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APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Websites and Webpages

• Audiovisual Media
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• Figures and Tables
• Government Documents
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• Presentations and Class Notes
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• In-Text Citation
• Reference List and Sample Papers
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Website or Webpage?

A website is a collection of webpages that are under one domain. One website will have several webpages like Home, About Us, Contact Us, Services, Products, etc. All of these pages together make up a website. In other words, a webpage is an independent page of a website. 

If you simply mention a whole website it is not necessary to create a reference list entry. Name the website in the text of your paper and provide the URL in parentheses.

• Use the webpage and website category for your source  only if there is no better category for it . Do not use it if a source is simply available online, e.g., if a journal article is available from an online database, use a journal article format for your reference.
• Some information, (e.g., author, date), might not always be obvious on websites or webpages. Sometimes it may be necessary to check places such as the "About Us", the "Copyright" or the "Acknowledgements" page(s).
• Do not use any punctuation at the end of URLs as punctuation could interfere with the link.
• If the author of the website is the same as the name of the website, omit the website name.
• Retrieval date is normally not necessary unless the content is likely to change and the page is not archived, e.g., a Wikipedia entry. The format is: Retrieved February 1, 2020 from https://xxxxxxx

Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of work . Site Name. URL

Picheta, R. (2020, July 1). This new high-tech glove translates sign language into speech in real time . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/health/sign-langage-glove-ucla-scn-scli-intl/index.html

Webpage on a Website with a Group Author

Name of Corporation/Group/Organization. (Date).  Title of work . Site Name. URL

World Health Organization. (2020, June 29). Timeline of WHO's response to COVID-19 . https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline 

Note : When the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element.

Webpage on a Website with No Date

Author or Group Name. (n.d.). Title of page . Site name. URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions . https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

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• How to cite a website in MLA

How to Cite a Website in MLA | Format & Examples

Published on July 17, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on March 5, 2024.

An MLA website citation includes the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the website (in italics), the publication date , and the URL (without “https://”).

If the author is unknown, start with the title of the page instead. If the publication date is unknown, or if the content is likely to change over time, add an access date at the end instead.

Websites don’t usually have page numbers, so the in-text citation is just the author name in parentheses. If you already named the author in your sentence, you don’t need to add a parenthetical citation.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to effortlessly create website citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

The format differs for other types of online content, such as YouTube videos , TED Talks , and podcasts .

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Table of contents

Citing online articles, citing web pages with no author or date, citing an entire website, publishers in mla website citations, frequently asked questions about mla style.

The format for citing an article from an online newspaper , magazine, or blog is the same as a general web page citation. If the article is a PDF of a print article, the format differs slightly .

Write the article title in title case (all major words capitalized). Use the most recent publication date on the page, including the day, month, and year if available.

Note, however, that a different format is used when citing online articles from academic journals.

Learn how to cite journal articles in MLA

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

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See an example

If no author is credited, leave out this element, and start with the title of the page or article instead.

Use a shortened version of the title in your in-text citation. The shortened title must match the first words of your Works Cited entry.

If no publication date is available, leave out this element, and include the date on which you accessed the page at the end.

Note that a specific format exists for citing online dictionary entries .

If you cite a whole website, there is usually no named author, so the Works Cited entry begins with the name of the website in italics.

If the website has a publication or copyright date (usually found in the footer), include this; if not, add the date when you accessed the website at the end of the citation.

When should you cite a whole website?

Most of the time, you should cite the specific page or article where you found the information. However, you might have to cite the entire website if you are giving a general overview of its content, referring only to the homepage, or quoting text that appears on many different pages across the site (such as a company’s slogan).

If you cite multiple pages or articles from the same website, you should include a separate Works Cited entry for each one.

If the publisher is the same as the name of the website, you leave it out of the citation to avoid repetition.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

If a source has no author, start the MLA Works Cited entry with the source title . Use a shortened version of the title in your MLA in-text citation .

If a source has no page numbers, you can use an alternative locator (e.g. a chapter number, or a timestamp for a video or audio source) to identify the relevant passage in your in-text citation. If the source has no numbered divisions, cite only the author’s name (or the title).

If you already named the author or title in your sentence, and there is no locator available, you don’t need a parenthetical citation:

• Rajaram  argues that representations of migration are shaped by “cultural, political, and ideological interests.”
• The homepage of The Correspondent describes it as “a movement for radically different news.”

If a source has two authors, name both authors in your MLA in-text citation and Works Cited entry. If there are three or more authors, name only the first author, followed by et al.

Yes. MLA style uses title case, which means that all principal words (nouns, pronouns , verbs, adjectives , adverbs , and some conjunctions ) are capitalized.

This applies to titles of sources as well as the title of, and subheadings in, your paper. Use MLA capitalization style even when the original source title uses different capitalization .

The title of an article is not italicized in MLA style , but placed in quotation marks. This applies to articles from journals , newspapers , websites , or any other publication. Use italics for the title of the source where the article was published. For example:

Use the same formatting in the Works Cited entry and when referring to the article in the text itself.

The fastest and most accurate way to create MLA citations is by using Scribbr’s MLA Citation Generator .

Search by book title, page URL, or journal DOI to automatically generate flawless citations, or cite manually using the simple citation forms.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2024, March 05). How to Cite a Website in MLA | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/website-citation/

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APA Style Examples

• Books/eBooks
• Gov't/legal
• Unpublished/Not retrievable
• Stats/Figures
• Ask a Librarian
• Webpage with a group author
• Additional examples

REFERENCE (ONE AUTHOR)

(For more examples, see p. 350-352 of the 7th edition or visit the APA Style site) * Please note : If multiple webpages from a website are cited, create a reference for each.  If mentioning a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or in-text citation. Instead, include the name of the website in text and provide the URL in parentheses.

If the author's name and the website's name are the same, omit the website's name from the reference.

  IN TEXT 

Parenthetical citation: (Buterbaugh, 2016).

