how to publish a research paper in scopus

• Scopus: Access and use Support Center

To post social content, you must have a display name. The page will refresh upon submission. Any pending input will be lost.

• Support Center

Scopus tutorials

Scopus tutorials provide a visual and audio tour of Scopus and its functions. The tutorials are also found in the relevant FAQs in the Scopus Support Center.

Searching for documents

Working with author information, working with metrics, searching and working with organizations, was this answer helpful.

Thank you for your feedback, it will help us serve you better. If you require assistance, please scroll down and use one of the contact options to get in touch.

Help us to help you:

Thank you for your feedback!

• Why was this answer not helpful?
• It was hard to understand / follow.
• It did not answer my question.
• The solution did not work.
• There was a mistake in the answer.
• Feel free to leave any comments below: Please enter your feedback to submit this form

Related Articles:

• How to conduct a basic search tutorial
• How to use advanced search tutorial
• What is Scopus Preview?
• Search for an author and view their profile tutorial
• How to analyze your search results tutorial

For further assistance:

How to publish your research paper in a journal indexed under SCOPUS database?

Founded in 2004, SCOPUS is one of the largest indexing databases for journals and books in the medical and life sciences field. Over 25,000 journals and 200,000 books are indexed under the SCOPUS database. Publications are the primary metric for success in the research field. Publication in a high-impact and peer-reviewed scholarly journal is the ultimate aim of a researcher to demonstrate his/her credibility. Popular and reputed databases such as SCOPUS indexes the journals by considering several factors; regularity (issue release frequency), type of review process (peer-reviewed or not), and reputation of the journal. Hence, publication in a SCOPUS indexed journal can be challenging. The following section describes a step-by-step process that will help you to publish your research paper in a suitable journal indexed under the SCOPUS database.

Performing search in the SCOPUS database

It is effortless to search for SCOPUS indexed journals under a specific category or with a keyword on the homepage ( https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri ). One can search for a specific journal just by providing simple details such as –

• The specific subject of interest,
• Title or Keyword of the specific journal/publication,
• Name of the publisher, and

However, if one is not sure of these details, he/she can perform a broader search by selecting the specific subject area of the research.

Identifying the target journal

Check for the aim and scope of the journal, examine the nature of the journal, and ensure its peer-review process. Research about the journal performance and understand the review and publication timelines. Confirm whether your target journal is indexed in SCOPUS by performing a search in the database, as mentioned in the above section. Keep ease, quality, reach and impact at the forefront of your mind and look for the appropriate publishing models (Open Access or Subscription-Based).

Preparing the research paper based on journal guidelines

Author guidelines are made available by the author in the author’s information or about the journal section. Follow the guidelines provide while formatting your paper and attach a cover letter (must) and mention the reason if any of the given instruction is not followed. Always limit the number of tables and figures and remove additional information to concise the data. Prepare figures and tables carefully and format exactly as mentioned in the guidelines. The length of the manuscript must be considered while formatting. An ideal length for a manuscript is 25 to 40 pages, double spaced, including essential data only. Write a concise and straight-to-point conclusion. Do not just repeat the abstract; the conclusion should explain the novelty of the research and the future aspects.

Submitting Your Paper

The final step is to submit the final formatted paper to the target journal via the submission portal. A good and complete understanding of the journal’s terms and conditions is required while submitting your paper. One should be aware of where to submit a paper, submission deadlines, submission fee, or open access fee, and any other procedural necessities to follow before submission.

In conclusion, having a research paper published in a Scopus indexed journal is of great importance for researchers. Researchers require carefully preparing and understanding all the requirements for formatting and submission. The requirements for scientific publication in a SCOPUS indexed journal are very high, and every researcher must understand this before submitting their work for review.

ManuscriptEdit helps authors and researchers at every step of their publication journey by offering dynamic and customizable editorial services including Proofreading, Formatting, and Journal Recommendations and Submission.

Related Posts

From pixels to precision: how vr & xr are reshaping surgical education.

Imagine stepping into a hyper-realistic operating room, wielding virtual instruments, and performing delicate surgery on a digital patient. Sounds like science fiction, right? Wrong! Extended reality (XR) – a fancy term for virtual and augmented reality – is revolutionizing surgical education, offering aspiring doctors a next-level training ground. Why is XR such a game-changer? • […]

Publications of Clinical trials in Scientific Journals – Mandatory

A large number of clinical trials are conducted every year however researchers get limited excess of these data. What are clinical trials? These are the study conducted on a large group of people to evaluate the efficacy of drugs in a particular disease or test a particular surgical procedure or even in behavior analysis. They […]

How Open Access Publication is sustainable?

