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Chapter 4 - The Critical Literature Review Research Methods for Business A Skill-Building Approach - By Uma Sekaran, Roger Bougie
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- 1. Chapter 4 The Critical Literature Review
- 2. Introduction (p.51) We explained that a first review of the academic literature will help you to: • narrow down the broad problem. • develop a clear and specific problem statement. The process of critical literature review: • identification of published and unpublished work from secondary data sources. • evaluation of this work in relation to the problem. • documentation of this work. ➢There are two pitfalls you have to be aware of when you document the literature review: misrepresenting others and plagiarism. االك لألدبيات األولى المراجعة ان ًاسابق اوضحنااديمية في ستساعدك: •المشكلة نطاق تضيق. •مشكلة بيان وتحديد وتوضيح تطوير. السابقة األدبيات مراجعة عملية تتضمن: •الثانوية البيانات مصادر تحديد(وال المنشورةغير منشورة) •بالمشكلة عالقة لها التي االدبيات تقييم. •السابقة االدبيات توثيق. •مخاطر هناكعند بها دراية على تكون أن يجب األدبيات مراجعة توثيق:عمل تحريفاآلخرين واالنتحال
- 3. Introduction (p.51) • A literature review: " the selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed“. • a literature review ensures that: 1. The research effort is positioned relative to existing knowledge and builds on this knowledge. 2. You can look at a problem from a specific angle it shapes your thinking and sparks useful insights on the topic of your research. •هي االدبيات اجعةرم: “المتاحة الوثائق اختيار(المنشور الغيرو ةرالمنشوة)حول أفكو ،معلومات على يحتوي الذيو ، البحث عموضو،ار لتحقي معينة نظر وجهة من مكتوبة ادلةو وبياناتاهداف ق طبيع حول معينة نظر وجهات عن التعبير او محددةة يتم ان يجب وكيف عالموضوالتحقيقالتقييمولهذه الفعال حالمقتر بالبحث يتعلق فيما الوثائق." •يلي ما األدبيات مراجعة تضمن: 1.القا المعرفة على بناء البحثية الجهود وضع يتمئمة (ًامسبق الموجودة)عليها والبناء. 2.تش فهي محددة زاوية من المشكلة الى النظر يمكنككل بحثك موضوع حول مفيدة رؤى وتثير تفكيرك.
- 4. Introduction (p.52) 3. You do not run the risk of "reinventing the wheel", that is, wasting effort on trying to rediscover something that is already known. 4. You are able to introduce relevant terminology and to define key terms used in your writing. 5. You obtain useful insights of the research methods that others have used to provide an answer to similar research questions. 6. The research effort can be contextualized in a wider academic debate. 3.موجود شيء اكتشاف إعادة لمحاولة الجهد إهدار عدم ًامسبق. 4.الصلة وذات األساسية المصطلحات تحديد يمكنك البحث بموضوع. 5.ا البحث لطريقة مفيدة رؤى على الحصول يمكنكلتي ألبح أسئلة عن بإجابات لتزويدك االخرون استخدمهااث مشابهة. 6.ن بربط نقوم عندما أوسع سياق ذا البحث يصبحتائج االخرين نتائج مع اليها التوصل تم الذي البحث.
- 5. Resources of literature Review (Data) Textbooks Journals Theses Conference Proceeding Unpublished Manuscripts Reports News papers The internet Data Sources Searching for literature Evaluating the literature Documenting the literature review The process of critical literature review:
- 6. How To Approach The Literature Review (p.54) Data Source ▪ Textbooks (الدراسية الكتب) are a useful source of theory in a specific area. advantage: • cover a broad range of topics. • cover a topic much more thoroughly than articles can. ➢textbooks offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed sources. A downside: they tend to be less up to date than journals. مفيد مصدر تعتبرمعين مجال في للنظرية. اإليجابيات: •من واسعة مجموعة تغطيالمواضيع. •المقاالت من بكثير دقة أكثر. ➢الكتب توفرالدراسيةم يمكن جيدة انطالق نقطةن أكثر مصادر على العثور خاللهاًالتفصي. السلبي الجانب: المجالت من ًاتحديث اقل انها الى تميل.