Narrative citation: Buterbaugh ( 2016 )

REFERENCE (FIVE AUTHORS)

Annetta, L. A., Murray, M. R., Laird, S. G., Bohr, S. C., & Park, J. C. (2006, January 1). Serious games: Incorporating video games in the classroom . EDUCAUSE. http://er.educause.edu/articles/2006/1/serious-games-incorporating-video-games-in-the-classroom

IN TEXT 

Parenthetical citation:  (Annetta et al., 2006).

Narrative citation:  Annetta et al. (2006)

(For more examples, see p. 351 of the 7th edition) * Please note : If multiple webpages from a website are cited, create a reference for each.  If mentioning a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or in-text citation. Instead, include the name of the website in text and provide the URL in parentheses.

     IN TEXT  

Parenthetical citation: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).

Narrative citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  ( 2019 )

REFERENCE (NO AUTHOR)

(For more examples, see p. 291 and p. 329 example 49 of the 7th edition)

      IN TEXT 

Parenthetical citation: ("Helping the Student," 2015).

Narrative citation: "Helping the Student" (2015)

• Additional examples of citing web pages
• Additional example: web page with no author, no year, and no page numbers

REFERENCE (NO AUTHOR AND NO DATE)

Anxiety disorder symptoms, causes and effects. (n.d.). In PsychGuides . http://www.psychguides.com/guides/anxiety-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-effects

Parenthetical citation: ("Anxiety disorder symptoms," n.d.).

Narrative citation: "Anxiety disorder symptoms" (n.d.)

• Comment on a webpage on a news website
• Webpage on a website with a retrieval date (the content of a page is designed to change over time but isn't archived)
• Whole website references

Consult the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.  for more examples of Webpages and Websites reference citations (beginning on page 350, section 10.16)

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / How to reference a website using the Harvard referencing style

How to reference a website using the Harvard referencing style

This guide covers how to reference a website in Harvard style. When citing information sourced from the web, it is of paramount importance that you make very clear what it is you are referencing. As sources on the internet can vary widely, your reference should aim to provide a trail that can lead the reader directly to the source. An internet source could be almost anything, including but not limited to scholarly journal articles, newspaper articles, blog posts, and personal web pages. Your reference format for internet sources will vary based on the type of source.

Since most websites are updated from time to time, it is possible that anything you quote may be changed or removed. This means that it is important to record within your citation the date that you last accessed the site.  

Another important fact to be mindful of is that most websites do not have page numbers. If you need to reference a specific location on a website, you can use paragraph numbers in place of page numbers (abbreviated ‘para.’ in your in-text citation).  

Citation styles for different online sources

This section will elaborate on the citation style to be utilized for the following sources, along with examples for each source type.  

Web pages authored by an individual/individuals

Your references for this type of web page will include the following information:  

• Author’s/Authors’ names
• The year the site was published or last updated (in round brackets)
• Title of the web page (in italics)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)  

In-text citation

B. Johnson (2016) made his argument quite clear stating…

Reference list

Johnson, B. (2016) The rise of the Ubermensch. Available at: http://www.bjohnsonsworld.co.uk/theriseoftheubermensch (Accessed: 23 October 2017).

In-text citation (two authors)

After years of research, Russell and Verstappen (2013) found that…

Russell, J. and Verstappen, M. (2013) Rubber compounds and their rate of wear . Available at: http://www.dailysciencefixforyou.com/rubbercompounds (Accessed: 24 November 2019).

Web pages authored by a company or organization

Here’s the information you will need to include for this type of reference:

• Name of the company/organization
• Year the site was published or last updated (in round brackets)            
• Title of the web page (in italics)      
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)                          

A patient may suffer mild psychosis (Rural Health Institute, 2018) as a result of…

Rural Health Institute (2018) The effects of shock therapy. Available at: http://www.rhi.co.uk/shocktherapy (Accessed: 31 October 2019).

Web pages with no author  

Citation structure :

• Title of the webpage (in italics)
• The year the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)          

Renderings of the architect’s master plan can be found online ( Gumpert’s Modernism, 2013) …

Reference List

Gumpert’s Modernism (2013) Available at: https://www.stellararchitecture.com/modernism/ (Accessed: 24 July 2020)

Web pages with no author or title

Citation structure:

• URL of the page
• (Accessed: date)        

In-text citation    

Salt dough cookies (http://www.wholesomerecipes.com/saltdough.html, 2018) are a wonderful way to….

http://www.wholesomerecipes.com/saltdough.html (2018) (Accessed: 12 September 2020).

Web pages without a date

Citation information:  

• Author’s name
• Mention that no dates were available (use ‘no date’ in round brackets)
• Title of the web page, if available (in italics)

Cuba struggled through the decade (Banana Republic News, no date) facing a constant onslaught of….

Banana Republic News (no date) The trials and tribulations of Cuba. Available at: https://www.bananafyinews.com/cuba.html (Accessed: 15 July 2019).

Multiple pages from the same website

If you need to cite multiple pages from the same website, and the pages have different authors and/or publication dates associated with them, then you can simply use corresponding individual in-text citations and reference list entries for each page that you cite. In this case, you would also include the unique URL for each page in its corresponding reference list entry. However, if the pages you are citing all have the same author and publication date, you can differentiate between them in both your reference list entries and in-text citations by adding a lowercase letter after the date.

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022a)

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022b)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022a)  International travel . Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel/index.html (Accessed: 18 July 2022).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022b) Cruise ship travel during COVID-19 . Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/cruise-travel-during-covid19.html (Accessed: 18 July 2022).

Note that if the web page has no date, insert a hyphen between the words ‘no date’ and the lowercase letter to improve readability, for example: (no date-a) or (no date-b).

Web blogs or video blogs

When citing any information from blogs or vlogs, you need to keep in mind that you are treading a very thin line between objectivity and subjectivity. Blogs or vlogs are meant to be informal as most people use them to express their perspectives on issues or topics that are close to their heart, or to comment on issues from the public domain. So, be incredibly careful as most blogs are not very well reasoned or objective in their stance.

