phd thesis on liquid crystals

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Nanostructures of liquid crystal phases public deposited, downloadable content.

• Bent-core liquid crystals have attracted intense interest in recent years, exhibiting a wide variety of novel structural phenomena involving the interplay of chirality, molecular bend and molecular tilt. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy together with other experimental methods has been used to characterize the nanostructures of bent-core liquid crystal phases in which the molecules undergo complex self-assembly, forming, for example, helical nanofilaments (the B4 phase), disordered focal conics (the DC phase), and layer undulations (the B7 phase) in the bulk. These studies have helped us better understand the complex nature of these and other liquid crystal phases. For example, the investigation of the chirality-preserving growth of the helical nanofilaments in the B4 phase will allow better control of its growth for applications, the discovery of the quasi-ordered toric focal conics of the DC phase at the air/liquid crystal interface opens the way for the development of two-dimensional or even three-dimensional periodic dielectric media for photonic crystal applications, the study of layer undulation defects reveals the detailed molecular arrangement in the B7 phase, and the discovery and characterization of the randomized twist grain boundary phase broads the understanding of chiral liquid crystal phases.
• Clark, Noel A.
• Maclennan, Joseph E.
• Glaser, Matthew A.
• University of Colorado Boulder
• nanostructure
• self assembly
• freeze fracture
• liquid crystal
• Dissertation
• In Copyright
• English [eng]

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Light scattering study of highly swollen lyotropic liquid crystal

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Configurations and stability of thin films of nematic liquid crystal

Al Ghabshi, Bushra (2021) Configurations and stability of thin films of nematic liquid crystal. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.

Liquid crystals are unique materials exist between the solid phase and liquid phase, and in certain ranges of temperature they show different arrangements of the molecules. Depending on the amount of order in the material, there are many different types of liquid crystal states. The nematic liquid crystals are an example of a material that has no positional order but has local orientational order, this gives rise to textures (patterns in the material) that are attractive to study. Nematic liquid crystal is an example of a material that has orientational order and no long-range positional order, this gives rise to textures (patterns in the material) that are attractive to study. This thesis concerns liquid crystals in thin films and their configurations and stability. The aim of this thesis to to explore minimum energy configurations for thin liquid shells, coupled with surface energy and curvature effects. In particular we study a thin film of liquid crystal spanning two coaxial rings, where we use the energy derived in [66] for a thin nematic liquid crystal and study the nematic film within the Landau-de Gennes model which is described through the Q-tensor theory. This thesis consists of a study of two main problems. The first is the study of the equilibrium of open surfaces (with a boundary) and involves a careful derivation of natural boundary conditions associated with minimising a general surface energy. We prove a number of results about the equations and also derive a framework to study the stability of the solutions to the equilibrium by considering the incremental equations. We demonstrate this approach in some simple examples. The second main problem is a study of the equilibrium of a thin film of liquid crystal suspended between two coaxial rings. We use the results developed in the first part of the thesis to derive the equilibrium equations and boundary conditions and solve these equations numerically for a range of dimensionless parameters related to the thin film. We perform our numerical study using two different, but related, parameterisations of the order tensor. We specialise to consider axisymmetric solutions. Finally we study the stability of the isotropic distribution (state) on a fixed catenoidal geometry, we demonstrate the emergence of defects of charge -1/2 at the onset of nematic order. We study the nonlinear equations numerically using a nonlinear Jacobi iteration.

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Convergence Analysis of Numerical Schemes for Liquid Crystals Based on the Invariant Energy Quadratization Method

This thesis investigates numerical methods for various Q-tensor models of nematic liquid crystals. Originating from the Landau-de Gennes theory, the numerical discretization of the Q-tensor model presents challenges due to its high non-linearity. The thesis investigates three distinct models, each capturing the behavior of liquid crystals under different conditions: the Q-tensor model, the Q-tensor model with inertia, and the Beris-Edwards model, which connects the Q-tensor model to the Navier-Stokes equation. The numerical methods utilized are based on the Invariant Energy Quadratization (IEQ) method, a recently developed technique extensively employed in constructing energy-stable numerical schemes for gradient-flow type problems. Our studies establish several properties of the proposed methods, such as stability, convergence, and convergence rates.  

Design and Analysis of Structure Preserving Discretizations to Simulate Pattern Formation in Liquid Crystals and Ferrofluids

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Collaborative Research: GCR: Collective Behavior and Patterning of Topological Defects: From String Theory to Crystal Plasticity

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• Mathematical Sciences

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• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Title: modeling and computation of liquid crystals.