- 7. ▪ Journals (p.54) العلمية المجالت • both academic and professional journals are important source of up- to-date information. ➢peer- reviewed: this means that the articles have been subject to the scrutiny of experts in the same field before being accepted for publication. • Review articles (that may or may not contain a meta-analysis: a type of data analysis in which the results of several studies are combined and analyzed as if they were the results of one large study) • summarize previous research findings to inform the reader of the state of existing research. • Review articles are very useful become they provide an overview of all the important research in a specific area. •ًمها اًمصدر والمهنية األكاديمية المجالت تعتبرا الحديثة للمعلومات ➢الخبراء مراجعة(النظراء:)خضعت المقاالت أن ل قبولها قبل نفسه المجال في الخبراء لتدقيقلنشر. •المقاالت مراجعة:(ع تحتوي ال أو تحتوي قد التيلى تحليل–ميتا:ف يتم البيانات تحليل من نوعجمع يه كانت لو كما الدراسات من العديد نتائج وتحليلنتائج واحدة كبيرة دراسة) •مراجعةالمقاالتع نظرة توفر ألنها للغاية مفيدةامة معين مجال في الهامة البحوث جميع على.
- 8. Journals العلمية المجالت • Research article are reports of empirical research, describing one or a few related studies. The concept background section of a research article provides a compact overview of relevant literature. research article also provide a detailed description of the purpose of the study, the method(s) used, and the results of the study. • articles in professional journals are valuable source of recent developments in the field and of facts and figures. what's more, they may provide you with a feel for the practical relevance of a problem. •المقالالبحثية:، تجريبية أبحاث عن تقارير هيتصف الدراسة بموضوع صلة ذات دراسات بضع أو واحدة. الخلفية قسمالمفاهيميةفيت البحثية المقاالتمرجع وفر مفصال وصفا وتقدم ،الصلة ذات ادبيات عن شامل والطريقة ، الدراسة من للغرض/، المستخدمة الطرق الدراسة هذه ونتائج. •مقاالتالمجالتالمهنيةللتطورات قيم مصدر هي في األخيرةالمجالواألرقام والحقائق.قدلك توفر ما لمشكلة العملية باألهمية الشعور.
- 9. Theses • PhD theses often contain an exhaustive review of the literature in a specific area. Most PhD theses include several empirical chapters. These chapters often have the same structure and characteristics as academic journal articles. • Note that not every empirical chapter of a thesis is eventually published in an academic journal. Conference proceedings • can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not (yet) been published. • very up to date, and for this reason this information source is quite valuable if you are working in a relatively new area. • Not every manuscript presented at a conference is eventually published in an academic journal; hence you must critically assess the quality of this information source. االطروحات •اًبغالمراجعة على الدكتوراه أطروحات تحتوي ما معين مجال في لألدب شاملة.أطروحات معظم تشمل تجريبية فصول عدة الدكتوراه.غال الفصول هذهما با مثل والخصائص الهيكل نفس لها يكونمقاالت األكاديمية المجالت. •الحظاألطر من تجريبي فصل كل نشر يتم ال أنهوحة أكاديمية مجلة في المطاف نهاية في. المؤتمرات وقائع •التي األبحاث أو ،األبحاث أحدث توفير في مفيدةيتم لم بعد نشرها. •ًاقيم ًامصدر يعد السبب ولهذا ،باستمرار تحدثإذا جديد مجال في تعمل كنت. •ف المؤتمر في عرضها تم مخطوطة كل نشر يتم الي مصد جودة من التأكد عليك يجب لذلك ،علمية مجلةر المقدمة المعلومات.
- 10. Unpublished manuscripts منشورة الغير المخطوطات • The APA defines an unpublished manuscript as any information source that is not "officially" released by an individual, publishing house, or other company. • Examples of unpublished manuscripts may include papers accepted for publication but still 'in press," data from an unpublished study, letters , manuscripts in preparation, personal communications (including e-mails). Unpublished manuscripts are often very up to date. •نظ وجهة من منشورة الغير المخطوطات تعريفر االمريكية النفس علماء جمعية:أيمصدر غير معلومات"اًيرسم"قبل من إصداره تمافراد أو نشر دار أوشركة. •المنش غير المخطوطات على األمثلة تشمل قدورة تزال ال ولكنها للنشر المقبولة األوراق"مطبعية"، ، ورسائل ، منشورة غير دراسة من وبيانات قيد ومخطوطات،اإلعدادشخصية واتصاالت(بما اإللكتروني البريد رسائل ذلك في)وغالب ،ما ًا المخطوطات تكونالغيرللغ حديثة المنشورةاية.
- 11. Reports • Government departments and corporations commission or carry out a large amount of research. their published findings provide a useful source of specific market, industry or, company information. التقارير كبير عدد بإجراء والشركات الحكومية الجهات تقوممن األبحاث.لم مفيدا مصدرا المنشورة نتائجها توفرعلومات الشركة أو الصناعة أو السوق عن محددة. Newspapers • provide up-to-date business information. They are useful source of specific market, industry, or company information. • Note that opinions in newspapers are not always unbiased. الصحف •باستمرار محدثة معلومات توفر.مفي مصدر وهيد الشركة معلومات أو الصناعة أو محدد لسوق. •متح غير دائما ليست الصحف في اآلراء أن الحظيزة.
