essay on duties of a doctor

Essay on Duties of a Doctor

Students are often asked to write an essay on Duties of a Doctor in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Duties of a Doctor

The role of a doctor.

A doctor is a medical professional who helps people stay healthy. Their primary duty is to diagnose illnesses and prescribe treatments.

Diagnosing Illnesses

Doctors use their knowledge of medicine to identify diseases. They examine patients, study symptoms, and conduct tests for accurate diagnosis.

Prescribing Treatments

After diagnosing, doctors prescribe suitable medications or treatments. They also advise patients on how to manage their health better.

Health Education

Doctors educate patients about preventive measures for diseases. They provide advice on diet, exercise, and healthy habits.

Emergency Care

In emergencies, doctors provide immediate medical attention to save lives. They perform surgeries and other necessary procedures.

250 Words Essay on Duties of a Doctor

The pivotal role of a doctor.

Doctors, the backbone of any healthcare system, bear the significant responsibility of maintaining the health and well-being of the community. Their duties are multifaceted, extending beyond the mere diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The primary duty of a doctor is to diagnose illnesses, prescribe treatments, and monitor patients’ progress. This task requires a deep understanding of human anatomy, medical sciences, and the latest advancements in treatment protocols.

Educating Patients

Doctors are also educators. They guide patients about disease prevention, health maintenance, and the importance of lifestyle modifications. By empowering individuals with knowledge, doctors help create a healthier society.

Maintaining Professional Ethics

A doctor’s duty also encompasses adherence to professional ethics. They must respect patient confidentiality, provide unbiased care, and avoid any actions that could harm the patient.

Continual Learning

The medical field is dynamic, with new discoveries and technologies emerging regularly. Doctors have a responsibility to stay updated, continually learning to provide the best possible care to their patients.

In conclusion, the duties of a doctor are complex and demanding. They require a blend of scientific knowledge, communication skills, and a strong ethical foundation. As society evolves, these duties will continue to adapt, but the core mandate of a doctor – to safeguard human health – will remain constant.

500 Words Essay on Duties of a Doctor

Introduction.

The profession of a doctor is one of the oldest and most respected in the world. Doctors are the pillars of the medical world, tasked with the responsibility of safeguarding the health and well-being of society. Their duties extend beyond mere treatment of illnesses, encompassing a broad spectrum of responsibilities that are crucial to the functioning of healthcare systems.

Medical Expertise and Patient Care

At the core of a doctor’s duties is the provision of medical care. Doctors are trained to diagnose and treat a wide variety of illnesses and health conditions. They must stay updated with the latest medical knowledge and technological advancements to provide the best possible care. They also need to possess a comprehensive understanding of medical ethics, ensuring that their decisions are always made in the best interest of the patient.

Communication and Empathy

A doctor’s role is not limited to clinical functions; they also need to be proficient communicators. They must be able to explain complex medical conditions and treatment options in a manner that patients can understand. Furthermore, doctors must demonstrate empathy, understanding the emotional and psychological needs of their patients. This helps in building trust and improving patient compliance to treatment plans.

Collaboration and Leadership

Doctors often work in multidisciplinary teams, collaborating with nurses, pharmacists, therapists, and other healthcare professionals. They must be able to lead these teams, making critical decisions and coordinating care. This requires strong leadership skills and the ability to work effectively in a team.

Research and Continuous Learning

Another crucial duty of a doctor is to contribute to medical research. This can involve conducting clinical trials, publishing research papers, and staying abreast of the latest developments in their field. Continuous learning is a fundamental part of this duty, as medicine is a field that is constantly evolving.

Public Health Advocacy

Doctors also have a duty to advocate for public health. This can involve educating the public about health issues, promoting preventive measures, and advocating for policies that improve health outcomes. In times of public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of doctors as public health advocates becomes even more critical.

In conclusion, the duties of a doctor are multifaceted and extend far beyond the confines of a consultation room. They encompass medical expertise, patient care, communication, empathy, collaboration, leadership, research, continuous learning, and public health advocacy. These duties underscore the complexity of the medical profession and the immense responsibility that doctors carry in their pursuit of safeguarding human health. It is a profession that demands a blend of scientific knowledge, technical skill, and human compassion.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Essay on Doctor: Samples in 200, 300, 400 Words

• Updated on  
• Oct 7, 2023

Essay on Doctor: Doctors all over the world are given the stature of a god. This is because they are known for saving lives and helping people in distress. With each passing day, they work tirelessly for mankind. Additionally, one of the most sought-after careers is that of a doctor. A lot of parents encourage their children to become a doctor because of their stature and role. here are essay on the doctor which highlights their importance in society and much more.  

This Blog Includes:

Importance of doctors in a society, essay on doctor in 200 words, essay on doctor in 300 words, essay on doctor in 400 words .

Also Read: Essay on Water Pollution

In the past two years, doctors all over the world have played a significant role in saving the lives of people. The importance of a doctor was understood, especially during the time of COVID-19 . All doctors around the world worked really hard to contain the pandemic. 

Similarly, the doctor has other roles, including, shaping the health policy, and creating an economic impact.   

A doctor is a member of the medical community who is essential to preserving and enhancing human health. Due to their proficiency in identifying and managing a wide range of ailments, they are frequently referred to as the saviours of life. Doctors receive considerable training and education to equip them with the knowledge and abilities needed for their vocation.

Numerous social roles are filled by doctors. Through physical examinations, diagnostic tests, and patient interviews, they identify medical issues. Doctors create treatment plans after a diagnosis is made, which may involve medication, surgery, or other medical procedures. They also provide advice on precautions to keep up a healthy lifestyle .

Beyond their knowledge of medicine, good doctors have other traits as well. Since doctors must support patients and their families emotionally during times of illness and hardship, compassion and empathy are vital qualities. They must effectively communicate, breaking down complex medical information for patients.

Along with general practitioners, there are a number of specialists who concentrate on other medical specialities, including cardiologists, surgeons, paediatricians, and psychiatrists. By specialising, doctors can provide cutting-edge care in the field of their choice.

To conclude, physicians are the backbone of healthcare, committed to maintaining and enhancing patient well-being. They are indispensable members of society because of their selfless efforts, compassion, and dedication to the well-being of patients. Doctors are at the forefront of medical discoveries and innovations, which is how the medical profession is continuing to change.

Also Read: Essay on Allama Iqbal

Doctors are an essential part of society and are crucial to maintaining and improving people’s health. Their profession is a blend of science, compassion, and unwavering dedication. This essay will examine the varied responsibilities of doctors and their significant influence on our lives.

Doctors are trained experts who are primarily responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses. They devote years to perfecting their medical knowledge and skills, learning intricate ideas in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and other fields. Their diagnostic skills, which frequently involve cutting-edge technology and research, are crucial for diagnosing illnesses and creating winning treatment strategies.

Doctors are skilled medical professionals who also have a vast reservoir of compassion. They frequently see patients in vulnerable, frightened, or painful situations. This necessitates not only medical knowledge but also kindness and sensitivity. Patients and their families often find great comfort in a doctor’s reassuring presence, especially during trying times.

To safeguard the health of their patients, doctors put in endless effort, frequently going above and beyond what is required. They put in long hours, make crucial choices, and usually deal with emotionally trying circumstances. They remain steadfast in their dedication to the “do no harm” oath they make, despite the pressure and stress.

Doctors also play a crucial role in the advancement of medical research and knowledge. Their contributions to academic institutions, clinical trials, and medical discoveries are crucial in advancing healthcare. Through their work, previously untreatable illnesses are now treatable, and medical operations are becoming safer and more effective.

Doctors are essential in both preventive care and health education. They inform patients on leading healthy lives, preventing disease, and the value of routine checkups. Doctors assist in lowering the cost of disease in society by educating people and empowering them.

In conclusion, doctors are the foundation of our healthcare system because they combine scientific knowledge with empathy and commitment. All of us benefit from their tireless efforts to comfort, heal, and progress medical research. Let us honour the important role that doctors play in our lives by recognising their invaluable contributions to our health and by thanking them for their unwavering dedication to the protection of human health.

Doctors, who are frequently called “healers,” occupy a special and highly regarded position in society. They are the keepers of health, the ones who save people’s lives, and the ones who bring hope. In a society where illnesses are rife, becoming a doctor is more than just a decision to pursue a job; it is a calling, a vocation motivated by an unwavering desire to relieve human suffering.

The road to becoming a doctor is a challenging one that demands years of education and training. Typically, it starts with a bachelor’s degree in a relevant discipline, then medical school, which is nothing short of a test of wills. Medical students spend a lot of time learning about the complexities of the human body, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and a host of other topics that contribute to the complexity of medicine. Lectures, labs, and many hours of studying fill their days, which frequently go well into the night.

After receiving their medical degrees, doctors enter the world of residency, where they put their expertise to use while being closely supervised by seasoned mentors. This demanding time will put their physical stamina and mental fortitude to the test. They experience the most trying times in life, from hopeful births to urgent situations requiring quick judgements. They become skilled and caring healthcare professionals thanks to the essential experience they obtain during residency.

The duties of a doctor go beyond merely identifying and treating ailments. They assist patients in understanding their health conditions and preventative measures by acting as educators. They are counsellors who provide emotional help to people in need. They are ardent proponents of health equity, working nonstop to guarantee that everyone, regardless of socioeconomic status, has access to healthcare.

Although medical technology has advanced quickly in the modern era, the doctor-patient interaction is still at the centre of medicine. A doctor’s capacity to successfully listen, empathise, and communicate can be just as therapeutic as any drug. Patients frequently entrust these committed experts with their trust and, in some cases, their lives.

In their field of work, doctors deal with a variety of difficulties. They must commit to lifelong study because medical knowledge is constantly evolving. The rigours of the work can be emotionally stressful because they frequently have to make life-or-death decisions. Given that emergencies don’t adhere to a schedule, juggling work and personal obligations can be difficult.

Nevertheless, despite these difficulties, a doctor’s job is one of incomparable importance. They observe the human spirit’s tenacity and the wonders of contemporary medicine. They acknowledge the patients’ and their families’ sincere thanks as well as the joy of recovery.

To end this, a doctor’s career is more than simply a job; it’s a lifetime commitment to helping people heal and be cared for. They are the unsung heroes of society because of their commitment, selflessness, and knowledge. We must respect and support doctors in their noble goal to relieve pain and advance well-being as recipients of their unflinching service. Doctors exhibit the finest traits of humanity, including wisdom, compassion, and the ability to heal, and they make incalculable contributions to society.

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Some of the basic rules of doctors are: always about the patient; Patients are people; People are neither rational nor predictable; It’s a bond; Use the right tool(s) for the job, etc.

Sir William Osler, the founding member of Johns Hopkins Hospital, described Imhotep as “the first figure of a physician to stand out clearly from the mists of antiquity.”

Doctors are known for saving lives helping people to recover from their injuries and minimising physical pain. Sometimes the job of a doctor goes far beyond this realm, where they not only heal physical injuries but help in recovering from traumatic experiences.

We hope this blog provides you with all the information about doctors and how they are so important to society. For more information related to such interesting topics, visit our essay writing page and make sure to follow Leverage Edu .

Malvika Chawla

Malvika is a content writer cum news freak who comes with a strong background in Journalism and has worked with renowned news websites such as News 9 and The Financial Express to name a few. When not writing, she can be found bringing life to the canvasses by painting on them.

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A Profound Look At The Duties Of A Doctor Essay

Doctors play a pivotal role in society, entrusted with the noble duty of safeguarding human health. This essay explores the comprehensive responsibilities that a doctor must undertake, shedding light on the underpinnings of this respected profession.