• The year that the blog/vlog was published or last updated (in round brackets)
• Title of the blog/vlog (in single quotation marks)
• Title of the site that hosts the blog/vlog (in italics)
• The day or month the blog/vlog was posted

Note that if you’re trying to cite a vlog that was posted on YouTube, you’ll need to know how to cite a YouTube video in Harvard style .

Engelbert D’Souza (2015) has expounded on the “Mandela Effect” at great length….

D’Souza, E. (2015) ‘The Mandela Effect’, Engelbert’s monthly blog , 6 November. Available at: https://www.engelbertsmonthlyblog/november/mandelaeffect/ (Accessed: 11 September 2016).

Social networking sites  

Citation information:

• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of the post (in single quotation marks)
• [Instagram]
• Day/month of the post
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)    

In-text citation  

Hendrix was a master of distortion and feedback (Casanova, 2018) …

Casanova, G. (2018) ‘Jimi Hendrix: wild blue angel’ [Instagram]. 18 September. Available at: https://www.instagram.com (Accessed: 7 October 2019)

• Author (if available, otherwise use the title)
• The year the article was published or last updated (in round brackets)
• Title of the post (in italics)
• Day/month the post was uploaded

The Trump rally drew large crowds in South Carolina ( Trump campaign , 2016).

Trump campaign (2016) [Facebook] 24 October. Available at: https://www.facebook.com (Accessed: 28 February 2019).

• Author of the tweet
• Twitter handle (in square brackets)
• The year the tweet was posted (in round brackets)
• The full body of the tweet (if it is too long, use an ellipsis to shorten it)
• The day/month the tweet was posted

Jasper Kuhn (2018) was quite critical about the proceedings…

Kuhn, J. [@kuhnper] (2018) It was appalling to see the leaders of the state bicker like rabid dogs in the assembly [Twitter] 31 January. Available at: https://twitter.com/kuhnper/status/161664645.654654.655 (Accessed: 17 July 2018).

Key takeaways

• While referencing anything from a website, the main aim is to provide a trail that can lead the reader directly to the source.  
• An important point to keep in mind is that you will need to cite the date you last accessed the site.  
• Since most websites do not have page numbers, use paragraph numbers to show where you found the information you used.  

Published October 29, 2020.

Harvard Formatting Guide

Harvard Formatting

• et al Usage
• Direct Quotes
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Page Numbers
• Writing an Outline
• View Harvard Guide

Reference Examples

• View all Harvard Examples

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APA Style (7th ed.)

• Cite: Why? When?
• Book, eBook, Dissertation
• Article or Report
• Business Sources
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools
• In-Text Citation
• Format Your Paper

Basic structure for a webpage: 

Author, a. a. (year, month day).  title of webpage  (publication no. xxx). source or overall website. https://www.someurl.com/full/address.

You will need to modify the above based on any parts that you don't have, like a date or a publication number, or add parts that you need, such as a Retrieved from ... date only if the content is designed to change and is unarchived. Web sources vary widely.

If you are missing a lot of the above citation information, be careful about using the source -- sometimes this is a warning sign that this web source is not very high-quality. Look closely for  other signs of credible websites . But sometimes it is still all right to use. 

Here are some tips for  how to cite webpages when information is missing . 

Jump to more specific examples by using the table below: 

Webpage (p. 350 in Manual)

Normally, do NOT include the retrieval date. The only  exception  is for content that is unarchived, has no date, and is easily or frequently changed (e.g., transitory forms of social media, live-update type of web content).

In-text Citation

Parenthetical Citation : A Majority of adults in the United States are more likely to talk about their work and family than about mental health with their friends (Goddard, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According Goddard (2023), a majority of adults in the United States are more likely to talk about their work and family than about mental health with their friends.

No Author or No Date (p. 352 in Manual)

Remember that APA encourages researchers to use the name of a corporate author, a governmental organization, an office, a department, etc. as the author (see example directly below).

However, if no author can be found, begin the citation with the title of the Webpage. 

If no date can be found, you can use n.d. for the date. You may need to include a retrieval date --  see more here .

Other missing information? View this page from APA,  Missing reference information . 

Parenthetical Citation : Project Gutenberg only ebooks which are in the public domain (Collection Development Policy, n.d).

Narrative Citation : The Collection Development Policy (n.d.) states that Project Gutenberg only accepts ebooks which are only in the public domain.

Corporate or Group Author 

Author same as the source.

It is more common to see a corporate author who is also the publisher of the webpage. In such cases, leave out the Source or Publisher element if it is virtually the same as the Author. 

Parenthetical Citation: Surge Capacity Force consists of federal employees who volunteer to support FEMA during a catastrophic disaster (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, n.d.).

Narrative Citation: According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (n.d.), the Surge Capacity Force consists of federal employees who volunteer to support FEMA during a catastrophic disaster.

Corporate office, organization, or government agency as an author 

Often for governmental sources, you will have multiple "layers" of offices in the Source / Publisher position, separated by a comma. The most immediate office responsible for writing the content is the Author, and the parent offices are the Source. 

Parenthetical Citation: Data on family planning practices, and contraceptives are important to comprehending regional and global fertility levels (United Nations Population Division, n.d.).

Narrative Citation: The United Nations Population Division (n.d.) states that data on family planning practices and contraceptives are important to comprehending regional and global fertility levels.

Blog (p. 320 in Manual)

Blogs are treated more like periodicals than websites, which is why the blog title is  italicized,  the same as a journal or magazine article, rather than following the other web page citations on this page.

If you can find no author's name, use the screen name. Use the year, month, and day for the date of publication.

Parenthetical Citation : Manuel Quezon helped author a key piece of legislation called the Jones Act which started the Philippines on the path to self-governance (Kratz, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Krazt (2023), Manuel Quezon helped author a key piece of legislation called the Jones Act which started the Philippines on the path to self-governance .