- 12. The Internet االنترنت • The amount of information that can be found on the internet is enormous. • you can search for (the details of) books, journals and journal articles, and conference proceedings, as well as for specialized data such as company publications and reports. • note that the internet is unregulated and unmonitored. • developing an Internet page is easy and cheap. • For this reason, the Internet provides exceptional challenges in determining the usefulness and reliability of information. A source that may help you to assess the quality of online information is Cooke (2001). • You can also find useful information on the Internet. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo! can help you to find relevant information. •كميةاإل شبكة على عليها العثور يمكن التي المعلوماتنترنت العالميةهائلة. •يمكنكعن البحث(تفاصيل)والمقاال والمجالت الكتبت والمؤتمرات ،الصحفيةالمتخ البيانات إلى باإلضافة ،صصة وتقاريرها الشركة منشورات مثل. •غير اإلنترنتغير منظمخاضعللرقابة •ورخيص سهل أمر اإلنترنت صفحة تطوير. •في استثنائية تحديات اإلنترنت تقدم ، السبب لهذامدى تحديد المعلومات وموثوقية فائدة.عل يساعدك قد الذي المصدرى عبر المعلومات جودة تقييمهو اإلنترنتCooke (2001). •شبكة على مفيدة معلومات على العثور أيضا يمكنكاإلنترنت. ومحركاتوياهو جوجل مثل البحث!على تساعدك أن يمكن الصلة ذات المعلومات على العثور.
- 13. Searching for literature (p.56) • Previously, one had to manually go through several bibliographical indexes that are compiled periodically listing the journals, books, and other sources in which published work in the area of interest could be found. • With modern technology, locating sources where the topics of interest have been published has become much easier. Almost every library today has computer online systems to locate published information. • Computerized databases provide a number of advantages: 1. they save enormous amounts of time. 2. they are comprehensive in their listing and review of references. 3. gaining access to them is relatively inexpensive. • Most libraries have the following electronic resources at their disposal: ▪ Electronic journals: Your library is probably subscribed to journals that are published or made available online ▪ full-text databases: provide the full text of the article. ▪ Bibliographic databases: display only the bibliographic citations. ▪ Abstract databases: also provide an abstract or summary of articles. •فيالفهارس من العديد اًييدو يراجع أن المرء على كان ، السابق الببليوجرافية(المصادر قائمة)التيو ،دوري بشكل تجميعها يتمتدرج التي أع على فيها العثور يمكن التي المصادر من وغيرها والكتب المجالتمال االهتمام مجال في منشورة. •معالحديثة التكنولوجيامو نشر تم التي المصادر تحديد أصبح ،اضيع سهولة أكثر بها االهتمام.أنظمة لديها اليوم مكتبة كل تقريبالتحديد المعلوماتالمنشورة •من ًادعد المحوسبة البيانات قواعد توفرالمزايا: .1الوقت من الكثير توفر. .2قوائمها في شاملةالمراجع ومراجعة. .3ًانسبي مكلف غير المحوسبة البيانات قواعد الى الوصول. •الموارد المكتبات معظم تمتلكاإللكترونية(بيانات قواعد)التالية: ▪الكترونية مجالت:ي التي المجالت في مشتركة مكتبتك تكون ربمانشرها تم على إتاحتها أواإلنترنت. ▪بيانات قواعدالنصالكامل:للمقال الكامل النص توفر. ▪البيانات قواعدالببليوغرافية:تعرضالببل االقتباسات فقطيوغرافية ▪قواعدالبياناتالمختصرة:مختصرا توفرللمقاالت اًصملخ أو.
