essay on photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Essay

Photosynthesis is one of the primary sources of energy for living organisms. The fossilized photosynthetic fuels account for almost 90% of the energy in the world (Johnson, 2016). Cellular respiration is a process that takes place in the living organism and converts nutrients into energy. This essay will examine photosynthesis and cellular respiration separately and identify similarities, differences, and interconnectedness between two processes. Two processes are similar in that they both deals with energy, but they are different because one process involves catabolic reactions and another anabolic one.

The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using light energy. The light splits one of the reactants, water in the mesophyll of the leaf into oxygen, electrons, and protons during the light-dependent phase (Johnson, 2016). Then carbon dioxide enters the mesophyll of the leaf through openings, stomata, during the light-independent phase. These two reactions differ in light utilization and molecules production. The first reaction products are oxygen, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) that are used as energy storages, while by the end of the second reaction, the carbohydrate is obtained, and molecules mentioned above are used (Flügge et al., 2016). Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast with the light-dependent reaction taking place in the thylakoid membrane, and light-independent reaction in the stroma. The energy produced in the light reaction is used to fix carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates while oxygen is released outside. According to the following equation of the photosynthesis, C → O2 + 2H20 + photons (CH2O)n + electrons + O2 carbon monoxide and water are transferred into carbohydrates under the light with the release of atmospheric oxygen.

The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert nutrients into energy. The reactants of the respiration are glucose circulating in the blood and oxygen obtained from breathing, while the product is ATP. Cellular respiration starts from glycolysis in the mitochondria’s stroma, where the glucose is broken down into pyruvate (Bentley & Connaughton, 2017). Then it continues with the citric acid cycle that generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2. In the final stage, the electron transport chain uses these molecules to generate more ATP. The energy produced is then used for metabolic processes in the organism, while carbon dioxide is released with breathing (BBC Bitesize, n.d.). According to the following equation of the cellular respiration, C → 6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O the glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water with the presence of oxygen.

There are two main differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The first one is the anabolic process, during which complex compounds are synthesized, while the second one is catabolic, which involves breaking down the compounds (Panawala, 2017). The second crucial difference is that photosynthesis is found only in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration is found in any living cell, making it a universal process. There are also two main similarities between photosynthesis and respiration. The first similarity is that both processes involve the production of ATP (Stauffer et al., 2018). The second similarity is that both processes utilize ATP but for different purposes.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected in such a way that they allow to perform metabolic functions normally. Moreover, these processes help to regulate the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If photosynthesis stopped occurring, the level of oxygen would drop dramatically This would lead to deaths of all living organisms whose lives depend on this molecule. Whereas if cellular respiration stopped happening, living creatures would not be able to generate energy and sustain life.

To conclude, photosynthesis plays a crucial role in maintaining life on Earth. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down complex molecules and provide energy. These processes are different in their metabolic nature, but similar in terms of energy storage. If photosynthesis did not exist, the life for oxygen-dependent creatures would become extinct. Similarly, in the case of cellular respiration disappearing, living organisms would not be able to produce energy.

BBC Bitesize . (n.d.). Respiration. 2020. Web.

Bentley, M., & Connaughton, V, P. (2017). A simple way for students to visualize cellular respiration: Adapting the board game MousetrapTM to model complexity . CourseSource. 4, 1-6. Web.

Flügge, W., Westhoff, P., & Leister, D. (2016). Recent advances in understanding photosynthesis. F1000 Research, 5, 1-10.

Johnson, M. P. (2016). Photosynthesis. Essays Biochemistry , 60 (3), 255-273.

Panawala, L. (2017). Difference between photosynthesis and respiration. IE PEDIAA. Web.

Stauffer S., Gardner A., Ungu D.A.K., López-Córdoba A., & Heim M. (2018). Cellular respiration. In Labster virtual lab experiments: Basic biology (pp. 43-55). Springer.

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1. IvyPanda . "Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration." February 21, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration." February 21, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration/.

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two essential life processes on Earth that help living organisms survive. They are interrelated such that the products of one process are the reactants of the other and thus work in a cycle.