Table of Contents

Essay: What Are The Remarkable Duties of a Doctor: A Comprehensive Examination

First and foremost, doctors have the fundamental duty of examining, diagnosing, and treating patients. They are like detectives, solving the mysteries involving our bodies. Their knowledge and skills guide them in accurately identifying illnesses or injuries. For instance, if a patient comes with a high fever and severe body ache, a doctor may diagnose it as a case of flu and accordingly prescribe rest and medication.

Informing (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); and Obtaining Consent: An Ethical Imperative

Doctors hold the ethical responsibility to thoroughly inform their patients about their health condition. This includes explaining the nature of the ailment, potential treatments, along with the benefits and risks of each option. For example, if a patient is diagnosed with appendicitis, the doctor needs to communicate the necessity of a surgical procedure, its potential risks, and post-operative care. Prior to proceeding with any treatment, obtaining the patient’s consent is a must, marking respect for their autonomy.

Documenting Medical History: An Essential Record

One of the key tasks of a doctor is to document a patient’s medical history. This includes details of previous illnesses, surgeries, or medications. It’s akin to maintaining a health-ledger, offering vital clues for current diagnosis and treatment. For instance, a patient’s past record of allergic reactions to certain medications can influence a doctor’s present prescription.

Educating Patients: A Preventive Approach

Doctors aren’t just healing professionals; they are teachers too. They educate patients about their health conditions, treatment procedures, and preventive measures. For example, a doctor would advise a diabetic patient on dietary modifications and the importance of regular exercise, apart from medication.

Collaborating with Other Healthcare Professionals

Doctors don’t work in isolation. They are part of a larger healthcare system and coordinate with other professionals such as nurses, administrators, and technicians. This teamwork is crucial to ensure comprehensive patient care.

Upholding Ethical Standards: A Sacred Trust

Above all, doctors must uphold the moral and ethical standards of their profession. They are expected to maintain confidentiality, avoid conflicts of interest, and prioritize their patients’ well-being above all else.

Doctors bear numerous responsibilities to their patients and the community at large. They play the role of a detective, teacher, counselor, and collaborator, all while adhering to the highest ethical standards. The duties of a doctor are indeed as multi-dimensional, as they are vital.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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Essay on Doctor for Students and Children

500+ words essay on doctor.

Doctors all over the world are given the stature next to God. It happens so mostly because they are lifesavers who work tirelessly for mankind. Moreover, being a doctor is considered one of the most sought-after professions. People want their kids to become doctors and they instill this dream in them from an early age.

Doctors have a very noble profession. In addition, they are equipped with comprehensive knowledge and devices that enable them to diagnose and treat their patients with correct procedures. Doctors require medical staffs that help them in performing their treatment. They are very proficient and have proved their importance time and again for mankind.

The Medical Scenario of India

The medical scenario in India is renowned all over the world. The doctors originating from India are reaching new heights globally abroad. However, when we talk about the medical scenario within the country, we see how it’s quite worrying.

In other words, all capable and talented doctors are moving abroad in search of better job opportunities and facilities. Therefore, we see there is a lack of doctors in the country to cater to the ever-growing population.

But if we see on the bright side, we will notice how Indian doctors are very charitable in comparison to doctors of other countries. As India has been a country of tradition, the qualities are deeply rooted in our culture. This reflects in the medical scenario of the country as well.

Aside from the allopathic doctors, India also has doctors who practice Ayurvedic , Unani as well as Homeopathic system of medicine. These are very famous practices which do not have any side effects. This is so because they are completely herbal making them very popular.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

The Degradation of Doctors

Although the medical field is evolving, there are still immoral practices in the field which makes it tough for patients to get the right treatment. Corruption has not spared this field as well.

India suffers from a high illiteracy rate which results in people fooling the citizens for money. There are many wrongs and unethical medical practices prevalent in India which brings a bad name to the country.

Moreover, the greed for money has resulted in various losses of lives of patients. The hospitals diagnose the patients wrongly and give them the wrong treatment. This results in even more worse results. The public is losing its faith in the medical field and its doctors.

As a result, this impacts the reputation of the medical field. Doctors must be more responsible and vigilant with the lives of their patients. The government must provide the public with good medical facilities which can bridge this gap. In addition, we must also come together to help doctors do their job better.

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Doctor Essay

It's no secret that doctors are some of the most important people in the world. They play a vital role in keeping us healthy and providing us with the medical care we need when we're sick or injured. While it may seem like an obvious statement, it's still worth noting that doctors are incredibly important to the health of everyone in our society. Here are some sample essays on doctors

100 Words Essay On Doctor

200 words essay on doctor, 500 words essay on doctor.

Doctors also have a huge impact on medical research and development. They are constantly looking for new ways to improve treatments and find cures for diseases. They are the ones who are pushing boundaries and making progress in the medical field. Their hard work and dedication is what makes the world a healthier and better place.

Doctors are dedicated to the safety and health of their patients and are willing to go to great lengths to ensure they get the best possible care. From making difficult diagnoses to providing life-saving treatments, doctors have a profound and lasting impact on their patients and their families.

Doctors are truly some of the most remarkable people in the world, and they deserve our utmost respect and admiration. They are people of integrity, who strive to provide compassionate, ethical care. They devote their lives to saving and improving the lives of others. They are highly-trained professionals who are able to diagnose and treat even the most complex of medical issues.

Why Do We Need Doctors?

For school students in particular, doctors are especially important. After all, school-age children are still growing and developing, so it's essential that they have access to quality healthcare. From regular checkups to vaccinations to diagnosing and treating illnesses, doctors provide vital services for young people.

At the same time, doctors are more than just medical providers – they are also mentors, teachers and even friends. From teaching children about nutrition and hygiene to guiding them through difficult life decisions, doctors can be a source of comfort and advice. By showing students the importance of education, hard work, and helping others, doctors can help to shape the next generation of leaders and influencers. By taking the time to listen, explain and educate, doctors can help to inspire the next generation to make a positive difference in the world.

In modern times, doctors are an increasingly important part of society due to the advances made in medical science and the prevalence of chronic diseases. Doctors are now expected to be more than just diagnosticians and treatment providers; they are expected to be compassionate, knowledgeable, and ethical professionals. Becoming a doctor is a noble profession that requires dedication, hard work, and a passion for helping people.

Role of Doctors

Doctors are the ones who diagnose, treat, and prevent illness and disease. But their role goes beyond just healing the sick; they also help people to lead healthier lives. They provide advice on diet and exercise, and they encourage their patients to maintain good mental and physical health. Doctors are also instrumental in conducting research and advancing medical knowledge.

Doctors constantly strive to find new treatments and cures for diseases, and they are the ones who bring these new discoveries to the public. Without doctors, our lives would be vastly different. They provide us with the medical care we need, and they also offer us guidance and support along the way. We owe them gratitude for all that they do, and that is why we must always strive to recognize and appreciate the work that doctors do.

How To Be A Doctor

Doctors specialise in various fields to treat and cure various types of health problems. Medical science is a vast field that requires years of education and rigorous training to enter. When a doctor enters the profession, he or she takes an oath to maintain their integrity and not engage in any type of misbehaviour or illegal activity with their patients or the society as a whole.

In order to become a doctor, the first step is to complete a 5 year MBBS program at an accredited medical school. During the program, students will take a variety of classes, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, medical ethics, and medical law. They will also be expected to participate in hands-on clinical experiences in order to gain an understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.

Qualities of A Doctor

To be a successful doctor, one must have a strong interest in science and a strong knowledge of medical practices and procedures. Doctors must also possess strong communication skills, good judgement and problem-solving abilities. It is also important to have the capacity to work in teams and multi-disciplinary environments.

Being a doctor is a great responsibility and requires a commitment to helping others. Doctors have a unique set of skills that are necessary to diagnose and treat medical conditions. They must also be able to communicate effectively with their patients and their families. Doctors must also possess strong interpersonal skills and be able to work in teams.

In order to become a doctor, it requires dedication, hard work and a passion for helping people. Ultimately, doctors are some of the most important people in our society and in the lives of school students in particular. From providing medical care to guiding children and teaching them important life lessons, doctors are invaluable to the health and well-being of everyone in our society.

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Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Geotechnical engineer

The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. 

The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions. 

Cartographer

How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art , science , and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Operations manager.

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Bank Probationary Officer (PO)

Investment director.

An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities. 

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Veterinary Doctor

Pathologist.

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Speech Therapist

Gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Videographer

Multimedia specialist.

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French , German , Italian . 

Public Relation Executive

Travel journalist.

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

Merchandiser.

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

ITSM Manager

Information security manager.

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

Business Intelligence Developer

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Essay on Doctor

In the vast expanse of professions that cater to the needs of humanity, the role of a doctor is unparalleled. Doctors are not just professionals who diagnose and treat illnesses; they are the unsung heroes who carry the immense responsibility of safeguarding human life. The journey to becoming a doctor is a testament to their dedication, involving years of rigorous education, training, and an unwavering commitment to serving humanity. This essay delves into the multifaceted role of doctors, exploring their significance, the challenges they face, and the impact they have on individuals and communities.

The Significance of Doctors

Doctors play a pivotal role in maintaining public health, ensuring the well-being of society through preventive care, treatment of diseases, and managing public health crises. They are the backbone of the healthcare system, providing essential services that range from primary care to specialized treatments. The significance of doctors extends beyond the clinical setting; they are educators, advocates, and innovators in the field of medicine.

One of the most profound roles of a doctor is to alleviate suffering. Through their expertise, doctors not only treat physical ailments but also provide psychological support to patients and their families. They guide patients through their health journey, offering empathy, understanding, and hope. This emotional support is crucial in helping patients cope with the stress and anxiety associated with illnesses.

The Path to Becoming a Doctor

The path to becoming a doctor is arduous and demanding, requiring an unwavering commitment to lifelong learning. It begins with a foundational education in medicine, encompassing extensive coursework in biology, chemistry, and physics, followed by specialized training in medical schools. Here, students gain hands-on experience through clinical rotations, learning to apply their knowledge in real-world settings.

The journey does not end with medical school; doctors must pass rigorous licensing exams and often pursue further specialization through residencies and fellowships. This continuous education ensures that doctors remain at the forefront of medical advancements, equipped with the latest knowledge and techniques to provide the best care possible.

The Challenges Doctors Face

Despite the nobility of their profession, doctors face numerous challenges. The high-stress environment of healthcare, long working hours, and the emotional toll of dealing with suffering and death can lead to burnout. The pressure to make life-saving decisions, often in situations with limited resources, adds to the complexity of their role.

Doctors also grapple with the challenges posed by rapidly advancing technology and evolving medical knowledge. Keeping abreast of the latest research, treatments, and medical technologies requires a commitment to continuous learning and adaptation.

Moreover, doctors often face ethical dilemmas, balancing the needs of their patients with the constraints of healthcare systems and policies. Navigating these challenges requires not only medical expertise but also strong ethical principles and decision-making skills.

The Impact of Doctors on Society

The impact of doctors on society is immeasurable. By treating illnesses, they not only improve the quality of life for individuals but also contribute to the overall health and productivity of communities. Doctors play a crucial role in managing public health crises, such as pandemics, where their expertise and leadership are essential in controlling the spread of diseases.

Doctors also drive advancements in medical science through research and innovation. Their contributions to medical research have led to breakthroughs in treatments, vaccines, and healthcare technologies, extending life expectancy and improving the quality of life for millions.

In addition to their clinical and scientific contributions, doctors have a profound social impact. They advocate for public health policies, work towards the eradication of diseases, and strive to make healthcare accessible and equitable for all. Their dedication to serving the most vulnerable populations highlights the social responsibility inherent in the medical profession.

