research paper on outcome based education

Outcome Based Education: A Paradigm Shift in Teaching and Learning Process

• Conference paper
• First Online: 01 July 2023
• Cite this conference paper

• Liying Hu 6 ,
• Nvdeng Chen 6 &
• Srikanta Patnaik 7  

Part of the book series: Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems ((LAIS,volume 31))

Included in the following conference series:

• International Conference on Educational Technology and Administration

204 Accesses

Our present surrounding which is divergence with many issues related to topological, sociological and economic transformations. So to face competitiveness in the business world, organizations must improve their human resources. This is achieved by outcome Based Education which assists to train students/graduates to certain level by joining superspecialized learning with energetic and representative competence through remodeling curriculums. The major aim of outcome-Based Education is to empowering students with intelligence, proficiency and exposures which are required for achievement after moving out the institution. Thus the prime perspective of OBE is to build skilled and self sufficient future generation. The objective of this paper is to provide and explore knowledge towards outcome-Based Education which is helpful to the learner to get sufficient idea about this emerging learning process. This paper compares the impact of outcome-based education (OBE) on student’s educational accomplishment in connection with grade point average against traditional teaching learning method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Durable hardcover edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

L.D. Borsoto, J.D. Lescano, N.I. Maquimot, M.J.N. Santorce, A.F. Simbulan, A.M. Pagcaliwagan, Status of implementation and usefulness of outcomes-based education in the engineering department of an Asian University. Int. J. Multidiscip. Acad. Res. 2 (4), 14–25 (2014)

Google Scholar  

F.V. Javier, Assessing an Asian university’s organizational effectiveness using the Malcolm Baldridge model. Asian J. Bus. Gov.Ance, 2 , 37–55(2012)

N. Abd Rahman, S.R.S. Abdullah, Assessment tool of course learning outcomes for mechanical design of process equipment. Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci.  102 , 116–121(2013)

S.P.T. Malan, The ‘new paradigm’ of outcomes-based education in perspective. J. Fam. Ecol. Consum. Sci.=Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe  28 (1), 22–28(2000)

M. Martin, A. Alderson, Outcomes Based Education: Where has it come from and where is it going? Issues Educ. Res. 17 (2), 161–182 (2007)

A.N. Sundar, Changed assessment, changed focus in curriculum delivery: what do teaching staff have to say. in  HERDSA Annual international conference (Melbourne, 1992). 1999

R.J. Botha, Outcomes-based education and educational reform in South Africa. Int. J. Leadersh. Educ. 5 (4), 361–371 (2002)

Article   Google Scholar  

R.M. Harden, J.R. Crosby, M.H. Davis, M. Friedman, R.M, AMEE Guide No. 14: Outcome-based education: Part 5-From competency to meta-competency: a model for the specification of learning outcomes. Med. Teach.  21 (6), 546–552 (1999)

P. Ewell, Applying student learning outcomes concepts and approaches at Hong Kong higher education institutions: Current status and future directions. Natl. Cent. High. Educ. Manag. Syst. (2006)

N. Ross, D. Davies, Outcome-based education: Part 4-Outcome-based learning and the electronic curriculum at Birmingham Medical School. Med. Teach. 21 (1), 26–30 (1999)

A. Alderson, M. Martin, Outcomes-based education: where has it come from and where it is going? Issues in Education 17 (2), 161–182 (2007)

O. Akir, T. H. Eng, S. Malie, Teaching and learning enhancement through outcome-based education structure and technology e-learning support. Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci.  62 , 87–92 (2012)

K. McNaught, R.G. Berlach, Outcomes based education?: rethinking the provision of compulsory education in Western Australia. Issues Educ. Res. 17 (1), 1–14 (2007)

H. Basri, A. B. Che Man, W. H. W. Badaruzzaman, M. J. Mohd Nor, Malaysia and the Washington accord: What it takes for full membership. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 1 (1), 64–73((2004)

F. Bouslama, A. Lansari, A. M. Al-Rawi, A. A. Abonamah, A novel outcome-based educational model and its effect on student learning, curriculum development, and assessment. J. Inf. Technol. Educ.: Res.  2 (1), 203–214((2003)

S. M. Meyer, S. E. Van Niekerk, Nurse educator in practice . (Juta and Company Ltd., Cape Town, 2008). p. 25. ISBN 978–0–7021–7299–1

B. Bloom, Learning for mastery. Eval Com 1 (2), 1968

J. O’Neil, Aiming for new outcomes: The promise and the reality. Educ Leadersh 51 (6), (1994)

B.S. Bloom, Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: The cognitive domain (David McKay Co Inc., New York, 1956)

L.W. Anderson, D.R. Krathwohl, A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing , Abridged. (Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA, 2001)

M. Lorenzen, Using outcome-based education in the planning and teaching of new information technologies. J. Libr. Adm. 26 (3–4), 141–152 (1999)

MIAO, Yun, Li Liu, Y. P. ZHANG, The application of outcome-based education in medical education. in  Fudan Education Forum , (2011), p. 05

I. L. An, Impact of outcome-based education instruction to accountancy students in an Asian University. Asia Pac. J. Educ., Arts Sci. 1 (5), 48–52((2014)

M.I.M. Jazeel, Application of outcome-based curriculum in religious studies: the case of Madrasas in Sri Lanka. J. Pol. & L. 13 , 196 (2020)

P. Phuc., N. Vinh, Q. Do, The implementation of outcome-based education: Evidence from master program in economic management at Hanoi universities. Manag. Sci. Lett.  10 (14), 3299–33069((2020)

D. Pradhan, Effectiveness of outcome based education (OBE) toward empowering the students performance in an engineering course. J Adv Educ Philos 5 (2), 58–65 (2021)

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper is funded by the Project of Educational Science Planning of Hunan Province (XJK22CGD060).

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Changsha Normal University, Changsha, 410000, China

Bin Hu, Liying Hu & Nvdeng Chen

INTERSCIENCE Institute of Management & Technology (IIMT ), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India

Srikanta Patnaik

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Srikanta Patnaik .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Interscience Institute of Management and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Cite this paper.

Hu, B., Hu, L., Chen, N., Patnaik, S. (2023). Outcome Based Education: A Paradigm Shift in Teaching and Learning Process. In: Patnaik, S., Paas, F. (eds) Recent Trends in Educational Technology and Administration. EduTA 2022. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 31. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29016-9_17

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29016-9_17

Published : 01 July 2023

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-031-29015-2

Online ISBN : 978-3-031-29016-9

eBook Packages : Education Education (R0)

Share this paper

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• MedEdPublish (2016)
• PMC10702664

Outcome-based education: evaluation, implementation and faculty development

Shazia iqbal.

1 Alfarabi College of Medicine Riyadh KSA

2 University of Liverpool UK

Turky H. Almigbal

3 King Saud University Riyadh KSA

Abdullah Aldahmash

Samer rastam.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended.

Developments in Outcome-based education (OBE) and innovative shifts in its pedagogical approaches have reshaped the learning environment of curricula at medical schools. This instructional design has gained popularity due to its authenticity and systematic approach. However, this needs organized supervision and faculty training in order to achieve the desired goals for the program.

Aim: This article examines the evaluation of OBE at a private medical school in Saudi Arabia. It describes the curriculum review process and the characteristics of the curriculum reviewers involved. It evaluates the curriculum using Harden’s OBE implementation inventory. OBE reviewers’ satisfaction about OBE implementation was evaluated using the OBE inventory.

Results: This analysis shows our institutional profile to be similar to the ‘transition to beavers’ symbol in Harden’s representation. At the program level, the study identifies gaps and suggests suitable recommendations to enhance the enactment of OBE.

Conclusion: We strongly encourage medical educators to apply the nine components of the OBE implementation inventory to evaluate their level of implementation of OBE. To further build up this model, the authors propose a mnemonic “ADAPTIVE Species” as an instructional prompt to develop these qualities in medical faculty. “ADAPTIVE Species” stands for Assertive, Developer, Assessors, Prime-movers, Transparent, Innovators, Vigilant, Evaluators, and Selectors.

Introduction

Developments in Outcome-based education (OBE) and innovative shifts in its pedagogical approaches have reshaped the learning environment of curricula at medical schools. This instructional design has gained popularity due to its authenticity and systematic approach ( Rubin and Franchi-Christopher, 2002 ) This evolving paradigm and evidence-based medical practices in the health care system are provoking a continuous review of curricula and specific learning outcomes. However, OBE implementation needs organized supervision and faculty training in order to achieve the desired goals for the program ( Gruppen, 2012 ).

The OBE approach involves not only set of specific learning outcomes but it demands successful implementation ( Harden, 2007a , 2009). Effective evaluation requires a set of parameters that serve as a guide to assess the degree of OBE curriculum implementation. Also, there is a great concern to ensure that faculty are able to recognize the importance of OBE and sufficiently skilled to ensure its effective application.

In medical education, there are different evaluation tools to gauge the implementation of OBE; for instance, course reports appraisals, self-study evaluations, program annual reports, student surveys, and external and internal reviews. Additionally, there are models that help medical educators to map the curriculum and to ascertain the progress of implementation of OBE throughout the program in terms of depth, scope, value, and proficiency ( Harden, 2007a , 2007b ).

There is an established instrument, the ‘Outcome-based Education implementation inventory’, introduced in 2007 at the University of Dundee by Professor Harden ( Harden, 2007b ). The nine components in this model are sufficiently comprehensive and reliable to scrutinize the extent of implementation of OBE and to guide the areas of reform by detecting gaps in the curriculum.

It is important to carry out studies that investigate OBE implementation in diverse learning environments and educational cultures. There are few studies that explore the role of faculty and faculty development programs that train faculty in OBE evaluation and implementation. Additionally, there is lack of evidence to develop faculty development strategies by identifying the loopholes in OBE ( Steinert et al. , 2016 ).

This article examines the application of OBE at a private medical school in Saudi Arabia. It highlights a pragmatic approach to apply the SPICES model in the undergraduate medical curriculum. The SPICES term is abbreviated for; student-centered, problem-based, integrated, community-based, elective and systematic approach. It describes the curriculum review process and the characteristics of the curriculum reviewers involved. In addition, it evaluates the curriculum using Harden’s Outcome-based Education implementation inventory ( Harden, 2007b ).

At the program level, the study explores the extent of application of OBE in the MBBS undergraduate curriculum, identifies gaps and suggests suitable recommendations to enhance the enactment of OBE. Furthermore, it assists with faculty development strategies by proposing a model in the form of mnemonic “ADAPTATION Species” to be utilized for faculty development in order to enhance OBE. These suggestions can be generalized to similar OBE programs and educational cultures to support OBE implementation in comparable contexts.

Implementation of Outcome-based education

In Saudi Arabia, Alfarabi College of Medicine in Riyadh provides a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The program utilizes OBE and its design is based on the SPICES model ( Harden, Sowden and Dunn, 1984 ). This conveys a set of core knowledge, skills, and behaviors that are expected to be achieved by the medical graduates through the specific learning outcomes. Significant progress has been made in implementing the OBE and SPICES models at Alfarabi College of Medicine. In the MBBS curriculum, program learning outcomes have been specified in all courses.

The curriculum integrates basic and clinical sciences and focuses on acquiring knowledge through a problem-based learning and student-centered learning approach ( Neville, 2009 ). With this approach undergraduates develop the ability to seek and address societal, and community issues in the healthcare system ( Hmelo-Silver, 2004 ). In addition, this framework brings medical students closer to patients as early as possible in the MBBS program ( Preeti, Ashish and Shriram, 2013 ).

The curriculum is reviewed externally by the Centre for Medical Education CenMEDIC Committee and its framework is considered similar to the CanMEDs Framework that was established by the Canadian Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1996 ( Shadid et al., 2019 ). Also, it is based on the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) global standards for basic and quality medical education. In short, this structure provides the students with a strong foundation, which is essential for competent physicians to work in their own diverse cultures and follow regional laws ( Cheng et al., 2014 ). There is a need to ensure the employment of this curriculum meets international standards, without losing the local perspective.

The curriculum management committee

The Curriculum Management Committee (CMC) is responsible for the development and reforms of the MBBS curriculum. During regular CMC meetings, the Medical Education Unit aims to make the learning outcomes explicit and to emphasize the use of the specific learning outcomes as a basis for decisions about curriculum reforms. The Medical Education Unit oversees content mapping and alignment of the learning outcomes with the teaching strategies and assessment. It also carries out regular appraisals of course specifications to build and promote those strategies that can cultivate an exciting and engaging learning environment for medical students.

The Medical Education Unit also provides short courses, workshops and 1:1 support for faculty development. A systematic review has shown that this type of support is important for improving teaching effectiveness in medical education. In the past, most of the focus has been on support for individuals, but it is reported that there is also a need for faculty development that supports change across teaching teams and programs ( Steinert et al. , 2016 ).

Alfarabi’s curriculum had been reviewed in a series of six cycles (over each semester) for the last three years. The course reports and content experts’ recommendations were considered as the main drivers for aligning the pedagogical strategies, assessment and the learning outcomes. Focusing on these elements of curriculum alignment aimed to ensure the implementation of the curriculum.

The Outcome-based Education implementation inventory

In the Outcome-based Education implementation inventory there are three types of institutions/groups of educators; named as ‘the Ostrich’, ‘the Peacock’ and ‘the Beaver’ ( Harden, 2007b ). Eloquently, the author has described the characteristics of each group and their approach in relation to OBE.

The Ostriches are a group of medical educators who do not believe in the use of learning outcomes. This group neither favors the use of learning outcomes in the curriculum nor uses them in their teaching. This attitude is a real risk for the sustainability of programs in the current medical education era, which strongly supports and recognizes the values of OBE. The approach of this cluster of instructors is unlikely to survive in the future.

On the other hand, the peacocks are those faulty who agree to put learning outcomes in the papers and proclaim the value of OBE. However, in practice, they fail to implement and apply OBE. For that reason, the applied OBE does not match the displayed learning outcomes in the papers. So, they are merely showing off for visitors or external reviewers and pretend to be committed to this task.

Finally, there are the beavers who are not only strong advocates for setting learning outcomes in the planned curriculum but are also efficient and dedicated to implementation. They aim to work effectively and their efforts are reflected clearly in the form of an impact on the curriculum reforms. Their values, beliefs, and ability to work as catalysts in education environments can promote and reshape medical schools. Undoubtedly, the future survival and success in the competitive high-stakes healthcare education environment belongs to them ( Harden, 2007b ).

In order to assess the level of adoption of OBE in the Alfarabi curriculum, we applied the Outcome-based education implementation inventory. A survey was designed on a Google form. This included the nine components of the OBE implementation inventory profile. This form was disseminated through email to the CMC members, including the external reviewers.

These members of CMC were not only content experts but also context specialists for curriculum review. All of them and the external reviewers have more than 10 years of teaching experience and the CMC members hold key positions at the medical school as course directors/course organizers. They were regularly involved in the review process and have a wide range of experience; including teaching, assessing, quality assurance, and medical education.

Thirty participants were sent a Google form survey designed on the five point Likert scale against nine components of the OBE implementation inventory. Participants were required to choose the satisfaction level for the achievements of each component mentioned in the OBE implementation inventory.

They were instructed to use their estimations of satisfaction levels based on their three years of experience involved in the MBBS curriculum review at Alfarabi College of Medicine. Out of 30 participants, 23 responded and filled out the survey. The responses for each factor were used to draw the OBE implementation profile of our institution ( Harden, 2007b ). These components were further simplified with a brief description of each section to elaborate on the meanings for participants.

The following are the components of the implementation inventory:

• 1. Statements of learning outcomes (This dimension reflects the extent to which there is a clear statement of the learning outcomes in courses)
• 2. Communication with staff/students about the learning outcomes (This aspect is a measure of the extent to which staff and students in an institution are made aware of the existence of an outcome statement and are familiar with it)
• 3. The educational strategies adopted (The choice and use of teaching methods including lectures, small group work, blended learning, and independent study should reflect the learning outcomes)
• 4. The learning opportunities available, (the use of new learning technologies, use of simulators, skill labs, technology-enhanced learning, high fidelity simulators, audience response systems, poll systems in lectures)
• 5. The course content (Consideration of the learning outcomes and the danger of information gap or overload, curriculum congestion, while content mapping)
• 6. Student progression through the course, (Learning outcomes are usually expressed as the gained competencies expected at the end of an education program)
• 7. Assessment of students (The summative and formative assessment methods adopted must reflect the agreed learning outcomes and informed decisions taken, as to whether a student has or has not achieved the stated outcomes)
• 8. The educational environment (The learning outcomes should inform what was seen as a desirable learning environment. For example, if the ability to work as a member of a team is a learning outcome, an educational environment that supports collaborative working was more appropriate than the more typical environment where competition is rewarded)
• 9. Student selection (In Outcome-based education, the approach was adopted while admitting the students, based on the level of achievement expected of students prior to entry to medical studies in each of the outcome domains such as communication skills, decision making, attitudes, ethics, and practical skills)

Results/Analysis

Assessing the OBE by utilizing the implementation inventory facilitates evaluation of the operational and planned curriculum. It not only helps to enhance the curriculum but also helps to bring transformation in pedagogical schemes to align the taught content and exit program learning outcomes.

Almost half of reviewers (n 11= 47.8%) strongly agreed (score 5) that we have clear and explicit program learning outcomes matching with course learning outcomes distributed over the six years of the MBBS program as attached in Appendix Figure 3 (a-i) . Nearly half of reviewers (n 10= 43.5%), agreed (score 4) that programme learning outcomes had been communicated to students clearly.

Regarding the course content, student progression, assessment methods, and educational environment, the participants were agreed on the following highest percentages (n 11= 47.8%) agreed (score 4), (n 15= 65.2%) agreed (score 4), (n 13= 56.5%) agreed (score 4), (n 11= 47.8%) agreed (score 4).

All most half of reviewers (n 11= 47.8%) strongly agreed (score 5) in educational strategies adopted and learning opportunities components. About the student selection, a low number of participants (n 5= 21.7%) strongly agreed, however, the majority of reviewers (n 6= 26.7%) showed a neutral Score (3) or (n 6= 26.7%) agreed score (4).

Statements of learning outcomes

The level of agreement in this component demonstrated that the programme is achieving this component to the reasonably satisfactory level. It was indicative of possessing the Beavers’ profile in Harden’s OBE inventory profile, which is quite inspiring for the programme reviewers as shown in Figure 1 .

Communication with staff/students

This analysis signified the areas of improvement and gave ideas to bridge this gap by setting an effective means of communication about the learning outcomes to students in a more explicit manner. Nearly half of reviewers (n 10= 43.5%, score 4) depicted that we are going in the right direction however need to work hard in order to be ‘the Beaver’. Also, we need to inquire further about the reasons for this lack of communication. We must involve the stakeholders (faculty, students, owners, policymakers, medical educators) of the curriculum to diminish this weakness. Any further neglect of this aspect will likely push the institution towards the peacock’s profile, which would be alarming.

Educational strategies adopted and learning opportunities

As far as these two parameters were concerned the results aligned with the beaver profile. This satisfaction level is encouraging for the organization and faculty to remain confident and progress towards the goal of the institution.

As there is always room for improvement, henceforward, the authors suggested creating more exciting and engaging learning opportunities. This could be augmented by designing instructional methods that ensure interaction between the tutors and students to provoke meaningful learning experiences. The use of novel learning software, practice on trainers (Standardized patients); high fidelity simulators supported by technology-enhanced learning; audience response systems (Poll-everywhere), and artificial intelligence can boost the learners’ interest in the subject.

Course content, Student progression, Assessment, and Educational environment

Perhaps the most important aspect for our program is to focus on is the content mapping and the monitoring the students’ progress throughout the courses by introducing robust formative assessments. Overall, these scores from the implementation inventory profile indicated that we fell in the category of strugglers to be the beaver as shown in Figure 1 . This analysis shaped our institutional profile almost similar to the transition to beavers. Significantly, these findings supported the efforts to implement the OBE and to continue the efforts to establish the profile of the beavers.

In addition, the authors suggest that formative feedback, formative assessments, and continuous motivation of students, faculty, and educators throughout the program can build a vigorous team which can considerably boost the OBE employment. Ultimately, it will promote an atmosphere to cultivate the optimal level of medical practitioners and institutions will propagate in the medical profession.

Student selection

Certainly, the score in these components was a true reflection of the prevailing situation and demanded most of the stakeholders’ attention. Our findings a real need to improve student selection criteria and are closely aligned with “the peacock tail”. The authors suggest that student selection is a key area to develop robust selection criteria for admission in the MBBS program. In fact, these findings require further research as to the reasons for the reviewers’ opinions. Identifying the failings can help institutions to make plans to combat the gaps and modify the student selection criteria.

Finally, it is suggested that one must not only regard the selection criteria in terms of mark sheets/reports or summative assessments but it is equally crucial to match the selection criteria to the program learning outcomes. For instance, if we require that medical students must demonstrate excellence in ethics, communication skills, and professionalism, then there could be a preliminary assessment of communication skills, professionalism and ethical attributes at the point of entry to the program.

In this study, the researchers determined that in order to be true to the beaver, we need to be as adaptive as the beaver and secure transformation in the educational ecosystem. Faculty and medical educators have to possess the unique survival characteristics of the beaver such as fortitude, grit, and acceptance to change ( Fullan, 2011 ). Only then we can claim to be the actual beaver, which is a symbol of determination, intuition, and diligence.

Besides, medical educators and institutions ought to instill the spirit of real beavers and implement the OBE curriculum reforms. Implementing the innovations in OBE and enhancing the educational environment will assist t institutions to flourish and strengthen the capability to keep pace with international standards of medical education.

Faculty development: “To Be beavers; Be adaptive”

The authors of this article strongly encourage medical educators to apply the nine components of the OBE implementation inventory to evaluate their level of implementation of OBE. To further build up this model, the authors propose a mnemonic “ADAPTIVE Species” as an instructional prompt to develop these qualities in medical faculty as shown in Figure 2 .

It highlights that medical school stakeholders need to be A ssertive in the planning and application of program learning outcomes in the program. They must D evelop the vision to enhance effective and efficient communication of program learning outcomes among students and faculty to bridge the communication gap ( Yardley, Irvine and Lefroy, 2013 ). As A ssessors, they have to devise educational strategies which ensure constructive alignment in OBE curricula (Davis et al. , 2007).

Furthermore, faculty members have to be determined and committed to cultivating favourable and exciting developments corresponding with OBE. They must serve as key P rime movers and motivators to enhance the learning environment and keep the learner engaged in the process of learning ( Artino, Holmboe and Durning, 2012 ). While establishing constructive alignment and revisiting the course content; medical educators are encouraged to be T ransparent and accountable. Medical institutions can support faculty development by providing opportunities for frequent training workshops and by creating a climate that facilitates open discussion and learning.

In short, as I nnovators, medical schools ought to engage in those pedagogical transformations that can provide effective feedback and ensure students’ progress throughout the program (Thomas et al ., 2016). At the same time, we need to be very V igilant in assessment planning to ensure constructive configuration with learning outcomes and teaching methods especially in clinical teaching ( Barrow, McKimm and Samarasekera, 2010 ).

As curriculum E valuators, our approach must be pragmatic and logical to ensure a vigorous educational atmosphere and we must propose strategies which underpin the idea of active learning ( Murdoch-Eaton and Whittle, 2012 ). While making decisions about the selection of potential medical students, as S electors our approach should be holistic and realistic ( Donnon, Paolucci and Violato, 2007 ). While choosing for entry in the MBBS program, consideration must be given to effective communication skills, professionalism, and ethical values as they are core constituents of OBE ( Howe et al. , 2004 ).

OBE is demanding in current medical education and requires a vigorous evaluation strategy to assess its implementation. In order to evaluate the application of OBE and identify the gaps, medical educators must design and follow the guidelines. This article utilized the OBE implementation inventory as an OBE evaluation tool and considered it a highly effective instrument to assess the application of OBE at program level.

The representation of faculty satisfaction regarding the employment of OBE is based on the implementation inventory profile. The final shape depicts the operational state of OBE and assists us to identify the areas of improvement. This is promising and encouraging for the institution in that we stand in “the transition to the beaver” and foresee our institution to soon to be the beavers. In order to reach that point, the suggested model of “ADAPTION Species” provides a comprehensive approach to support the development of these characteristics in faculty in order to augment the nine components of the OBE inventory.

To sum up, institutions must promote faculty development courses or workshops to train their faculty in improving the skills and attitudes needed to implement OBE. Apart from medical education, this proposed instructional mnemonic can be generalized to all those programs in higher education which are grounded in an outcome-based curriculum.

Take Home Messages

• • Outcome-based education (OBE) is demanding in current medical education and requires vigorous evaluation strategy.
• • OBE evaluation helps to identify gaps and areas of faculty development.
• • The OBE implementation inventory proposed by Prof. Harden can serve as an evaluation tool and is considered to be a highly effective instrument to assess the implementation of OBE.
• • There is a need for faculty development through workshops and refresher short courses to implement OBE.
• • Faculty developers must design and follow the guidelines of OBE evaluation tools.
• • The authors propose a mnemonic “ADAPTIVE Species” (as an instructional prompt) to develop the required qualities in faculty

Notes On Contributors

This study was supported by Research Unit, Alfarabi College of medicine Riyadh. The author of this research is thankful for Dr. Ian Willis, Dr. Samer Rastam & Dr. Abdullah M. Aldahmash for reviewing this article and Dr. Turky H. Almigbal for being coauthors of this article.

Dr. Shazia Iqbal is working as Director Medical Education at Alfarabi College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. She assists in the development and review of OBE/ integrated curriculum at medical institutions with a special interest in pedagogical techniques and innovative educational technologies.

Dr. Ian Willis supervises internationalization theses on the University of Liverpool’s online Professional Doctorate in Higher Education (EdD) UK. He is a principal fellow of the Higher Education Academy UK (Advance HE) and formerly the Head of the Educational Development Division at UoL.

Dr. Turky H. Almigbal is assistant professor, family and community medicine department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh. His has keen interest in curriculum development and reviews.

Dr. Abdullah M. Aldahmash is Dean of Alfarabi College of Medicine Riyadh. He is founder and director of Stem Cell Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh. He has profound interest in faculty development and innovation in medical education.

Dr. Samer Rastam is supervisor Research Unit, Alfarabi College of medicine Riyadh. He has keen interest in integrated curriculum and content mapping. He is expert in quantitative data analysis.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this research are thankful to the faculty members of Alfarabi College of Medicine for their contribution to participation in the study. Authors are thankful to Dr Shahzad Ahmad, Dr Bushra Bano and Dr Arif Malik for peer review of this manuscript.

Figure 1 : Author is Dr Shazia Iqbal; the creator/owner of copyright.

Figure 2 : Author is Dr Shazia Iqbal; the creator/owner of copyright.

Figures 3(a-i) Appendices: Author is Dr Shazia Iqbal; the creator/owner of copyright.

Figure 3 (a-i) : Summary of Alfarabi Outcome-based Education (OBE) implementation inventory Score

[version 1; peer review: This article was migrated, the article was marked as recommended]

Declarations

The author has declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethics Statement

At Alfarabi College of Medicine, this research was approved by ethical approval members, dated on 22.10.2019, Reference: CMC#04101019. The study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were inquired for their consent to take part voluntarily in the study.

External Funding

This article has not had any External Funding

Bibliography/References

• Artino A. R. Holmboe E. S. and Durning S. J.(2012) Can achievement emotions be used to better understand motivation, learning, and performance in medical education? Medical Teacher. 34 ( 3 ), pp.240–244. 10.3109/0142159X.2012.643265 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Barrow M. McKimm J. and Samarasekera D.(2010) Strategies for planning and designing medical curricula and clinical teaching. Education, 4(1), 2-8 curricula and clinical teaching. South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education. 4 ( 1 ),2–8. (4), (1), 2-8. [ Google Scholar ]
• Cheng A., Eppich W., Grant V., Sherbino J., et al.(2014) Debriefing for technology‐enhanced simulation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Medical Education. 48 ( 7 ), 657-666, pp.657–666. 10.1111/medu.12432 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Davis M. H., Amin Z., Grande J. P., O’Neill A. E., et al.(2007) Case studies in outcome-based education. Medical Teacher. 29 ( 7 ), pp.717–722. 10.1080/01421590701691429 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Donnon T. Paolucci E. O. and Violato C.(2007) The predictive validity of the MCAT for medical school performance and medical board licensing examinations: a meta-analysis of the published research. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 82 ( 1 ), pp.100–106. 10.1097/01.ACM.0000249878.25186.b7 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fullan M.(2011) The six secrets of change: What the best leaders do to help their organizations survive and thrive. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gruppen L. D.(2012) Outcome-based medical education: implications, opportunities, and challenges. Korean Journal of Medical Education. 24 ( 4 ), pp.281–285. 10.3946/kjme.2012.24.4.281 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Harden R. M.(2007a) Learning outcomes as a tool to assess progression. Medical Teacher. 29 ( 7 ), pp.678–682. 10.1080/01421590701729955 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Harden R. M.(2007b) Outcome-based education--the ostrich, the peacock and the beaver. Medical Teacher. 29 ( 7 ), pp.666–671. 10.1080/01421590701729948 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Harden R. M.(2009) Outcome-Based Education: the future is today. Medical teacher. 29 ( 7 ), pp.625–629. 10.1080/01421590701729930 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Harden R. M. Sowden S. and Dunn W. R.(1984) Educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model. Medical Education. 18 ( 4 ), pp.284–297. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hmelo-Silver C. E.(2004) Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn? Educational Psychology Review. 16 ( 3 ), pp.235–266. 10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Howe A. Campion P. Searle J. and Smith H.(2004) New perspectives--approaches to medical education at four new UK medical schools. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 329 ( 7461 ), pp.327–331. 10.1136/bmj.329.7461.327 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Murdoch-Eaton D. and Whittle S.(2012) Generic skills in medical education: developing the tools for successful lifelong learning. Medical Education. 46 ( 1 ), pp.120–128. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04065.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Neville A. J.(2009) Problem-Based Learning and Medical Education Forty Years On. Medical Principles and Practice. 18 ( 1 ), pp.1–9. 10.1159/000163038 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Preeti B. Ashish A. and Shriram G.. (2013) Problem-based learning (PBL)-an effective approach to improve learning outcomes in medical teaching. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 7 ( 12 ),2896. https://dx.doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2013%2F7339.3787 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rubin P. and Franchi-Christopher D.(2002) New edition of Tomorrow’s Doctors. Medical Teacher. 24 ( 4 ), pp.368–369. 10.1080/0142159021000000816 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shadid A. M., Abdulrahman A. K. B., Dahmash A. B., Aldayel A. Y., et al. 2019. SaudiMEDs and CanMEDs frameworks: Similarities and differences. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 10 ,273. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FAMEP.S191705 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Steinert Y., Mann K., Anderson B., Barnett B. M., et al.(2016) A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to enhance teaching effectiveness: A 10-year update: BEME Guide No. 40. Medical Teacher. 38 ( 8 ), pp.769–786. 10.1080/0142159X.2016.1181851 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yardley S. Irvine A. W. and Lefroy J.(2013) Minding the gap between communication skills simulation and authentic experience. Medical Education. 47 ( 5 ), pp.495–510. 10.1111/medu.12146 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Version 1. MedEdPublish (2016). 2020; 9: 121.

Reviewer response for version 1

Megan anakin.

1 University of Otago

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 3 stars out of 5 Thank you for inviting me to review your article, Shazia. I read your article with interest. My medical school is undertaking a curriculum review process so I was curious to see how you evaluated the programme at your medical school. The introduction describes outcomes-based education (OBE) and states the evaluation approach used in your study. To enhance understanding of your evaluation approach, please consider describing the nine components of the evaluation model and the mnemonic ‘ADAPTATION Species’ so the reader can better understand how you used it to evaluate your programme. The context of the study is well described and it includes a description of the OBE programme, curriculum management committee, and an OBE implementation inventory. To enhance the introduction for the reader, please consider moving the aim of your study to the end of this section and explain the relevance of these last three study context components and how they relate to the aim of your study. Please consider including the survey that was used and adding a paragraph to the methods section that explains how you analysed the data you collected from participants using the implementation inventory. Please consider moving the first two sentences of the results section to the beginning of the discussion section because they are statements that interpret the results before the results of the study have been presented. Please consider providing demographic information about the participants/reviewers such as gender, ethnicity, role in the medical programme, professional background/expertise, and length of time as a clinical educator. Please explain how scores in the inventory profile were interpreted to correspond to the Beaver profile in Harden’s OBE inventory in the methods section and please consider reporting this as a result in the results section. This additional information and change to the article will help the reader appreciate the significance of the Beaver profile of staff at your university and the implications for curriculum review that readers can learn from if they have staff with Beaver profiles at their medical schools. To enhance the presentation of the mnemonic ‘ADAPTATION Species’ in the discussion, the authors may with to discuss how they might use and evaluate this approach with their staff in a future study. Missing from the discussion is a paragraph reflecting on the strengths and limitations of the study design including a statement about how the evaluation model used allowed particular features of the curriculum to be studied and how sample of participants had an impact on the interpretation of the quantitative results including generalisability, representativeness, and applicability. For example, as a reader I am wondering about the views of other stakeholders such as students and patients. I would like to encourage the authors to submit a revised version of their article to strengthen their message to readers because the authors have taken a productive approach to reviewing curriculum in their study.

Reviewer Expertise:

No decision status is available

Sateesh Babu Arja

1 Avalon University School of Medicine

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 4 stars out of 5 I read this article with much interest and thoroughly enjoyed while reading this manuscript. I must commend the curriculum committee and Medical Education Unit for implementing the outcome-based education and for providing faculty development activities. The framework designed for the inventory matching of implementation of outcome-based education seems appropriate. But as Professor Gibbs pointed out, the methods could have been more appropriate if there is a separation of responses or results between internal reviewers and external reviewers. Thank you.

Trevor Gibbs

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 3 stars out of 5 I enjoyed reading this paper although I feel that there could be a lot of improvement in the research methodology. It seems to me that the questions related to the evluation of OBE was biased towards the positive, given that the evaluators were evaluating their own work. I recognise that the authors suggested that external reviewers were involved, so this situation could have been improved by having those reviewers evaluations taken out and discussed separately. I also feel that, in this piece of research, the users of the produce i.e. the students, would provide valuable feedback.I enjoyed reading the use of ADAPTIVE approaches and that I feel reflects a very useful approach.Clearly the faculty and its curriculum committee have done a good job in developing this OBE curriculum and if they had re-structured their research approach more effectively, then I would have been inclined to give it a higher star rating.It is well worthwhile running another evaluation exercise with a wider, more diverse, less-biased evaluation team.

P Ravi Shankar

1 American International Medical University

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 4 stars out of 5 The authors provide a detailed description of the outcomes-based curriculum at their university. They have evaluated the implantation of outcomes-based education (OBE) at the institution using the OBE implementation inventory. The ADAPTIVE species mnemonic proposed is interesting and informative. The authors can provide more background information about the college, the educational program followed, the student selection procedure and characteristics of the admitted students. This will help readers make better sense of the study findings. Among the 23 respondents it will be interesting to know how many were external reviewers? Were there any differences in perception between external reviewers and members of the CMC? Figure 2 is interesting and informative. One of the limitations could be those surveyed were also involved in developing and monitoring the OBE curriculum. The key words are very long and could be shortened. The quality of written English is good. In certain places however, I am of the opinion that some of the words used can be replaced by more appropriate ones. The article will be of broad interest to educators especially those involved with outcomes or competency-based curricula.

J Hartmark-Hill

1 University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 1 stars out of 5 As medical education transitions to outcomes- based and competency-based education, the need for expanded, evidence-based program evaluation measures and iterative faculty development is an area of importance to curricular leaders.The authors provide adequate information in the background to understand the need for this research and subsequent study.However, research question(s)/hypotheses are not clearly developed, and application of an attitudinal survey of faculty toward efficacy of various curricular elements does not address the original premises.While presented as experienced content experts, participants in the survey were course directors and others who had been responsible for creation of the curriculum. Therefore, their own satisfaction with such is subject to bias and blindspots. One example of a more helpful approach would have been a knowledge-based survey regarding levels of implementation (and measures of success) across the curriculum (with comparison to actual status of such). A disconnect between the two could support a case for the need for further faculty development. No demographic data or methodology for statistical analysis of groups was provided. Only 30 faculty were surveyed at a single point in time, and of those, less than 80% of those surveyed responded, likely further skewing results.While the conceptual model presented is of interest for further study, conclusions cannot be made regarding either the data as supporting programmatic success, the need for specific faculty development or generalizability to other institutions.

Felix Silwimba

1 University of Lusaka

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 5 stars out of 5 this is a clearly written easy to follow study report and motivating . I copy the idea adaptive species. I will introduce it in my medical school

Shahzad Ahmad

1 Fatima Memorial medical and dental college Lahore Pakistan

This review has been migrated. The reviewer awarded 5 stars out of 5 I enjoyed reading this paper with great interest. Article is well structured, clear and the idea of evaluating the OBE curriculum is well justified. Author’s recommendations are thought provoking and prompt the medical educators to bring further ideas for OBE curriculum evaluation. At institutional level, medical education demands a structured framework for faculty development and this manuscript has highlighted those essential components and faculty characteristics required in operational OBE curriculum. Especially, the idea of “ADAPTIVE Species” is well fitted in current situation where institutions are moving towards innovative approach of learning and teaching through maximising use of technology.I shall strongly recommend applying this method of evaluating OBE curriculum at instructions.

outcome based education Recently Published Documents

Total documents.

• Latest Documents
• Most Cited Documents
• Contributed Authors
• Related Sources
• Related Keywords

Effective & Efficient Implementation of OBE Framework within Constrained Pakistani Environment to Attain Desired Learning Outcomes

Outcome-based-education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) introduced the OBE in Pakistani engineering higher-education-institutions (HEIs),from 2018, in the replacement of previously followed Syllabus& Curriculum based education system. Key to success of OBE System is its continuous-quality-improvement (CQI) mechanism. The CQI mechanism design should be based on accurate assessment process and flawless evaluation of OBE System parameters; otherwise the OBE System’s benefits cannot be achieved. However, some HEIs have not devised an effective CQI mechanism and they still using classical procedures and academic tools in implementation of the OBE Framework, which cannot give desired results from the new System. This paper presents that; instead of presently employed loose-control, a modified stringent control strategy for academic activity and employment of latest technology, can make the CQI mechanism, more effective and efficient. This paper therefore presents a two-fold contribution. At first, the implementation problems of the OBE System are critically analyzed. Secondly, few modifications in the existing approaches have been introduced to achieve the desired results from the recently adopted OBE system.

An Autoethnographic Report on the Use and Impact of Social Networking Sites as an Approach to Teaching of the Research Process

The establishment of the K-12 curriculum has had a significant impact on subject requirements related to the outcome-based education plan and the requisite output for a given research report or requirement. Social networking platforms enable students to effortlessly complete a variety of tasks, such as learning and performance. By intervening in research, social networking sites break down the barriers that limit both students and teachers in the research process. Three methodologies or ideas have arisen, known as approaches, that could help you facilitate teaching research, even if you are not in the research discipline: the Facebook-Personality Network Approach, the Virtual Research Journal, and the Google Immersion Approach. It is considered favorably by some students and users, but there are those who take advantage of its negative aspects. Instead of focusing on the emerging ideas or topics created by coding, I used social networking sites to demonstrate that research can be done anytime, anyplace, for any purpose or cause. According to the outcome-based education paradigm, students found the three techniques highly engaging. In order to be a teacher-researcher, you must utilize your originality and resourcefulness when it comes to all of the resources, devices, and technology, as well as the available social networking sites.

COFCOE: Continuous Oral Feedback Continuous Oral Evaluation for Continuous Active Learning in Outcome Based Education, Teaching, Learning and Evaluation (OBTLE)

A new and extremely effective teaching-learning-assessment methodology is introduced for continuous active learning in outcome based education (Teaching, Learning and Evaluation-OBTLE). This method addresses the modern methods of education like personalized learning, participatory learning, peer evaluation, revised Bloom's Taxonomy, and all graduate Attributes including the corresponding competencies and performance indicators. Most importantly this method encourages socratic questioning which facilitates inquiry based learning, which is being projected as the future of learning in any context. The method may be extremely useful to identify and take remedial measures for students who may need additional attention from teachers.

Validity and Reliability of Students Perceptions on OBE Approach in Malaysian VC Using Rasch Model

This pilot study aims to produce empirical evidence regarding the validity and reliability of instrument of the perception of vocational college diploma students towards the Outcome Based Education (OBE) approach. Validity and reliability were analysed using Rasch Model Measurement assisted by Winsteps 3.72 software. This research instrument contained 26 items and was distributed to 60 diploma students of vocational college at the Northern Zone. Validity analysis of the instrument was done through four functional testings. For reliability and separation of respondents, it was found that the individual reliability value was 0.91, while that for items demonstrated an item value of 0.94 and item separation index of 3.90. Results from the analysis of polarity item found that 25 items had a positive PMC value between 0.52-0.83. Meanwhile, analysis on item fit found 23 items with an outfit mean-square value between 0.41 and 1.24. This situation suggested three items that require attention. In the analysis on local dependence that determines dependent items based on the standardised residual correlation value, it was shown that the correlation value for the items used did not overlap with that of other items. These findings provided the evidence that the instrument of perception of vocational college diploma students on OBE approach has a high level of validity and reliability to be used in actual studies.                                                                                                                 

A Systematic Approach for Assessment of Attainment in Outcome-based Education

The capabilities expected to be attained by learners, after learning a course or programme, are called course outcomes (CO) and programme outcomes (PO), respectively. The objectives of outcome-based education (OBE) are to ensure realization of grooming graduates with all the theoretical, practical and soft skills required to make them competent and industry-ready professionals. This article discusses the implementation of an assessment system for analysing the attainment of outcomes in OBE. It is a web-based application for evaluating the attainment of COs, POs and programme educational objectives (PEOs) in institutions of higher learning. Recently, OBE and choice-based credit system (CBCS) have become prevalent in institutions of higher learning. The significance and benefits of OBE and CBCS are recognized by all stakeholders, including accrediting agencies. The process for establishing and refining, the vision and mission of the institution, vision and mission of the department offering the programme, COs, POs and PEOs are discussed. The procedure and rubrics for assessing the attainment of the outcomes are also discussed. Accreditation is an honouring mechanism used to assess the standards and quality of the education offered by a programme to a student at an institution of higher learning. The article discusses a systematic approach for assessment of attainment of outcomes by graduates of a programme in an autonomous engineering college following OBE with CBCS.

The Practice of Integrating Curriculum Ideology and Politics into University Physics Course Teaching Organically

In the process of cultivating high-quality applied talents in contemporary colleges and universities, any teacher should integrate curriculum ideology and politics into daily curriculum teaching. This is a task that every teacher must undertake. It is an inevitable requirement for the cultivation of high-quality talents with Chinese characteristics and socialism. It is an inevitable requirement for the cultivation of high-quality talents that meet the (outcome-based education) OBE concept and the needs of the country. Through years of organic integration of the ideological and political content of the curriculum into the teaching practice of college physics, the author has realized that this can not only achieve better teaching results, but also comprehensively improve the teachers' own education and teaching level. The author would like to take this opportunity to share some personal experiences with colleagues.

Developing Creativity Through Creative Engagement in Art Appreciation: Outcomes in Teaching Humanities

This descriptive-correlational study determined the level of creative engagement as part of humanities teaching in the outcome-based education. This focuses on the dimension of student engagement and creativity in the context of a new approach to teaching and learning primarily through the arts. This study captures student creative engagement supported by their personal reflection after the course term. There were eight (8) classes utilized with 134 students. Results showed that the level of students’ creativity in art appreciation was “high” and it was also “high” when they were grouped as to sex. Creative engagement in art appreciation was considered “highly influential” and it was “highly influential” when they were grouped as to sex. No significant difference was noted in the level of the students’ creative engagement and development of creativity. There was a moderate and positive correlation between the level of the students’ creative engagement and influence of creative engagement in art appreciation classes to their development of creativity. The most highly valued creative engagement practices of students in art appreciation are: “I have developed an appreciation for the local arts;” “I have deepened my sensitivity of myself, my community and the society,” and “Inclusion of art activities demonstrated my understanding of art appreciation.

Fuzzy Logic-Based Assessment of Students Learning Outcome in Implementing Outcome-Based Education

Effective implementation of outcome-based education: the role of faculty awareness.

Accreditation of technical institutions is very important to guarantee the quality of technical education that is being offered. Outcome based education (OBE) is followed in the delivery of technical education across all Institutions in India and the National Board of Accreditation (NBA), which is the nodal accreditation body for technical institutions in India follows outcome based accreditation (OBA) in the accreditation of technical programs. In the OBE and OBA, faculty constitutes the most important component and plays an important role in facilitation of the same. In this regard, the authors felt that there is a need to understand the level of awareness of faculty about the same and accordingly a survey was conducted among the faculty of the authors’ institution, which is an autonomous Institution and comes under Tier I scheme of NBA accreditation process. From among 285 faculty members, about 96 participated in the survey. This paper discusses the significance of faculty’s awareness and involvement in the accreditation process and implementation of OBE. The results of the survey indicate some interesting findings, which is discussed in detail. Some suggestions and guidelines are given at the end to increase the level of awareness and their involvement in the OBE and OBA processes respectively.

Research on the Teaching Reform of Logistics – Flipped Classroom Under the OBE Concept

This article discusses the problems existing in the teaching of Logistics and the urgency of its curriculum reform, introduces the concept of outcome-based education (OBE) into the teaching process of Logistics, designs the teaching in a reverse direction guided by the results, and implements the teaching design in the form of flipped classroom. A “student-centered” teaching process endows students with stronger autonomy and initiative and encourages them to cooperate with each other. This teaching process provides new ideas and methods for the teaching reform of Logistics as well as the cultivation of excellent logistics talents.

Export Citation Format

Share document.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Outcome Based Education (OBE) - Trend Review

2013, IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME)

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Download PDF
• Share X Facebook Email LinkedIn
• Permissions

Prediction Models and Clinical Outcomes—A Call for Papers

• 1 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
• 2 Deputy Editor, JAMA Network Open
• 3 Epidemiology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
• 4 Statistical Editor, JAMA Network Open
• 5 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
• 6 Editor, JAMA Network Open

The need to classify disease and predict outcomes is as old as medicine itself. Nearly 50 years ago, the advantage of applying multivariable statistics to these problems became evident. 1 Since then, the increasing availability of databases containing often-complex clinical information from tens or even hundreds of millions of patients, combined with powerful statistical techniques and computing environments, has spawned exponential growth in efforts to create more useful, focused, and accurate prediction models. JAMA Network Open receives dozens of manuscripts weekly that present new or purportedly improved instruments intended to predict a vast array of clinical outcomes. Although we are able to accept only a small fraction of those submitted, we have, nonetheless, published nearly 2000 articles dealing with predictive models over the past 6 years.

The profusion of predictive models has been accompanied by the growing recognition of the necessity for standards to help ensure accuracy of these models. An important milestone was the publication of the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis ( TRIPOD ) guidelines nearly a decade ago. 2 TRIPOD is a reporting guideline intended to enable readers to better understand the methods used in published studies but does not prescribe what actual methods should be applied. Since then, while the field has continued to advance and technology improve, many predictive models in widespread use, when critically evaluated, have been found to neither adhere to reporting standards nor perform as well as expected. 3 , 4

There are numerous reasons why performance of models falls short, even when efforts are made to adhere to methodologic standards. Despite the vast amounts of data that are often brought to bear, they may not be appropriate to the task, or they may have been collected and analyzed in ways that are biased. Additionally, that some models fall short may simply reflect the inherent difficulty of predicting relatively uncommon events that occur as a result of complex biological processes occurring within complex clinical environments. Moreover, clinical settings are highly variable, and predictive models typically perform worse outside of the environments in which they were developed. A comprehensive discussion of these issues is beyond the scope of this article, but as physicist Neils Bohr once remarked, “it is very difficult to predict—especially the future.” 5

Although problems with accuracy are well documented, hundreds of predictive models are in regular use in clinical practice and are frequently the basis for critically important decisions. Many such models have been widely adopted without subsequent efforts to confirm that they actually continue to perform as expected. That is not to say that such models are without utility, because even a suboptimal model may perform better than an unaided clinician. Nevertheless, we believe that a fresh examination of selected, well-established predictive models is warranted if not previously done. JAMA Network Open has published articles addressing prediction of relatively common clinical complications, such as recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. 6 We think there remains considerable opportunity for research in this vein. In particular, we seek studies that examine current performance of commonly applied clinical prediction rules. We are particularly interested in studies using data from a variety of settings and databases as well as studies that simultaneously assess multiple models addressing the same or similar outcomes.

We also remain interested in the derivation of new models that address a clear clinical need. They should utilize data that are commonly collected as part of routine care, or in principle can be readily extracted from electronic health records. We generally require that prediction models be validated with at least 1 other dataset distinct from the development dataset. In practice, this means data from different health systems or different publicly available or commercial datasets. We note that internal validation techniques, such as split samples, hold-out, k -fold, and others, are not designed to overcome the intrinsic differences between data sources and, therefore, are not suited to quantifying performance externally. While the population to which the models apply should be described explicitly, ideally any such models should be applicable to patients from the wide range of races, ethnicities, and backgrounds commonly encountered in clinic practice. Most importantly, we are interested in examples of models that have been evaluated in clinical settings, assessing their feasibility and potential clinical benefit. This includes studies with negative as well as positive outcomes.

Please see the journal’s Instructions for Authors for information on manuscript preparation and submission. 7 This is not a time-limited call for studies on this topic.

Published: April 12, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9640

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Fihn SD et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Stephan D. Fihn, MD, MPH, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave, Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104 ( [email protected] ).

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Berlin reported receiving consulting fees from Kenvue related to acetaminophen outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

See More About

Fihn SD , Berlin JA , Haneuse SJPA , Rivara FP. Prediction Models and Clinical Outcomes—A Call for Papers. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(4):e249640. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9640

Manage citations:

© 2024

Select Your Interests

Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.

• Academic Medicine
• Acid Base, Electrolytes, Fluids
• Allergy and Clinical Immunology
• American Indian or Alaska Natives
• Anesthesiology
• Anticoagulation
• Art and Images in Psychiatry
• Artificial Intelligence
• Assisted Reproduction
• Bleeding and Transfusion
• Caring for the Critically Ill Patient
• Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography
• Climate and Health
• Climate Change
• Clinical Challenge
• Clinical Decision Support
• Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience
• Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Consensus Statements
• Coronavirus (COVID-19)
• Critical Care Medicine
• Cultural Competency
• Dental Medicine
• Dermatology
• Diabetes and Endocrinology
• Diagnostic Test Interpretation
• Drug Development
• Electronic Health Records
• Emergency Medicine
• End of Life, Hospice, Palliative Care
• Environmental Health
• Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
• Facial Plastic Surgery
• Gastroenterology and Hepatology
• Genetics and Genomics
• Genomics and Precision Health
• Global Health
• Guide to Statistics and Methods
• Hair Disorders
• Health Care Delivery Models
• Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment
• Health Care Quality
• Health Care Reform
• Health Care Safety
• Health Care Workforce
• Health Disparities
• Health Inequities
• Health Policy
• Health Systems Science
• History of Medicine
• Hypertension
• Images in Neurology
• Implementation Science
• Infectious Diseases
• Innovations in Health Care Delivery
• JAMA Infographic
• Law and Medicine
• Leading Change
• Less is More
• LGBTQIA Medicine
• Lifestyle Behaviors
• Medical Coding
• Medical Devices and Equipment
• Medical Education
• Medical Education and Training
• Medical Journals and Publishing
• Mobile Health and Telemedicine
• Narrative Medicine
• Neuroscience and Psychiatry
• Notable Notes
• Nutrition, Obesity, Exercise
• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Occupational Health
• Ophthalmology
• Orthopedics
• Otolaryngology
• Pain Medicine
• Palliative Care
• Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
• Patient Care
• Patient Information
• Performance Improvement
• Performance Measures
• Perioperative Care and Consultation
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Pharmacogenetics
• Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology
• Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
• Physical Therapy
• Physician Leadership
• Population Health
• Primary Care
• Professional Well-being
• Professionalism
• Psychiatry and Behavioral Health
• Public Health
• Pulmonary Medicine
• Regulatory Agencies
• Reproductive Health
• Research, Methods, Statistics
• Resuscitation
• Rheumatology
• Risk Management
• Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine
• Shared Decision Making and Communication
• Sleep Medicine
• Sports Medicine
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Substance Use and Addiction Medicine
• Surgical Innovation
• Surgical Pearls
• Teachable Moment
• Technology and Finance
• The Art of JAMA
• The Arts and Medicine
• The Rational Clinical Examination
• Tobacco and e-Cigarettes
• Translational Medicine
• Trauma and Injury
• Treatment Adherence
• Ultrasonography
• Users' Guide to the Medical Literature
• Vaccination
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Veterans Health
• Women's Health
• Workflow and Process
• Wound Care, Infection, Healing

Get the latest research based on your areas of interest.

Others also liked.

• Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles
• Access PDFs of free articles
• Manage your interests
• Save searches and receive search alerts

This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Published on 16.4.2024 in Vol 26 (2024)

Adverse Event Signal Detection Using Patients’ Concerns in Pharmaceutical Care Records: Evaluation of Deep Learning Models

Authors of this article:

There are no citations yet available for this article according to Crossref .