Social Media 

Facebook post (see more on  facebook citations here ).

Parenthetical Citation : Dr. Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” is a seminal text of the Civil Rights Movement. (TED-Ed, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to TED-Ed (2024), Dr. Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” is a seminal text of the Civil Rights Movement.

X (formerly Twitter) post (see more on X citations here )

Parenthetical Citation : Anthropogenic pollution has resulted in 2023 being the hottest year on record (NASA Earth, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to NASA Earth (2024), anthropogenic pollution has resulted in 2023 being the hottest year on record.

LinkedIn profile (see more on LinkedIn citations here )

Parenthetical Citation : The UAE has provided the world with a space where new ideas, and talent can be nurtured (Museum of the Future, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to the Museum of the Future (n.d.), the UAE has provided the world with a space where new ideas and talent can be nurtured.

Unarchived Pages, Frequently Changed, and No Archival System (see  more )

Only if a source meets all three of these criteria would you use the  Retrieved from date  as part of your citation. 

Parenthetical Citation: In just the first three weeks of 2024, over 210 trillion liters of water was used globally (Worldometer, n.d).

Narrative Citation: According to Worldometer (n.d.), in just the first three weeks of 2024, over 210 trillion liters of water was used globally.

More questions? Check out the authoritative source:  APA style blog

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Evaluating Web Pages: Questions to Consider: Categories

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Evaluation Categories

Accuracy of Web Documents

Authority of Web Documents

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A publication of the harvard college writing program.

Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

• The Honor Code
• Evaluating Web Sources

Although you should generally begin your electronic research by using e-resources available through the Harvard Library, there may be times when you will want to use Google. When you find a source online, you will need to assess whether it is a credible source.

Who is the author of this site?

As with any source, it's important to identify the author of a website and to become familiar with the author's qualifications. Be skeptical of any web page that does not identify an author or publisher. If you are going to depend on a website as a source of information, you need to determine the author's credentials as well as the purpose and rationale for posting the site in the first place. For example, a site created to serve a particular viewpoint, or to make a monetary profit, might skew information for the author's own ends. Other sites might contain information that is incomplete or wrong. In addition to considering the author, you should also consider the publisher of the site—the place or server on which the document resides (or from which it originates). If this information isn't readily apparent, try backing up several levels (deleting from the right side of the URL). Is the web document linked to a federal agency (.gov), a non-profit site (.org), an educational institution (.edu), or a business (.com)?

How accurate and objective is the site?

If you are going to cite information found on a website, it's important to know whether you can trust the accuracy of the facts (i.e., hard data, study results) under discussion in a particular document. First, determine if the factual information on a website can be corroborated elsewhere—through a reference to or citation of a clearly reliable source, for example. A website with data that cannot be confirmed should never be trusted, no matter how perfect it might seem for your purposes.

It's also important to understand the website's point of view or bias. How clear are its purposes? Does the language used on this site suggest a specific ideology or social or political agenda? Advocacy for a particular cause is not in itself a bad thing; when the slant of a site is deceptive or extreme, however, you should reject it as a legitimate research resource. If advertising appears on a web page, try to determine the extent to which it may be influencing informational content: Is it clear where the boundary is between the advertising and information content? Does the data seem manipulated to serve the ads, or are the ads simply used to fund the site?

Sites that have academic or educational content are often non-profit sites and generally follow certain rules. Scholarship relies upon context and usually builds on precedent, so ask these questions:

• Do you have the sense that the author is taking a position within an ongoing and serious discussion?
• Does the site demonstrate knowledge of related research—and does the author cite current and reliable sources?
• If footnotes, bibliographies, and hypertext links are used, do they add authority, credibility, or depth to the argument or only seem to do so?

What is the site's currency and coverage?

Since information on the web is so easily posted, it's especially important to make sure that the sources you consult are timely. Ask these questions:

• Is the creation date of the document (or of its most recent revision) listed?
• Is the information up-to-date? Age is relative on the Web: certain documents are timeless—their value is determined completely by their place in the historical record, and a document that is three or four years old can still be "timely" in certain disciplines. In fields where knowledge develops rapidly (the sciences, for example) or data is expected to change (statistics, for example), currency is more critical. As always, if you have questions about whether a source is current enough for your purposes, ask your instructor or a librarian.
• Locating Sources
• Evaluating Journal Articles
• Evaluating Online Media Content
• What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?
• Making Decisions Based on Your Discipline
• Integrating Sources

PDFs for This Section

• Using sources
• Evaluating Sources
• Online Library and Citation Tools

Reference management. Clean and simple.

The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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The Best Research and Reference Websites

Where to look when you need information

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Research websites come in handy in all kinds of situations, whether you're looking for the average rainfall in the Amazon rainforest, researching Roman history, or just having fun learning to find information.

This list of the best research websites will help greatly, and most of them are updated daily with new information.

I like to pair these sites with free research organizational tools to keep track of everything I gather online.