The Ethical and Humanitarian Aspects of Being a Doctor

At the heart of the medical profession lies a strong ethical foundation, guided by principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. Doctors are bound by the Hippocratic Oath to do no harm, to respect the confidentiality and autonomy of their patients, and to practice medicine with integrity and compassion.

The humanitarian aspect of being a doctor is reflected in their commitment to providing care regardless of the patient’s background, socio-economic status, or personal beliefs. This commitment to universal healthcare embodies the ideal of service to humanity, transcending borders and cultural differences.

In conclusion, Doctors are the pillars of the healthcare system, embodying the noblest aspects of human service. Their role extends beyond the confines of hospitals and clinics, influencing the fabric of society through their dedication to health, education, and research. The challenges they face are vast, yet their commitment to the welfare of humanity remains unwavering.

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What does a doctor do?

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What is a Doctor?

A doctor is a medical professional who has completed the necessary education and training to diagnose, treat, and prevent illnesses and injuries in individuals. Doctors provide essential medical care, prescribe medication, perform surgeries, and offer preventative measures to help people maintain their health. They also conduct research, educate patients and the public, and work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients.

Doctors are committed to lifelong learning and must stay updated with the latest medical advancements and research. They attend conferences, engage in continuing medical education programs, and read scientific literature to ensure they provide the best possible care to their patients. Without doctors, people would lack access to critical medical care and expertise, leading to potentially devastating consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

What does a Doctor do?

Types of Doctors Doctors can be broadly categorized into three main categories based on their role in the healthcare system:

• Primary Care Physicians: These are doctors who provide first-contact care to patients, meaning that they are usually the first point of contact for patients seeking medical care. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating common illnesses and injuries, providing preventive care, and managing chronic conditions. Primary care physicians include family physicians, pediatricians, and general internists.
• Specialists: These are doctors who have received additional training in a specific area of medicine and focus on treating specific medical conditions. They typically work in referral-based practices and are consulted by primary care physicians when a patient requires specialized care.
• Surgeons: These are doctors who specialize in performing surgical procedures to treat various medical conditions. They work closely with other physicians and healthcare professionals to plan and perform surgeries and provide post-operative care to patients. Surgeons can specialize in different areas, such as orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, and general surgery.

See our Comprehensive List of Doctor Specializations and Degrees

Duties and Responsibilities The duties and responsibilities of a doctor vary depending on their specialty and place of work. However, there are some general responsibilities that apply to most doctors:

• Patient Examination and Diagnosis: Doctors are responsible for thoroughly examining patients to diagnose their medical conditions. They gather a detailed medical history by asking relevant questions about symptoms, previous illnesses, family medical history, and lifestyle factors. They perform comprehensive physical examinations, assessing vital signs, organ function, and overall health. Doctors may order and interpret various diagnostic tests such as blood tests, X-rays, MRIs, ultrasounds, and biopsies to aid in the diagnosis process.
• Treatment Planning and Implementation: Based on the diagnosis, doctors develop personalized treatment plans for their patients. They consider factors such as the patient's condition, medical history, age, and other relevant factors. Treatment plans may involve prescribing medications, recommending lifestyle changes, suggesting surgical interventions, or referring patients to other specialists. Doctors explain the treatment options to patients, discussing potential benefits, risks, and expected outcomes. They monitor patients' responses to treatment, making adjustments as needed to ensure optimal care.
• Patient Care and Follow-up: Doctors monitor patients' progress, evaluate treatment effectiveness, and address any concerns or complications that may arise. They schedule follow-up appointments to assess patient recovery, provide guidance, and answer questions. Doctors may also collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, therapists, and dietitians, to coordinate comprehensive care for their patients.
• Communication and Patient Education: Doctors must communicate complex medical concepts in a clear and understandable manner to patients and their families. They explain diagnoses, treatment options, potential risks, and anticipated outcomes. Doctors address patients' questions and concerns, ensuring they have a thorough understanding of their condition and actively involving them in the decision-making process.
• Medical Record-Keeping: Doctors maintain accurate and detailed medical records for each patient. This includes recording medical history, examination findings, diagnoses, treatment plans, medications prescribed, and test results. Medical records serve as crucial references for future assessments, continuity of care, and legal purposes. Doctors ensure patient confidentiality and comply with relevant privacy regulations when handling medical records.
• Collaboration and Referrals: Doctors often collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. They consult with specialists, discuss complex cases, and seek second opinions when necessary. Doctors may refer patients to specialists for further evaluation or specialized treatment. They ensure effective communication and coordination among the healthcare team, promoting seamless care transitions and interdisciplinary collaboration.
• Continuing Education and Research: Doctors are committed to lifelong learning and staying updated with advancements in medical knowledge. They engage in ongoing professional development activities, such as attending conferences, workshops, and seminars, and participating in medical societies. Doctors read medical literature and research studies to incorporate evidence-based practices into their patient care. Some doctors actively engage in medical research, conducting studies to advance medical knowledge and improve patient outcomes.
• Ethical Considerations: Doctors face ethical dilemmas in their practice and must navigate them with integrity and compassion. They respect patient autonomy, obtaining informed consent for treatments and procedures. Doctors maintain patient confidentiality, adhering to ethical and legal obligations regarding privacy. They make decisions in the best interest of the patient while considering cultural, social, and personal values. Doctors adhere to ethical guidelines and codes of conduct, ensuring the highest standards of professionalism and ethical practice.
• Administration and Management: In addition to clinical responsibilities, doctors may be involved in administrative and managerial tasks. This includes overseeing medical facilities, managing healthcare teams, and ensuring efficient operations. They may participate in budget planning, resource allocation, and policy development to improve healthcare delivery. Doctors also play a role in quality improvement initiatives, ensuring adherence to healthcare regulations, and promoting patient safety.

Are you suited to be a doctor?

Doctors have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also social, meaning they’re kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful, and friendly.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if doctor is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Doctor like?

The workplace of a doctor can encompass a variety of settings, reflecting the diverse healthcare system and the range of medical specialties and practice models. Hospitals are a prominent workplace for doctors, where they may work in different departments such as emergency rooms, operating rooms, intensive care units, or specialized wards. In these settings, doctors provide acute and critical care to patients with a wide spectrum of medical conditions, collaborating with interdisciplinary teams to diagnose and treat illnesses, perform surgeries, and manage patient care.

Many doctors also work in outpatient settings, including clinics, private practices, community health centers, and specialty medical centers. In these settings, doctors see patients for routine check-ups, preventive care, consultations, and management of chronic conditions. They may provide primary care services as family physicians, internists, or pediatricians, or specialize in specific medical fields such as cardiology, dermatology, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, or surgery. In addition to direct patient care, doctors in outpatient settings may also engage in preventive medicine, health promotion, patient education, and coordination of care with other healthcare providers.

The workplace of a doctor can also extend beyond clinical practice to include academic, research, and administrative roles. Doctors may work in academic medical centers, teaching hospitals, or research institutions, where they contribute to medical education, mentorship of trainees, and advancement of medical knowledge through scholarly research and clinical trials. Additionally, some doctors may pursue leadership roles in healthcare organizations, health systems, or government agencies, where they participate in healthcare policy development, quality improvement initiatives, and strategic planning efforts to improve the delivery and accessibility of healthcare services.

Frequently Asked Questions

Doctor specializations and degrees.

The following is a comprehensive list of the various specializations that a doctor can pursue and a brief summary of each specialization:

• Allergist : An allergist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and related conditions. Allergists have specialized training in the recognition and management of allergic reactions.
• Anesthesiologist : An anesthesiologist keeps a patient comfortable, safe and pain-free during surgery by administering local or general anesthetic.
• Cardiologist : A cardiologist specializes in finding, treating, and preventing diseases that affect the heart, the arteries, and the veins.
• Cardiothoracic Surgeon : A cardiothoracic surgeon specializes in surgical procedures inside the thorax (the chest), which may involve the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest. As well as performing surgery, they also diagnose and treat diseases of these organs.
• Chiropractic Neurologist : A chiropractic neurologist is a specialized type of chiropractor who has undergone additional training in the field of neurology. They diagnose and treat conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the nervous system.
• Chiropractor : A chiropractor, or doctor of chiropractic medicine, specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous system, especially in the spine. Treatment is usually physical manipulation of the joints and the spine to bring them back into alignment. A chiropractor does not perform surgery or prescribe medication.
• Colorectal Surgeon : A colorectal surgeon specializes in diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus, as well as the entire gastric tract. These surgeons work closely with urologists, who handle the urogenital tract in males and the urinary tract of women, gynecologists, who deal with specific female issues, and gastroenterologists, who deal with diseases of the gut.
• Doctor : An general overview of what a doctor does and how to become one.
• Dentist : Dentists identify potential oral health issues such as gum disease, as well as examine patients, order medical tests and determine the correct diagnosis and treatment. They also perform oral surgery and remove teeth or address other dental health problems.
• Dermatologist : A dermatologist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions affecting skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, nails, and mucus membranes (inside the mouth, nose, and eyelids) which can include cancer.
• Emergency Medicine Physician : An emergency medicine physician works in emergency departments, hospitals, and urgent care clinics, and is often the first medical professional that patients see when they are in need of urgent medical care.
• Endocrinologist : An endocrinologist specializes in diagnosing conditions and diseases related to the glands and hormones. While primary care doctors know a lot about the human body, for conditions and diseases directly related to glands and hormones they will typically send a patient to an endocrinologist.
• Family Practitioner : A family practitioner specializes in caring for the entire family. Patients can be children, adults, and the elderly, and are treated for a wide array of medical issues.
• Forensic Pathologist : A forensic pathologist investigates the cause of sudden and unexpected deaths, and is able to determine how a person died by performing an autopsy and studying tissue and laboratory results. These doctors are often called upon to provide evidence in court regarding the cause and time of such deaths.
• Gastroenterologist : A gastroenterologist has specific training in diagnosing and treating conditions and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This may include diseases and disorders that affect the the biliary system (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts), as well as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon).
• Geriatrician : A geriatrician specializes in the care of elderly patients, and often works with patients who have multiple chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as age-related cognitive and functional impairments.
• Gynecologist : A gynecologist specializes in women's reproductive systems. Gynecologists are also sometimes certified as obstetricians, and will monitor the health of the mother and the fetus during a pregnancy.
• Hematologist : A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, such as anemia and leukemia.
• Hospitalist : A hospitalist is a physician whose focus is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Their duties include patient care, teaching, research, and leadership related to hospital medicine.
• Immunologist : An immunologist specializes in managing problems related to the immune system, such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. A smaller number of immunologists are strictly researchers seeking to better understand how the immune system works and to help develop better ways of diagnosing and providing treatment for many immunological conditions.
• Infectious Disease Specialist : A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis.
• Internist : An internist is a 'doctor of internal medicine' who can diagnose, treat, and practice compassionate care for adults across the spectrum, from health to complex illness. They are not to be mistaken with "interns," who are doctors in their first year of residency training.
• Medical Examiner : Medical examiners are responsible for performing autopsies and collecting evidence related to the circumstances of a death, including medical history, physical examination findings, and toxicology tests.
• Naturopathic Physician : A naturopathic physician blends modern scientific medical practice and knowledge with natural and traditional forms of medical treatment. The goal is to treat the underlying causes of disease while stimulating the body's own healing abilities.
• Nephrologist : A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. They treat conditions such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, kidney stones, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Neurologist : A neurologist specializes in treating diseases that affect the human nervous system. It is a very prestigious and difficult medical specialty due to the complexity of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
• Neurosurgeon : A neurosurgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes congenital anomalies, trauma, tumours, vascular disorders, infections of the brain or spine, stroke, or degenerative diseases of the spine.
• Obstetrician : An obstetrician is a medical doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.
• Occupational Physician : Occupational medicine is focused on keeping individuals well at work, both mentally and physically. As workplaces become more complex, occupational physicians play an important role in advising people on how their work can affect their health.
• Oncologist : An oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The three primary types of oncologists are: medical oncologists that specialize in the administration of drugs to kill cancer cells; surgical oncologists that perform surgical procedures to identify and remove cancerous tumors; and radiation oncologists that treat cancer with radiation therapy.
• Ophthalmologist : An ophthalmologist is a specialist that deals specifically with the structure, function, diseases, and treatment of the eye. Due to the complexities and the importance of the eye as a special sense that provides vision, the discipline of ophthalmology is dedicated solely to this organ.
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon : An oral and maxillofacial surgeon treats dental and medical problems involving the oral cavity and the maxillofacial area. The maxillofacial area includes the bones of the forehead, face, cheekbones and the soft tissues. Treatment often involves performing surgery and related procedures to treat diseases, defects, or injuries, and to improve function or appearance.
• Orthodontist : An orthodontist specializes in how the jaws and teeth are aligned. They help people whose teeth are misaligned or require some kind of correction – those with an improper bite, or malocclusion.
• Orthopedic Surgeon / Orthopedist : An orthopaedic surgeon (or orthopedist) examines, diagnoses, and treats diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves.
• Osteopath : Osteopaths have attended and graduated from an osteopathic medical school and practise the system of healthcare known as osteopathy. They consider all aspects of the patient, not just the symptoms they exhibit. They see the integrated nature of the body’s organ systems and its capacity for self-regulation and self-healing.
• Otolaryngologist : Otolaryngologists (or ENT physicians) are specialists trained in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and related structures of the head and neck. These specialists are trained in both medicine and surgery.
• Pathologist : A pathologist studies the causes, nature, and effects of disease. The field of pathology is broad with concentrations on changes in cells, tissues, and organs that are the result of a disease.
• Pediatrician : A pediatrician specializes in providing medical care to infants, children and teenagers by administering treatments, therapies, medications and vaccinations to treat illness, disorders or injuries.
• Periodontist : A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in oral inflammation, and who knows how to prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontal disease.
• Plastic Surgeon : A plastic surgeon specializes in reshaping healthy body parts for aesthetic reasons, and also in repairing or replacing body parts damaged by accidents, illness or malformation.
• Podiatrist : A podiatrist practices podiatric medicine, which is a branch of science devoted to the diagnosis, treatment and study of medical disorders of the foot, ankle, lower leg and lower back. In the U.S. and Canada, podiatry is practiced as a specialty.
• Prosthodontist : A prosthodontist specializes in restoring the look, function, comfort, and health of a patient's oral cavity with artificial materials. These artificial materials are made up of a wide variety of restorations that include fillings, dentures, veneers, crowns, bridges and oral implants.
• Psychiatrist : Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate, diagnose and treat patients who are affected by a temporary or chronic mental health problem.
• Pulmonologist : A pulmonologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary (lung) conditions and diseases of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complicated chest infections.
• Radiologist : A radiologist is a specialist in interpreting medical images that may be obtained with x-rays, (CT scans or radiographs), nuclear medicine (involving radioactive substances, magnetism (MRI), or ultrasound.
• Rheumatologist : A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
• Sports Medicine Physician : A sports medicine physician specializes in taking care of people who have sports injuries that may be acquired from playing sports, exercising, or from otherwise being physically active.
• Surgeon : A surgeon performs surgery for the purpose of removing diseased tissue or organs, to repair body systems, or to replace diseased organs with transplants.
• Telemedicine Physician : A telemedicine physician provides remote healthcare services to patients using telecommunications technology, facilitating virtual consultations, diagnoses, and treatment recommendations.
• Urologist : A urologist specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. Urologists can treat the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, uterus, and male reproductive organs. There are also specific specialty areas that urologists may choose to focus on, such as pediatric urology, male infertility, and urologic oncology.
• Vascular Medicine Specialist - A vascular medicine specialist specializes in the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels. They may work with patients who have conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, or pulmonary embolism.
• Vascular Surgeon - A vascular surgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels, including aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and varicose veins.
• Veterinary Dentist - A veterinary dentist is a specialized veterinarian who focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dental diseases and conditions in animals. They perform dental procedures such as cleanings, extractions, and oral surgeries to improve the oral health and well-being of pets and other animals.
• Naturopathic Medicine
• Osteopathic Medicine
• Podiatric Medicine
• Pre-Dentistry
• Pre-Medicine
• Veterinary Medicine

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Pros and Cons of Being a Doctor

While being a doctor offers numerous rewards and opportunities for professional fulfillment, it also comes with significant challenges and sacrifices that should be carefully considered before pursuing a career in medicine. Balancing the pros and cons, along with personal values, interests, and priorities, is essential for individuals contemplating a career in healthcare.

• Fulfilling Career: One of the most significant advantages of being a doctor is the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on people's lives. Doctors have the privilege of diagnosing and treating illnesses, alleviating pain and suffering, and improving patients' overall health and well-being, which can be immensely rewarding.
• High Earning Potential: Doctors typically earn competitive salaries, reflecting their extensive education, specialized skills, and the critical role they play in healthcare. Depending on their specialty and practice setting, doctors have the potential to earn substantial incomes, which can provide financial stability and opportunities for a comfortable lifestyle.
• Intellectual Stimulation: Medicine is a constantly evolving field that presents doctors with intellectual challenges and opportunities for lifelong learning. Doctors engage in continuous education, research, and professional development to stay abreast of medical advancements, new treatments, and emerging technologies, which can stimulate curiosity and intellectual growth.
• Job Security: The demand for healthcare services remains strong in the US, contributing to a stable job market for doctors. With an aging population, increasing healthcare needs, and ongoing advancements in medical technology, doctors enjoy relatively high job security and opportunities for career growth and advancement.
• Respect and Prestige: Doctors are held in high regard by society for their expertise, dedication, and commitment to healing. They often command respect and admiration from patients, colleagues, and the community, which can enhance their professional satisfaction and sense of pride in their work.
• Long Hours and Stress: The practice of medicine can be physically and emotionally demanding, requiring doctors to work long hours, including nights, weekends, and holidays. The demanding workload, high patient volumes, and pressure to provide high-quality care can lead to stress, burnout, and fatigue among doctors.
• Student Debt and Financial Burden: Becoming a doctor requires a significant investment of time and money in education and training. Many doctors graduate with substantial student loan debt, which can take years to repay and may limit financial flexibility, especially early in their careers.
• Administrative Burden: Doctors often contend with administrative tasks, paperwork, and bureaucratic requirements that detract from time spent with patients and clinical care. Increasing regulatory burdens, insurance paperwork, and electronic health record documentation can contribute to feelings of frustration and dissatisfaction among doctors.
• Professional Liability and Malpractice Risks: Doctors face the risk of malpractice lawsuits and professional liability claims, even with diligent care and adherence to standards of practice. Malpractice litigation can be emotionally and financially draining, affecting doctors' professional reputations, insurance premiums, and overall job satisfaction.
• Work-Life Balance Challenges: Balancing the demands of a medical career with personal life and family responsibilities can be challenging for doctors. The demanding nature of the profession, long hours, and unpredictable schedules can strain relationships, lead to feelings of guilt or burnout, and affect overall well-being.

Doctors are also known as: Physician Doctor Of Medicine

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Doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic: what are their duties and what is owed to them?

Stephanie b johnson.

1 Nuffield Department of Population Health, Department of Medicine, Univerity of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

Frances Butcher

2 Honorary Specialty Registrar in Public Health, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

Doctors form an essential part of an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue they have a duty to participate in pandemic response due to their special skills, but these skills vary between different doctors, and their duties are constrained by other competing rights. We conclude that while doctors should be encouraged to meet the demand for medical aid in the pandemic, those who make the sacrifices and increased efforts are owed reciprocal obligations in return. When reciprocal obligations are not met, doctors are further justified in opting out of specific tasks, as long as this is proportionate to the unmet obligation.

Doctors form an essential part of an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. They have critical roles in diagnosis, containment and treatment, and their commitment to treat despite increased personal risks is essential for a successful public health response. 1 Frontline workers have been experiencing high work volume, personal risk and societal pressure to meet extraordinary demands for healthcare. Despite this traditional public health ethics has paid little attention to the protection of the rights of doctors. 2

We will consider the role of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing primarily on the British National Health Service (NHS), by answering the following four questions: what is the nature and scope of the duties of healthcare providers? To whom do these duties apply? What reciprocal obligations to doctors exist from their employers and patients? And what should doctors do when these reciprocal obligations are not met?

Although these questions are equally important to all healthcare professionals, we focus on doctors because it is important to distinguish that different healthcare professionals have different roles, and this may affect the extent of their occupational risks and duties. Further research on the role of nurses, physiotherapists and other health professionals should be undertaken but is beyond the scope of this article.

Do doctors have a duty to treat in disease outbreaks and pandemics such as COVID-19?

With respect to moral theory, numerous grounds have been offered for the view that doctors have a duty to treat or an obligation to provide care to patients. 3 With regards to pandemics, claims about the duties of doctors are most often grounded in so-called ‘special duties’ or ‘role related’ duties. In other words, by virtue of their profession, doctors have more stringent obligations of beneficence than most, and they have obligations to a specified group of persons (their patients) that non-medical personnel have no obligation to help. 4 Clark 5 argues that the duty can be justified with reference to: (A) special skills possessed by healthcare professionals, which mean that they are uniquely placed to provide aid, thereby increasing their obligation; (B) the individual’s freely made decision to enter the profession with the knowledge of what the job entails and the nature of the associated risks; and (C) the social contract between healthcare professionals and the society in which they work. However, it seems clear that the duty to treat cannot be ‘absolute’—that doctors have a duty to work regardless of the circumstance. Doctors have rights to protection and to care during an infectious disease outbreak, as do other members of society. 2

In previous epidemics, arguments that have rationalised the abandonment of patients include futility when medicine is powerless to help and the depletion of finite human resources (healthcare workers) when physicians fall ill. 2 6 Sokol 4 points out that in times of crisis, the duties deriving from doctors’ multiple roles may often come into conflict, and the problem with many accounts of the duties of doctors is that they fail to acknowledge these tensions and to consider workers as multiple agents belonging to a broader community. Doctors, for instance, may have a duty to care for patients as well as a duty to care for their own families by protecting them (and hence themselves) from infection. 4 Failure to account for the effects of interventions such as school closures on the healthcare workforce only exacerbate the problem of strained healthcare capacity by removing much needed members from the workforce.

Special circumstances

Emerging threats of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 demand much more than that doctors continue to work as normal. Pandemics may necessitate longer hours (and corresponding increased exposure to the virus), potential quarantines and assignments outside one’s normal specialty. 3 What distinguishes normal duty from acting beyond the call of duty is not always clear-cut. 7 However, experience so far suggests that in the current epidemic doctors are subject to risk of illness, 8 risk of death, 8 fatigue from extended hours, 9 moral distress (when being party to difficult treatment decisions, such as prioritisation of patients for ventilators) 9 and potential legal and professional risks when be asked to work at the limits of their competencies. 10

The 2003 SARS epidemic provided some important insights into the experience and pressures on healthcare workers during an epidemic, as well as highlighting some important gaps in ethical thinking and practice. Many of those who treated patients with SARS raised concerns about the protections that were provided to safeguard their own health and that of their family members. 11 12 Some refused to attend SARS wards resulting in permanent dismissal, and some chose to leave the profession post-pandemic. 11 13 Notably, it was recognised during SARS that there is no consensus as to how explicitly and stringently the requirements for the duty to care should be stated. 13 14 Scholars recommended advance planning with local and national professional medical associations to obtain agreement about the extent of professional obligations in a pandemic. 11 This was suggested to include the development of clear and unambiguous guidelines regarding the professional rights and responsibilities and the ethical duties and obligations of healthcare professionals during such outbreaks. 13 Almost two decades later, there remains little consensus and clarity over reasonable expectations on the medical workforce. This is a grave failing.