The desire of scientists and academics to report the results of their study in academic journals is an ancient practice. For the sake of investigation and education, articles are published without charge. The internet is the latest technology. Reporting practice and publishing technology is useful for future purposes.  What is Open Access? Open Access is […]

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Guide for how to publish paper in scopus 2023

Eagerly looking to have your research paper published in one of the most well-recognized and renowned Scopus indexed journals 2023 , but are not aware of how to go about doing so? This article is meant just for people like you, in that it offers a step by step process of how you can search, identify, and go about approaching the best Scopus indexed journal or publication in your respective discipline to have your research paper published in.

However if you’re someone who is not even aware of what Scopus indexed publications and journals are then you might first want to start of by getting to know what a Scopus indexed journal is and why getting your research paper published in this journal is the best way for you to gain prominence in your field as a recognized researcher and scientific experimenter who undertakes groundbreaking and pioneering research studies and exploratory pursuits that yield phenomenal results and outcomes.

Scopus is one of the biggest citation databases for peer-reviewed publications, papers, and colloquiums that exists in the globe today. Any body who is of repute within the academic community seeks to have their research work published in Scopus indexed journals and publications because they are trusted and read by millions academics, researchers, scholars and other professionals across the world. One the most well-known and prominent journals get to be indexed in Scopus.

One can rest assured that any journal or publication that is a Scopus indexed journal or publication , is of the highest quality. This is because Scopus has strict policies and criteria as far as allowing journals to be indexed. Any journal or publication that is selected by Scopus to be listed as part of its master list is carefully vetted for its authenticity, validity, quality of content, range of research, up-to-dateness of the information published and many more criteria. Once a journal or publication is listed within the master list of Scopus it becomes recognized as a Scopus indexed journal.

Steps Involved In Publishing Your Paper In A Scopus Indexed Journal/Publication 2023

Discovering scopus indexed journals 202 3.

• Scopus has made it effortless and straightforward for anybody looking for Scopus indexed journals that are pertinent to their topic of interest and subject of study, to do so.
• Because there are hundreds of thousands of Scopus indexed journals across all domains present today, it can be pretty hard for somebody looking for a relevant Scopus indexed journal to find one, just by skimming through the master list of Scopus.
• their preferred subject of interest,
• the title of the specific journal/publication that they’re looking for,
• the name of the publisher, and
• its ISSN code.
• Using any one of the details above accurately will help people in finding the exact journal/publication that is listed in Scopus’ master list.

• Having specific details about the journal that you are looking for, such as its title, the name of the publisher and its ISSN code will make it easier for you to find the particular publication.
• However, if you are unaware of these specific details for the journal that you’re searching for, then you might want to perform a broader search by just entering in the subject area and conducting a broader subject search, which will take more time, but is also effortless because Scopus offers more options to narrow down your search.

Identifying the Best Journal/Publication That Is Scopus Indexed

• The primary goal of everyone seeking to have their research work and papers published in Scopus indexed journals is so that they can gain the recognition of prominent domain experts and peers from their fields.
• However, blindly publishing your research paper in any journal or publication is not the best way to go about spreading the word about your research work.
• One should always first begin by identifying the most relevant and appropriate journal to their current field/subject of interest/study.
• As detailed above Scopus has numerous journals and publications listed as part of its master list that it has deemed to be authentic, reliable and of great quality.
• the number of readers/followers that a journal has,
• the topics that a journal is known for covering,
• the caliber of authors/researchers who have their work published in the journal,
• the opportunities that will be available as a result of getting your work published,
• their reputation and popularity within your specific field/domain, and
• whether the journal is an open-access journal or a close access one.
• When it comes to deciding between whether to choose a close access journal or an open-access journal to publish your work, it is important to remember that an open access journal requires authors as well as co-authors to pay a processing fees in the event that the journal chooses to publish their work.

Compose Your Research Paper As Per The Guidelines Of The Journal

• further your standing in your profession,
• gain recognition as a reputed researcher,
• acquire critical funding to carry on your research work, and
• obtain lucrative collaborative as well as career opportunities,
• you should begin taking steps to ensure that your paper is edited and formatted in the best manner possible.
• In order to do so, start by reading and gaining a concrete understanding of all the terms and conditions of the publication that you have determined to have your work published in.
• Then proceed to check out all the previous issues of the publication and read through the papers that have been published therein and make note of the best papers.
• the format of all the papers published in the journal,
• the preferred style/tone of writing,
• how to accentuate your findings to make it appealing to readers.
• This will help you make your research paper have the most impact those who read it as well as demonstrate to the publishers that you are someone who does your homework and prepare well.
• In turn, by impressing them, you may be approached time and again by them to publish your work in their journal, which can lead to you becoming a regular feature on their publication.