Abstract: Liquid crystal is a typical kind of soft matter that is intermediate between crystalline solids and isotropic fluids. The study of liquid crystals has made tremendous progress over the last four decades, which is of great importance on both fundamental scientific researches and widespread applications in industry. In this paper, we review the mathematical models and their connections of liquid crystals, and survey the developments of numerical methods for finding the rich configurations of liquid crystals.

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Computer modeling of liquid crystals

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• liquid crystals Physics & Astronomy 100%
• molecules Physics & Astronomy 54%
• computerized simulation Physics & Astronomy 41%
• simulation Physics & Astronomy 39%
• liquid-vapor interfaces Physics & Astronomy 32%
• theses Physics & Astronomy 31%
• topography Physics & Astronomy 23%
• interfacial tension Physics & Astronomy 22%

T1 - Computer modeling of liquid crystals

AU - Al Barwani, Muataz

N2 - n this thesis, we investigate several aspects of the behaviour of liquid crystal molecules near interfaces using computer simulation. We briefly discuss experiment, theoretical and computer simulation studies of some of the liquid crystal interfaces. We then describe three essentially independent research topics. The first of these concerns extensive simulations of a liquid crystal formed by long flexible molecules. We examined the bulk behaviour of the model and its structure. Studies of a film of smectic liquid crystal surrounded by vapour were also carried out. Extensive simulations were also done for a long-molecule/short-molecule mixture, studies were then carried out to investigate the liquid-vapour interface of the mixture.Next, we report the results of large scale simulations of soft-spherocylinders of two different lengths. We examined the bulk coexistence of the nematic and isotropic phases of the model. Once the bulk coexistence behaviour was known, properties of the nematic-isotropic interface were investigated. This was done by fitting order parameter and density profiles to appropriate mathematical functions and calculating the biaxial order parameter. We briefly discuss the ordering at the interfaces and make attempts to calculate the surface tension. Finally, in our third project, we study the effects of different surface topographies on creating bistable nematic liquid crystal devices. This was carried out using a model based on the discretisation of the free energy on a lattice. We use simulation to find the lowest energy states and investigate if they are degenerate in energy.

AB - n this thesis, we investigate several aspects of the behaviour of liquid crystal molecules near interfaces using computer simulation. We briefly discuss experiment, theoretical and computer simulation studies of some of the liquid crystal interfaces. We then describe three essentially independent research topics. The first of these concerns extensive simulations of a liquid crystal formed by long flexible molecules. We examined the bulk behaviour of the model and its structure. Studies of a film of smectic liquid crystal surrounded by vapour were also carried out. Extensive simulations were also done for a long-molecule/short-molecule mixture, studies were then carried out to investigate the liquid-vapour interface of the mixture.Next, we report the results of large scale simulations of soft-spherocylinders of two different lengths. We examined the bulk coexistence of the nematic and isotropic phases of the model. Once the bulk coexistence behaviour was known, properties of the nematic-isotropic interface were investigated. This was done by fitting order parameter and density profiles to appropriate mathematical functions and calculating the biaxial order parameter. We briefly discuss the ordering at the interfaces and make attempts to calculate the surface tension. Finally, in our third project, we study the effects of different surface topographies on creating bistable nematic liquid crystal devices. This was carried out using a model based on the discretisation of the free energy on a lattice. We use simulation to find the lowest energy states and investigate if they are degenerate in energy.

BT - Computer modeling of liquid crystals

PB - University of Bristol

Liquid crystals in woodpile photonic crystals: fabrication, numerical calculation and measurement

Chih-Hua Ho, Presentation date: February 14, 2016

Author: Chih-Hua Ho Title: Liquid crystals in woodpile photonic crystals: fabrication, numerical calculation and measurement Directors: D. Wiersma (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy) and K. Staliunas Presentation date: February 14, 2016 Link to text:

Abstract: Both experimental and numerical studies on Liquid Crystal (LC) infiltrated woodpile Photonic Crystal (PhC) are implemented in this thesis. The most well-known optical phenomenon of PhC is photonic bandgap (PBG). It is observed either in frequency or in spatial domain. The former means for a chromatic plane wave propagating though PhC that a range of frequencies do not transmit but reflect. The later means for a monochromatic focused beam passing though PhC that certain angular components do not transmit but deflect or reflect. The most well-investigated optical phenomenon of LC is birefringence. It is due to the strong dielectric anisotropy LC possesses. When the applied stimulations (e.g. electric/ optical field or external heater) are present, the orientation of LC molecules and different refractive indices (e.g. polarization or temperature dependent) are observed. The presence of LC inside PhC not only reduces index contrast (where angular BG appears) but also brings the tunability to such LC-PhC composite device. Therefore band-stop angular filter and sensitive refractometer for liquid material are potential applications controlled by multiple external stimulations. In this thesis, the related physical properties of PhCs and LCs are introduced beforehand. The fabrication of woodpile PhC is also demonstrated. Direct Laser Writing lithography technique is adopted to build microstructures with high resolution up to hundreds of nanometers. A tunable band-stop filter controlled by polarization and temperature is investigated in linear regime. To bridge our investigation to nonlinear regime, dye-doped LC is used to create graded indices inside LC medium corresponding to intensity. Numerical calculations are conducted to the experimental observations. To sum up, LC-PhC composite device possesses very promising features as demonstrated which could be applied into tunable elements in integrated optical systems and its abundant nonlinear properties remains to be explored carefully.

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Computer simulations of liquid crystals

Cook, Melanie Joanna (2000) Computer simulations of liquid crystals. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.

Molecular simulations performed on modern computers provide a powerful tool for the investigation of both static and dynamic properties of liquid crystals. In this thesis several properties of liquid crystal mesogens have been investigated using state-of-the-art Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. The helical twisting power, βm, determines the pitch of the chiral nematic phase produced when a nematic liquid crystal is doped with a low concentration of chiral solute molecules. A new simulation technique that allows the prediction of both the sign and the magnitude of βm is described. The method employs fully atomistic MC simulations of a chiral dopant molecule in the presence of a twisted nematic solvent composed of Gay-Berne particles. Eighteen different chiral dopant molecules were examined and in all cases the results were in good agreement with existing experimental data. The Kirkwood correlation factor, g(_1), has been evaluated for the molecules PCH5, PCH5-C1, me5NF and GGP5C1 using MD simulations in the pre-transitional region of the isotropic phase. The calculations employed an all-atom force field, which was developed specifically for liquid crystal molecules. PCH5 and meSNF were seen to favour anti-parallel dipole alignment whereas, PCH5-C1 and GGP5C1 preferred a parallel arrangement of the molecular dipoles. With the exception of GGP5C1, the simulations gave g(_1) values that were in accordance with existing experimental dielectric measurements. Detailed analysis of the MD trajectories showed that certain molecular pair configurations were preferred in the bulk and indicated which molecular groups were responsible for the stabilization of these configurations. Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were carried out in order to evaluate the rotational viscosity coefficient, γ(_1), for a Gay-Berne mesogen using two independent analysis techniques. The methods gave consistent results, which were comparable to experimental data for real mesogens of similar shape and size.

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Drop-on-demand printing of liquid crystals and composites

This thesis focuses on the development and investigation of drop-on-demand (DoD) printing of liquid crystal (LC) and polymer composites with a focus on the manufacture of new photonics technologies that encompass a range of length scales. Both inkjet and electrohydrodynamic printing are employed as advanced material deposition tools with the end goal of forming droplets on both the micro-and nano-scale. The benefits of using these two forms of printing lie in their ability to deposit visco...

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Dielectric spectroscopy of liquid crystals. Theoretical model of ITO electrodes influence on dielectric measurements

• Published: 10 March 2009
• Volume 17 , pages 180–186, ( 2009 )

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) layers are widely used to make electrodes in measuring cells, because these layers are transparent and electrooptical investigations can be performed using such prepared cells. It was found during the dielectric spectroscopy measurements, performed for smectic liquid crystalline mixture, that it is not possible to detect some important relaxation modes in paraelectric SmA*, ferroelectric SmC*, and antiferroelectric SmC A * phases for the frequencies higher than 300 kHz. The measuring cell does not allow to measure relaxations, because its own dielectric behaviour covers the dielectric response of a liquid crystalline medium. One can observe the spurious contribution for high frequency part of the dielectric spectrum, due to the finite resistance of ITO layers. The theoretical model was introduced, which shows how to calculate relaxations related to liquid crystals from dielectric response of the empty and filled measuring cell. The proof of strong influence of cell properties on effective (measuring) values of dielectric permittivities was shown.

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Perkowski, P. Dielectric spectroscopy of liquid crystals. Theoretical model of ITO electrodes influence on dielectric measurements. Opto-Electron. Rev. 17 , 180–186 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11772-008-0062-8

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Published : 10 March 2009

Issue Date : June 2009

DOI : https://doi.org/10.2478/s11772-008-0062-8

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