Best Research Websites

• Library of Congress : LOC.gov lets you not only ask a librarian for help , but also search catalogs of libraries from all over the world. This is truly a huge resource that should be on your Top 10 best research sites list. Anything from Academia Sinica in Taiwan to Yale University in the U.S. is here and ready to be searched.
• ReferenceDesk.org : Dubbed "The Internet's Best Reference Source," this extremely useful web directory provides everything from business and finance information to federal government resources, scholarship details, links to newspapers and calendars, search engines, and more.
• Ask the Space Expert: NASA's source for space and science research help. Use the video links to listen to questions answered by experts. These are from 2013 through 2015.
• USA.gov : This is where you should start when looking for specific U.S. government information. Learn about the country in general or education, housing, disability services, jobs, taxes, laws, and more.
• Reference.com : Extremely simple to use with a basic layout, this reference website lets you browse by category or search by keywords to research everything from food and health to history, beauty, education, technology, vehicles, art, and more.
• Refdesk.com : Billing itself as the internet's fact-checker, this site includes in-depth research links to breaking news, editorials, Today in History, Word of the Day, and other references.
• Encyclopedia.com : The #1 online encyclopedia that lets you search over 200 reference books and encyclopedias at once. The Picks of the week is a neat section to examine each week.
• Encyclopedia Britannica : One of the world's oldest encyclopedias online; has featured posts and category listings. The company launched in the 18th century and has been publishing exclusively online since 2011.
• Purdue University Quick Reference : This site has tons of information that includes resources specific to Purdue University and surrounding areas in Indiana. It also includes an Ask a Librarian service.
• Prescriber's Digital Reference : A wonderful research tool when gathering detailed medical information. The drug name browser includes summaries (dosage, description, and more) for hundreds of drugs.
• iTools.com : Serves as a gateway for reference and research links. It uses other websites for its searches, like YouTube and Google.
• ResearchGate : Scientific knowledge from over 160 million publication pages; browse topics in categories like engineering, biology, climate change, medicine, math, and more.
• Baseball-Reference.com : Here's everything you ever wanted to know about baseball.
• FOLDOC : Free Online Dictionary of Computing is a detailed computing dictionary for researching the meaning behind computer-related tools, standards, jargon, languages, and more. The "random" button is a fun way to learn new concepts.

Depending on the type of research you're doing or how you need to reference the information, you may need quick access to books. There are lots of places to find free book downloads , textbooks , and educational movies .

Other Ways to Do Research

Search engines like Google are a great way to perform online research. You can locate books, articles, interviews, and lots more. Learn how to search better to get the most out of your research.

Another top source of expert information is your local librarian— search for libraries near you at WorldCat . Librarians are trained to find answers to obscure questions, they're friendly, and best of all, you can talk with them face to face. They often ask you questions you might not have considered, leading to even better results. You can get help from librarians online, too, through some of the sources above.

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5 Best Tools to Annotate and Highlight Web Pages for Research and Study

These free tools let you annotate or highlight any part of a web page to share it with others or use as reference for your research.

When you share a link with someone, the relevant part is just a tiny snippet or two. Use these free tools to annotate or highlight the important part to draw attention to it.

All the apps in the article have a highlight marker (often with different colors) and a way to write sticky notes or comments anywhere on the page. Both features are excellent when you want to add notes for research and study, whether for your personal needs or friends. Beyond that, a few small features make each tool better for different needs.

1. Diigo (Chrome, Bookmarklet, Android, iOS): Annotations, Highlights, Comments on Any Web Page

Diigo is one of the oldest and most popular online annotation tools. Of course, it has changed a lot over the years, but it is a simple and reliable app to add highlights and comments to any web page at its core.

Available as a Chrome extension or a bookmarklet for other browsers, Diigo is intuitive to use. Select any text on any article, and you can highlight it in one of four colors. You can also add a small note to the highlight or a floating note anywhere on the page. You can also share notes with collaborators, and you can change their colors too. As Diigo says in its help section, you might want to mentally assign a specific purpose to each color, thus keeping your highlights organized for your eyes.

All annotations on a page can be seen quickly through the extension shortcut. You can also view and organize annotations in the web dashboard for Diigo. You can create groups in Diigo and share annotations and highlights with them and as PDFs.

Diigo is also a bookmark app, saving each page and its annotations to your account and syncing it across devices. On phones, Diigo is available as a standalone browser with many of the same features.

Download: Diigo for Chrome | Bookmarklet (Free)

Download: Diigo Browser for Android | iOS (Free)

2. Smort (Web): Annotate and Edit Articles to Share With Friends

Most annotation apps will only let you add highlights, sticky notes, and comments to the article. Smort enables you to change the article contents itself, remove entire paragraphs or images, add text, etc. And you don't need to install anything to do this either.

When you want to share any article, add "smort.io" before the URL and press Enter to open it in the Smort editor. Here, you can edit the article as you see fit, with a simple Markdown editor to change text and text formatting. Smort also supports highlights of four different colors, so you can add a note at the top of the article about what each color means. There are handy Undo and Redo buttons at the top if you make any mistakes.

Smort auto-generates a table of contents for each article to make navigation easier. As the editor, you can also switch between four different font types and a dark or light mode for easier reading. Once you've finished editing, click the Share button to generate a unique link that lasts for seven days from creation. After that, if you make further edits, you'll need to regenerate a new link and reshare.

3. Spade (Chrome): Privately Annotate and Highlight Web Pages

Spade is an excellent free tool to aid your research for essays and papers while keeping it private. It's a Chrome browser extension with annotation and highlighting abilities and a few other neat tricks like citations and machine-learning analysis.

Once you install the extension, Spade appears as a little button in one of the four corners of every web page (customizable by you). Click the button to expand a toolbar that has an annotation pen to draw or scribble anywhere and a highlight marker. You can control the point size for each and choose from seven different colors. Spade also lets you form a text box anywhere on the page to write notes and has a simple eraser to take it all away. All these highlights are shared and synced to your Spade web account so that you can access them anywhere.

In our tests, sharing a page made in Spade didn't show the annotations or highlights to the recipient. Nonetheless, you can export any annotated page as a PDF file with all notes intact.

Apart from these annotation features, Spade includes a built-in citation tool for research papers that automatically cites pages in leading journals. It also uses machine learning to rate a web page's credibility and summarizes large text into precis.

Download: Spade for Chrome (Free)

4. Hypothes.is (Web, Chrome): Collaborative Annotations and Highlights on the Web

If you're working with a study group or a team on a research project that needs to share links with annotations, Hypothesis is as good as it gets. This Chrome extension is much lighter than others and focuses on the ability to collaborate. Plus, it's ad-free and has no hidden costs or restrictions.

All users will need to sign up for a Hypothesis account before installing the extension. Then, create a private group if you wish to keep your shares confidential with your friends, or use the default Public tab let anyone see the annotations.