Submitting Your Paper

• Upon preparing your paper completely to suit the format, style and voice of the journal that you have chosen to have your work published in, all that is left is to submit your completed paper.
• where to submit your paper,
• when to submit it (deadlines for submission),
• the required fees to pay before submission (if any), and
• any other procedural necessities to follow before submission.
• Most Scopus indexed journals involve following a simple online submission procedure for authors and co-authors to submit their work.

• email address,
• their topic/subject of study,
• the type of research that they have conducted, 
• the institution/university/company that they belong to,
• their goal/objective for conducting their research, etc.
• Submitting this information most often involves filling in a form, in which case, it is crucial that you make sure that all the information that you are entering is highly accurate and up-to-date.
• This is important because any misinformation or mismatching details can lead to the reviewing committee of the journal (that is responsible for verifying the credibility, relevant and up-to-dateness of every paper that is submitted before it is selected for publication) dismissing or rejecting your submission.
• Having your research paper rejected or dismissed because of some minor misinformation in the details that you might have entered or a small error will mean you will have to go through the entire process all over again leading to a lot of wasted time and resources.

Notification Of Acceptance From The Publisher

• Once your paper has been submitted all you have to do now is wait for the reviewing committee of the journal/publication to do their job, which takes anywhere from around five to thirty days (this period sometimes even takes up sixty days or two months), depending on the complexity of the work that you have published and how many pending submissions they have to verify.
• After the reviewing committee has determined your research paper to meet all their standards and worthy of publication in their journal they will send you a notification stating that the review process is finished and your paper has been chosen for publication in their journal.
• If your paper is rejected, it is important to move on and not be dejected, but instead, focus on where you went wrong and try to improve yourself the next time around.

Transferring Of Copyrights

• The transfer of copyrights is an incredibly essential procedure for getting your research work published in a journal, as different journals/publications involve varying copyright procedures and rules.
• This is another instance where reading and acquiring a concrete understanding of the terms and conditions of the journal comes into play, as doing so will help you realize in advance what the transferring of copyrights to the journal in question entails exactly.

How to Publish a Research Paper in Scopus Indexed Journals with Minimal Costs and Expert Guidance

Publishing a research paper in Scopus indexed journals can be a challenging and costly endeavor, but with the right guidance from publication experts, you can streamline the process while keeping expenses to a minimum. In this article, we will explore how publication experts can assist you in achieving your goal of getting your research paper published in renowned Scopus indexed journals without breaking the bank.

Selecting the Right Journal with Expert Guidance: Publication experts have a deep understanding of the academic publishing landscape. We can help you choose the most suitable Scopus indexed journal for your research. This guidance ensures that you submit your work to a journal that aligns perfectly with your research area, increasing your chances of acceptance.

Optimizing Your Manuscript: Preparing a manuscript that adheres to the journal’s specific guidelines and formatting requirements is crucial. Publication experts are well-versed in these guidelines and can help you format your manuscript correctly, saving you time and effort. We can also offer valuable suggestions to improve the clarity and overall quality of your paper.

Efficient Peer Review Process: Publication experts can assist in streamlining the peer review process. We can help you anticipate and address potential issues that reviewers might raise, increasing the likelihood of a favorable outcome. With our guidance, you can make necessary revisions effectively and efficiently.

Cost-Effective Proofreading and Editing: Proofreading and editing services can be expensive, but publication experts often offer cost-effective solutions. We can review your manuscript for grammar and style, ensuring it meets the journal’s standards without the high costs associated with professional editing services.

Navigating Publication Fees: Many Scopus indexed journals charge publication fees, which can vary widely. Publication experts can help you identify journals with affordable publication fees or even fee waivers based on your research’s merit or your affiliation with certain institutions. This can significantly reduce the financial burden of publication.

Maximizing Your Research Impact: Publication experts understand the importance of post-publication promotion. We can guide you in creating a strategy to effectively promote your research paper within the academic community, increasing its visibility and potential impact.

Collaboration and Networking: Experts in academic publishing often have extensive networks within the research community. We can connect you with researchers, journals, and conferences relevant to your field, providing opportunities for collaboration and further research dissemination.

While publishing in Scopus indexed journals can be a complex and costly process, the guidance of publication experts can make it more manageable and budget-friendly. Our expertise can help you select the right journal, improve your manuscript, navigate publication fees, and maximize the impact of your research—all while keeping costs to a minimum. With the support of publication experts, you can increase your chances of success in the world of academic publishing without compromising your finances.

Share This :

Publication experts.

A Leading Publication Consultancy Firm

Quick Links

Privacy Policy

Terms & Conditions

Subscribe Our Newsletter

Stay ahead of the competition. Subscribe to our newsletter for insider tips.

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved.

Click below to contact us on WhatsApp

Get your papers published as soon as possible. Send us a message!