How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Related

Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants and algae make food in the form of carbohydrates (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) using water (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight as the energy source. Water and oxygen are produced as byproducts. In contrast, cellular respiration breaks down carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis and uses oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is again utilized during photosynthesis to continue the cycle.

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration can be best understood using the chemical equations given below:

Photosynthesis:  6CO 2  + 12H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6O 2  + 6H 2 O

Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (energy)

Thus, photosynthesis is just the opposite process of cellular respiration, and they work in a circle.

Both processes are essential parts of the carbon cycle . While cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide in the environment, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The exchange of CO 2 and O 2 during photosynthesis and cellular respiration helps recycle carbon dioxide in the biosphere . It keeps oxygen and carbon dioxide levels stable.

Compare and Contrast between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Although interrelated in nature, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are different in many ways.

How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Different

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar.

Despite the two processes being opposite, they share some similarities.

• They involve multiple complex steps and many same molecules such as oxygen (O 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Exchange of gases
• Series of redox reactions involving enzymes

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two basic metabolic processes that work together to drive all cellular activities. All the primary producers in a food chain produce food by photosynthesis. In contrast, cellular respiration occurs in all living organisms on Earth. Food gets oxidized to obtain energy as ATP, which powers almost all the cellular processes. Also, the products of one process are utilized by another, creating a balance in nature.

Ans . Oxygen is released as a byproduct in photosynthesis, whereas, in cellular respiration, oxygen helps to oxidize glucose to liberate energy.

• Just Breathe: An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration – Orise.orau.gov
• Difference Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration – Researchgate.net
• Steps of cellular respiration – Khanacademy.org
• Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis – Flexbooks.ck12.org

Article was last reviewed on Wednesday, August 31, 2022

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2.8: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

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How do trees help you breathe?

Recall that trees release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. And you need oxygen to breathe. Do you know why? So your cells can perform cellular respiration and make ATP.

Connecting Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through an important relationship. This relationship enables life to survive as we know it. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. Notice that the equation for cellular respiration is the direct opposite of photosynthesis :

• Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
• Photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. We breathe in that oxygen, which is carried through our blood to all our cells . In our cells, oxygen allows cellular respiration to proceed. Cellular respiration works best in the presence of oxygen. Without oxygen, much less ATP would be produced.

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during photosynthesis (Figure below) and cellular respiration worldwide helps to keep atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide at stable levels.

• The equation for cellular respiration is the direct opposite of photosynthesis.
• The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen thorough photosynthesis or cellular respiration worldwide helps to keep atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide at stable levels.

Explore More

Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.

• Photosynthesis and Respiration at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEnjph9miK4 (3:46)

• What is needed for photosynthesis to occur? Be specific.
• What is needed for cellular respiration to occur?
• What is ATP?
• Do autotrophs need to carry out cellular respiration? Why or why not?
• How are the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
• What keeps atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide at stable levels?

• Biology Difference Between
• Difference Between Photosynthesis And Respiration

Difference Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Plants release oxygen which is a by-product of photosynthesis, and we breathe in oxygen so that our cells can carry out cellular respiration and generate ATP.

Respiration and photosynthesis are biological reactions in the environment that complement each other. Both are similar reactions that occur in a specific manner. In the process of respiration, oxygen and glucose yield water and carbon dioxide, while carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are parts of a mutually beneficial relationship.  Photosynthesis cannot occur without cellular respiration and cellular respiration certainly cannot occur without photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are in many respects the “reverse” of one another. Photosynthesis is an anabolic process, whereas cellular respiration is a catabolic process. Let us explore more differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Differences between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Also Read:  Aerobic Respiration

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Home — Essay Samples — Science — Light — Photosynthesis Process