- 14. Evaluating the literature (p.57) To assess the quality of recent research (indeed, in this case you cannot use the number of citations as an indicator of the quality of an article) you could ask the following questions: 1. Is the main research question or problem statement presented in a clear and analytical way? 2. Is the relevance of the research question made transparent? 3. Does this study build directly upon previous research? 4. Will the study make a contribution to the field? 5. Is there a theory that guides the research? 6. Is the theory described relevant and is it explained in an understandable, structured, and convincing manner? 7. Are the methods used in the study explained in a clear manner (description of methods)? 8. Is the choice of certain methods motivated in a convincing way (Justification of methods)? •الحديثة األبحاث جودة لتقييم(فييمك ال الحالة هذهنك عدد استخداماالستشهاداتمقالة لجودة كمؤشر)يمكنك األسئلة طرحالتالية: .1ب مقدم المشكلة بيان او الرئيسي البحث سؤال هلطريقة وتحليلية؟ واضحة .2بالشفافي تتصف العالقة ذات البحث أسئلة هلة؟ .3سابقة؟ أبحاث على بنيت الدراسة هذه هل .4المجال؟ هذا في الدراسة ستساهم هل .5البحث؟ توجه نظرية هناك هل .6النظرية هلثيقةوهل البحث بموضوع الصلةتم ومقنعة؟ مةّومنظ مفهومة بطريقة شرحها .7هلالمنهجيةفي المستخدمةشرحتك الدراسةبطريقة واضحة(وصفالمنهجية)؟ .8مقن بطريقة ُعمتد تحديدها تم التي المنهجية هلعة (المنهجية تبرير)؟
- 15. Evaluating the literature 9. Is the sample appropriate? 10. Are the research design and/or the questionnaire appropriate for this study? 11. Are the measures of the variables valid and reliable? 12. Has the author used the appropriate quantitative and or qualitative techniques? 13. Do the conclusions result from the findings of the study ? 14. Do the conclusions give a clear answer to the main research question? 15. Has the author considered the limitations of the study? 16. Has the author presented the limitations in the article? ❖ The quality of the journal (peer-reviewed) ❖ the impact factor of the journal (the average number of citations) ❖ some criteria for assessing the value of articles or books are: the relevance of the issues that are addressed in the article or book, the importance of a book or article in terms of citations, the year of publication of the article or book, and the overall quality of the article or book .9مناسبة؟ العينة هل .10و البحث تصميم هل/الدراسة لهذه مناسب االستبيان أو؟ .11وموثوقة صحيحة المتغيرات مقاييس هل؟ .12و الكمية األساليب المؤلف استخدم هل/المناس النوعية أوبة؟ .13االستنتاجات نتائج هلنتائج منالدراسة؟ .14البحث سؤال على واضحة إجابة االستنتاجات تعطي هل الرئيسي؟ .15الدراسة حدود في المؤلف نظر هل؟ .16المقالة في القيود المؤلف قدم هل؟ ❖المجلة جودة ❖تأثير عاملالمجلة ❖هي الكتب أو المقاالت قيمة لتقييم المعايير بعض:ا أهميةلقضايا م أو كتاب أهمية أو ، الكتاب أو المقالة في تناولها يتم التيمن قالة حيثاالستشهاداتالجود أو ، الكتاب أو المقالة نشر سنة أو ،ة الكتاب أو للمادة الشاملة
- 16. Documenting the literature review (p.57-58) مراجعة توثيقاألدبيات • Documenting the literature review is important to convince the reader that the researcher is knowledgeable about the problem area and has done the preliminary homework that is necessary to conduct the research. • A literature review is intended to synthesize (and not necessarily to summarize) relevant research on your topic. To synthesize is to combine two or more elements to form a new whole. •بأ القارئ إلقناع مهم أمر األدبيات مراجعة توثيق إنن ا بالواجبات وقام المشكلة بمجال دراية على الباحثألولية البحث إلجراء الضرورية. •تجميع إلى األدبيات مراجعة تهدف(بالضرو وليسرة تلخيص)موضوعك حول الصلة ذات األبحاث.الجمع جديد كل لتشكيل اكثر او عنصرين دمج هو.
- 17. ETHICAL ISSUES (p.59) there are two important pitfalls that you have to beware of: 1. Purposely misrepresenting the work of other authors that is, their viewpoints, ideas, models, findings, conclusions, interpretations, and so on. 2. Plagiarism the use of another's original words, arguments, or ideas as though they were your own, even if this is done in good faith, out of carelessness, or out of ignorance. ➢Two other reasons to take plagiarism very seriously are provided by (Jzermans and Van Schaaijk (2007)). They point out that: 1. Plagiarism makes it is difficult for the reader to verify whether your claims about other authors and sources are accurate. 2. You are participating in a scientific debate. You need to make your position in this debate clear by designating the authors whose work you are building on or whose ideas you are challenging •منها نحذر أن يجب التي الهامة المخاطر من نوعان هناك: .1اآلخرين المؤلفين عمل تحريفقصد عن-وجهات أي واستنتاجاتهم ونتائجهم ونماذجهم وأفكارهم نظرهم ذلك إلى وما وتفسيراتهم. .2االنتحالاألص األفكار أو الحجج أو الكلمات استخداملية ي ذلك كان لو حتى ، بك خاصة كانت لو كما األخرىتم الجهل بسبب أو ، اإلهمال بسبب أو ، نية بحسن. ➢جدي بشكل االنتحال مسألة ألخذ آخران سببان هناك: 1.إ مما التحقق القارئ على الصعب من يجعل االنتحالذا ومصادرهم اآلخرين المؤلفين حول ادعاءاتك كانت دقيقة. 2.علمية مناقشة في تشارك أنت.موقف جعل إلى تحتاجفي ك الذي المؤلفين تعيين خالل من اًحواض النقاش هذان أفكارهم تتحدى الذين أو تبنيهم
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Writing a Critical Literature Review - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Writing a Critical Literature Review
Demonstrates the ability to identify relevant literature and use it appropriately. ... bodill, 2003) and age (hicks & tite, 1998; waterman & foss-goodman,1984) ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.