• Publications

Selection of the journal

1. Use the official Source List compiled by Scopus: Visit the Scopus web-site ( https://www.scopus.com/sources ) and use the search tools to select a journal that matches your research subject. Check whether the journal accepts articles free-of-charge or with a low publication fee.

2. Check Open Access Journal Lists: Many open access journals provide free publishing. However, it is worth considering that some of them may charge small fees to cover publishing costs.

Requirements for the article and preparation for submission

1. Carefully read the instructions for the authors: Make sure that your article meets the requirements of the journal in structure, formatting and other parameters.

2. Prepare an abstract and keywords: Make a short and informative abstract that reflects the essence of your research. Choose keywords that will help your article to be noticed and found by search engines.

3. Check the text for plagiarism: The journals indexed in the Scopus database strictly monitor the uniqueness of the articles received. Use specialized programs to check your text for plagiarism to avoid rejection.

4. Use the citation responsibly: Cite only sources that are relevant to your research. Avoid excessive citation.

Article submission and reviewing process

1. Register on the website of the journal and send the article: Follow the instructions of the journal for sending articles and upload all the necessary files.

2. Be patient and ready for revisions: The review process can take from a few weeks to a few months. Be aware of the fact that reviewers may ask you to make changes in the article.

3. Study carefully the comments of reviewers: Take into account the comments and suggestions of reviewers and make appropriate changes in your article.

4. Submit the edited article: After making changes, submit the article for reconsideration.

Successful publication and next steps

1. Tell the public about your article: Having successfully publishing an article in the journal indexed in Scopus, share a link to your research on social networks, scientific forums and with colleagues to draw attention to it.

2. Track your article’s citations: Use Scopus services and other scientific databases to track how your article is cited by other researchers.

3. Continue to develop in the scientific field: Participate in scientific conferences, follow new publications in your field and strive to further develop your scientific achievements.

This can be done with the help of professionals

For many researchers, publication in Scopus can be a complex and time-consuming process. In this case, seeking help from professional companies such as E-SCIENCE SPACE can greatly facilitate and accelerate this process. Especially for this, we created an all-inclusive service “Publication in Scopus” – https://e-science.space/en/services/publishing-in-the-scopus-journals/

Conclusions:

It is possible to publish an article in a journal indexed in Scopus free-of-charge if you select the appropriate journal with open access or low publication fees. It is important to carefully prepare the article, observing the requirements of the journal, and show patience during the reviewing process. Consider all the tips and recommendations presented in this article, and you have every chance to publish your work successfully in Scopus without significant financial costs.

The free publication in Scopus may require additional efforts, but this is an important step to expand the audience for your research papers and uphold your reputation in the academia. In the end, your article will attract more attention, facilitate cooperation with colleagues and possibly open up new opportunities for your scientific career

Help | Advanced Search

Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: mm1: methods, analysis & insights from multimodal llm pre-training.

Abstract: In this work, we discuss building performant Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). In particular, we study the importance of various architecture components and data choices. Through careful and comprehensive ablations of the image encoder, the vision language connector, and various pre-training data choices, we identified several crucial design lessons. For example, we demonstrate that for large-scale multimodal pre-training using a careful mix of image-caption, interleaved image-text, and text-only data is crucial for achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) few-shot results across multiple benchmarks, compared to other published pre-training results. Further, we show that the image encoder together with image resolution and the image token count has substantial impact, while the vision-language connector design is of comparatively negligible importance. By scaling up the presented recipe, we build MM1, a family of multimodal models up to 30B parameters, including both dense models and mixture-of-experts (MoE) variants, that are SOTA in pre-training metrics and achieve competitive performance after supervised fine-tuning on a range of established multimodal benchmarks. Thanks to large-scale pre-training, MM1 enjoys appealing properties such as enhanced in-context learning, and multi-image reasoning, enabling few-shot chain-of-thought prompting.

Submission history

Access paper:.

• Download PDF
• Other Formats

References & Citations

• Google Scholar
• Semantic Scholar

BibTeX formatted citation

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

• Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

Scientometric Representation of Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge , 2002–2022

• Published: 28 March 2024

Cite this article

• Purbi Dey Kanungo 1 , 2 ,
• Charu Lata 2 , 3 , 4 &
• Paramananda Barman 2 , 4  

The present study has been carried out to find the trend of publications in the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge ( IJTK ) for the period 2002–2022 using various scientometric parameters. A total of 2072 articles were published in volumes 1–21 of the journal during this period, and all articles were taken into consideration for the study. Various indicators like distribution of articles over the period, impact factor, time gap in publications, subject-wise distribution of articles, author-wise listing of articles, country-wise listing of articles, degree of collaboration amongst the authors and most cited articles were analysed for this article. The evaluation of the data shows that the flow of articles submitted to the journal has increased in number over the years. The current impact factor (JCR 2022) of the journal is 0.8. The highest number of contributions in single-author papers was observed in 2008 with 25 publications (12.37%). While in multi-authored papers’ maximum contributions were observed in 2010 with 121 papers. The average degree of collaboration is 0.91. The activity index shows the Indian output and world output in terms of publications in the journal. The paper also recognized the most productive authors and highly cited papers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Scientometric analysis of social science and science disciplines in a developing nation: a case study of Pakistan in the last decade