Is opting out justifiable?

If limits of the duty of care are not absolute but, rather, constrained by several factors defined by the strengths of competing rights and duties, 4 it may be concluded that some doctors may be morally justified in opting out of frontline work. Opting out could be more easily justified if this frontline work extends beyond their area of expertise and/or places significant personal or physical burdens on them. For instance, an older doctor with diabetes may object to moving to frontline COVID-19 work, given the suggestion that higher mortality is associated with COVID-19 infection in those who are older or have comorbidities. 15

There are two main objections to an ‘opt out’ policy. First, considerations of fairness. For each doctor who opts out, this places an additional burden on their colleagues. In particular, it could mean that burdens of the outbreak are placed on specific groups, such as young, childless doctors who will be overburdened and are likely to have less expertise. As Reid 16 has pointed out, the health risk refused by one individual is left to be absorbed by someone else, either within the healthcare team or by society at large. Second, opting out may have a significant impact on patient trust, which has recognised importance in the efficacy of pandemic response. 17 Others have argued that the need for health officials to be viewed as the experts, whose intentions and actions are in the best interest of the public, is critical to fostering trust. 18 The medical profession is often described as having an implicit contract with society to provide medical help in times of crisis, 19 which includes a reasonable and legitimate expectation by the public that doctors will respond in an infectious disease emergency. 13 Trust in medical professionals, and the healthcare system as a whole, may be undermined were there a public perception that doctors were unwilling to act in the best interests of patients by failing to meet the extraordinary demand for healthcare.

While these are undesirable consequences that should be addressed, these objections are not strong enough moral justifications to pressure all doctors into working in circumstances beyond their expected role that they consider to be morally, psychologically or physically unacceptable. 4 The moral, psychological and physical acceptability of frontline COVID-19 work is likely to be determined by a number of important factors, such as the level of personal risk of serious illness, personal circumstances, specialty, career stage and met/unmet reciprocal obligations (discussed further below).

To whom do these duties apply?

While we have so far looked at the duty of care of doctors, this is not a homogenous group. All doctors have a duty (within limitations) to care for their patients, but an acutely unwell and infectious patient might not be within the normal range of practice of some specialties. If we compare an infectious disease physician with an ophthalmic surgeon, two arguments could be made for the greater duty of the infectious disease physician: this could arise from both their greater skill in managing patients with COVID-19 and by their choice of specialty. It could be argued that by choosing to train in the management of infectious diseases they have implicitly agreed to accept a predetermined level of risk, 4 and therefore, frontline pandemic work may fall within the scope of agreed duties. In short, the obligation to participate in frontline work is higher for those who chose to ‘opt in’ to higher risk work at specialty training, than for those who chose to ‘opt out’. This neither implies the infectious disease doctor has an absolute duty to participate in frontline work regardless of personal risk or that the ophthalmic surgeon has no duty, rather that the degree of obligation may vary between specialties within certain constraints.

Licenced doctors may not be the only doctors asked to help care for patients during the pandemic. In the UK, the government called for recent retirees and senior medical students to volunteer in the response to COVID-19. 20 This leads to the question of when professional or vocational obligations start and end. As medical students’ training is subsidised by the UK government, this could be grounds for the start of a duty to society, with this only being able to be realised later in medical school when students may have skills that could aid in the response. Although the age of most medical students means they are likely to be low risk for complications of COVID-19, it is not clear that the skills medical students have are sufficiently useful to counter the perhaps greater risks of psychological and emotional distress in those who have not developed resilience by working in the health system. The duty to return for retirees, or those that have chosen to leave medicine, should not be grounded in their choice to be a doctor. It would be an unduly extensive duty if understood as a lifelong commitment lasting beyond a professional career. However, as recent retirees in acute care specialties could be extremely skilled staff, this duty could be ground in a ‘duty of easy rescue’. This means that ‘if it is in your power to save a life or prevent something bad from happening where the cost to you is negligible, very less, or has comparable moral importance, you are morally obliged to do it’. 21 However, in the case of COVID-19 retirees are by their age at risk of death and serious illness, challenging the idea that the cost isnegligible or this an ‘easy rescue’. Furthermore, intensive care unit beds and ventilators (as well as doctors) are a finite resource. Putting retirees on the front line may generate a net harm, rather than a net benefit.

What are the reciprocal obligations to doctors from their employers and patients?

Much of the literature focuses on the duties of doctors and much less is said of what is owed to them in return. Studies have found that doctors feel they have a duty to work only if certain obligations are fulfilled by the state or institution. 5 This includes basics, such as employer obligations to put measures in place to protect doctors and their families, such as the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) and of vaccination for themselves or family members (if available). 5

Evidence also suggests that willingness may not necessarily be increased by the implementation of practical or pragmatic solutions but may be instead more deeply rooted in a number of factors, such as the extent to which doctors feel included in preparedness planning, or various sociodemographic and family issues. These are likely to influence doctors’ willingness to work during a pandemic or other emergency. 5 Standards of care may have to be adjusted, and the legal repercussions of these adjusted standards need to be addressed. 1 This includes providing adequate indemnity cover for anyone asked to act outside of their established role.

Lastly, whereas much has been written on what makes a good doctor, less attention has been said about the good patient. 4 Obligations towards the professional have been suggested to include informing the professional about any known risk of infection, 22 truthfulness, compliance, tolerance and trust 11 and to ‘relate to physicians in all of the virtuous ways that govern human interrelationships and social conduct’. 23 In this pandemic, it is the behaviour of the potential , rather than the actual patient that is of upmost importance. An existing patient–doctor relationship cannot be the basis of these obligations, because key behaviours for the public include those to prevent them becoming a patient by engaging with infection control measures such as wearing a face covering and social distancing.

What should doctors do if these reciprocal obligations are not met?

As these reciprocal obligations towards doctors remain implicit and somewhat undefined, this can leave doctors in a difficult position on how to act if they perceive obligations are not met. A clear avenue for doctors to turn to might be their professional bodies, but so far, UK professional guidelines remain remarkably ambiguous as to the expectations of doctors. The apparent failure of employers and the state to meet obligations to doctors has come to the forefront in the UK over shortages and perceived inadequacy of PPE. Doctors have been questioning whether they can refuse to treat patients if they do not have adequate PPE. Here, the General Medical Council’s(GMC) Good Medical Practice advises that ‘Doctors must not refuse to treat patients because their medical condition may put the doctor at risk’, but that all available steps should be taken to minimise that risk before providing treatment, which includes escalating concerns to employers. 24 Unfortunately, this both places the burden of the moral decision making squarely on the doctor, rather than the employer, and presents a structural problem for doctors who may all too easily be pressured into unacceptable working conditions by employers.

So what should doctors do if finding themselves in such as position? After establishing the obligation is unmet, doctors should be justified in opting out of patient care tasks. However, rather than considering this opting out of a COVID-19 patient care role, this should be considered a task-specific opt out proportionate to the obligation not met. For example, if an emergency physician has access to a fluid-resistant surgical mask, but not to an FFP3 respirator mask, it would be proportionate for that doctor to refuse to do specific high-risk procedures that the mask is necessary for, such as intubation, but not proportionate to refuse to provide any care to a patient at all. 25 Importantly, this opt out is not specific to caring for patients with COVID-19 but would apply to all healthcare provision tasks that are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This could include circumstances such as PPE shortages causing lack of gowns for surgeons. A surgeon would then be justified if they refused to operate if the lack of gown left them at greater risk of contracting a blood-borne virus.

We have argued that doctors have a duty to participate in pandemic response due to their special skills, but these skills vary between different doctors, and their duties are constrained by other competing rights. In special circumstances such as a pandemic, these obligations may be considered supererogatory (in ethics, an act is supererogatory if it is good but not morally required to be done). This means an opt out policy, based on an assessment of these competing duties, while not desirable would be ethically justifiable.

From both an ethical and pragmatic perspective, doctors must be viewed in the context of rich lives with multiple competing demands. We should encourage doctors to meet the demand for medical aid in the pandemic, but those who make the sacrifices and increased efforts are owed reciprocal obligations in return. When reciprocal obligations are not met, doctors are further justified in opting out of specific tasks, as long as this is proportionate to the unmet obligation.

To encourage doctors to meet the demand for healthcare provision and to prevent structural injustices undermining reciprocal obligations owed to doctors, it is important to explicitly define the reciprocal obligations owed to doctors. We propose the minimum obligations in table 1 . Further work is required to define these professional standards that should take into account the capacity for structural factors that may influence doctor’s agency and should aim to meet these reciprocal obligations.

Key reciprocal obligations owed to doctors

Twitter: @ethicssteph

SBJ and FB contributed equally.

Correction notice: This paper has been updated since first published to revise funding statement.

Contributors: Both authors coconceived the project and contributed equally to the drafting and writing of the manuscript. Both authors approved the final manuscript.

Funding: This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [Grant numbers 203132/Z/16/Z and 217706/Z/19/Z].

Competing interests: None declared.

Patient consent for publication: Not required.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Data availability statement: There are no data in this work.

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How To Write An Essay On The Doctor For Classes 1, 2 & 3

Qualities Of A Good Doctor

Responsibilities and duties of a doctor, essential points to remember: essay on the doctor for lower primary classes, 5 lines on a doctor for kids, 10 lines on a doctor for kids, short essay on the doctor in english for children, long essay on the importance of doctors in our lives, what will your child learn from this essay.

Doctors play an essential role in human life. It is a noble profession as doctors help keep us healthy and help patients get relief from their pain. When your child writes an essay on a doctor, they realise the significance of this person, developing respect for them. Essay writing develops your child’s writing and communication skills in the English language. It also improves their vocabulary.

A doctor is a highly responsible person. They take care of their patients, and their patients are their priority. Some doctors treat humans, and some doctors treat animals. Whoever the patients may be, they are important to the doctor, and doctors save their life. Whether it’s their duty hours or beyond duty hours, doctors are always ready to protect their patients. Along with being kind, a doctor also has to be very strong at heart.

When a person becomes a doctor, their responsibilities and duties increase, and they become committed to saving lives. Some doctors treat humans while some treat animals. The doctors who treat animals are called veterinary doctors. When someone falls ill, their life depends on the treatment they get from the doctor. The doctor makes the correct diagnosis and prescribes the appropriate medicines. Sometimes the patients need to be admitted to hospitals. At hospitals, doctors take the help of nurses and other medical staff for treatment. While most of the time, people stay at home and get well, taking the medicines their doctor has prescribed. Doctors should be kind and polite to their patients and their guardians. Their behaviour is also significant along with the treatment.

Your child needs to remember a few key points while writing an essay about doctors.