Photosynthesis Process

• Categories: Light Photosynthesis

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Words: 423 |

Published: Feb 12, 2019

Words: 423 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Works Cited

• Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In Biology (8th ed., pp. 190-220). Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
• Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2010). Photosynthesis: Carbon reactions. In Plant physiology (5th ed., pp. 174-207). Sinauer Associates.
• Raven, P. H., Evert, R. F., & Eichhorn, S. E. (2016). Photosynthesis and respiration. In Biology of Plants (8th ed., pp. 186-229). W. H. Freeman and Company.
• Niyogi, K. K. (1999). Photoprotection revisited: Genetic and molecular approaches. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 333-359. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.333
• Siedow, J. N., & Day, D. A. (2000). Respiration and photorespiration. In Plant physiology (3rd ed., pp. 500-548). Academic Press.
• Allen, J. F. (2002). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered as coupled redox cycles: A chemiosmotic bridge linking two epochs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357(1426), 707-717. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0993
• Geigenberger, P. (2003). Response of plant metabolism to too little oxygen. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6(3), 247-256. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00038-8
• Foyer, C. H., & Noctor, G. (2005). Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: A metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. The Plant Cell, 17(7), 1866-1875. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.033589
• Sharkey, T. D. (2005). Effects of moderate heat stress on photosynthesis: Importance of thylakoid reactions, rubisco deactivation, reactive oxygen species, and thermotolerance provided by isoprene. Plant, Cell & Environment, 28(3), 269-277. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01324.x
• Sweetlove, L. J., & Fernie, A. R. (2018). The impact of oxidative stress on metabolism: A compartmental analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1647. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01647

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Critical Thinking Questions

• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that produce sugars.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light independent reactions, to be used in the light dependent reactions that produce sugars.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that produce proteins.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that use sugars as reactants.
• NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light-independent reactions and are used to power the light-dependent reactions.
• Sugar and ATP are produced during the light-dependent reactions and are used to power the light-independent reactions.
• Carbon dioxide and NADPH are produced during the light-independent reactions and are used to power the light-dependent reactions.
• NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light-dependent reactions and are used to power the light-independent reactions.

Examine the illustration of the photosynthesis equation. How does the equation relate to both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and what is the connection between the two processes?

• Photosynthesis utilizes energy to build carbohydrates, while cellular respiration metabolizes carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis utilizes energy to metabolize carbohydrates, while cellular respiration builds carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both utilize carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both metabolize carbohydrates to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) I, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll, molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex then transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that in turn excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-I to PS-II. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS II to PS I. The products of the light-independent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are high-energy waves, they penetrate the tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are long-wavelength waves, they penetrate the tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are low-energy waves, they cannot penetrate tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are low-frequency waves, they can penetrate tissues and thus damage cells.
• Photosynthesis is not possible.
• Photosynthesis is possible.
• Photosynthesis is possible only with blue light.
• Photosynthesis is possible only with green light.
• After splitting water in PS-I, high-energy electrons are delivered through the chloroplast electron transport chain to PS-II.
• After the photosynthesis reaction, released products like glucose help in the transfer of electrons from PS-II to PS-I.
• After splitting water in PS-II, high-energy electrons are delivered through the chloroplast electron transport chain to PS-I.
• After the completion of the light-dependent reactions, the electrons are transferred from PS-II to PS-I.
• This event will have no effect on the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will slow down or possibly stop.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will increase exponentially.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will first decrease and then increase.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and RuBP is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and RuBisCO is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is a 3-PGA molecule and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and oxygen is regenerated.
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by closing stomatal pores during the night
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by opening stomatal pores during the night
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by keeping stomatal pores closed at all times
• by bypassing CAM photosynthesis and by keeping stomatal pores closed at night
• The prey of lions are generally herbivores, which depend on heterotrophs.
• The prey of lions are generally smaller carnivorous animals, which depend on non-photosynthetic organisms.
• The prey of lions are generally herbivores, which depend on autotrophs.
• The prey of lions are generally autotrophs, which depend onother autotrophs.
• It takes three turns to fix enough oxygen to export one G3P molecule.
• It takes three turns to produce RuBisCO as an end product.
• It takes three turns to produce ATP and NADPH for fixation of G3P.
• It takes three turns to fix enough carbon to export one G3P molecule.

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