 scale • Your Task • Test Reliability of Self-Enhancement Scale • Test for Correlation between Self-Enhancement and Fear of Negative Evaluation • Test for Gender Differences in Self-Enhancement and Fear of Negative Evaluation
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
M. Quantitative research uses statistical and mathematical techniques to systematically investigate observable phenomena in natural and social sciences. The document discusses how quantitative research has contributed across various fields like anthropology, communication, medicine, behavioral science, education/psychology, and social science.
Quantitative research. Jan 11, 2016 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 163 likes • 177,967 views. Tooba Kanwal. This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions. Education. 1 of 32. Download now.
5. An example for Research Methodology Each step may involve several research methods From Research Methodology to Hypothesis Step 1: Planning and defining RQ Step 2: Literature Review Step 3: Survey Development Step 5: Data Analysis Step 4: Data Collection Step 6: Documentation Methodology. 6. Methodology Scopes (included but not limited to) 1 ...
scientific research (relevant for writing your dissertations) • …help you to better understand and evaluate quantitative claims (relevant for evaluating plausibility of current research) • …help you to think more critically about evidence-based arguments made in the 'real world' (relevant for being a good human being) 5/45
Revised on June 22, 2023. Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and analyzing ...
Mixed-methods research is a flexible approach, where the research design is determined by what we want to find out rather than by any predetermined epistemological position. In mixed-methods research, qualitative or quantitative components can predominate, or both can have equal status. 1.4. Units and variables.
Lesson 2 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Different Fields - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. This document discusses the importance of quantitative research across different fields. It begins by defining key characteristics of quantitative research, such as relying on measurable data, large ...
LESSON-2-PR2 - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. This document discusses the importance of quantitative research across different fields and disciplines. It provides examples of how quantitative research is used in fields like education, business, science, humanities, technical/vocational studies, and ...
The purpose of this paper is to introduce graduate students and new researchers to quantitative and qualitative research design and to help them choose the best method based on the type of information needed and analytical capability. Download Free PDF. View PDF. Quantitative Research Project Proposal. Lena Bucatariu. Download Free PDF. View PDF.
Module 4 Ppt Final - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. This document discusses the importance of quantitative research across different fields. It outlines the objectives to illustrate how quantitative research is important across fields, analyze its uses in various fields, and describe its importance.
Aim of the study: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive behavioral (CB) intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults. Design: A quasi-experimental pretest-and-posttest design was utilized to conduct this study. Setting: The study was conducted in the geriatric social club in Zagazig City.
Valid and clear presentation of research findings is an important aspect of health services research. This chapter presents recommendations and examples for the presentation of quantitative findings, focusing on tables and graphs. The recommendations in this field are largely experience-based. Tables and graphs should be tailored to the needs ...
3. Reasons for Quantitative Research Exploratory Investigates issues with the goal of providing insight and information to the researcher Use pilot studies to test feasibility or value of working in an area; focus groups to guide survey design Description Describe the current situation or classify situations, events or groups. Often use large scale data sets -NELS, High School and Beyond, etc ...
Presentation Transcript. Quantitative Research • Numbers-based - Quantitative research refers to the manipulation of numbers to make claims, provide evidence, describe phenomena, determine relationships, or determine causation. • Deductive - usually tests a hypothesis based on previous research. Numbers are important to determine when a ...
C. CyrilleGustilo. Follow. research. Education. 1 of 15. Download Now. Download to read offline. The importance of quantitative research across fields.pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free.
This Self-Instructional Module (SIM) in Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) is specially designed for the senior high school students and teachers. The explanation and examples in this SIM are based from the personal experiences of the authors in actual conduct of both basic and action researches.
355587665-Importance-of-Quantitative-Research.pptx - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.
Importance of Quantitative Research in Different Fields - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Importance of Quantitative Research
Applied Quantitative Research Methods. Applied Quantitative Research Methods. Learning outcomes state the level of understanding needed to start this module successfully detail the organisation of the module list the different sessions. The importance of research methods. 173 views • 13 slides
Quantitative Research. Apr 2, 2022 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 3 likes • 6,298 views. syerencs. This presentation explains quantitative reseach and its process. You can also find the differences between quantitave and qualitative reseacher. Education. 1 of 22.
The Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields. null. What communicative behaviors are used to respond to co-workers displaying emotional stress? (Allen, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009) 3. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and SPORTS MEDICINE Quantitative research is used to analyze how sports may be used as an alternative way of medicating an illness. An ...
2. Quantitative and Qualitative Research How Students Go About Doing This Definition: quantitative and qualitative research Qualitative research A body of research techniques which seeks insights through loosely structured, mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Analysis is interpretative, subjective, impressionistic and diagnostic.
2_Importance_of_Quantitative_Research_across_Varoius_Fields.pptx - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Quantitative research is important across various fields for several reasons: 1) It produces precise measurements and in-depth analysis of data. 2) It provides an objective understanding of phenomena by ...