On any web page, you can select text to turn it into a highlight or an annotation (i.e., highlight with a note). Each of these shows up in your Hypothesis sidebar in chronological order for that page. Collaborators can add comments and reply to each annotation individually. You can also add a note on any page which appears in the Notes section.

The Hypothesis web dashboard makes it easy to search through all your highlights and notes. Along with a full-text search, you can add advanced operators (like username, group name, URL, or tag) to find what you're looking for quickly.

Download: Hypothesis for Chrome (Free)

5. LINER (Browsers, Mobile): Best Cross-Platform Highlight Tool, Also for YouTube

Liner is one of the best online annotation apps and has been for years, especially with its recent updates. Its broad support for different platforms makes it the go-to choice if you're switching between phones, tablets, and computers but need one place to collect all your highlights.

Once you create an account and log in, you can select any text to highlight it. You can also add a comment to any highlight and share this with friends and collaborators. The free basic account only lets you work with one color for the highlighter and limits you to 15 highlights per page. For more colors and unlimited highlights, you need the Premium package.

Liner also works with YouTube, which makes it stand apart. You can highlight any part of a YouTube video, much like highlighting text on a web page. This worked well for us on browsers but not on mobiles.

The app has a few other features worth checking out, like how it shows the most popular highlights by other users on any page. And the dashboard can distinguish between text and video highlights.

Download: Liner for Android | iOS (Free)

Download: Liner for Chrome | Edge | Safari | Whale (Free)

Use Colors as Your Own Organizing System

Whichever annotation tool you use, there's a nifty hack suggested by multiple users and app blogs. Since most of them let you use different colors for highlighting or annotation, use these colors for your own tagging or organizing system.

For example, when you highlight text in yellow, it means "worth reading," but when you highlight it in red, it means "use as-is in the research paper." Do that for all the colors. No one other than you needs to know what each color signifies, but as long as you are consistent with how you use them, it'll give you a useful system.

Web Page Evaluation and Opinion Formation on Controversial Search Topics

• Conference paper
• First Online: 30 November 2023
• Cite this conference paper

• Ryo Hagiwara 10 &
• Takehiro Yamamoto   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0601-3139 10  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 14457))

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• International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries

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This study investigates the types of web pages people find useful regarding controversial topics and how these pages affect people’s opinion formation capacity. An experiment was conducted involving participants who were asked to decide whether they agreed or disagreed with a given topic. During the study, information on the types of web pages participants found useful and the reasons for their opinions were collected to analyze how and why individuals formulated their opinions. Analysis of the results revealed the following. In the homework task, participants found that useful web pages included those that contained information and opinions from multiple viewpoints, as well as evidence-based information. In the vaccine task, many participants found that useful web pages included those that contained evidence-based information. Moreover, opinion formation was categorized into seven types, including damage minimization, merit-oriented, demerit-oriented, credibility-oriented, majority, single-page, and prior beliefs.

• Information retrieval
• Controversial topics
• Search behavior analysis

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21H03774, JP21H03775, JP22H03905.

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Ryo Hagiwara & Takehiro Yamamoto

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Correspondence to Takehiro Yamamoto .

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Dion H. Goh

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Mahidol University, Tambon Salaya, Amphoe Phutthamonthon, Thailand

Suppawong Tuarob

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Hagiwara, R., Yamamoto, T. (2023). Web Page Evaluation and Opinion Formation on Controversial Search Topics. In: Goh, D.H., Chen, SJ., Tuarob, S. (eds) Leveraging Generative Intelligence in Digital Libraries: Towards Human-Machine Collaboration. ICADL 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14457. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8085-7_17

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Research Process

• Brainstorming
• Explore Google This link opens in a new window

Explore Web Resources

• Explore Background Information
• Explore Books
• Explore Scholarly Articles
• Narrowing a Topic
• Primary and Secondary Resources
• Academic, Popular & Trade Publications
• Scholarly and Peer-Reviewed Journals
• Grey Literature
• Clinical Trials
• Evidence Based Treatment
• Scholarly Research
• Database Research Log
• Search Limits
• Keyword Searching
• Boolean Operators
• Phrase Searching
• Truncation & Wildcard Symbols
• Proximity Searching
• Field Codes
• Subject Terms and Database Thesauri
• Reading a Scientific Article
• Website Evaluation
• Article Keywords and Subject Terms
• Cited References
• Citing Articles
• Related Results
• Search Within Publication
• Database Alerts & RSS Feeds
• Personal Database Accounts
• Persistent URLs
• Literature Gap and Future Research
• Web of Knowledge
• Annual Reviews
• Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
• Finding Seminal Works
• Exhausting the Literature
• Finding Dissertations
• Researching Theoretical Frameworks
• Research Methodology & Design
• Tests and Measurements
• Organizing Research & Citations This link opens in a new window
• Scholarly Publication
• Learn the Library This link opens in a new window

Although not scholarly, the Internet will more than likely be your initial starting point for topic ideas and information. Informal channels of information, such as blogs and alert services, are invaluable resources that help you stay current and informed about your research area, and will provide assistance in directing you to the resources that are appropriate to use in your research. Start by searching for some of the keywords related to your area of interest to begin a very broad scan of the range of topics and information sources. Use keywords such as: trending news or trending topics, recent research, controversial issues, policy debates, and other relevant terms to locate recent news. Remember that using the Internet to find academic information takes a lot of hard work to carefully evaluate the good from the bad.

Remember, not everything you find on the Internet is appropriate to use as a resource in your research. For more guidance on how to evaluate online information, review the Website Evaluation  page, or view the Library’s Workshop Video on Website Evaluation .

Web Resource Types

• Research News
• Popular News & Magazines
• Feeds & Alerts
• Open Access

Blogs can be a valuable source for information on trending issues, current events, recent research, debates and more. Scholars, associations, executives, innovative researchers, every day practitioners, and students are just some of the people who write blogs. Knowing about and reading blogs that are written by experts in the field, or relevant associations, may be an important step in identifying current studies and trends in a subject area.

The websites ResearchBlogging.org and ACI Scholarly Blog Index aggregate blog posts regarding recent peer-reviewed research and publications.

Many online popular and news magazines have blog sections. For example, Psychology Today offers a large index of their blogs with a guide to their blogging experts’ credentials.

• Psychology Today Index of Blogs
• Scienceblogs.com

Another great resource for searching blogs is Nexis Uni . On the home page, select News and conduct a search using your keyword or phrase. On the search results screen, you may filter Publication Type to Blog, as shown below:

Research news websites are also good sources for the latest information in research. This is a great way to keep up with current research, learn about potentially interesting topics, and understand where the research in a particular field is heading. Headlines for recently published research can be found by searching by the keywords ‘research news’.

Science Daily is a website that provides top headlines in recent research and discoveries in key topic areas like Health and Medicine, Education & Learning, Computers & Mathematics and more. EurekAlert! , sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is a service that gathers and posts press releases from research organizations (universities, medical centers, government agencies, publishers).

• Science Daily
• EurekAlert!

Popular news sources and magazines can also be useful for finding out about the latest trends or research. News sources, like New York Times , Washington Post , NPR, The Chronicle of Higher Education and more, will regularly report on research of interest to a general audience.

Use the links provided in online articles or the informal in-text citation within the article to locate the original research publication. These resources can be found by conducting an internet search, or using NU Library’s Find a Resource tool to search for specific publications by title.  

You may also want to learn more about the differences between Academic and Popular Sources  to better understand the use of these resources in your academic research.

• New York Times
• Washington Post
• The Chronicle of Higher Education
• Find a Resource

Controversial topics and debates are useful for learning about different perspectives on the same issue. For a general internet search, try the keyword phrase “policy debate” to find trending or hot topics in the news or from policy institutes.

The website ProCon.org presents articles on current debates in the news and society. This site is directed toward students and educators.

News feeds or alerts are another extremely useful tool to locate recently published research in a subject area. Subscribing to news feeds helps you stay up-to-date on the research that is being done in a specific field. Many websites offer ways to subscribe to their feeds. Tools like Feedly allow you to keep websites and news sources all in one place. A simple way to organize and streamline information is to use an RSS feed reader. This quick tutorial video explains how to choose an RSS feed reader and subscribe to a number of RSS feeds.

There are also many websites that offer news and journal table of contents alert services. One example is Google Alerts for news and other web content. Another site,  Journal TOCs , a free service that collects and makes available Table of Contents for the top academic journals in a wide range of disciplines. On their website you can browse or search for research areas.

It is important to keep in mind that with so many resources out there, you could quickly become overwhelmed with information being delivered daily. It is probably best to skim blogs and newsgroups until you settle on a specific idea, and then limit yourself to one or two key groups, newsfeeds, etc.

• Google Alerts
• Journal TOCs

Open Access Resources can be invaluable for exploring your topic. These resources are freely available 'open access’ documents from professional and trade associations, government agencies, non-profit organizations, research institutes, universities and other entities. These resources are not proprietary , meaning they do not require login or subscription (although occasionally for-profit associations may request that you create a free account to access their publications). They are good places to explore for statistics, reports, conference abstracts and proceedings, white papers, association newsletters, industry news and more.

NU Library maintains a collection of curated links organized by NU disciplines and specializations, as well as related academic topics. Visit the Open Access Resources Guide for recommended sites.

Wikipedia or other online wiki sources are helpful for finding background information on a topic and getting ideas for keywords and phrases, but they should never be used as a cited reference in academic research . These sites can be useful for learning the basics of a topic that you are not familiar with. If the website entries provide references, these can be sources of scholarly information to explore further.

Here is an example of an article with extensive references from academic books and journals on the topic of Mirror Symmetry . This article is also designated as a Feature Article by Wikipedia because meets specific criteria such as supporting claims with citations.

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How to Fill a Flask: 8 Steps

3 ways to treat skin disease in hamsters, 4 ways to socialize a lory or lorikeet, how to water a christmas tree: 11 steps, 3 ways to make a professional rap music video, 9 simple ways to talk nerdy to someone, how to massage a baby: 15 steps, 3 ways to get rid of suckers from your rose bush, 11 simple ways to ask someone to kiss you, how to create your first java program on ubuntu linux, 5 best tools to annotate and highlight web pages for research and study.

The internet has become a vast ocean of knowledge and information that is accessible to us at any time. However, conducting effective research and study often requires the ability to annotate and highlight web pages, making it easier to retain information and organize thoughts. Below are the five best tools to annotate and highlight web pages for research and study.

1. Diigo : Diigo is a web annotation and research tool that allows you to highlight, tag, and save web pages to your library. Diigo also has social features that allow users to share their notes and annotations with others. It provides a variety of tools that make it easy to highlight important information, add notes and comments, as well as keep track of web pages for later review.

2. Evernote Web Clipper : The Evernote Web Clipper is a browser extension that allows you to save web pages, images, and links to your Evernote account. The service provides a variety of annotation and highlighting tools that allow you to capture and save important information from web pages. It also allows you to create notes that can be tagged and organized for easy reference.

3. Kami : Kami is a digital tool that enables users to annotate PDF files, images, and documents in real-time collaboratively. The tool can detect hyperlinks, signatures, and lists, as well as insert shapes, comments, and highlights. Kami is a great tool for students and researchers who work with PDF files.

4. Hypothes.is: Hypothes.is is a web annotation tool that allows you to highlight and annotate web pages for research and collaborative discussions. It is community-based, meaning you can share your annotations with others and view theirs. Hypothes.is is a great tool for students and researchers to collaborate on research, share notes, and learn from each other.

5. Notion Web Clipper : Notion is a powerful productivity tool that allows users to take notes, create tasks and collaborate with team members. The Notion Web Clipper allows users to capture web pages, images and notes directly from the browser and add them to their workspace. It provides a variety of annotation tools, including the ability to highlight, underline and strikethrough text.

In Conclusion, these five tools are a great way for students and researchers to annotate, highlight, and organize information from web pages. Each tool has its unique features and benefits that make it effective in different situations. Whether you are working solo, collaboratively, or just need to research information, these tools will help you stay organized and on track.    

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How to Do Great Research

Grad school survival advice from nick feamster and alex gray, research web page.

1 Purpose of this Assignment

Your job as a researcher is not only to come up with groundbreaking research results, but also to market these results to a broader audience. Research results that cannot be understood or applied by others are effectively useless. The audience you target may vary depending on the nature of your research (and the nature of your results), but can include parties such as other researchers in your field, people working on similar problems in industry, other colleagues at your university, news outlets, etc.

One of the first places that all of these parties may go to learn about your research is your personal Web page; therefore, it is important to have one! In this assignment, you will construct and publish a personal research Web page that summarizes your research interests, expertise, projects, and papers (if you have any of the above).

For one of the two research papers you selected in the first assignment, you should find a paper from another research area and come up with a possible research topic that involves the combination of the ideas from the two research areas. Each paper must be matched with a different research area.

Construct a personal research Web page with the following components:

• Your name • Your photo • Your contact information (office location, phone number, etc.) • A short summary of your research interests • A section with links to papers and talks

Note: Try to make the page somehwat aesthetically pleasing. There’s no need for fancy colors, animations, flash, etc.; simple and readable is good. The goal should be a professional-looking page that efficiently transfers the “high-order bits” of information. For many colleagues, your Web page will be their first (and maybe only!) impression of you.

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2024 Undergraduate Research Symposium

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Home » Campus Life » Career Education » Get Experience » Undergraduate Research » Undergraduate Scholarly Showcase » 2024 Presentations

2024 Showcase Presentations

At the 2024 Showcase, more than 350 students from more than 25 disciplines will present nearly 275 research projects, including more than 200 posters, 28 live podium presentations and 44 video presentations.

Students who choose this format present their research project in an original five-minute video. Links to 2024 video presentations will be posted in the next few days.

• Chemical and Cellular Frontiers (#A-01 to #A-03)
• Experiential Learning (#B-01 to #B-04)
• Green Cincinnati (#C-01 to #C-18)
• Music and Culture (#D-01 to #D-04)
• Substance Use, Mental and Behavioral Heath, and Sociology (#E-01 to #E-10)
• The Social Safety Net (#F-01 to #F-05)

As individuals or small teams, students create posters that convey the purpose, process, and outcome of their project with aesthetic appeal. Each student delivers a five-minute overview of their project to reviewers in person on Tuesday, April 16, 2024.

• View or download the Morning Poster Guide
• View or download the Afternoon Poster Guide

Podium Presentations

Students individually develop and deliver an eight-minute presentation live in person on Tuesday, April 16, 2024. View podium presentation details

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​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​FHLBank System ​at 100: Report Implementation

Fhlbank system at 100: report implementation.

​ Implementation Updates

​ FHLBank System at 100: Focusing o​n the Future Report

Report Fact Sheet

YouTube Playlist ​

Kick-Off Listeni​ng Session

• Day 1 (9/29/2022)
• Day 2 (9/30/2022)
• Day 3 (10/4/2022)

Wrap-Up Listening Session

• Day 1 (3/22/2023)
• Day 2 (3/23/2023)
• Day 3 (3/24/2023)

Pub​lic Comments​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Regional Roundtables ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

FHLBank System at 100: Report Implementation​​​

​FHFA published the FHLBank System at 100: Focusing on the Future report in November 2023, following an extensive public engagement period. The Agency is taking prompt action to implement recommendations in the report through ongoing supervision, guidance, and rulemaking, and is committed to maintaining transparency throughout the implementation process.

Actions in the report are organized under four themes. See below for FHFA’s top priorities for implementation in 2024 under each of these themes. Please check this page regularly for updates and information about opportunities for public input.

Mission of the FHLBan​k System

Update and clarify the mission of the FHLBank System to reflect the FHLBanks’ two core objectives: 1) providing stable and reliable liquidity to their members, and 2) supporting housing and community development

2024 Priorities

• Clarify the mission statement for the FHLBank System and set forth criteria for assessing mission achievement by the FHLBanks
• Establish an incentive structure for FHLBank members to support the housing and community development mission of the FHLBanks
• Enhance the scope of the FHLBanks’ Targeted Community Lending Plans​

Stable and Reliable Source of Liquidity

Distinguish the role of the FHLBanks in providing secured advances from the Federal Reserve’s financing facilities and better position the FHLBanks to perform their liquidity mission

• Increase limits on maximum exposure on unsecured extensions of credit for overnight assets of similar risk profile
• Improve FHLBank evaluation of member creditworthiness

Housing and Community Development

Expand the FHLBanks’ housing and community development focus

✓  Is​sued Regulatory Interpretation 2024-RI-01: Classification of Cooperativas for Purposes of Determining Eligibility for Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLBank) Membership (March 2024)​​​​​​​​​​​

• Establish mission-oriented collateral programs that incentivize use of collateral with a strong connection to the mission of the FHLBank System
• Streamline Affordable Housing Program regulatory requirements
• Revise the appropriate maturity term for the definition of a long-term advance

✓  Issued AB 2023-06: FHLBank Framework for Pilot and Voluntary Programs (Nov 2023)​​​​​​​​​​​

FHLBank System Operational Efficiency, Structure, and Governance

Ensure the FHLBanks are structured to be efficient and stable moving forward, membership eligibility requirements promote sufficient mission orientation, and governance requirements enable the FHLBanks’ boards to effectively address emerging risks and oversee the safety and soundness and mission achievement of the FHLBanks

• Standardize and strengthen membership eligibility requirements across member types
• Expand the list of expertise for independent directors
• Clarify board of director responsibility for mission performance, including through ties to executive compensation

Con​tact [email protected] for more information.

Last updated April 3, 2024​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

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