Malik Muhammad Saad Missen, Sajeeha Qureshi, … V. B. Surya Prasath

Comparison of disciplines, topics, and methods in studies in Journal of Informetrics and Scientometrics from 2016 to 2020

Yu-Wei Chang & Majid Nabavi

The Professional Activities of the Scientific Diasporas of the Pushchino Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Abroad

Yu. V. Mokhnacheva & E. V. Beskaravainaya

Bapte, Vishal Dattaray, and Gedam, Jyoti Sukharam. 2021. “DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology (DJLIT) and Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS): A Cumulative Scientometric Outlook.” Library Philosophy and Practice 6040. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6040 .

Garg, K.C., and Rahul Kumar Singh. 2017. “ Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge : A Bibliometric Study.”  Library Herald 55 (4): 488–502. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-2469.2017.00038.0 .

Article   Google Scholar  

Gupta, Santosh, and Sahu, Rakesh Kumar. 2021. “Scientometric analysis of the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge ( IJTK ), 2014–2020.” Library Philosophy and Practice 1–17. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6089/ .

Kolle, Shankar Reddy. 2016. Publication trends in the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge : A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Advancements in Library Science 3 (2): 25–34.

Google Scholar  

Kumar, Suresh, Kashmiri Lal, and K.C. Garg. 2022. “Scientometric Portrait of the Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research based on Papers Published during 2001–2020.”  Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 81 (4): 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.56042/jsir.v8lill.64754 .

Lalwani, S. 1980. “Quality, Collaboration, and Citations in Cancer Research: A Bibliometric Study.” PhD diss., Florida State University.

Mahapatra, M. 1985. “On the Validity of the Theory of Exponential Growth of Scientific Literature in Proceedings of the 15th IASLIC Conference.” Bangalore: 61–70.

Pathak, Manohar, and Avinash Bharti. 2018. “Growing visibility and impact of Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge .”  Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 17 (3): 407–413.

Ramadoss, Govindarajan, and Dayakar Yadalla. 2020. “A scientometric analysis of literature published in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology from 2005 to 2017.”  Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68: 738–744. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1213_19 .

Schubert, A., and T. Braun. 1986. “Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact.”  Scientometrics 9 (5–6): 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017249 .

Subramanyam, K. 1983. “Bibliometric studies of research collaboration: A review.”  Journal of Information Science 6: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551583006001 .

Velmurugan, C., and N. Radhakrishnan. 2016. “Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science: A scientometric profile.”  Journal of Scientometric Research 5 (1): 62–70. https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.5.1.9 .

Yadav, Sunil Kumar, Singh, SN, and Verma, Manoj Kumar. 2019. “Authorship and Collaboration Pattern in SRELS Journal of Information Management during 2008–2017: An Evaluation.” Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) : 2119. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2119 .

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Director, CSIR-NIScPR for providing facilities and support to conduct the study.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

DESIDOC, DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Metcalfe House, New Delhi, 110054, India

Purbi Dey Kanungo

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

Purbi Dey Kanungo, Charu Lata & Paramananda Barman

CSIR – National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India

CSIR – National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India

Charu Lata & Paramananda Barman

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charu Lata .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest.

The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest. It is also declared that Charu Lata and Paramananda Barman are the Scientific Editor and Associate Scientific Editor, respectively, of the Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge .

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOC 172 KB)

Rights and permissions.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Kanungo, P.D., Lata, C. & Barman, P. Scientometric Representation of Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge , 2002–2022. Pub Res Q (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-024-09977-1

Download citation

Published : 28 March 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-024-09977-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Collaboration index
• Research trend
• Degree of collaboration
• Bibliometrics
• Scientometrics
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• Quantum Research

Landmark IBM error correction paper published on the cover of Nature

Ibm has created a quantum error-correcting code about 10 times more efficient than prior methods — a milestone in quantum computing research..

27 Mar 2024

Rafi Letzter

Share this blog

Today, the paper detailing those results was published as the cover story of the scientific journal Nature. 1

Last year, we demonstrated that quantum computers had entered the era of utility , where they are now capable of running quantum circuits better than classical computers can. Over the next few years, we expect to find speedups over classical computing and extract business value from these systems. But there are also algorithms with mathematically proven speedups over leading classical methods that require tuning quantum circuits with hundreds of millions, to billions, of gates. Expanding our quantum computing toolkit to include those algorithms requires us to find a way to compute that corrects the errors inherent to quantum systems — what we call quantum error correction.