• Let your child structure the ideas (in the head) they want to write on doctors.
• In the second step, let your child note the ideas to form an outline to cover all the points while composing the essay.
• They will form easy-to-read short and simple sentences from the pointers in the third step.
• Encourage your child not to get too deep describing any single idea. It will help them to stick to the count of words.
• Help your child write with the rhythm, making them enjoy writing the essay.
• Your child can write about how a doctor helps others, the responsibilities, and duties of a doctor, etc.
• A doctor saves lives.
• There are separate doctors for humans and animals.
• Doctors who treat animals are called veterinary doctors.
• Doctors take the help of nurses and medical staff for a patient’s treatment.
• A doctor has a lot of responsibilities and duties.
• Doctors have a very noble profession.
• We take treatment from a doctor when we fall ill.
• A doctor prescribes the correct medicines at the proper dosages and treats their patients.
• There are different doctors for humans and animals.
• Doctors who take care of animals are called veterinary doctors.
• A doctor’s behaviour is significant, along with the medical treatment they give.
• Doctors take the help of nurses and medical staff to treat patients.
• Standard instruments that we see with doctors are blood pressure monitoring instruments and a stethoscope.
• A doctor has many responsibilities and duties as their work concerns saving lives.

A doctor plays a pivotal role in our life. Let us help your kids write a small beautiful essay on a doctor.

Doctors play a significant role throughout the world. They save lives. Some doctors treat animals, and they are called veterinary doctors. Each one has to depend on a doctor when we fall ill or get injured. A doctor listens to our problems and prescribes medicines. At hospitals, doctors take the help of nurses and other medical staff for the treatments.

Along with the treatment, a doctor’s behaviour is also critical. They should be kind and polite with their patients. A doctor has many responsibilities and duties since they are associated with saving lives. Apart from their fixed duty hours, they need to be available to treat patients at any time of the day. A doctor does the best they can to treat a patient. We have seen the contribution of doctors during the Covid times. Nurses and other medical staff have also helped in the treatment during challenging times.

Doctors play a super important role in our lives. Let us help your child write an essay about doctors:

A doctor is someone who saves lives. Whether a doctor for humans or animals, the role is extremely important. A person becomes a doctor after long years of studies and training. Doctors who treat animals are called veterinary doctors. Doctors listen to the patient’s problems and then prescribe the right medicines. Doctors take an oath when they enter this noble profession. They pledge to treat the patients to the best of their ability, preserve a patient’s privacy, etc. The duty of doctors is not limited to the duty hours. A doctor has to rush whenever there is an emergency. A doctor should be very kind and polite with the patients. Doctors should always keep themselves updated with important studies and research. A doctor specialises in specific fields. For example, a general physician specialises in general medicines, and an orthopaedic doctor treats bone-related problems, an ENT specialist treats problems of the ear, nose, and throat, and so on. A doctor’s uniform is a white coat. We often see doctors with instruments like a stethoscope, a blood pressure monitoring machine, oximeter. India celebrates Doctors Day on July 1st, which marks the birthday of the legendary physician of India, Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy. Celebrating this day is a tribute to his contribution to the people of this country.

A doctor plays a very significant role in our life. They are a life saviour. We depend on a doctor whenever we fall ill or have any injury. When your child writes an essay on a doctor, they will understand the doctor’s value better. The act of essay writing also benefits the child.

We hope the above essay about doctors will help your little one write a beautiful piece on them. We have ensured to keep it simple for children to understand.

1) When is Doctors’ Day celebrated in India?

India celebrates Doctors’ Day on July 1st every year.

2) Who is a Paediatrician?

A paediatrician is a doctor who treats newborn babies and children.

3) Why do doctors always use a stethoscope?

Doctors always use a stethoscope to hear the patient’s heartbeat and check the condition of their chest.

4) Do doctors treat only humans?

Some doctors treat humans, and some doctors treat animals.

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Essay on Doctor

Real life heroes are an inspiration to us all and deserve our utmost respect and admiration. They put their own lives at risk to help those who are less fortunate, and take swift and courageous action to save lives or prevent disaster. Real life heroes are people who perform extraordinary acts of valor, heroism, and courage to help others in need. From fire-fighters, soldiers, police officers to a doctor all these are our real life heroes. Today we will talk about doctors and their hard works towards nation in detail.

Short and Long Doctor Essay in English

Here, we are presenting long and short essays on Doctor in English for students under word limits of 100 – 150 Words, 200 – 250 words, and 500 – 600 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in English. These provided essays on Doctor will help you to write effective essays, paragraphs, and speeches on this topic.

Happiness Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) A doctor is a person who provides medical care.

2) Doctors specialize in many areas of medicine, such as surgery, paediatrics, neurology and more.

3) Doctors are highly trained professionals with a lot of expertise and knowledge.

4) Doctors work hard to diagnose and treat illnesses with the aim of restoring a patient’s health.

5) Doctors work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics and private practices.

6) Doctors use a variety of methods to diagnose and treat patients.

7) Being a doctor is a very rewarding career, as you can help people in need

8) Doctors maintain a detailed knowledge of their patients’ medical history.

9) Doctors go to medical school for many years to learn how to diagnose and treat illnesses.

10) Being a doctor is a very tough job and requires a lot of dedication and hard work.

Short Essay on Doctor (250 – 300 Words)

Introduction

Doctors are an integral part of medical science and they play a major role in the healthcare system of any society. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses and diseases among patients, as well as providing preventive care and health advice. Doctors are the ones who ensure that the society remains healthy and prevent the spread of diseases.

Role of Doctors

Doctors carry out a variety of tasks, including diagnosing and treating diseases, illnesses, and injuries. They interpret laboratory tests and medical images, prescribe medications, and counsel patients on life-style changes to promote health. They are also involved in education, research, advocacy, and administration. Aside from providing direct medical care, doctors often serve as resources for patients and their families in a variety of ways.

In order to practice medicine, doctors must obtain a license from a medical regulatory body in their country of practice. This requires extensive training and education, from completing a degree in medicine to passing a licensing examination.

Importance of Doctors

Doctors are essential in providing healthcare to maintain and improve the health of individuals in any community. With their medical knowledge and expertise, they are able to diagnose, treat, manage and refer patients with different health conditions. They also provide preventive care by promoting healthy habits and lifestyles, and screening for diseases to identify and prevent any potential health concerns.

Doctors are highly important in providing healthcare and maintaining the health of people in a society. They provide diagnosis, treatment, management, and referral services for different health conditions as well as preventive care. With their expertise and experience, they are able to provide optimal medical care to the people.

Long Essay on Doctor (500 Words)

A Doctor is a person who provides medical care to people who are ill, unhealthy or injured. Doctors diagnose health issues and prescribe treatment to help people become healthier. They also often provide preventative care, such as immunizations and checkups, to help people stay healthy. Doctors are highly trained professionals who need to stay updated on the latest medical practices and technology.

Doctor: A Lifesaving Profession

A doctor is a health care professional who practices the science of medicine. Being a doctor is one of the noblest and lifesaving professions in the world. A doctor is considered as a god available on Earth. They are the life saviours. The doctor is responsible for diagnosing and providing medical and surgical treatment to their patients. Generally, doctors are referred to as physicians, surgeons, and other specialists.

Qualifications to Become a Doctor

In India, to become a Doctor an individual must have an MBBS degree from a Medical College recognized by the Medical Council of India and complete a one-year internship before starting their practice. A Post Graduate degree such as MD/MS/Diploma is also desirable in some specialties. Additionally, the candidate must register with the Medical Council of India and get a Medical License. Thus, a Doctor must have an MBBS degree, one year of internship, a Post Graduate degree and a valid Medical License to practice medicine.

Duties of a Doctor

A doctor’s duty is to provide the best care for their patients. With the advancement of medical technology and knowledge, doctors must be able to diagnose and treat their patients using the most up-to-date research and technology.

Aside from providing direct medical care to their patients, a doctor’s responsibilities include patient care coordination, record-keeping, research, patient education, and providing accurate results for clinical trials and studies. Additionally, doctors must also evaluate and recommend alternative treatments for their patients as needed.

A doctor’s duty also includes educating their medical teams and keeping them informed of new medical advancements and treatments. Doctors must provide mentorship and guidance to their medical teams on best practices and help them navigate the ever-changing medical field.

Benefits of Being a Doctor

The profession of being a doctor is highly respected and held in high esteem by many. Doctors are most often praised for the noble work they do, and it can be very rewarding to be able to help people.

The financial benefits of being a doctor can also be significant. Doctors have the potential to make a very good living, and their salaries are often higher than those of other professions.

India has achieved significant progress in medical specialization and health care in the last decade. Doctors in India have been instrumental in improving the health of millions of Indians.  Being a doctor is not an easy profession, and it can be very demanding and challenging. A doctor’s job is to provide the best possible medical care to their patients, and it is a job that takes immense dedication and knowledge.

I hope the above-provided essay on doctor will be helpful for everyone to know about how doctors are a life saviour and help the society to live a happy and healthy life.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Doctor

Ans. Students have to attend NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) Examination in order to get qualified for an MBBS degree.

Ans. Yes, in India the minimum age for a doctor is 21 years.

Ans. Doctors typically diagnose and treat illnesses, perform medical tests, prescribe medications, and provide medical advice to patients.

Ans. Yes, in India, all doctors are required to pass the Screening Test (FMGE) conducted by the National Board of Examinations in order to practice as a doctor in India.

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Doctor Essay for Class 7 Students

Long essay on doctor for class 7 students.

A Doctor is a person who helps to keep human health in healthy condition. Doctors help patients to get relief from their pain. Doctors play a very essential role in human life. We can say Doctors are the incarnation of the god. In India, we celebrate National Doctor’s Day on July of 1st to thank physicians and doctors for their dedicated services to patients. 

Becoming a doctor is not an easy task. Educationally, it's a very challenging part to earn a degree with good knowledge and marks. A doctor’s routing life is not as easy as normal people. They don't have a fixed lifestyle like five days of working or only an 8 hours time slot and so on. They have to be available any seconds of the emergency. There will be any type of emergencies such as an accident, any unbearable pain in any organ or any other reason relating to the patient. A doctor should keep calm and help patients. Doctors build friendly relations with patients to make them comfortable. Doctors always have to be alert on their duty. Doctors cannot afford to make any single mistake, because one of their mistakes can lose patient life. 

A stressful life and changes in the environment can be detrimental to our health. Unhealthy and chaotic nutrition is adopted by people who work around the clock. Being too busy involves a high level of stress, a cause for multiple diseases. In such a situation doctors become an indispensable part of our life. There are different doctors for different patient problems. For dental problems, we have to visit the dentist. Similarly, Orthopedic, Gynecologic, Pediatrician, Veterinarian, etc. In Pandemic situations like COVID 19, doctors play a very vital role. Without their support, it's impossible to fight against it. In such scenarios, doctors play roles like soldiers who help us to fight against COVID 19 compromising their life too.

Nowadays, the medical field has changed. Due to some greedy people, the entire system has changed. The expense of medical education is much higher than other education. Hence some doctors start to recover from Patients by misleading them. Many corporate hospitals decide the treatment of patients as per their income source. On the other hand, most of the time some doctors prescribes medicine which has a higher cost because such brands provide some gifts or tours to doctors. Some time on the power of money, underserved students also get a degree. Such incompetent doctor’s treatment adversely affects the patient’s life. Even though in India many students get degrees with good knowledge, most of these doctors prefer to fly to other countries with good income sources. On the other hand in India, most of the rural areas, poor patients deprived of better medical treatment.

As we know, every coin has two sides. Some good examples are also available in society; these doctors can earn good money and can enjoy a good, comfortable life. But they can’t because they believe in humanity. Dr. Prakash Baba Amate is one of the best examples of such a great doctor.

Improving healthcare for the underprivileged has been the focus for many doctors. Most of us live in urban India, where the healthcare facilities are relatively better (you would know if you ever visit a village or rural area, where one has to travel miles to meet a doctor). There are plenty of doctors, nurses and assisting medical staff. Private hospitals charge more than the government hospitals, but the former also provide us with timely, best quality healthcare. 