- Graham Tyson
- Graduate Studies
- Faculty of Arts
- web resources
- Writing a literature review
- CSU Resource
- Mcleod, S., McAllister, L. The literature review for students and supervisors. CD
- There is no single correct way of writing a literature review
- What it is NOT
- A summary of the literature!
- An argument justifying the study
- Writing a convincing argument
- Demonstrates the ability to identify relevant literature and use it appropriately.
- Shows an understanding of the issues in the area of research.
- Demonstrates an ability to critically assess the literature.
- Indicates that there is a gap in the literature that needs filling.
- Identify the research question
- Searching the literature
- NOT Wikipedia or Introductory textbooks.
- Read original sources
- Be systematic
- Read critically
- Questions to ask when reading
- Dena Bain Taylor, University of Toronto, 2007 http//www.ceu.hu/writing/lit_review.pdf
- Funnel (inverted pyramid) approach
- Appropriate for focus
- Inverted funnel (pyramid) approach
- Appropriate for depth
- Pagoda approach
- Put yourself in the examiners shoes
- Organise the material conceptually
- The amount of responsibility assigned to the victim is influenced by factors such as the behaviour of the victim, e.g. encouraging, resisting or passive (Broussard Wagner, 1988 Ford, Schindler, Medway, 2001) credibility (Hicks Tite, 1998), methodology used (Collings Bodill, 2003) and age (Hicks Tite, 1998 Waterman Foss-Goodman,1984).
- Emphasise relevance
- Discard irrelevant material
- Use plain English
- Short sentences
- Link material transitional words
- Pronouns - this, that, these
- Time links - then, next
- Cause (effect links) - therefore, consequently
- Additional links in addition, furthermore
- Contrast links - conversely, nevertheless, however.
- APA Publication Manual 5th ed.
- Use the active voice
- The questionnaire was filled in by the participants (passive)
- the participants filled in the questionnaire. (active)
- Avoid jargon
- Learn when to stop.
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CRITICAL literature review
Published by Jayden Pitt Modified over 7 years ago
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Presentation on theme: "CRITICAL literature review"— Presentation transcript:
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Critical Literature Review Oral Presentation
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Examples of critical thinking include observing, analyzing, discriminating and predicting. Critical thinkers solve problems through observation, data gathering, and reasoning. Other examples of critical thinking are applying standards and s...
The two types of literature are written and oral. Written literature includes novels and poetry. It also has subsections of prose, fiction, myths, novels and short stories. Oral literature includes folklore, ballads, myths and fables.
The two most general types of literature are fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is literature created through the author’s imagination, while nonfiction is literature based on fact. Within these two categories, literature can be broken down in...
Chapter 4 - The Critical Literature Review Research Methods for Business A Skill-Building Approach - By Uma Sekaran, Roger Bougie.
literature and use it appropriately. Shows an understanding of the issues in the area of research. Demonstrates an ability to critically assess the literature.
Learning objectives Role of literature review in your dissertation Definitions of literature & literature review Critical thinking Critical
CRITICAL REVIEW PRESENTATION · MAIN FINDINGS · Prominent gaps · Small sample size · Non random sampling · Incorporation of different data tools · Explanation of
A Literature Review is a piece of academic writing that critically evaluates material relevant to the research project in hand (such as a dissertation
This video is about Literature Review Presentation. ... How (Why) write Critical Literature Review (L4) - The art of designing the
This video was made for free! Create your own. Critical Literature Review Oral Presentation. Critical Literature Review Oral Presentation. Play Button.
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out. To provide background information
You are expected to 'place' your research in the existing academic literature. Simply describing the literature should be avoided. A critical and analytical
Write a good literature review related to a topic in your National Board area; Prepare a literature-based presentation the school board.
Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major research topic that will be discussed; Identify the broad problem area but don't be too global