Read how a paper from IBM and UC Berkeley shows a path toward useful quantum computing

Quantum error correction requires that we encode quantum information into more qubits than we would otherwise need. However, achieving quantum error correction in a scalable and fault-tolerant way has, to this point, been out of reach without considering scales of one million or more physical qubits. Our new result published today greatly reduces that overhead, and shows that error correction is within reach.

While quantum error correction theory dates back three decades, theoretical error correction techniques capable of running valuable quantum circuits on real hardware have been too impractical to deploy on quantum system. In our new paper, we introduce a new code, which we call the gross code , that overcomes that limitation.

This code is part of our broader strategy to bring useful quantum computing to the world.

While error correction is not a solved problem, this new code makes clear the path toward running quantum circuits with a billion gates or more on our superconducting transmon qubit hardware.

What is error correction?

Quantum information is fragile and susceptible to noise — environmental noise, noise from the control electronics, hardware imperfections, state preparation and measurement errors, and more. In order to run quantum circuits with millions to billions of gates, quantum error correction will be required.

Error correction works by building redundancy into quantum circuits. Many qubits work together to protect a piece of quantum information that a single qubit might lose to errors and noise.

On classical computers, the concept of redundancy is pretty straightforward. Classical error correction involves storing the same piece of information across multiple bits. Instead of storing a 1 as a 1 or a 0 as a 0, the computer might record 11111 or 00000. That way, if an error flips a minority of bits, the computer can treat 11001 as 1, or 10001 as 0. It’s fairly easy to build in more redundancy as needed to introduce finer error correction.

Things are more complicated on quantum computers. Quantum information cannot be copied and pasted like classical information, and the information stored in quantum bits is more complicated than classical data. And of course, qubits can decohere quickly, forgetting their stored information.

Research has shown that quantum fault tolerance is possible, and there are many error correcting schemes on the books. The most popular one is called the “surface code,” where qubits are arranged on a two-dimensional lattice and units of information are encoded into sub-units of the lattice.

But these schemes have problems.

First, they only work if the hardware’s error rates are better than some threshold determined by the specific scheme and the properties of the noise itself — and beating those thresholds can be a challenge.

Second, many of those schemes scale inefficiently — as you build larger quantum computers, the number of extra qubits needed for error correction far outpaces the number of qubits the code can store.

At practical code sizes where many errors can be corrected, the surface code uses hundreds of physical qubits per encoded qubit worth of quantum information, or more. So, while the surface code is useful for benchmarking and learning about error correction, it’s probably not the end of the story for fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Exploring “good” codes

The field of error correction buzzed with excitement in 2022 when Pavel Panteleev and Gleb Kalachev at Moscow State University published a landmark paper proving that there exist asymptotically good codes — codes where the number of extra qubits needed levels off as the quality of the code increases.

This has spurred a lot of new work in error correction, especially in the same family of codes that the surface code hails from, called quantum low-density parity check, or qLDPC codes. These qLDPC codes are quantum error correcting codes where the operations responsible for checking whether or not an error has occurred only have to act on a few qubits, and each qubit only has to participate in a few checks.

But this work was highly theoretical, focused on proving the possibility of this kind of error correction. It didn’t take into account the real constraints of building quantum computers. Most importantly, some qLDPC codes would require many qubits in a system to be physically linked to high numbers of other qubits. In practice, that would require quantum processors folded in on themselves in psychedelic hyper-dimensional origami, or entombed in wildly complex rats’ nests of wires.

In our paper, we looked for fault-tolerant quantum memory with a low qubit overhead, high error threshold, and a large code distance.

Bravyi, S., Cross, A., Gambetta, J., et al. High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07107-7

In our Nature paper, we specifically looked for fault-tolerant quantum memory with a low qubit overhead, high error threshold, and a large code distance.

Let’s break that down:

Fault-tolerant: The circuits used to detect errors won't spread those errors around too badly in the process, and they can be corrected faster than they occur

Quantum memory: In this paper, we are only encoding and storing quantum information. We are not yet doing calculations on the encoded quantum information.

High error threshold: The higher the threshold, the higher amount of hardware errors the code will allow while still being fault tolerant. We were looking for a code that allowed us to operate the memory reliably at physical error rates as high as 0.001, so we wanted a threshold close to 1 percent.