The scenario is however not hopeful among the rural regions of India. A large population of India still resides in villages, and it is concerning to know that they struggle to find affordable health care options. This prevents them, coupled with the lack of overall knowledge and acceptance of modern medical facilities, to approach a doctor. This can and often does give rise to endemic diseases such as malaria, polio, etc. The spread is rampant due to unhygienic conditions and non-treatment of the affected individuals. The situation further deteriorates when the system fails to acknowledge these shortcomings or turn a blind eye to their suffering. Deaths often go under reported and the disposal of dead bodies in fresh water bodies create a whole different set of deadly consequences. The privileged sections of the society must therefore unite and stand for these people and create remedies on both institutional and social level for change.

Through this essay, we learned that doctors are an invaluable gift to our society, especially as we are reeling through the COVID-19 pandemic. Their years worth of preparation, practice and resilience is definitely worth our respect and admiration. While they sometimes overwork to compensate for our weak infrastructure and growing health needs, we can personally contribute in other ways such as assisting through NGOs and spreading more digital and social awareness. And lastly, we must value and respect our doctors who have been a boon to our society for centuries now.

FAQs on Doctor Essay for Class 7 Students

1. How does one become a doctor? 

In India, students of the science stream (i.e. students with science subjects and Biology in their high school) can opt to become doctors. The process is guided by the guidelines of NEET-UGC, from where a student is expected to study theoretical and application based techniques for a period of five and a half years (including one year of mandatory internship in hospitals) to become a qualified doctor. 

2. What are the responsibilities and purpose of doctors in the medical world?

Doctors along with the nursing staff form the backbone of the medical field. Doctors carry a host of responsibilities on their shoulders. They make sure that patients get the right treatment (as it can become very expensive for a marginal earning population) and healthcare.

3. Do all people have access to doctors and professional medical help? How can we provide them with access to doctors?

No, unfortunately in India and most other developing countries, access to healthcare is a privilege. While most of us can receive quick easy health expertise, many other people can not afford and rely on unqualified staff or home remedies. In severe cases they often rely on government hospitals, government schemes and the bureaucratic system for relief. 

4. How has the current pandemic changed the medical world?

The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has shifted the way we previously valued our healthcare systems. We now deeply understand how our access or lack of it can save or cost lives. At the same time, the pandemic has laid bare the loopholes and shortcomings of our healthcare system, and how underpaid and undervalued most of our doctors are. 

5. How many types of doctors are there?

There are as many types of doctors as many diseases are known to us. Some of them are:

Immunologists (for the immune system)

Endocrinologists (for the endocrine system)

Cardiologists (heart)

Neurologists (nervous system)

Anesthesiologists (for administration of anesthesia to patients during surgery)

Critical care specialists (for critical care/ emergencies)

Surgeons of the gastrointestinal tract (for colon, intestine, etc.)

Dermatologists (for hair and skin), etc.

Kids-learning • Class 7

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5 Duties of Behavior Toward Patients

• Published: April 2020
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This chapter explains three central physician duties that clearly set medical ethics apart from common morality: nonjudgmental regard, nonsexual regard, and confidentiality. Because patients will not trust doctors when they are not confident in the doctor’s devotion and commitment to meeting their medical needs, doctors must avoid any intimation of judging a patient unworthy of care. Because doctors need their patients to trust that the intimacy of the doctor-patient relationship has no sexual overtones in spite of the revelation, nudity, and touching, doctors must maintain nonsexual regard in their patient interactions. Because doctors need patients to divulge intimate personal details about their behavior and history in order to make accurate diagnoses and develop treatment plans, patients must be able to trust their doctors to uphold confidentiality and only share medical information with other professionals on a need-to-know basis. These duties are explained and illustrated with numerous case examples.

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Essay on Doctor

Introduction

All children will be familiar with doctors. At some point in their lives, they might have visited a doctor when they fell sick or had a serious injury while playing on the ground. Mostly, all kids would have had a good experience with their doctors because they try to be friendly and funny and know how to handle kids. Through this essay on doctors, children will be able to share their experiences and understand the significance of a doctor in their lives.

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Doctors are given the right title of ‘life-saviours’ because they have the medical expertise to cure many diseases and bring life back to people who are on the verge of dying. Whether it be prescribing medicines for fever or headache, relieving our pain through medicines, and operating on our critical organs, doctors have made our living possible and comfortable. We believe them to have God’s grace and touch because of the number of lives they save.

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Related essay: Essay on Doctors Day

Becoming a Doctor

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What is the role of doctors in our lives.

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• Volume 47, Issue 1
• Doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic: what are their duties and what is owed to them?
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6777-8816 Stephanie B Johnson 1 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0348-3434 Frances Butcher 1 , 2
• 1 Nuffield Department of Population Health, Department of Medicine , Univerity of Oxford Nuffield , Oxford , Oxfordshire , UK
• 2 Honorary Specialty Registrar in Public Health , Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , Oxfordshire , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Stephanie B Johnson, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Univerity of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; stephanie.johnson{at}bdi.ox.ac.uk

Doctors form an essential part of an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue they have a duty to participate in pandemic response due to their special skills, but these skills vary between different doctors, and their duties are constrained by other competing rights. We conclude that while doctors should be encouraged to meet the demand for medical aid in the pandemic, those who make the sacrifices and increased efforts are owed reciprocal obligations in return. When reciprocal obligations are not met, doctors are further justified in opting out of specific tasks, as long as this is proportionate to the unmet obligation.

• health personnel
• clinical ethics
• public health ethics

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106266

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Doctors form an essential part of an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. They have critical roles in diagnosis, containment and treatment, and their commitment to treat despite increased personal risks is essential for a successful public health response. 1 Frontline workers have been experiencing high work volume, personal risk and societal pressure to meet extraordinary demands for healthcare. Despite this traditional public health ethics has paid little attention to the protection of the rights of doctors. 2

We will consider the role of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing primarily on the British National Health Service (NHS), by answering the following four questions: what is the nature and scope of the duties of healthcare providers? To whom do these duties apply? What reciprocal obligations to doctors exist from their employers and patients? And what should doctors do when these reciprocal obligations are not met?

Although these questions are equally important to all healthcare professionals, we focus on doctors because it is important to distinguish that different healthcare professionals have different roles, and this may affect the extent of their occupational risks and duties. Further research on the role of nurses, physiotherapists and other health professionals should be undertaken but is beyond the scope of this article.

Do doctors have a duty to treat in disease outbreaks and pandemics such as COVID-19?

With respect to moral theory, numerous grounds have been offered for the view that doctors have a duty to treat or an obligation to provide care to patients. 3 With regards to pandemics, claims about the duties of doctors are most often grounded in so-called ‘special duties’ or ‘role related’ duties. In other words, by virtue of their profession, doctors have more stringent obligations of beneficence than most, and they have obligations to a specified group of persons (their patients) that non-medical personnel have no obligation to help. 4 Clark 5 argues that the duty can be justified with reference to: (A) special skills possessed by healthcare professionals, which mean that they are uniquely placed to provide aid, thereby increasing their obligation; (B) the individual’s freely made decision to enter the profession with the knowledge of what the job entails and the nature of the associated risks; and (C) the social contract between healthcare professionals and the society in which they work. However, it seems clear that the duty to treat cannot be ‘absolute’—that doctors have a duty to work regardless of the circumstance. Doctors have rights to protection and to care during an infectious disease outbreak, as do other members of society. 2

In previous epidemics, arguments that have rationalised the abandonment of patients include futility when medicine is powerless to help and the depletion of finite human resources (healthcare workers) when physicians fall ill. 2 6 Sokol 4 points out that in times of crisis, the duties deriving from doctors’ multiple roles may often come into conflict, and the problem with many accounts of the duties of doctors is that they fail to acknowledge these tensions and to consider workers as multiple agents belonging to a broader community. Doctors, for instance, may have a duty to care for patients as well as a duty to care for their own families by protecting them (and hence themselves) from infection. 4 Failure to account for the effects of interventions such as school closures on the healthcare workforce only exacerbate the problem of strained healthcare capacity by removing much needed members from the workforce.

Special circumstances

Emerging threats of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 demand much more than that doctors continue to work as normal. Pandemics may necessitate longer hours (and corresponding increased exposure to the virus), potential quarantines and assignments outside one’s normal specialty. 3 What distinguishes normal duty from acting beyond the call of duty is not always clear-cut. 7 However, experience so far suggests that in the current epidemic doctors are subject to risk of illness, 8 risk of death, 8 fatigue from extended hours, 9 moral distress (when being party to difficult treatment decisions, such as prioritisation of patients for ventilators) 9 and potential legal and professional risks when be asked to work at the limits of their competencies. 10

The 2003 SARS epidemic provided some important insights into the experience and pressures on healthcare workers during an epidemic, as well as highlighting some important gaps in ethical thinking and practice. Many of those who treated patients with SARS raised concerns about the protections that were provided to safeguard their own health and that of their family members. 11 12 Some refused to attend SARS wards resulting in permanent dismissal, and some chose to leave the profession post-pandemic. 11 13 Notably, it was recognised during SARS that there is no consensus as to how explicitly and stringently the requirements for the duty to care should be stated. 13 14 Scholars recommended advance planning with local and national professional medical associations to obtain agreement about the extent of professional obligations in a pandemic. 11 This was suggested to include the development of clear and unambiguous guidelines regarding the professional rights and responsibilities and the ethical duties and obligations of healthcare professionals during such outbreaks. 13 Almost two decades later, there remains little consensus and clarity over reasonable expectations on the medical workforce. This is a grave failing.

Is opting out justifiable?

If limits of the duty of care are not absolute but, rather, constrained by several factors defined by the strengths of competing rights and duties, 4 it may be concluded that some doctors may be morally justified in opting out of frontline work. Opting out could be more easily justified if this frontline work extends beyond their area of expertise and/or places significant personal or physical burdens on them. For instance, an older doctor with diabetes may object to moving to frontline COVID-19 work, given the suggestion that higher mortality is associated with COVID-19 infection in those who are older or have comorbidities. 15

There are two main objections to an ‘opt out’ policy. First, considerations of fairness. For each doctor who opts out, this places an additional burden on their colleagues. In particular, it could mean that burdens of the outbreak are placed on specific groups, such as young, childless doctors who will be overburdened and are likely to have less expertise. As Reid 16 has pointed out, the health risk refused by one individual is left to be absorbed by someone else, either within the healthcare team or by society at large. Second, opting out may have a significant impact on patient trust, which has recognised importance in the efficacy of pandemic response. 17 Others have argued that the need for health officials to be viewed as the experts, whose intentions and actions are in the best interest of the public, is critical to fostering trust. 18 The medical profession is often described as having an implicit contract with society to provide medical help in times of crisis, 19 which includes a reasonable and legitimate expectation by the public that doctors will respond in an infectious disease emergency. 13 Trust in medical professionals, and the healthcare system as a whole, may be undermined were there a public perception that doctors were unwilling to act in the best interests of patients by failing to meet the extraordinary demand for healthcare.

While these are undesirable consequences that should be addressed, these objections are not strong enough moral justifications to pressure all doctors into working in circumstances beyond their expected role that they consider to be morally, psychologically or physically unacceptable. 4 The moral, psychological and physical acceptability of frontline COVID-19 work is likely to be determined by a number of important factors, such as the level of personal risk of serious illness, personal circumstances, specialty, career stage and met/unmet reciprocal obligations (discussed further below).

To whom do these duties apply?

While we have so far looked at the duty of care of doctors, this is not a homogenous group. All doctors have a duty (within limitations) to care for their patients, but an acutely unwell and infectious patient might not be within the normal range of practice of some specialties. If we compare an infectious disease physician with an ophthalmic surgeon, two arguments could be made for the greater duty of the infectious disease physician: this could arise from both their greater skill in managing patients with COVID-19 and by their choice of specialty. It could be argued that by choosing to train in the management of infectious diseases they have implicitly agreed to accept a predetermined level of risk, 4 and therefore, frontline pandemic work may fall within the scope of agreed duties. In short, the obligation to participate in frontline work is higher for those who chose to ‘opt in’ to higher risk work at specialty training, than for those who chose to ‘opt out’. This neither implies the infectious disease doctor has an absolute duty to participate in frontline work regardless of personal risk or that the ophthalmic surgeon has no duty, rather that the degree of obligation may vary between specialties within certain constraints.

Licenced doctors may not be the only doctors asked to help care for patients during the pandemic. In the UK, the government called for recent retirees and senior medical students to volunteer in the response to COVID-19. 20 This leads to the question of when professional or vocational obligations start and end. As medical students’ training is subsidised by the UK government, this could be grounds for the start of a duty to society, with this only being able to be realised later in medical school when students may have skills that could aid in the response. Although the age of most medical students means they are likely to be low risk for complications of COVID-19, it is not clear that the skills medical students have are sufficiently useful to counter the perhaps greater risks of psychological and emotional distress in those who have not developed resilience by working in the health system. The duty to return for retirees, or those that have chosen to leave medicine, should not be grounded in their choice to be a doctor. It would be an unduly extensive duty if understood as a lifelong commitment lasting beyond a professional career. However, as recent retirees in acute care specialties could be extremely skilled staff, this duty could be ground in a ‘duty of easy rescue’. This means that ‘if it is in your power to save a life or prevent something bad from happening where the cost to you is negligible, very less, or has comparable moral importance, you are morally obliged to do it’. 21 However, in the case of COVID-19 retirees are by their age at risk of death and serious illness, challenging the idea that the cost isnegligible or this an ‘easy rescue’. Furthermore, intensive care unit beds and ventilators (as well as doctors) are a finite resource. Putting retirees on the front line may generate a net harm, rather than a net benefit.

What are the reciprocal obligations to doctors from their employers and patients?

Much of the literature focuses on the duties of doctors and much less is said of what is owed to them in return. Studies have found that doctors feel they have a duty to work only if certain obligations are fulfilled by the state or institution. 5 This includes basics, such as employer obligations to put measures in place to protect doctors and their families, such as the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) and of vaccination for themselves or family members (if available). 5

Evidence also suggests that willingness may not necessarily be increased by the implementation of practical or pragmatic solutions but may be instead more deeply rooted in a number of factors, such as the extent to which doctors feel included in preparedness planning, or various sociodemographic and family issues. These are likely to influence doctors’ willingness to work during a pandemic or other emergency. 5 Standards of care may have to be adjusted, and the legal repercussions of these adjusted standards need to be addressed. 1 This includes providing adequate indemnity cover for anyone asked to act outside of their established role.

Lastly, whereas much has been written on what makes a good doctor, less attention has been said about the good patient. 4 Obligations towards the professional have been suggested to include informing the professional about any known risk of infection, 22 truthfulness, compliance, tolerance and trust 11 and to ‘relate to physicians in all of the virtuous ways that govern human interrelationships and social conduct’. 23 In this pandemic, it is the behaviour of the potential , rather than the actual patient that is of upmost importance. An existing patient–doctor relationship cannot be the basis of these obligations, because key behaviours for the public include those to prevent them becoming a patient by engaging with infection control measures such as wearing a face covering and social distancing.

What should doctors do if these reciprocal obligations are not met?

As these reciprocal obligations towards doctors remain implicit and somewhat undefined, this can leave doctors in a difficult position on how to act if they perceive obligations are not met. A clear avenue for doctors to turn to might be their professional bodies, but so far, UK professional guidelines remain remarkably ambiguous as to the expectations of doctors. The apparent failure of employers and the state to meet obligations to doctors has come to the forefront in the UK over shortages and perceived inadequacy of PPE. Doctors have been questioning whether they can refuse to treat patients if they do not have adequate PPE. Here, the General Medical Council’s(GMC) Good Medical Practice advises that ‘Doctors must not refuse to treat patients because their medical condition may put the doctor at risk’, but that all available steps should be taken to minimise that risk before providing treatment, which includes escalating concerns to employers. 24 Unfortunately, this both places the burden of the moral decision making squarely on the doctor, rather than the employer, and presents a structural problem for doctors who may all too easily be pressured into unacceptable working conditions by employers.

So what should doctors do if finding themselves in such as position? After establishing the obligation is unmet, doctors should be justified in opting out of patient care tasks. However, rather than considering this opting out of a COVID-19 patient care role, this should be considered a task-specific opt out proportionate to the obligation not met. For example, if an emergency physician has access to a fluid-resistant surgical mask, but not to an FFP3 respirator mask, it would be proportionate for that doctor to refuse to do specific high-risk procedures that the mask is necessary for, such as intubation, but not proportionate to refuse to provide any care to a patient at all. 25 Importantly, this opt out is not specific to caring for patients with COVID-19 but would apply to all healthcare provision tasks that are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This could include circumstances such as PPE shortages causing lack of gowns for surgeons. A surgeon would then be justified if they refused to operate if the lack of gown left them at greater risk of contracting a blood-borne virus.

We have argued that doctors have a duty to participate in pandemic response due to their special skills, but these skills vary between different doctors, and their duties are constrained by other competing rights. In special circumstances such as a pandemic, these obligations may be considered supererogatory (in ethics, an act is supererogatory if it is good but not morally required to be done). This means an opt out policy, based on an assessment of these competing duties, while not desirable would be ethically justifiable.

From both an ethical and pragmatic perspective, doctors must be viewed in the context of rich lives with multiple competing demands. We should encourage doctors to meet the demand for medical aid in the pandemic, but those who make the sacrifices and increased efforts are owed reciprocal obligations in return. When reciprocal obligations are not met, doctors are further justified in opting out of specific tasks, as long as this is proportionate to the unmet obligation.

To encourage doctors to meet the demand for healthcare provision and to prevent structural injustices undermining reciprocal obligations owed to doctors, it is important to explicitly define the reciprocal obligations owed to doctors. We propose the minimum obligations in table 1 . Further work is required to define these professional standards that should take into account the capacity for structural factors that may influence doctor’s agency and should aim to meet these reciprocal obligations.

• View inline

Key reciprocal obligations owed to doctors

• Anantham D ,
• O'Neill S , et al
• Folayan MO ,
• Sani-Gwarzo N , et al
• Francis LP , et al
• Nguyen LH ,
• Graham MS , et al
• Hoedemaekers A ,
• van der Hoeven H , et al
• General Medical Council
• Schwartz AR
• Ruderman C ,
• Bensimon CM , et al
• Singer PA ,
• Benatar SR ,
• Bernstein M , et al
• Du R , et al
• Henderson J ,
• Tonkin E , et al
• Simonds AK ,
• Usmani Z-ul-hassan
• Pellegrino ETD
• Public Health England

Twitter @ethicssteph

SBJ and FB contributed equally.

Correction notice This paper has been updated since first published to revise funding statement.

Contributors Both authors coconceived the project and contributed equally to the drafting and writing of the manuscript. Both authors approved the final manuscript.

Funding This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [Grant numbers 203132/Z/16/Z and 217706/Z/19/Z].

Competing interests None declared.

Patient consent for publication Not required.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Data availability statement There are no data in this work.

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Royal health crisis is ‘temporary blip’ for monarchy not ‘seismic change’, say sources

A double health scare which has left the King and Princess of Wales unable to carry out public duties as they undergo cancer treatment is a “temporary blip” and not a “seismic change” for the monarchy, palace sources have said.

The King is said to be “very positive” and his doctors “optimistic”, as aides plan for him to build back to resume his fuller schedule of engagements “towards the summer”.

He has been undergoing regular treatment for cancer since early February. The Princess of Wales announced on Friday that she too is under the care of a medical team and having a course of preventative chemotherapy.

Both have been compelled to halt their public engagements, with the King instead working behind closed doors and the Princess at home to focus on her health.

But, one source told The Telegraph: “It’s a temporary blip, not a seismic change.”

They added: “It feels like a short period where there has been understandable concern. But the King is very positive, his doctors are optimistic, and you can see the impact of treatment has not impeded him.

“What’s pretty incredible is how the business of state has continued. The Queen is fulfilling her duties, the King is undertaking all of his constitutional workload and I think we’ll continue to see royal activity across the board.”

Conscious effort to be photographed

The King has made a conscious effort to be photographed undertaking his key duties, including issuing a rare video from his private audience with the Prime Minister, pictures of him welcoming visiting diplomats, and regular shots of him in the car to and from Buckingham Palace and Clarence House.

The Queen will carry out three engagements this week, including representing the King at the annual Royal Maundy service.

Last week she visited Northern Ireland on an overnight trip without the King. 

Of the King’s future return to public engagements, the palace source said: “We continue to plan for an optimistic outcome, building towards the summer.”

The Prince and Princess of Wales have, for now, emphasised their wish for privacy.

A Kensington Palace source said they “sincerely hope” the Princess will now be left alone to spend Easter with her family.

The Prince of Wales will be off duty over the Easter holidays, which the family will spend in Norfolk as usual, ensuring Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis can enjoy their usual routines out of the limelight.

Friends and former staff have rallied to support the family.

Ailsa Anderson, a former press secretary to Queen Elizabeth II, told GB News: “It’s not a crisis. A crisis is an abdication. Crisis is not knowing the line of succession. This is a bump in the road. It is not a major earthquake in my opinion.

“You’ve got two senior members of the Royal Family who are ill, who are being treated for cancer. But hopefully this is a blip and going forward they will recuperate and carry on doing the amazing work that they do.

‘Let Princess have some peace’

“I think going forward, let her [the Princess of Wales] have some peace. Let her have some privacy. Let the family have some privacy so she can recuperate. And the palace shouldn’t be providing a running commentary, absolutely.

“We never did when the late Queen was unwell or Prince Philip. We always say we’re not going to provide a day-to-day commentary on their condition.”

Asked by host Camilla Tominey, also The Telegraph’s associate editor, whether the Royal family is too small, she said: “I think the balance is right at the moment. Obviously, we have two members of the Royal family out of action, but they will come back into the fold again.”

Paddy Harverson, a former spokesman for the King and Prince William in the early years of his relationship with his wife-to-be denied the institution is now “fragile”.

“We just have to come to terms with the new reality, there’s fewer of them,” he told the BBC.

“So, everyone just needs to sort of understand that they will still be busy, they will get over this. I am highly confident that the King, who I know well, is incredibly strong, very resilient, a great spiritual person, so I know he’ll get through it.

“Likewise with the Princess, with Kate, I think once they’re through this sticky patch, I think we’ll get back to normal.

“I think the nation just needs to adjust, and the media, and everyone who follows this, to a smaller family but still very busy doing what they do in their own way.”

On Sunday, Chancellor Jeremy Hunt praised the “incredible stoicism” of the King and Princess.

Anneliese Dodds, Labour Party chairman, said she felt a “huge amount of sympathy” for the Princess as she watched her video message on Friday.

The King will this week deliver an audio Easter message to the Royal Maundy service at Worcester Cathedral. He will be represented in person by the Queen.

The couple are hoping to attend the traditional Easter Sunday service at Windsor Castle’s St George’s Chapel, with plans modified to take into account the need to prevent him picking up an infection.

The Prince and Princess of Wales will not attend, it has been confirmed. Prince William will return to his usual programme of engagements after his children’s school holidays come to an end on April 17.

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