Large code distance: Distance is the measure of how robust the code is — how many errors it takes to completely flip the value from 0 to 1 and vice versa. In the case of 00000 and 11111, the distance is 5. We wanted one with a large code distance that corrects more than just a couple errors. Large-distance codes can suppress noise by orders of magnitude even if the hardware quality is only marginally better than the code threshold. In contrast, codes with a small distance become useful only if the hardware quality is significantly better than the code threshold.

Low qubit overhead: Overhead is the number of extra qubits required for correcting errors. We want the number of qubits required to do error correction to be far less than we need for a surface code of the same quality, or distance.

We’re excited to report that our team’s mathematical analysis found concrete examples of qLDPC codes that met all of these required conditions. These fall into a family of codes called “Bivariate Bicycle (BB)” codes. And they are going to shape not only our research going forward, but how we architect physical quantum systems.

The gross code

While many qLDPC code families show great promise for advancing error correction theory, most aren’t necessarily pragmatic for real-world application. Our new codes lend themselves better to practical implementation because each qubit needs only to connect to six others, and the connections can be routed on just two layers.

To get an idea of how the qubits are connected, imagine they are put onto a square grid, like a piece of graph paper. Curl up this piece of graph paper so that it forms a tube, and connect the ends of the tube to make a donut. On this donut, each qubit is connected to its four neighbors and two qubits that are farther away on the surface of the donut. No more connections needed.

The good news is we don’t actually have to embed our qubits onto a donut to make these codes work — we can accomplish this by folding the surface differently and adding a few other long-range connectors to satisfy mathematical requirements of the code. It’s an engineering challenge, but much more feasible than a hyper-dimensional shape.

We explored some codes that have this architecture and focused on a particular [[144,12,12]] code. We call this code the gross code because 144 is a gross (or a dozen dozen). It requires 144 qubits to store data — but in our specific implementation, it also uses another 144 qubits to check for errors, so this instance of the code uses 288 qubits. It stores 12 logical qubits well enough that fewer than 12 errors can be detected. Thus: [[144,12,12]].

Using the gross code, you can protect 12 logical qubits for roughly a million cycles of error checks using 288 qubits. Doing roughly the same task with the surface code would require nearly 3,000 qubits.

This is a milestone. We are still looking for qLDPC codes with even more efficient architectures, and our research on performing error-corrected calculations using these codes is ongoing. But with this publication, the future of error correction looks bright.

Fig. 1 | Tanner graphs of surface and BB codes.

Fig. 1 | Tanner graphs of surface and BB codes. a, Tanner graph of a surface code, for comparison. b, Tanner graph of a BB code with parameters [[144, 12, 12]] embedded into a torus. Any edge of the Tanner graph connects a data and a check vertex. Data qubits associated with the registers q(L) and q(R) are shown by blue and orange circles. Each vertex has six incident edges including four short-range edges (pointing north, south, east and west) and two long-range edges. We only show a few long-range edges to avoid clutter. Dashed and solid edges indicate two planar subgraphs spanning the Tanner graph, see the Methods. c, Sketch of a Tanner graph extension for measuring Z ˉ \={Z} and X ˉ \={X} following ref. 50, attaching to a surface code. The ancilla corresponding to the X ˉ \={X} measurement can be connected to a surface code, enabling load-store operations for all logical qubits by means of quantum teleportation and some logical unitaries. This extended Tanner graph also has an implementation in a thickness-2 architecture through the A and B edges (Methods).

Fig. 2 | Syndrome measurement circuit.

Fig. 2 | Syndrome measurement circuit. Full cycle of syndrome measurements relying on seven layers of CNOTs. We provide a local view of the circuit that only includes one data qubit from each register q(L) and q(R) . The circuit is symmetric under horizontal and vertical shifts of the Tanner graph. Each data qubit is coupled by CNOTs with three X-check and three Z-check qubits: see the Methods for more details.

Why error correction matters

Today, our users benefit from novel error mitigation techniques — methods for reducing or eliminating the effect of noise when calculating observables, alongside our work suppressing errors at the hardware level. This work brought us into the era of quantum utility. IBM researchers and partners all over the world are exploring practical applications of quantum computing today with existing quantum systems. Error mitigation lets users begin looking for quantum advantage on real quantum hardware.

But error mitigation comes with its own overhead, requiring running the same executions repeatedly so that classical computers can use statistical methods to extract an accurate result. This limits the scale of the programs you can run, and increasing that scale requires tools beyond error mitigation — like error correction.

Last year, we debuted a new roadmap laying out our plan to continuously improve quantum computers over the next decade. This new paper is an important example of how we plan to continuously increasing the complexity (number of gates) of the quantum circuits that can be run on our hardware. It will allow us to transition from running circuits with 15,000 gates to 100 million, or even 1 billion gates.

Bravyi, S., Cross, A.W., Gambetta, J.M. et al. High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory. Nature 627, 778–782 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07107-7

Start using our 100+ qubit systems

Keep exploring, computing with error-corrected quantum computers.

Logical gates with magic state distillation

Error correcting codes for near-term quantum computers

A new paper from IBM and UC Berkeley shows a path toward useful quantum computing

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• 27 March 2024

Tweeting your research paper boosts engagement but not citations

• Bianca Nogrady

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Even before complaints about X’s declining quality, posting a paper on the social-media platform did not lead to a boost in citations. Credit: Matt Cardy/Getty

Posting about a research paper on social-media platform X (formerly known as Twitter) doesn’t translate into a bump in citations, according to a study that looked at 550 papers.

The finding comes as scientists are moving away from the platform in the wake of changes after its 2022 purchase by entrepreneur Elon Musk.

An international group of 11 researchers, who by the end of the experiment had between them nearly 230,000 followers on X, examined whether there was evidence that posting about a paper would increase its citation rate.

“There certainly is a correlation, and that’s been found in a lot of papers. But very few people have ever looked to see whether there’s any experimental causation,” says Trevor Branch, a marine ecologist at the University of Washington in Seattle and lead author on the paper, published in PLoS ONE last week 1 .

Every month for ten months, each researcher was allocated a randomly selected primary research article or review from a journal of their choice to post about on their personal account. Four randomly chosen articles from the same edition of the journal served as controls, which the researchers did not post about. They conducted the experiment in the period before Elon Musk took ownership of what was then known as Twitter and complaints of its declining quality increased.

‘Nail in the coffin’

Three years after the initial posts, the team compared the citation rates for the 110 posted articles with those of the 440 control articles, and found no significant difference. The researchers did acknowledge that their followers might not have been numerous enough to detect a statistically significant effect on citations.

The rate of daily downloads for the posted papers was nearly fourfold higher on the day that they were shared, compared with controls. Shared papers also had significantly higher accumulated Altmetric scores both 30 days and three years after the initial post. Calculated by London-based technology company Digital Science, an Altmetric score, says Branch, is a measure of how many people have looked at a paper and are talking about it, but it’s not a reliable indicator of a paper’s scientific worth. “It’s thoroughly biased by how many people with large followings tweet about it,” he says.

The findings echo those of information scientist Stefanie Haustein at the University of Ottawa, whose 2013 study 2 found a low correlation between posts and citations.

Haustein says the problem with using posts as a metric is that, even a decade ago, there was a lot of noise in the signal.

“We actually showed that a lot of the counts on Twitter you would get were bots, it wasn’t even humans,” says Haustein, who wasn’t involved in the new study.

She says the more recent departure of scientists from the platform has been the final nail in the coffin of the idea that posting could increase citations.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00922-y

Branch, T. A. et al. PLoS ONE 19 , e0292201 (2024).

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Haustein, S., Peters, I., Sugimoto, C. R., Thelwall, M. & Larivière, V. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 65, 656–669 (2014).

Article   Google Scholar  

Download references

Reprints and permissions

Related Articles

• Communication
• Scientific community

Divas, captains, ghosts, ants and bumble-bees: collaborator attitudes explained

Career Column 15 MAR 24

Three actions PhD-holders should take to land their next job

Career Column 13 MAR 24

This geologist communicates science from the ski slopes

Career Q&A 11 MAR 24

The corpse of an exploded star and more — March’s best science images

News 28 MAR 24

How OpenAI’s text-to-video tool Sora could change science – and society

News 12 MAR 24

Giant plume of plasma on the Sun’s surface and more — February’s best science images

News 01 MAR 24

Overcoming low vision to prove my abilities under pressure

Career Q&A 28 MAR 24

How a spreadsheet helped me to land my dream job

Career Column 28 MAR 24

Tenure-track Assistant Professor in Ecological and Evolutionary Modeling

Tenure-track Assistant Professor in Ecosystem Ecology linked to IceLab’s Center for modeling adaptive mechanisms in living systems under stress

Umeå, Sweden

Umeå University

Faculty Positions in Westlake University

Founded in 2018, Westlake University is a new type of non-profit research-oriented university in Hangzhou, China, supported by public a...

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Westlake University

Postdoctoral Fellowships-Metabolic control of cell growth and senescence

Postdoctoral positions in the team Cell growth control by nutrients at Inst. Necker, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Paris, France.

Paris, Ile-de-France (FR)

Inserm DR IDF Paris Centre Nord

Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine on Open Recruitment of Medical Talents and Postdocs

Director of Clinical Department, Professor, Researcher, Post-doctor

The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University

Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Warmly Welcomes Talents Abroad

“Qiushi” Distinguished Scholar, Zhejiang University, including Professor and Physician

No. 3, Qingchun East Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang (CN)

Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies