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How to Write a Lab Report – with Example/Template

April 11, 2024

Perhaps you’re in the midst of your challenging AP chemistry class in high school, or perhaps college you’re enrolled in biology , chemistry , or physics at university. At some point, you will likely be asked to write a lab report. Sometimes, your teacher or professor will give you specific instructions for how to format and write your lab report, and if so, use that. In case you’re left to your own devices, here are some guidelines you might find useful. Continue reading for the main elements of a lab report, followed by a detailed description of the more writing-heavy parts (with a lab report example/lab report template). Lastly, we’ve included an outline that can help get you started.

What is a lab report?

A lab report is an overview of your experiment. Essentially, it explains what you did in the experiment and how it went. Most lab reports end up being 5-10 pages long (graphs or other images included), though the length depends on the experiment. Here are some brief explanations of the essential parts of a lab report:

Title : The title says, in the most straightforward way possible, what you did in the experiment. Often, the title looks something like, “Effects of ____ on _____.” Sometimes, a lab report also requires a title page, which includes your name (and the names of any lab partners), your instructor’s name, and the date of the experiment.

Abstract : This is a short description of key findings of the experiment so that a potential reader could get an idea of the experiment before even beginning.

Introduction : This is comprised of one or several paragraphs summarizing the purpose of the lab. The introduction usually includes the hypothesis, as well as some background information.

Lab Report Example (Continued)

Materials : Perhaps the simplest part of your lab report, this is where you list everything needed for the completion of your experiment.

Methods : This is where you describe your experimental procedure. The section provides necessary information for someone who would want to replicate your study. In paragraph form, write out your methods in chronological order, though avoid excessive detail.

Data : Here, you should document what happened in the experiment, step-by-step. This section often includes graphs and tables with data, as well as descriptions of patterns and trends. You do not need to interpret all of the data in this section, but you can describe trends or patterns, and state which findings are interesting and/or significant.

Discussion of results : This is the overview of your findings from the experiment, with an explanation of how they pertain to your hypothesis, as well as any anomalies or errors.

Conclusion : Your conclusion will sum up the results of your experiment, as well as their significance. Sometimes, conclusions also suggest future studies.

Sources : Often in APA style , you should list all texts that helped you with your experiment. Make sure to include course readings, outside sources, and other experiments that you may have used to design your own.

How to write the abstract

The abstract is the experiment stated “in a nutshell”: the procedure, results, and a few key words. The purpose of the academic abstract is to help a potential reader get an idea of the experiment so they can decide whether to read the full paper. So, make sure your abstract is as clear and direct as possible, and under 200 words (though word count varies).

When writing an abstract for a scientific lab report, we recommend covering the following points:

• Background : Why was this experiment conducted?
• Objectives : What problem is being addressed by this experiment?
• Methods : How was the study designed and conducted?
• Results : What results were found and what do they mean?
• Conclusion : Were the results expected? Is this problem better understood now than before? If so, how?

How to write the introduction

The introduction is another summary, of sorts, so it could be easy to confuse the introduction with the abstract. While the abstract tends to be around 200 words summarizing the entire study, the introduction can be longer if necessary, covering background information on the study, what you aim to accomplish, and your hypothesis. Unlike the abstract (or the conclusion), the introduction does not need to state the results of the experiment.

Here is a possible order with which you can organize your lab report introduction:

• Intro of the intro : Plainly state what your study is doing.
• Background : Provide a brief overview of the topic being studied. This could include key terms and definitions. This should not be an extensive literature review, but rather, a window into the most relevant topics a reader would need to understand in order to understand your research.
• Importance : Now, what are the gaps in existing research? Given the background you just provided, what questions do you still have that led you to conduct this experiment? Are you clarifying conflicting results? Are you undertaking a new area of research altogether?
• Prediction: The plants placed by the window will grow faster than plants placed in the dark corner.
• Hypothesis: Basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 2 hours per day grow at a higher rate than basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 30 minutes per day.
• How you test your hypothesis : This is an opportunity to briefly state how you go about your experiment, but this is not the time to get into specific details about your methods (save this for your results section). Keep this part down to one sentence, and voila! You have your introduction.

How to write a discussion section

Here, we’re skipping ahead to the next writing-heavy section, which will directly follow the numeric data of your experiment. The discussion includes any calculations and interpretations based on this data. In other words, it says, “Now that we have the data, why should we care?”  This section asks, how does this data sit in relation to the hypothesis? Does it prove your hypothesis or disprove it? The discussion is also a good place to mention any mistakes that were made during the experiment, and ways you would improve the experiment if you were to repeat it. Like the other written sections, it should be as concise as possible.

Here is a list of points to cover in your lab report discussion:

• Weaker statement: These findings prove that basil plants grow more quickly in the sunlight.
• Stronger statement: These findings support the hypothesis that basil plants placed in direct sunlight grow at a higher rate than basil plants given less direct sunlight.
• Factors influencing results : This is also an opportunity to mention any anomalies, errors, or inconsistencies in your data. Perhaps when you tested the first round of basil plants, the days were sunnier than the others. Perhaps one of the basil pots broke mid-experiment so it needed to be replanted, which affected your results. If you were to repeat the study, how would you change it so that the results were more consistent?
• Implications : How do your results contribute to existing research? Here, refer back to the gaps in research that you mentioned in your introduction. Do these results fill these gaps as you hoped?
• Questions for future research : Based on this, how might your results contribute to future research? What are the next steps, or the next experiments on this topic? Make sure this does not become too broad—keep it to the scope of this project.

How to write a lab report conclusion

This is your opportunity to briefly remind the reader of your findings and finish strong. Your conclusion should be especially concise (avoid going into detail on findings or introducing new information).

Here are elements to include as you write your conclusion, in about 1-2 sentences each:

• Restate your goals : What was the main question of your experiment? Refer back to your introduction—similar language is okay.
• Restate your methods : In a sentence or so, how did you go about your experiment?
• Key findings : Briefly summarize your main results, but avoid going into detail.
• Limitations : What about your experiment was less-than-ideal, and how could you improve upon the experiment in future studies?
• Significance and future research : Why is your research important? What are the logical next-steps for studying this topic?

Template for beginning your lab report

Here is a compiled outline from the bullet points in these sections above, with some examples based on the (overly-simplistic) basil growth experiment. Hopefully this will be useful as you begin your lab report.

1) Title (ex: Effects of Sunlight on Basil Plant Growth )

2) Abstract (approx. 200 words)

• Background ( This experiment looks at… )
• Objectives ( It aims to contribute to research on…)
• Methods ( It does so through a process of…. )
• Results (Findings supported the hypothesis that… )
• Conclusion (These results contribute to a wider understanding about…)

3) Introduction (approx. 1-2 paragraphs)

• Intro ( This experiment looks at… )
• Background ( Past studies on basil plant growth and sunlight have found…)
• Importance ( This experiment will contribute to these past studies by…)
• Hypothesis ( Basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 2 hours per day grow at a higher rate than basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 30 minutes per day.)
• How you will test your hypothesis ( This hypothesis will be tested by a process of…)

4) Materials (list form) (ex: pots, soil, seeds, tables/stands, water, light source )

5) Methods (approx. 1-2 paragraphs) (ex: 10 basil plants were measured throughout a span of…)

6) Data (brief description and figures) (ex: These charts demonstrate a pattern that the basil plants placed in direct sunlight…)

7) Discussion (approx. 2-3 paragraphs)

• Support or reject hypothesis ( These findings support the hypothesis that basil plants placed in direct sunlight grow at a higher rate than basil plants given less direct sunlight.)
• Factors that influenced your results ( Outside factors that could have altered the results include…)
• Implications ( These results contribute to current research on basil plant growth and sunlight because…)
• Questions for further research ( Next steps for this research could include…)
• Restate your goals ( In summary, the goal of this experiment was to measure…)
• Restate your methods ( This hypothesis was tested by…)
• Key findings ( The findings supported the hypothesis because…)
• Limitations ( Although, certain elements were overlooked, including…)
• Significance and future research ( This experiment presents possibilities of future research contributions, such as…)
• Sources (approx. 1 page, usually in APA style)

Final thoughts – Lab Report Example

Hopefully, these descriptions have helped as you write your next lab report. Remember that different instructors may have different preferences for structure and format, so make sure to double-check when you receive your assignment. All in all, make sure to keep your scientific lab report concise, focused, honest, and organized. Good luck!

For more reading on coursework success, check out the following articles:

• How to Write the AP Lang Argument Essay (With Example)
• How to Write the AP Lang Rhetorical Analysis Essay (With Example)
• 49 Most Interesting Biology Research Topics
• 50 Best Environmental Science Research Topics
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Sarah Mininsohn

With a BA from Wesleyan University and an MFA from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Sarah is a writer, educator, and artist. She served as a graduate instructor at the University of Illinois, a tutor at St Peter’s School in Philadelphia, and an academic writing tutor and thesis mentor at Wesleyan’s Writing Workshop.

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• Working with sources
• How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Published on April 8, 2022 by Courtney Gahan and Jack Caulfield. Revised on June 1, 2023.

Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning.

Paraphrasing is an alternative to  quoting (copying someone’s exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it’s usually better to integrate sources by paraphrasing instead of quoting. It shows that you have understood the source, reads more smoothly, and keeps your own voice front and center.

Every time you paraphrase, it’s important to cite the source . Also take care not to use wording that is too similar to the original. Otherwise, you could be at risk of committing plagiarism .

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Table of contents

How to paraphrase in five easy steps, how to paraphrase correctly, examples of paraphrasing, how to cite a paraphrase, paraphrasing vs. quoting, paraphrasing vs. summarizing, avoiding plagiarism when you paraphrase, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about paraphrasing.

If you’re struggling to get to grips with the process of paraphrasing, check out our easy step-by-step guide in the video below.

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Putting an idea into your own words can be easier said than done. Let’s say you want to paraphrase the text below, about population decline in a particular species of sea snails.

Incorrect paraphrasing

You might make a first attempt to paraphrase it by swapping out a few words for  synonyms .

Like other sea creatures inhabiting the vicinity of highly populated coasts, horse conchs have lost substantial territory to advancement and contamination , including preferred breeding grounds along mud flats and seagrass beds. Their Gulf home is also heating up due to global warming , which scientists think further puts pressure on the creatures , predicated upon the harmful effects extra warmth has on other large mollusks (Barnett, 2022).

This attempt at paraphrasing doesn’t change the sentence structure or order of information, only some of the word choices. And the synonyms chosen are poor:

• “Advancement and contamination” doesn’t really convey the same meaning as “development and pollution.”
• Sometimes the changes make the tone less academic: “home” for “habitat” and “sea creatures” for “marine animals.”
• Adding phrases like “inhabiting the vicinity of” and “puts pressure on” makes the text needlessly long-winded.
• Global warming is related to climate change, but they don’t mean exactly the same thing.

Because of this, the text reads awkwardly, is longer than it needs to be, and remains too close to the original phrasing. This means you risk being accused of plagiarism .

Correct paraphrasing

Let’s look at a more effective way of paraphrasing the same text.

Here, we’ve:

• Only included the information that’s relevant to our argument (note that the paraphrase is shorter than the original)
• Introduced the information with the signal phrase “Scientists believe that …”
• Retained key terms like “development and pollution,” since changing them could alter the meaning
• Structured sentences in our own way instead of copying the structure of the original
• Started from a different point, presenting information in a different order

Because of this, we’re able to clearly convey the relevant information from the source without sticking too close to the original phrasing.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of paraphrasing in action.

• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

Once you have your perfectly paraphrased text, you need to ensure you credit the original author. You’ll always paraphrase sources in the same way, but you’ll have to use a different type of in-text citation depending on what citation style you follow.

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It’s a good idea to paraphrase instead of quoting in most cases because:

• Paraphrasing shows that you fully understand the meaning of a text
• Your own voice remains dominant throughout your paper
• Quotes reduce the readability of your text

But that doesn’t mean you should never quote. Quotes are appropriate when:

• Giving a precise definition
• Saying something about the author’s language or style (e.g., in a literary analysis paper)
• Providing evidence in support of an argument
• Critiquing or analyzing a specific claim

A paraphrase puts a specific passage into your own words. It’s typically a similar length to the original text, or slightly shorter.

When you boil a longer piece of writing down to the key points, so that the result is a lot shorter than the original, this is called summarizing .

Paraphrasing and quoting are important tools for presenting specific information from sources. But if the information you want to include is more general (e.g., the overarching argument of a whole article), summarizing is more appropriate.

When paraphrasing, you have to be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism .

This can happen if the paraphrase is too similar to the original quote, with phrases or whole sentences that are identical (and should therefore be in quotation marks). It can also happen if you fail to properly cite the source.

Paraphrasing tools are widely used by students, and can be especially useful for non-native speakers who may find academic writing particularly challenging. While these can be helpful for a bit of extra inspiration, use these tools sparingly, keeping academic integrity in mind.

To make sure you’ve properly paraphrased and cited all your sources, you could elect to run a plagiarism check before submitting your paper. And of course, always be sure to read your source material yourself and take the first stab at paraphrasing on your own.

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?
• Chicago style
• Critical thinking

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:

• Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive , or start from a different point)
• Combining information from multiple sentences into one
• Leaving out information from the original that isn’t relevant to your point
• Using synonyms where they don’t distort the meaning

The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly cite the source . This means including an in-text citation and a full reference, formatted according to your required citation style .

As well as citing, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.

So when does paraphrasing count as plagiarism?

• Paraphrasing is plagiarism if you don’t properly credit the original author.
• Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead.
• Paraphrasing  is not plagiarism if you put the author’s ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source .

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To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.

It’s appropriate to quote when:

• Changing the phrasing would distort the meaning of the original text
• You want to discuss the author’s language choices (e.g., in literary analysis )
• You’re presenting a precise definition
• You’re looking in depth at a specific claim

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Gahan, C. & Caulfield, J. (2023, June 01). How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-paraphrase/

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Impact

When it comes to persuading others, legal professionals are masters. They use persuasive skills, like crafting compelling stories, to win cases in court. This shows how important it is to argue effectively, especially when the stakes are high. In our journey into argumentative essays, we'll learn how to structure our writing well, predict counterarguments, and tell a convincing story.

With help of our argumentative essay writer , you'll learn how to organize your ideas, support your arguments, and see examples that make it all clearer. Whether you're new to writing an argumentative essay or have some experience, come along to become better at arguing your point.

What Is an Argumentative Essay

Argumentative essays deal with topics that spark different opinions. Here, writers take a stand on an issue and back it up with evidence and reasons. The topic should be something people can have different views on. The goal isn't just to share an opinion but to persuade others to agree with the writer.

In these essays, writers use strong and convincing language, similar to when learning how to write persuasive essay . They try to make readers see their point of view. For example, in an essay about online education, the writer might say:

'Online education offers more flexibility and access compared to traditional classrooms.'

This statement sets up the essay to discuss reasons, evidence, and examples supporting this view. These essays rely on facts, stats, research, and examples to prove the writer's points.

If you find writing such essays daunting, don't worry. There are skilled writers who can help. If you feel like saying, ' Write essay for me !' let experienced writers handle it with their expertise.

Argumentative Essay Examples

Let's check out some example essays where convincing arguments, backed by facts and clear language, have made a big difference. These stories not only inspire us but also teach us valuable lessons on how to effectively sway opinions and create compelling narratives that resonate with others.

Argumentative Essay Example ‍

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Argumentative Essay Outline

Understanding how to structure an argumentative essay goes beyond having strong opinions. It involves creating a clear framework that helps both the writer and the reader follow a logical flow of ideas. In this part, we'll look closely at three different ways to outline an argumentative essay: the Aristotelian (Classic) method, the Toulmin model, and the Rogerian strategy. Each method has its own structure, giving writers various tools to craft convincing and well-organized arguments.

Aristotelian (Classic)

The Aristotelian approach, also known as the Classic method, pays homage to the ancient wisdom of Aristotle's rhetorical principles. This argumentative essay structure is composed of three distinct movements: introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction :

• Initiate with a captivating hook to captivate the reader's attention.
• Offer background context to illuminate the significance of the topic at hand.
• Articulate a clear and concise thesis statement that unequivocally states your position.
• Deploy the power of logos (logical appeal) by presenting concrete evidence, factual information, and cogent reasoning.
• Establish ethos (ethical appeal) by integrating reputable sources to bolster your credibility and authority.
• Evoke pathos (emotional appeal) to resonate with the reader's emotions and forge a deeper connection.

Conclusion :

• Synthesize the main arguments and insights discussed throughout the essay.
• Reiterate the thesis to leave a lasting impression on the reader.
• Conclude with a poignant and thought-provoking closing statement that lingers in the reader's mind.

Crafted by philosopher Stephen Toulmin, this model zooms in on the pieces of an argument puzzle and how they fit together. Here's the breakdown, tailor-made by our team at dissertation writing services :

Claim : Clearly state your main argument or point.

Grounds : Back up your claim with evidence and support.

Warrant : Connect the dots between your claim and the evidence provided.

Backing : Give more backup for your reasoning.

Qualifier : Recognize any limitations or boundaries to your argument.

Rebuttal : Take on opposing views and arguments head-on.

Inspired by psychologist Carl Rogers, the Rogerian method for writing an argumentative essay prioritizes building bridges and fostering empathy.

• Set a neutral tone to encourage open-mindedness.
• Acknowledge the complexity of the topic to show understanding.
• Introduce the issue from various viewpoints to provide a broader understanding.
• Clearly state your stance while acknowledging opposing viewpoints to demonstrate fairness.
• Explore common ground and areas of agreement to foster understanding.
• Present your perspective with empathy, respecting differing opinions.
• Highlight shared objectives and potential areas for compromise to promote cooperation.
• Encourage ongoing dialogue to continue exploring solutions.

Argumentative Essay Structure

Understanding how to write an argumentative essay requires a structured approach that leads both writer and reader through a compelling narrative. Let's break it down into key parts: introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

• Capture attention with a striking opener. 'In a world driven by environmental concerns, the debate over renewable energy sources becomes increasingly critical.'
• Offer a brief context to the topic. 'With the looming threat of climate change, society grapples with the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions.'
• Clearly state your stance. 'This essay argues that investing in solar energy is imperative for combating climate change and securing a greener future.'

Thesis Statement:

• Example: 'Investing in solar energy infrastructure is not only environmentally responsible but also economically advantageous.'

Body Paragraphs:

• Introduce the main idea. 'Solar energy presents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.'
• Provide supporting facts or examples. 'Research shows that solar power installations have steadily increased over the past decade, demonstrating growing global interest in renewable energy.'
• Explain the significance of the evidence. 'This trend indicates a shifting mindset towards clean energy, driven by concerns over climate change and dwindling fossil fuel reserves.'
• Recap key arguments. 'In summary, investing in solar energy offers a viable solution to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on non-renewable resources.'
• Restate your thesis. 'Embracing solar energy not only addresses environmental challenges but also promotes sustainable economic development.'
• End with a compelling thought. 'By harnessing the power of the sun, we can pave the way for a brighter, cleaner future for generations to come.'

Building a Compelling Argumentative Essay Thesis

Crafting a strong thesis statement is essential for a persuasive argumentative essay. Let's dive into a guide that will help you create a thesis statement that grabs attention and sets the stage for your essay.

Ask a Provocative Question and Answer It

Start by igniting curiosity with a thought-provoking question that directly connects to your topic. Then, provide a clear and insightful response that not only sets the stage for your argument but also hints at the complexities and nuances surrounding the issue.

Example: 'Is the use of smartphones beneficial for children's development? This essay argues that while smartphones offer educational opportunities, excessive screen time may hinder social skills.'

Introduce Your Argument and Address Contrary Views

A good argumentative essay should begin with a bold assertion of your main claim. However, to truly enrich your position, it's important to delve deeper by acknowledging and addressing opposing perspectives. This not only showcases a nuanced understanding of the topic but also reinforces the validity of your argument.

Example: 'While many believe that technology improves productivity, it's crucial to consider its potential drawbacks. This essay asserts that while technology enhances efficiency, it can also lead to information overload and burnout.'

Outline Your Main Points for Clarity

Provide a brief overview of the key points you'll explore in your essay. This helps clarify your direction and prepares your reader for the arguments ahead.

Example: 'In examining the impact of technology on work-life balance, we'll explore the benefits of remote work, the challenges of constant connectivity, and strategies for achieving harmony between work and personal life.'

By adding these steps from our experts in research paper help to your thesis-building process, you establish a base that not only clearly expresses your standpoint but also captivates readers with interesting questions, challenges, and key points that will unfold in your essay.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Quick Steps

Let's break down each part of your writing process step by step. By embracing these steps, you'll sail through the challenges of argumentative writing, crafting a piece that not only shares your thoughts clearly but also grabs the attention and persuades your readers along the way.

Generating Ideas

Before you start writing, take some time to brainstorm ideas. Research different viewpoints and gather information about your topic. Try techniques like freewriting or mind mapping to explore various angles and gather a range of perspectives. This phase is all about gathering a pool of ideas so that you can choose the strongest arguments to support your essay later on.

Getting Ready

Preparation is key before diving into the writing process. Organize your thoughts and argumentative essay topics into a coherent structure. Develop a focused thesis statement that not only communicates your main point but also sets the tone for your entire essay. This stage is crucial for refining your focus and ensuring that each part of your essay supports your central argument effectively.

Putting Pen to Paper

Now it's time to start writing! Maintain a logical progression in your essay as you draft your ideas. Begin with an engaging introduction that introduces your topic and presents your thesis statement. In the body paragraphs, explore each argument thoroughly, providing supporting evidence and examples. Don't forget to address potential counterarguments to demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic. This step is all about fleshing out your ideas and constructing a compelling narrative.

Perfecting Your Work

Once you've finished drafting, it's time to refine your essay. Review your arguments to ensure they flow logically and contribute effectively to your thesis. Pay attention to the clarity of your language and the strength of your evidence. This stage allows you to fine-tune the persuasiveness of your essay, transforming it from a draft into a polished piece of writing.

Polishing the Final Product

Now it's time for the finishing touches! Meticulously proofread your essay to ensure it's polished and impactful. Check for grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure errors. Make sure your writing style remains consistent throughout and clarify any parts that may be unclear. In the conclusion, revisit your thesis statement and leave your reader with a thought-provoking statement that lingers in their mind. This attention to detail ensures that your argumentative essay not only captivates but also showcases your writing skills effectively.

Essential Argumentative Essay Tips

Our tips on writing an argumentative essay work just as effectively as they do for any other type of essay. So, if you're in need of additional guidance, here are some specific tips that can help you craft persuasive arguments:

Strengthen Your Case with Solid Facts

Ensure your argument is supported by reliable facts and evidence. Utilize research, data, and examples to reinforce your points. You can also use our essay writing help helping you ground your argument in verifiable information, demonstrate credibility and strengthen your position.

Example: Drawing from recent studies by leading environmental organizations, it's clear that deforestation has reached alarming levels, with devastating consequences for ecosystems worldwide. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Environmental Science found that deforestation contributes to biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and disruptions in the water cycle, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts.

Take Charge with Language

While learning how to write an argumentative essay, remember to choose your words carefully to convey your argument persuasively. Adopt a tone that is confident yet respectful, and craft your sentences to engage and convince your audience. The language you use can influence how your argument is perceived, so wield it skillfully to make a compelling case.

Example: Without a doubt, the urgency of addressing climate change demands immediate action and concerted efforts from policymakers and individuals alike. As evidenced by recent climate reports, the consequences of inaction are dire, with rising global temperatures leading to more frequent and severe weather events, loss of biodiversity, and threats to food security.

Employ Tools for Effective Writing

Similar to learning how to write an explanatory essay , structure your arguments logically, with a clear introduction, well-developed body paragraphs, and a concise conclusion. Use transition words to guide your reader smoothly through your argument. Incorporate rhetorical devices to add depth and resonance to your writing, making your arguments more impactful and memorable.

Example: Transitioning from the causes of environmental degradation to potential solutions, the essay navigates a range of approaches, each offering a unique perspective on balancing ecological preservation with human needs. For instance, implementing reforestation projects and promoting sustainable land management practices are crucial steps in mitigating the effects of deforestation and preserving natural habitats for future generations.

In this guide, we've covered the basics of crafting great argumentative essays. We've looked at everything from coming up with ideas to refining your final draft, sharing helpful strategies and tips along the way. With these insights into language, facts, and writing techniques, you're all set to create essays that really grab attention and persuade your readers. Consider this your starting point for smooth and confident argumentative writing.

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• Published: 09 April 2024
• Volume 86 , article number  52 , ( 2024 )

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• Paul A. Roberts   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-6431 1  

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This paper offers advice to early-mid career researchers in Mathematical Biology from ten past and current Presidents of the Society for Mathematical Biology. The topics covered include deciding if a career in academia is right for you; finding and working with a mentor; building collaborations and working with those from other disciplines; formulating a research question; writing a paper; reviewing papers; networking; writing fellowship or grant proposals; applying for faculty positions; and preparing and giving lectures. While written with mathematical biologists in mind, it is hoped that this paper will be of use to early and mid career researchers across the mathematical, physical and life sciences, as they embark on careers in these disciplines.

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1 Introduction

Early-mid career researchers in Mathematical Biology face a particular set of challenges. As they develop in their career, a number of skills need to be learnt, most of which are not taught in a typical undergraduate degree. In this paper, ten leading mathematical biologists—all current or former Presidents of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB)—share their advice on a number of areas of particular interest to early and mid career researchers. While written with mathematical biologists in mind, much of the advice presented here is of relevance to any researcher working in the life, physical or mathematical sciences. It is hoped that this paper will prove a valuable resource to early and mid career researchers as they make the first steps in their academic journey, providing a helping hand from those who have trodden the road before them.

The idea for this paper occurred to me following the excellent past Presidents’ panel discussion, organised by Prof. Heiko Enderling, at the 2023 SMB conference, held at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. This was an inspiring session, with many useful insights shared by some of the greats in the field. It struck me that it would be good to capture the insights from some of these researchers in a permanent way, and that this would be of particular interest and benefit to early/mid career researchers.

All of the living past and current SMB Presidents were contacted, and to those who were able to contribute, a series of questions was posed, inviting their top tips and advice in a number of areas relevant to early/mid career researchers. These questions consisted of a subset of ten specific topics, together with two, more general questions, which were posed to all contributors. Responses were then compiled, ordered and edited to provide coherent guidance in each area.

The advice offered here is not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is hoped that this will be a starting point, bringing together guidance on a range of topics into a single place, leaving the reader to explore specific areas in greater depth as desired. As with any advice, it is left to the reader to follow or leave at their discretion.

The title of this article is a homage to Prof. Sir Peter Medawar’s book ‘Advice To A Young Scientist’ (Medawar, 1979 ) and to the later multi-author chapter ‘Advice to a Young Mathematician’ in The Princeton Companion to Mathematics (Atiyah et al., 2008 ); both of which are recommended. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first paper to offer guidance specifically to early/mid career mathematical biologists.

In what follows, we cover ten specific topics: ‘Deciding if a career in academia is right for you’, ‘Finding and working with a mentor’, ‘Building collaborations and working with those from other disciplines’, ‘Formulating a research question’, ‘Writing a paper’, ‘Reviewing papers’, ‘Networking’, ‘Writing fellowship or grant proposals’, ‘Applying for faculty positions’ and ‘Preparing and giving lectures’; together with two general topics: ‘What do you wish you had known when you were an early-mid career researcher?’ and ‘Some final words of advice’. These sections can be read in any order or in isolation, depending on the needs and interests of the reader.

2 Deciding if a Career in Academia is Right for You

Many of us may wonder if the academic path is the right one for us. This question might occur when deciding whether or not to pursue a doctorate, to apply for postdoctoral or faculty positions, or even whether to remain in academia, having obtained a permanent position. Whatever your stage, the following advice may be helpful to bear in mind.

Make a list of things that are important to you, what you want to accomplish in your professional life and what will make you happy going to work every day for the rest of your life.

If you are self-driven, have lots of questions, like to work and meet with people, and like to share your work in different venues (e.g. papers and presentations), you could consider a career in academia.

A career in academia is not easy.

You need to consider what kind of academic you would like to be: more research focused, or more teaching focused. Do you want to have a large or small group, or work at a large or small school?

You also need to consider that there is a lot more to an academic job than what you may have experienced during your undergrad/PhD/postdoc. Talk to PhD students, postdoctoral fellows and faculty to find out what they do from day to day, and get a sense of what the job entails. Learn what they like about their roles and what they wish was different.

Talk to many professionals outside academia about their experiences.

3 Finding and Working with a Mentor

The concept of a mentor is a familiar one, both historically and in popular culture: Plato had Socrates, Luke Skywalker had Obi-Wan Kenobi, Bertrand Russell had Alfred North Whitehead and Frodo had Gandalf. Though familiar, finding and developing such a relationship can be difficult. Here are some expert tips on how to navigate this area.

The mentor is probably the most important part of your academic career.

Finding a mentor

You can find a mentor in many different ways:

Get to know the faculty in your research institution;

Talk to people at conferences;

Participate in mentoring programs.

Have a one-on-one conversation about ideas and what the potential mentor looks for.

Identify what YOU need from a mentor. Make sure that you communicate your needs to a prospective mentor and evaluate if they can help you in your academic journey.

Be honest about your interests.

The best science is not necessarily done by the mentor that best serves your needs, though make sure the research approach of the mentor excites you.

Try to visit and meet members of the potential mentor’s group, talking with former/current students/collaborators/mentees. This is important, not least because it will enable you to check the potential mentor’s reputation. This will also help you to evaluate if their mentorship style is right for you.

Take into account the breadth of the institution, and especially the department, and the potential to interact with others outside the group.

Working with a mentor

Expect the relationship to develop and change over time.

Mentorship can be developed very naturally—through discussion at conferences and workshops, and then some emails in between.

Make time for the relationship to develop in social contexts in connection with or outside of research discussions (e.g. coffee/tea/beer etc. time).

Do not agree to work on a project if it does not align with your interests, but be open to suggestions of new projects or research questions/approaches.

4 Building Collaborations and Working with Those from Other Disciplines

Given the intrinsic interdisciplinarity of mathematical biology, the ability to build and grow fruitful collaborations is key to developing biologically faithful and impactful models. This is not something that is usually taught at the undergraduate level, but rather is learned on-the-job, with a degree of trial-and-error(/-improvement). While this is a rite-of-passage that all mathematical biologists must pass through—and, indeed, a lifelong learning process—here are few tips to smooth the way.

Listen carefully to lectures on topics from other disciplines, and read review papers carefully to identify what questions motivate that discipline/topic. Ask yourself in what way you could contribute to answering such questions using your skill-set.

Learn a lot about the subject matter. Attend experiments when they are being done.

Follow your heart and make the effort to work with people who you find interesting and exciting.

Find someone who is open to theoretical approaches and who is a person with whom you get along really well.

It can take a while to build a good collaboration, so be patient, and invest in a few possible directions. Usually one or another will eventually pan out.

Trust that your collaborators know what they are talking about.

Ask a lot of stupid questions, balancing keeping expectations low with occasional moments of surprising brilliance.

Be clear about shared responsibilities.

Be willing to suppress your ego. Remember that what makes the work interesting is the experiments rather than the theory.

Learn the jargon of the biological discipline(s) relevant to your research.

Explain your ideas in plain English. Do not expect potential collaborators to know or be familiar with mathematical jargon or methods.

Explain what your methods could do to help test hypotheses or to analyse data, or to help with the design of experiments.

Try to get in a situation where you can help design the experiments to provide data needed for analysis.

Biological experiments usually cost a lot of money and take a lot of time. Do not expect that a collaborator will immediately agree to do your favourite experiment. (Sometimes, you have to make-do with data from the literature.)

Be willing to pay any students who may work on the theory and perhaps other costs associated with doing the experiments. Working on joint grants is one way to do this but that takes patience.

5 Formulating a Research Question

As any Douglas Adams fan will know, the key to making discoveries lies in asking the right questions. The following advice may be helpful in deciding upon a research topic and what question(s) to ask.

Find a problem that really interest you, about which you are passionate and want to know the answer, and do not care what others think.

Be driven by the research question, not by the methods you will use.

Find a topic that will potentially expand the field, not something that is just incremental.

There are many kinds of research questions: explaining a puzzling data set; testing a hypothesis for some mechanism; finding some optimal strategy; making a long-term prediction. Each case would imply a different strategy.

To find new interesting quantitative questions, read a number of recent review papers on the topic of your choice. Find sentences such as ‘The mechanism for this observed behaviour is poorly understood’, and look for key areas where a knowledge-gap is identified. Be sure that these questions are not just experimental ones. Be sure that some facts are known and/or some data is available on which to construct your model, for example.

Be open to approach by colleagues from other disciplines. Listen to their ideas and motivation, and assess whether your skills could be useful, or whether other colleagues have just the right tools to be helpful.

6 Writing a Paper

Most mathematical biologists begin by taking an undergraduate degree in mathematics, spending the bulk of their time working through a series of problem sheets. As such, when they come to do a doctorate and begin writing their first paper, it may be some years since they were required to write at any length. Further, the process of writing an academic article is unlike that of writing a secondary/high school essay. The following advice should be of help in providing a possible approach to writing papers, while also highlighting some common pitfalls.

Some general points

Do your literature review well: you do not want to submit a manuscript that is missing important references.

Spend time critically reviewing your results. Do they make sense? What are some questions that reviewers might have? Are any results difficult to understand?

Do not make the paper too long. Figure out what you want to say in a direct way.

A possible approach

Let us assume you have wrapped up an original piece of research and you are ready to write your first paper. The first step is to get your work organized in a logical, convincing fashion. You have probably already done this in preparing for your committee meetings, student presentations and poster sessions. A good MS PowerPoint presentation is a great place to start.

Next, consider the audience you want to reach. Defining your audience will dictate what journal to submit to and also what background information you need to include in the introduction.

Write an outline, using the standard format of a scientific publication.

Title: start with a working title; it may change later.

Abstract: write this last!

Introduction: make an outline, with your target audience in mind.

arrange your research in a logical fashion;

sketch your figures in some detail (and write cogent legends);

consider what tables you will need;

push some results to ‘Supplementary Material’ to stress the main points.

Discussion: make notes along the way, but write this part later.

Now that you are ready to start writing, keep the following Four Cs in mind.

Correct. Everything you write must be scientifically correct, to the best of your knowledge. Check each sentence and every equation. Make sure you have provided the correct parameter values for all your calculations.

Clear. Now that everything is correct, you must communicate your results clearly to your audience. You do not have to tell people what DNA means, but do not skip over important things that the reader needs to know. It is helpful here to get someone else’s point of view—on joint authored papers, it is the responsibility of all authors to make sure that what is written is clear. Some important points to note:

Often papers are not structured in a logical way, and read like a stream of consciousness. Look at the logical structure of your flow of ideas to make sure that your argument will make sense to your readers.

In this regard, basic grammar rules are important, especially coherent paragraphs with topical sentences. Do not let your paragraphs get too long; most long paragraphs can be broken into two or more separate ideas.

Watch how you use pronouns—they can be dangerous. You may know what your pronoun is referring to, but your reader may not. When a reader comes across a pronoun, he/she typically assumes that the pronoun refers to the last noun mentioned in the previous sentence. If the reader has to look further back, he/she will likely get lost. The simple fix is to repeat the noun, so it is absolutely clear what you are talking about.

Another mistake of non-English writers is overloading the subject of a sentence, using too many modifiers for a noun, or other nouns as modifiers of the main noun. It can be difficult for the reader to figure out what the noun of the sentence is, and which words are modifiers. The simple fix is to use prepositional phrases and dependent clauses to expand on a noun, rather than going beyond a few adjectives. For example, ‘the budding yeast cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint’ should be ‘the spindle assembly checkpoint of the budding-yeast cell cycle’. Another good example of an ‘overloaded noun’ of a sentence is: ‘Initiation and progression of the cell cycle are considered to occur in response to the timely ordered transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and posttranslational regulation of the cell cycle (cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase [CDK]) machinery components ’. The italicised phrase is the object of the passive verb construction ‘are considered to occur in response to’. The object is ‘components’ and the preceding words all modify ‘components’. It would be clearer to write: ‘Progression through the cell cycle is thought to be based on the temporally ordered activation of cyclin/cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which are regulated by a complex molecular network of transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational controls’.

Concise. After you are sure your text is correct and clear, then go through it carefully to get rid of annoying repetitions that may have crept in. Pare things down to a minimum without destroying clarity. State your main points several times (in the Abstract, Results and Discussion); as for everything else, just say it once.

Compelling. Finally, polish up the writing. Use MS Word’s thesaurus to find exactly the right word to get your idea across. Make the paper easy/pleasant/attractive to read, so people will recommend it to others.

7 Reviewing Papers

Reviewing your first paper can feel like a daunting task, with a weight of responsibility to make an accurate and fair assessment. The following tips should prove useful both to first time reviewers, and to those with some experience under their belts.

Only accept reviews for manuscripts you are competent to assess.

Make sure you are familiar with other research in the field, so you know how novel the work is.

Do not take on another review if you already have one.

Negotiate with the editor a timeline that suits you and not just them.

Do not allow deadlines to make you do a superficial job.

Try to be fair and write the kind of review you would like to receive.

Read the introduction and discussion first, to get a feel for what the authors want you to get from the paper, then read the whole manuscript to see if the results match with this.

Do not question the motives but focus on the results.

Do not be sucked in by overhype.

Always ask for codes to be shared if they are not already.

8 Networking

Our scientific research is not conducted in isolation, but rather as part of a community. As such, developing relationships with fellow scientists and mathematicians is an important part of any mathematical biologist’s career. Indeed, the contacts we make now could be our future collaborators, reviewers or employers. We often use the word ‘networking’ to denote the practice of making and developing these relationships, particularly in the context of conferences. While most would agree that networking is important, many of us are unsure of how best to go about it. This problem is especially acute for early and mid career researchers, who may wish to speak with senior researchers, but are unsure of how to introduce themselves, or manage the conversation. Here is some advice on how to approach it.

Study the conference program before the meeting. Identify 4–6 people with whom you might be interested in meeting. These include people that are senior to you and also people that may be more junior. Email them ahead of time and schedule meetings during coffee or lunch breaks early in the conference.

Do your homework before approaching a specific scientist. If you have some knowledge of their research, then a simple introduction can be had through a compliment or question about a specific piece of work. All scientists love to discuss their research, so if you have a question or insight to share they almost always want to hear it.

Find an appropriate time to approach someone and be polite. A good time to introduce yourself might be at a reception or poster session; another meeting can always happen after the initial introduction.

Go to poster sessions, or better yet, present a poster. Poster sessions are a great networking opportunity.

Go to after program events (e.g. dinner, drinks and hikes). The best networking happens off campus.

Ask a mentor, or another scientist who knows the researcher you would like to meet to introduce you and help break the ice.

9 Writing Fellowship or Grant Proposals

Writing good fellowship and grant proposals is something of an art form in itself. As an early/mid career researcher writing your first proposal, it is easy to feel bewildered, not knowing quite where to start. It is hoped that the following guidance will set you in the right direction.

Know your audience. Grant proposals are diverse and depend on the specific call in regard to what is required, what the review procedures will be and who will be the reviewers; therefore, always read the specific call/request for proposals carefully, so that you know what is expected and what the deadlines are.

If appropriate, discuss your proposal with the specific program officer / agency’s program manager, if there is one, to be certain that what you are proposing fits the guidelines for support. They can often give good advice on what will be received well versus what will not be. Ask if the proposal will be reviewed by more than one group.

Follow faithfully any guidelines that are given by the funding body, e.g. if you are asked to write the proposal in 12pt Arial font.

Ask a successful grant writer to share some of their previous grants—the structure and level of detail as well as visual support for a proposal varies greatly and needs to be tailored to the specific call.

Collaborate with someone who has been successful in obtaining support in the past from the agency.

Try to plan ahead so that you have time to share a draft of your proposal with your peers or mentor for feedback.

Make sure you have an exciting and innovative idea in the first place! Remember that the person(s) reviewing your fellowship application / grant proposal will probably have many others as well, so it is important to ‘grab the reviewer’s attention’ from the outset. Aim to write a factual but stimulating first paragraph which will make the reviewer want to read on and find out about the exciting project you are proposing.

Ensure also that your idea is appropriate, carefully stating the goals of the proposed work somewhere near the start of the proposal.

Write passionately from the heart and be ‘achievably ambitious’.

Justify any claims you make and give as good an argument as you can that what you are about to do can be achieved.

Do not try to cram every possible thing you can think of into the proposal; rather, be focused and have a good timeline with appropriate milestones.

Most grants are scored badly because the reviewer could not understand what you really wanted to do. Far fewer fail because of a flawed idea, so make a big effort in articulating your ideas as clearly as possible; visual support can really help e.g. cartoons, schematics and graphs.

Emphasize why you are the appropriate person to do the work.

Almost nobody is successful with the first iteration of a grant, so it is good to submit to a call on the first round and then resubmit on subsequent rounds, integrating reviewer feedback.

For more on this topic, see ‘Notes on Writing and Getting Grants’ by Lou Gross: lgross.utk.edu/grantwriting.txt .

10 Applying for Faculty Positions

Many early/mid career researchers may be relatively inexperienced in writing job applications, or be unsure of how best to present themselves to potential employers. The following advice is given with faculty applications in mind, though many of the tips are also relevant to applications for postdoctoral positions.

Do not apply for a job you do not want—you might get it.

Publish your work when it is ripe, even if it is not perfect.

Collaborate, but be sure to establish your own identity.

Think about who you are: a fox or a hedgehog? This reference comes from a 1953 book by the philosopher Isaiah Berlin, in which he quotes the Ancient Greek poet Archilochus as saying that ‘ the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing ’ (Berlin 1953 ). In the context of mathematical biology, think about whether you see your research as centring around one topic, or as touching on many topics, perhaps with a more abstract common theme. Both are valid ways to work, but it is good to think about who you are, to avoid getting pushed or pulled in directions that might not fit.

Make sure your CV is up-to-date and is written well.

Do not try to exaggerate anything, e.g. do not list lots of unpublished papers.

Cover letter

Read the job advertisement carefully and write a relevant, engaging cover letter, outlining your background, your current research interests, your future research plans and your teaching philosophy / teaching experience.

Be explicit as to why you are appropriate for the position. Spend some time finding out about the department and the university in general, and aim to include in your cover letter how you feel you could fit in and connect with the teaching and research that is going on in the department and also potential collaborations elsewhere in the university (e.g. departments of biology / life sciences and medicine).

Be enthusiastic.

Statement of research interests

Summarize in one paragraph the main results from your prior work.

Lay out a research plan, possibly with several different components. Think of this as a research plan for the initial 5–10 years of your career. Where do you want to be, what ‘big’ questions do you want to work on and how do the smaller ones fit into this?

Statement of teaching interests

Summarize what your teaching experience has been.

Give a bit of your teaching philosophy and provide examples of how you have applied it (e.g. projects you developed/used in a course you taught, or implementation of computer-based examples).

State your teaching objectives over the next 5 years—what courses and seminars you might like to teach/develop, what texts you might be interested in developing. Tie this in to particular courses the university provides.

Make sure you have good referees who will provide strongly supportive but not hyperbolic references.

Make it as easy as possible for your referees to write a letter for you—give them all the material you are sending out, explaining how to address letters and providing the links to the adverts for positions you are applying to.

Make sure the referees know which jobs are the ones of most interest to you.

Perhaps ask your referees to contact (email or phone) anyone they know at your top choice positions to alert them to your application.

For more on this topic, see ‘Applying for a job, haggling for a job, and keeping a job’ by Lou Gross: lgross.utk.edu/gettingjobs.postdocs.mbi06.txt .

11 Preparing and Giving Lectures

The average early/mid career researcher will have attended hundreds of lectures during their undergraduate studies; some of them better than others. While many PhD students will get experience of leading or assisting with tutorials and problems classes, opportunities for lecturing experience arise less frequently. The following guidance should be of help to postdoctoral researchers and new faculty preparing to give their first lectures.

Find the lecturing style that you are most comfortable with e.g. ‘chalk and talk’, slides, iPad/Tablet etc., and practise at it.

Do not practise too much—talks can sound really canned with too much practice. Put another way, too much practice can stand in the way of ‘presence’ during a talk, thinking a little on your feet and taking a few chances.

Prepare your notes in advance and try to connect with external material e.g. books, research articles, online videos etc.

Think about your main point during your pre-lecture preparation.

Your lecture has to fit your audience. Do not attempt to give the same lecture to biologists and to mathematicians.

Optimise your slides: a maximum of 20 words per slide, brief bullet points, self-contained and easy to follow.

Do not include something on a slide if you do not want to talk about it.

Go to the lecture theatre before you start the course and work out where everything is so that you can begin the first lecture without any glitches or delays.

Try to be enthusiastic and passionate in your delivery and to ENJOY giving the lecture.

Never forget that it is about the material, not about you.

Consider introducing your talk with interesting scientific questions, and returning to those at the end to show that you ‘solved them’. Merely reproducing a behaviour with a model is not very interesting unless you can show new insights or novel predictions.

Aim to engage the students rather than just lecture for one hour e.g. stop regularly and ask questions, ask the students to suggest ways to complete a piece of algebra or offer the answer to a problem.

Provide plenty of motivation and background for the audience to understand the main ideas. Be sure to emphasize the significance and goals.

Give plenty of worked examples in the class which underpin any piece of theory you deliver.

Be sure to EXPLAIN everything. Your audience will appreciate that.

Make the lecture interesting. Use some colour, make fonts nice and large, consider some humour if possible, once you gain confidence.

Make a deliberate mistake now and again—this can encourage the students to engage and when they get the correct answer it gives them confidence. It also shows them that you are not infallible!

Never go over time.

12 What Do You Wish You Had Known When You were an Early-mid Career Researcher?

In addition to asking our seasoned professionals for guidance on specific questions, their advice to early and mid career researchers was also sought at a more general level, as recounted in this section and that which follows. First, in this section, we explore the hard-earned knowledge that our experts wish they had possessed when they were early/mid career researchers.

Seeking advice

Do not be shy about getting advice, particularly on grant proposals.

Understand how the system at your institution works, who to go to for advice/assistance and how to work around arcane rules that constrain your ability to advance your research and teaching.

Career planning

Think a few years ahead but do not let long-term planning stand in the way.

Early in your career, it is common not to know what you really want and that is OK, since you have not experienced enough yet.

‘When I started as a graduate student, I had a very specific plans about what I wanted to study: quantum chemistry. Like most mathematical biologists, I never intended to be one! I stumbled onto the field through my professors and mentors. So keep your eyes open, see what catches your interest, see where new research areas are opening up and where you can make a contribution. Be flexible, find your place in the world and have fun!’

Think strategically about what you will gain from a specific position and how it might lead you to new opportunities in the future.

‘Failure’ and rejections

Be ready to accept rejections and how to move on effectively from these, such as re-applying for grants to either the same agency which initially rejected it or to try someplace else.

Do not take failure personally; academia is a constant source of failure, whether it is papers, grants or even your science. Failure is the only way we can learn; of course it still stings, but know that this is a universal pain we all feel as scientists, and it is also temporary, as it will drive resubmissions, rewriting, reframing and ultimately success.

Lack of a job offer, or interview, may just be due to various political factors in a given department/unit that have nothing to do with your excellence. Therefore, do not let such ‘rejections’ affect your morale and work.

Do not skip your postdoc; exploit every second of it. It is a rare time in your scientific career that you will never have again—both scientific freedom and no financial concerns.

Have fun! Most research ideas come outside the laboratory; on a walk, while exercising, or while having dinner with friends. A lot of great ideas start out on a napkin.

If you are not excited about a problem, the work is not going to be worthwhile.

You can work on anything you want to, independent of your field, as long as you are willing to learn the new area.

Keep doing good work, even when the job-market looks bleak. Eventually this will pay off.

Take the time to learn new skills.

Do the hard work yourself.

‘I wish I had known’:

LaTeX —‘I wrote my PhD thesis using troff’ ( wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff ).

More numerical analysis.

The Sobolev Embedding Theorem (just kidding!).

Sharing your work

Put real effort into making your science as accessible as possible—the more people who understand it, the better it will be cited and shared.

Grab any opportunity you can to present your work, even if you find it difficult. It will help you understand your own work better and expose the community to what you are doing and critically provide valuable feedback.

Open science is a golden opportunity to share your work before it is published, embrace it. Share your papers on preprint servers (e.g. bioRxiv and arXiv), and your code and data on public repositories (e.g. GitHub).

Collaboration and networking

Work with people you like, in labs that are happy and have a good community ethic. Do not try to work with people simply because of their prestige.

Use administrative roles to build collaborations.

Networking with others (in your unit and at conferences) is very important. Consider sending your e-publications to the top researchers with a short email. Many are busy, so may not answer, but some will.

Do not be shy at a conference. Schedule meetings ahead of time to make sure you are not alone during coffee breaks.

Maintain contact with those you have met who might help your career advance in the future.

Organising your time

‘I did not realize how much time I would spend in service-related activities. I sit on many committees. My service takes about one full day per week.’

‘I did not realize how much grant writing I would be doing. I had to learn how to write grants for many different reviewing bodies. This can take time, but can also be helpful in that you then understand how to talk about your research with many different audiences.’

Teaching and mentorship activities can occupy much of your time. Make sure that you structure your week so that you have research blocks that are long enough for you to remember what you are doing, and get some work done to review and advance your projects.

Get home in time for dinner with your family.

13 Some Final Words of Advice

In this last section, we offer some final words of advice, not covered by the previous sections.

Community, collaboration and care

Collaborate broadly and build your network of collaborators in ways that stretch your research to fields that might be far from your formal education.

Team science is truly a gift for mathematical biology. It is being embraced across many different disciplines and is a golden opportunity to work across fields with creative teams, where the team is far more powerful scientifically than any of the individuals. If you can work with a team, jump at the chance.

Develop a community around you, but do not feel that you need to collaborate with everyone. Deliberately keep some experts in your field at ‘arm’s-length’ as you will need people to review your file at tenure and promotion, for grants, and your manuscripts for publication.

Care about your community—take time to contribute, to nurture and enrich your community as it will not continue without it.

Make time for self-care; something outside of science even if it is with scientists. It is important to recharge your creative and non-creative batteries and that cannot happen if you use them all the time.

Most scientists are good people even if they may ask difficult questions and appear intimidating—they are a scientist just like you and care about similar things.

Always be honest, even if it means admitting mistakes, being truthful will always pay dividends in the end.

Work on what you want, not on what other people think you should.

Enjoy yourself, have fun, work on problems that you are really interested in and passionate about.

Aim high. Always ask ‘could my work be better?’ Do not settle for the first result and hurry to publish—do your due diligence and make that sure every piece of work has the highest impact it can.

Mathematical biology is a subfield of biology. Talk to biologists as often as you can. Let their questions guide your research.

Do not be afraid of data. Indeed, look at the data! You may find something that you did not expect that is more interesting than what you did expect.

Understand what it means to calibrate and validate a mathematical model. Not every curve that fits data makes a model plausible and it does not guarantee predictive power (if that is what you are aiming for).

Do not be a one-trick pony. It will help your career if you become the go-to person in the world on a particular topic, but do not constrain yourself to this area. Look for side-projects that may be well outside this area of focus.

Be willing to take risks and try out new/alternative things. It is only by failing that we discover what does not work and this helps put us on another track that perhaps will work. Do not be afraid to ‘fail’. The following quote from John Backus (who invented FORTRAN) illustrates this point:

‘ I, myself, have had many failures and I’ve learned that if you are not failing a lot, you are probably not being as creative as you could be—you aren’t stretching your imagination. You need the willingness to fail all the time. You have to generate many ideas and then you have to work very hard only to discover that they don’t work. And you keep doing that over and over until you find one that does work. ’ — mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Backus/quotations/

Communication

Learning to communicate in writing and orally is just as important as doing advanced research. Your funding and the respect you achieve will depend on your ability to explain your work and convince others that it is significant.

Work to build your vocabulary to be able to communicate with experts in fields quite different from your own.

Get some formal training from science communication experts to assist you in being able to discuss your work with non-scientists and journalists. Do not be bashful about tooting your own horn.

For more on careers in academia, see ‘Careers in Academia: How to Enhance your Chances for Success’ by Lou Gross: lgross.utk.edu/eeb504Spring2021.html .

Atiyah M, Bollobás B, Connes A, McDuff D, Sarnak P (2008) The Princeton companion to mathematics, Chapter VIII.6: advice to a young mathematician. In: Gowers T, Barrow-Green J, Leader I (eds) Princeton University Press, pp 1000–1010. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7sd01

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Acknowledgements

This paper would not have been possible were it not for the sagacious advice, generously offered by the following current and former SMB Presidents: Prof. Frederick R. Adler (University of Utah); Prof. Alexander R. A. Anderson (H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute); Prof. Mark A. J. Chaplain (University of St Andrews); Prof. Leah Edelstein-Keshet (University of British Columbia); Prof. Heiko Enderling (The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center); Prof. Leon Glass (McGill University); Prof. Louis J. Gross (University of Tennessee); Prof. Jane M. Heffernan (York University); Prof. Simon A. Levin (Princeton University); and Prof. John J. Tyson (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). PAR acknowledges financial support from the University of Birmingham Dynamic Investment Fund.

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Roberts, P.A. Advice to a Young Mathematical Biologist. Bull Math Biol 86 , 52 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-024-01269-1

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Get science-backed answers as you write with Paperpal's Research feature

Paperpal’s New AI Research Finder Empowers Authors to Research, Write, Cite, All in One Place

Over 800,000 academic writers across 125 countries trust Paperpal’s comprehensive academic writing toolkit to save time and write more confidently. While the writing and editing process has become quick for our users, we identified a gap in the academic writing process, especially when researchers kick-start their writing process.  

Our users use various AI research finders for different parts of the writing process – literature search, finding counter arguments, finding citations of papers that are credible and can back their arguments, etc. The entire process is not linear, and researchers need to actively keep their reading lists or library close by while they draft their paper. We also identified a need to enable users to lookup literature without switching tabs or tools while writing. Not only is this time-consuming and effort-intensive, but researchers could also lose writing momentum, which could cost them dearly when dealing with tight deadlines.

Recognizing this gap, Paperpal has introduced the Research feature, which provides science-backed answers to your questions as you write and lets you save references to your citation library. By integrating a robust AI research finder into its feature suite, Paperpal aims to accelerate the writing process and double your productivity. 

Table of Contents

• Challenges in existing writing process  
• Paperpal’s AI research finder provides science-backed answers as you write 
• Research benefits: 5 ways Paperpal’s AI research finder can help you  
• How to use the new Research feature on Paperpal? 
• Crafting innovative solutions to transform your experience 

Challenges in existing writing process

For academics, the process of crafting well-researched essays and research papers is both a necessity and a challenge. Students and researchers often find themselves navigating through a labyrinth of information to find citations of papers that are credible and can back their arguments.  

• They do literature search, conduct their research, and then sit down to write their essay or research paper. At this stage they often find an interesting new angle to explore, that requires another round of searching and reading to understand and ensure what you want to say is credible and grounded in published literature. This traditional academic research process involves browsing multiple platforms, shortlisting relevant sources, and verifying their credibility before referencing it in your own work.  
• The process is time-consuming process also requires a high level of expertise to distinguish between reliable and questionable content. 
• Furthermore, researchers often have to go deeper into topics and find counterpoints to add stronger arguments for their research, while writing their manuscripts. 
• Currently other AI research finder tools are inefficient as the long-drawn fragmented approach often disrupts writing flow, making the task more daunting and less efficient.  
• The research and writing process is even more difficult for those with English as a second language. A recent survey in PLOS revealed that those with low English proficiency took 91% longer to read papers published in English, and then 51% more time to write their manuscripts compared to native English speakers. 

So can you really overcome these hurdles in your research and writing journey and streamline your path to success? Yes, with Paperpal by your side! 

Paperpal’s AI research finder provides science-backed answers as you write

Paperpal’s new Research feature addresses these author challenges head-on by providing science-backed answers to research questions in easy-to-understand, summarized formats, as you write. With factual responses drawn from over 250 million research articles, authors can now enjoy verified citations and references seamlessly integrated into their writing environment. Academics no longer have to disrupt their writing momentum to figure out how to find references for research papers. You can browse the sources cited, and save relevant papers to your citation library, all without ever having to switch tabs. 

By expanding its feature suite to now include the AI research finder, powered by R Discovery , Paperpal allows you to research, write, cite, edit, and ensure submission readiness all in one place, streamlining and ensuring an uninterrupted writing experience.  

Research benefits: 5 ways Paperpal’s AI research finder can help you

Paperpal’s Research feature is a game-changer for academics who strive to deliver strong, well-researched content. It serves as a comprehensive reference finder, citation finder, and source finder, all rolled into one.  

Here are 5 ways you can use Paperpal’s AI research finder to take your research journey to the next level: 

• Remove writer’s block and simplify the writing process : Use the AI research finder to ask questions and break down concepts into simple summarized responses, backed by references. You can also read full papers or save articles to your citation library to delve deeper into the topic later. 
• Maintain your writing momentum and flow: Paperpal allows you to write, edit, and now verify facts all in one place; researchers can ensure accuracy by using Research feature to ask questions and instantly check facts and concepts against verified sources, all in one place.  
• Substantiate research arguments on the go: Paperpal’s source finder can be invaluable for those who want to quickly explore new ideas, when writing literature reviews for example. Asking and getting science-backed responses with references can help you elaborate on or strengthen arguments and substantiate your research effortlessly.    
• Enhance cross-disciplinary research writing: Paperpal’s new Research feature is great for those working on cross-disciplinary research, who may need to understand concepts outside their own area of expertise or are looking for additional references to support their work. 
• Strengthen grant applications with facts: Grant writing can be challenging, with high competition for the same limited pool of resources. With Paperpal, academics can effortlessly write and refine grant applications and then strengthen them using supporting facts generated by the Research feature. 

How to use the new Research feature on Paperpal ?

The benefits of Paperpal’s Research feature for the academic community are immense. It revolutionizes the way research is conducted, transforming a traditionally disjointed process into a cohesive and enjoyable experience. Authors can now focus more on developing their arguments and less on the mechanics of finding and verifying sources. 

Here’s a quick step-by-step process to help you use Paperpal’s Research feature effectively: 

1. Submit your query: Login to Paperpal , open a document and click on the Research tab. Type in your question to get accurate insights from over 250 million articles, with verified sources. 

2. Review and save: Quickly scan the summarized response provided by the AI research finder to check for relevance, click to read references, and save any papers of interest to your citations library.  

3. Cite references: Develop your ideas using these insights and cite relevant references to strengthen your text and deliver well-researched academic essays or papers. 

It’s as simple as that! You’re all set to transform your writing with the best of research and writing support with the Paperpal AI research assistant.  

Crafting innovative solutions to transform your experience

With the Research feature, Paperpal lives up to its aim to provide a one-stop solution for academic writing. Students and researchers can enjoy a truly uninterrupted writing experience, ensuring that their focus remains on creating compelling and well-researched content. And we are not stopping here. Paperpal is in the process of developing a citations generator and builder, promising to further empower authors by automating the citation process. Our commitment to enhancing academic writing continues to grow, with several innovative features lined up to revolutionize your research and writing process. Watch this space for more! 

Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster.  

Get accurate academic translations, rewriting support, grammar checks, vocabulary suggestions, and generative AI assistance that delivers human precision at machine speed. Try for free or upgrade to Paperpal Prime starting at US$19 a month to access premium features, including consistency, plagiarism, and 30+ submission readiness checks to help you succeed.  

Experience the future of academic writing – Sign up to Paperpal and start writing for free!  

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Write down your thoughts and shred them to relieve anger, researchers say

Writing negative reactions on paper and shredding it or scrunching and throwing in the bin eliminates angry feelings, study finds

Since time immemorial humans have tried to devise anger management techniques.

In ancient Rome, the Stoic philosopher Seneca believed “my anger is likely to do me more harm than your wrong” and offered avoidance tips in his AD45 work De Ira (On Anger).

More modern methods include a workout on the gym punchbag or exercise bike. But the humble paper shredder may be a more effective – and accessible – way to decompress, according to research.

A study in Japan has found that writing down your reaction to a negative incident on a piece of paper and then shredding it, or scrunching it into a ball and throwing it in the bin, gets rid of anger.

“We expected that our method would suppress anger to some extent,” said Nobuyuki Kawai, lead researcher of the study at Nagoya University. “However, we were amazed that anger was eliminated almost entirely.”

The study, published in Scientific Reports on Nature , builds on research on the association between the written word and anger reduction as well as studies showing how interactions with physical objects can control a person’s mood. For instance, those wanting revenge on an ex-partner may burn letters or destroy gifts.

Researchers believe the shredder results may be related to the phenomenon of “backward magical contagion”, which is the belief that actions taken on an object associated with a person can affect the individuals themselves. In this case, getting rid of the negative physical entity, the piece of paper, causes the original emotion to also disappear.

This is a reversal of “magical contagion” or “celebrity contagion” – the belief that the “essence” of an individual can be transferred through their physical possessions.

Fifty student participants were asked to write brief opinions about an important social problem, such as whether smoking in public should be outlawed. Evaluators then deliberately scored the papers low on intelligence, interest, friendliness, logic, and rationality. For good measure, evaluators added insulting comments such as: “I cannot believe an educated person would think like this. I hope this person learns something while at the university.”

The wound-up participants then wrote down their angry thoughts on the negative feedback on a piece of paper. One group was told to either roll up the paper and throw it in a bin or keep it in a file on their desk. A second group was told to shred the paper, or put it in a plastic box.

Anger levels of the individuals who discarded their paper in the bin or shredded it returned to their initial state, while those who retained a hard copy of the paper experienced only a small decrease in their overall anger.

Researchers concluded that “the meaning (interpretation) of disposal plays a critical role” in reducing anger.

“This technique could be applied in the moment by writing down the source of anger as if taking a memo and then throwing it away,” said Kawai.

Along with its practical benefits, this discovery may shed light on the origins of the Japanese cultural tradition known as hakidashisara ( hakidashi sara refers to a dish or plate) at the Hiyoshi shrine in Kiyosu, just outside Nagoya. Hakidashisara is an annual festival where people smash small discs representing things that make them angry. The study’s findings may explain the feeling of relief that participants report after leaving the festival, the paper concluded.

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It's official — millions of students are using AI to write their papers

M illions of students are using generative AI to write their papers, new research from online essay submission platform and plagiarism detector Turnitin has revealed.

Of the 200 million papers submitted on the platform, Turnitin's AI detector tool, launched in April 2023, found that more than 22 million papers had included at least 20% AI-generated content, meaning that around 11% of the students were guilty.

An estimated six million papers, equalling approximately 3%, had been found containing at least 80% AI-generated content, highlighting the potential scale of the problem.

An alarming number of students are using AI

Turnitin CPO Annie Chechitelli emphasized the importance of independent work in the academic landscape, noting that institutes must uphold their integrity: 

“Everyone in education is looking for resources to enable them to perform at their best, and technologies, including our AI writing detection feature, help advance learning without sacrificing academic integrity.”

Turnitin’s report affirms that the continued presence of AI-generated content across the academic landscape presents a “complex, ever-evolving puzzle,” calling for a more rounded approach over simply calling out AI-generated work.

The company suggests that open discussions with students regarding the acceptable use of AI writing, reviewing existing academic policies, and revising essay prompts could tackle the problem.

Though the proportion of students submitting computer-generated copy is relatively low, Turnitin cites a separate study by Tyton Partners declaring that nearly half of students use GenAI, like ChatGPT, on a regular basis, with three-quarters of those expressing intent to continue using such tools despite the threat of bans by educational institutes.

As for teachers and lecturers, the same study currently states that academic integrity becomes a cause for concern when a paper includes more than 30% AI-generated content.

It’s clear that the widespread use of AI presents numerous challenges to the education sector, but the solution is less evident. Turnitin’s award-winning AI detector serves as a powerful tool to identify and quantify the extent of the challenge, but as the standards shift, a more multifaceted approach between the education sector, leaders, and students is in order.

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Abortion Argumentative Essay: Definitive Guide

Academic writing

Abortion remains a debatable issue even today, especially in countries like the USA, where a controversial ban was upheld in 13 states at the point this article was written. That’s why an essay on abortion has become one of the most popular tasks in schools, colleges, and universities. When writing this kind of essay, students learn to express their opinion, find and draw arguments and examples, and conduct research.

It’s very easy to speculate on topics like this. However, this makes it harder to find credible and peer-reviewed information on the topic that isn’t merely someone’s opinion. If you were assigned this kind of academic task, do not lose heart. In this article, we will provide you with all the tips and tricks for writing about abortion.

Where to begin?

Conversations about abortion are always emotional. Complex stories, difficult decisions, bitter moments, and terrible diagnoses make this topic hard to cover. Some young people may be shocked by this assignment, while others would be happy to express their opinion on the matter.

One way or another, this topic doesn't leave anyone indifferent. However, it shouldn’t have an effect on the way you approach the research and writing process. What should you remember when working on an argumentative essay about abortion?

• Don’t let your emotions take over. As this is an academic paper, you have to stay impartial and operate with facts. The topic is indeed sore and burning, causing thousands of scandals on the Internet, but you are writing it for school, not a Quora thread.
• Try to balance your opinions. There are always two sides to one story, even if the story is so fragile. You need to present an issue from different angles. This is what your tutors seek to teach you.
• Be tolerant and mind your language. It is very important not to hurt anybody with the choice of words in your essay. So make sure you avoid any possible rough words. It is important to respect people with polar opinions, especially when it comes to academic writing. 
• Use facts, not claims. Your essay cannot be based solely on your personal ideas – your conclusions should be derived from facts. Roe v. Wade case, WHO or Mayo Clinic information, and CDC are some of the sources you can rely on.

Speaking of Outline

An argumentative essay on abortion outline is a must-have even for experienced writers. In general, each essay, irrespective of its kind or topic, has a strict outline. It may be brief or extended, but the major parts are always the same:

• Introduction. This is a relatively short paragraph that starts with a hook and presents the background information on the topic. It should end with a thesis statement telling your reader what your main goal or idea is.
• Body. This section usually consists of 2-4 paragraphs. Each one has its own structure: main argument + facts to support it + small conclusion and transition into the next paragraph.
• Conclusion. In this part, your task is to summarize all your thoughts and come to a general conclusive idea. You may have to restate some info from the body and your thesis statement and add a couple of conclusive statements without introducing new facts.

Why is it important to create an outline?

• You will structure your ideas. We bet you’ve got lots on your mind. Writing them down and seeing how one can flow logically into the other will help you create a consistent paper. Naturally, you will have to abandon some of the ideas if they don’t fit the overall narrative you’re building.
• You can get some inspiration. While creating your outline, which usually consists of some brief ideas, you can come up with many more to research. Some will add to your current ones or replace them with better options.
• You will find the most suitable sources. Argumentative essay writing requires you to use solid facts and trustworthy arguments built on them. When the topic is as controversial as abortion, these arguments should be taken from up-to-date, reliable sources. With an outline, you will see if you have enough to back up your ideas.
• You will write your text as professionals do. Most expert writers start with outlines to write the text faster and make it generally better. As you will have your ideas structured, the general flow of thoughts will be clear. And, of course, it will influence your overall grade positively.

Abortion Essay Introduction

The introduction is perhaps the most important part of the whole essay. In this relatively small part, you will have to present the issue under consideration and state your opinion on it. Here is a typical introduction outline:

• The first sentence is a hook grabbing readers' attention.
• A few sentences that go after elaborate on the hook. They give your readers some background and explain your research.
• The last sentence is a thesis statement showing the key idea you are building your text around.

Before writing an abortion essay intro, first thing first, you will need to define your position. If you are in favor of this procedure, what exactly made you think so? If you are an opponent of abortion, determine how to argue your position. In both cases, you may research the point of view in medicine, history, ethics, and other fields.

When writing an introduction, remember:

• Never repeat your title. First of all, it looks too obvious; secondly, it may be boring for your reader right from the start. Your first sentence should be a well-crafted hook. The topic of abortion worries many people, so it’s your chance to catch your audience’s attention with some facts or shocking figures.
• Do not make it too long. Your task here is to engage your audience and let them know what they are about to learn. The rest of the information will be disclosed in the main part. Nobody likes long introductions, so keep it short but informative.
• Pay due attention to the thesis statement. This is the central sentence of your introduction. A thesis statement in your abortion intro paragraph should show that you have a well-supported position and are ready to argue it. Therefore, it has to be strong and convey your idea as clearly as possible. We advise you to make several options for the thesis statement and choose the strongest one.

Hooks for an Abortion Essay

Writing a hook is a good way to catch the attention of your audience, as this is usually the first sentence in an essay. How to start an essay about abortion? You can begin with some shocking fact, question, statistics, or even a quote. However, always make sure that this piece is taken from a trusted resource.

Here are some examples of hooks you can use in your paper:

• As of July 1, 2022, 13 states banned abortion, depriving millions of women of control of their bodies.
• According to WHO, 125,000 abortions take place every day worldwide.
• Is abortion a woman’s right or a crime?
• Since 1994, more than 40 countries have liberalized their abortion laws.
• Around 48% of all abortions are unsafe, and 8% of them lead to women’s death.
• The right to an abortion is one of the reproductive and basic rights of a woman.
• Abortion is as old as the world itself – women have resorted to this method since ancient times.
• Only 60% of women in the world live in countries where pregnancy termination is allowed.

Body Paragraphs: Pros and Cons of Abortion

The body is the biggest part of your paper. Here, you have a chance to make your voice concerning the abortion issue heard. Not sure where to start? Facts about abortion pros and cons should give you a basic understanding of which direction to move in.

First things first, let’s review some brief tips for you on how to write the best essay body if you have already made up your mind.

Make a draft

It’s always a good idea to have a rough draft of your writing. Follow the outline and don’t bother with the word choice, grammar, or sentence structure much at first. You can polish it all later, as the initial draft will not likely be your final. You may see some omissions in your arguments, lack of factual basis, or repetitiveness that can be eliminated in the next versions.

Trust only reliable sources

This part of an essay includes loads of factual information, and you should be very careful with it. Otherwise, your paper may look unprofessional and cost you precious points. Never rely on sources like Wikipedia or tabloids – they lack veracity and preciseness.

Edit rigorously

It’s best to do it the next day after you finish writing so that you can spot even the smallest mistakes. Remember, this is the most important part of your paper, so it has to be flawless. You can also use editing tools like Grammarly.

Determine your weak points

Since you are writing an argumentative essay, your ideas should be backed up by strong facts so that you sound convincing. Sometimes it happens that one argument looks weaker than the other. Your task is to find it and strengthen it with more or better facts.

Add an opposing view

Sometimes, it’s not enough to present only one side of the discussion. Showing one of the common views from the opposing side might actually help you strengthen your main idea. Besides, making an attempt at refuting it with alternative facts can show your teacher or professor that you’ve researched and analyzed all viewpoints, not just the one you stand by.

If you have chosen a side but are struggling to find the arguments for or against it, we have complied abortion pro and cons list for you. You can use both sets if you are writing an abortion summary essay covering all the stances.

Why Should Abortion Be Legal

If you stick to the opinion that abortion is just a medical procedure, which should be a basic health care need for each woman, you will definitely want to write the pros of abortion essay. Here is some important information and a list of pros about abortion for you to use:

• Since the fetus is a set of cells – not an individual, it’s up to a pregnant woman to make a decision concerning her body. Only she can decide whether she wants to keep the pregnancy or have an abortion. The abortion ban is a violation of a woman’s right to have control over her own body.
• The fact that women and girls do not have access to effective contraception and safe abortion services has serious consequences for their own health and the health of their families.
• The criminalization of abortion usually leads to an increase in the number of clandestine abortions. Many years ago, fetuses were disposed of with improvised means, which included knitting needles and half-straightened metal hangers. 13% of women’s deaths are the result of unsafe abortions.
• Many women live in a difficult financial situation and cannot support their children financially. Having access to safe abortion takes this burden off their shoulders. This will also not decrease their quality of life as the birth and childcare would.
• In countries where abortion is prohibited, there is a phenomenon of abortion tourism to other countries where it can be done without obstacles. Giving access to this procedure can make the lives of women much easier.
• Women should not put their lives or health in danger because of the laws that were adopted by other people.
• Girls and women who do not have proper sex education may not understand pregnancy as a concept or determine that they are pregnant early on. Instead of educating them and giving them a choice, an abortion ban forces them to become mothers and expects them to be fit parents despite not knowing much about reproduction.
• There are women who have genetic disorders or severe mental health issues that will affect their children if they're born. Giving them an option to terminate ensures that there won't be a child with a low quality of life and that the woman will not have to suffer through pregnancy, birth, and raising a child with her condition.
• Being pro-choice is about the freedom to make decisions about your body so that women who are for termination can do it safely, and those who are against it can choose not to do it. It is an inclusive option that caters to everyone.
• Women and girls who were raped or abused by their partner, caregiver, or stranger and chose to terminate the pregnancy can now be imprisoned for longer than their abusers. This implies that the system values the life of a fetus with no or primitive brain function over the life of a living woman.
• People who lived in times when artificial termination of pregnancy was scarcely available remember clandestine abortions and how traumatic they were, not only for the physical but also for the mental health of women. Indeed, traditionally, in many countries, large families were a norm. However, the times have changed, and supervised abortion is a safe and accessible procedure these days. A ban on abortion will simply push humanity away from the achievements of the civilized world.

Types of abortion

There are 2 main types of abortions that can be performed at different pregnancy stages and for different reasons:

• Medical abortion. It is performed by taking a specially prescribed pill. It does not require any special manipulations and can even be done at home (however, after a doctor’s visit and under supervision). It is considered very safe and is usually done during the very first weeks of pregnancy.
• Surgical abortion. This is a medical operation that is done with the help of a suction tube. It then removes the fetus and any related material. Anesthesia is used for this procedure, and therefore, it can only be done in a hospital. The maximum time allowed for surgical abortion is determined in each country specifically.

Cases when abortion is needed

Center for Reproductive Rights singles out the following situations when abortion is required:

• When there is a risk to the life or physical/mental health of a pregnant woman.
• When a pregnant woman has social or economic reasons for it.
• Upon the woman's request.
• If a pregnant woman is mentally or cognitively disabled.
• In case of rape and/or incest.
• If there were congenital anomalies detected in the fetus.

Countries and their abortion laws

• Countries where abortion is legalized in any case: Australia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, etc.
• Countries where abortion is completely prohibited: Angola, Venezuela, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Oman, Paraguay, Palau, Jamaica, Laos, Haiti, Honduras, Andorra, Aruba, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Sierra Leone, Senegal, etc.
• Countries where abortion is allowed for medical reasons: Afghanistan, Israel, Argentina, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ghana, Israel, Morocco, Mexico, Bahamas, Central African Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Algeria, Monaco, Pakistan, Poland, etc. 
• Countries where abortion is allowed for both medical and socioeconomic reasons: England, India, Spain, Luxembourg, Japan, Finland, Taiwan, Zambia, Iceland, Fiji, Cyprus, Barbados, Belize, etc.

Why Abortion Should Be Banned

Essays against abortions are popular in educational institutions since we all know that many people – many minds. So if you don’t want to support this procedure in your essay, here are some facts that may help you to argument why abortion is wrong:

• Abortion at an early age is especially dangerous because a young woman with an unstable hormonal system may no longer be able to have children throughout her life. Termination of pregnancy disrupts the hormonal development of the body.
• Health complications caused by abortion can occur many years after the procedure. Even if a woman feels fine in the short run, the situation may change in the future.
• Abortion clearly has a negative effect on reproductive function. Artificial dilation of the cervix during an abortion leads to weak uterus tonus, which can cause a miscarriage during the next pregnancy.
• Evidence shows that surgical termination of pregnancy significantly increases the risk of breast cancer.
• In December 1996, the session of the Council of Europe on bioethics concluded that a fetus is considered a human being on the 14th day after conception.

You are free to use each of these arguments for essays against abortions. Remember that each claim should not be supported by emotions but by facts, figures, and so on.

Health complications after abortion

One way or another, abortion is extremely stressful for a woman’s body. Apart from that, it can even lead to various health problems in the future. You can also cover them in your cons of an abortion essay:

• Continuation of pregnancy. If the dose of the drug is calculated by the doctor in the wrong way, the pregnancy will progress.
• Uterine bleeding, which requires immediate surgical intervention.
• Severe nausea or even vomiting occurs as a result of a sharp change in the hormonal background.
• Severe stomach pain. Medical abortion causes miscarriage and, as a result, strong contractions of the uterus.
• High blood pressure and allergic reactions to medicines.
• Depression or other mental problems after a difficult procedure.

Abortion Essay Conclusion

After you have finished working on the previous sections of your paper, you will have to end it with a strong conclusion. The last impression is no less important than the first one. Here is how you can make it perfect in your conclusion paragraph on abortion:

• It should be concise. The conclusion cannot be as long as your essay body and should not add anything that cannot be derived from the main section. Reiterate the key ideas, combine some of them, and end the paragraph with something for the readers to think about.
• It cannot repeat already stated information. Restate your thesis statement in completely other words and summarize your main points. Do not repeat anything word for word – rephrase and shorten the information instead.
• It should include a call to action or a cliffhanger. Writing experts believe that a rhetorical question works really great for an argumentative essay. Another good strategy is to leave your readers with some curious ideas to ponder upon.

Abortion Facts for Essay

Abortion is a topic that concerns most modern women. Thousands of books, research papers, and articles on abortion are written across the world. Even though pregnancy termination has become much safer and less stigmatized with time, it still worries millions. What can you cover in your paper so that it can really stand out among others? You may want to add some shocking abortion statistics and facts:

• 40-50 million abortions are done in the world every year (approximately 125,000 per day).
• According to UN statistics, women have 25 million unsafe abortions each year. Most of them (97%) are performed in the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 14% of them are especially unsafe because they are done by people without any medical knowledge.
• Since 2017, the United States has shown the highest abortion rate in the last 30 years.
• The biggest number of abortion procedures happen in the countries where they are officially banned. The lowest rate is demonstrated in the countries with high income and free access to contraception.
• Women in low-income regions are three times more susceptible to unplanned pregnancies than those in developed countries.
• In Argentina, more than 38,000 women face dreadful health consequences after unsafe abortions.
• The highest teen abortion rates in the world are seen in 3 countries: England, Wales, and Sweden.
• Only 31% of teenagers decide to terminate their pregnancy. However, the rate of early pregnancies is getting lower each year.
• Approximately 13 million children are born to mothers under the age of 20 each year.
• 5% of women of reproductive age live in countries where abortions are prohibited.

We hope that this abortion information was useful for you, and you can use some of these facts for your own argumentative essay. If you find some additional facts, make sure that they are not manipulative and are taken from official medical resources.

Abortion Essay Topics

Do you feel like you are lost in the abundance of information? Don’t know what topic to choose among the thousands available online? Check our short list of the best abortion argumentative essay topics:

• Why should abortion be legalized essay
• Abortion: a murder or a basic human right?
• Why we should all support abortion rights
• Is the abortion ban in the US a good initiative?
• The moral aspect of teen abortions
• Can the abortion ban solve birth control problems?
• Should all countries allow abortion?
• What consequences can abortion have in the long run?
• Is denying abortion sexist?
• Why is abortion a human right?
• Are there any ethical implications of abortion?
• Do you consider abortion a crime?
• Should women face charges for terminating a pregnancy?

Want to come up with your own? Here is how to create good titles for abortion essays:

• Write down the first associations. It can be something that swirls around in your head and comes to the surface when you think about the topic. These won’t necessarily be well-written headlines, but each word or phrase can be the first link in the chain of ideas that leads you to the best option.
• Irony and puns are not always a good idea. Especially when it comes to such difficult topics as abortion. Therefore, in your efforts to be original, remain sensitive to the issue you want to discuss.
• Never make a quote as your headline. First, a wordy quote makes the headline long. Secondly, readers do not understand whose words are given in the headline. Therefore, it may confuse them right from the start. If you have found a great quote, you can use it as your hook, but don’t forget to mention its author.
• Try to briefly summarize what is said in the essay. What is the focus of your paper? If the essence of your argumentative essay can be reduced to one sentence, it can be used as a title, paraphrased, or shortened.
• Write your title after you have finished your text. Before you just start writing, you might not yet have a catchy phrase in mind to use as a title. Don’t let it keep you from working on your essay – it might come along as you write.

Abortion Essay Example

We know that it is always easier to learn from a good example. For this reason, our writing experts have complied a detailed abortion essay outline for you. For your convenience, we have created two options with different opinions.

Topic: Why should abortion be legal?

Introduction – hook + thesis statement + short background information

Essay hook: More than 59% of women in the world do not have access to safe abortions, which leads to dreading health consequences or even death.

Thesis statement: Since banning abortions does not decrease their rates but only makes them unsafe, it is not logical to ban abortions.

Body – each paragraph should be devoted to one argument

Argument 1: Woman’s body – women’s rules. + example: basic human rights.

Argument 2: Banning abortion will only lead to more women’s death. + example: cases of Polish women.

Argument 3: Only women should decide on abortion. + example: many abortion laws are made by male politicians who lack knowledge and first-hand experience in pregnancies.

Conclusion – restated thesis statement + generalized conclusive statements + cliffhanger

Restated thesis: The abortion ban makes pregnancy terminations unsafe without decreasing the number of abortions, making it dangerous for women.

Cliffhanger: After all, who are we to decide a woman’s fate?

Topic: Why should abortion be banned?

Essay hook: Each year, over 40 million new babies are never born because their mothers decide to have an abortion.

Thesis statement: Abortions on request should be banned because we cannot decide for the baby whether it should live or die.

Argument 1: A fetus is considered a person almost as soon as it is conceived. Killing it should be regarded as murder. + example: Abortion bans in countries such as Poland, Egypt, etc.

Argument 2: Interrupting a baby’s life is morally wrong. + example: The Bible, the session of the Council of Europe on bioethics decision in 1996, etc.

Argument 3: Abortion may put the reproductive health of a woman at risk. + example: negative consequences of abortion.

Restated thesis: Women should not be allowed to have abortions without serious reason because a baby’s life is as priceless as their own.

Cliffhanger: Why is killing an adult considered a crime while killing an unborn baby is not?

Examples of Essays on Abortion

There are many great abortion essays examples on the Web. You can easily find an argumentative essay on abortion in pdf and save it as an example. Many students and scholars upload their pieces to specialized websites so that others can read them and continue the discussion in their own texts.

In a free argumentative essay on abortion, you can look at the structure of the paper, choice of the arguments, depth of research, and so on. Reading scientific papers on abortion or essays of famous activists is also a good idea. Here are the works of famous authors discussing abortion.

A Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson

Published in 1971, this essay by an American philosopher considers the moral permissibility of abortion. It is considered the most debated and famous essay on this topic, and it’s definitely worth reading no matter what your stance is.

Abortion and Infanticide by Michael Tooley

It was written in 1972 by an American philosopher known for his work in the field of metaphysics. In this essay, the author considers whether fetuses and infants have the same rights. Even though this work is quite complex, it presents some really interesting ideas on the matter.

Some Biological Insights into Abortion by Garret Hardin

This article by American ecologist Garret Hardin, who had focused on the issue of overpopulation during his scholarly activities, presents some insights into abortion from a scientific point of view. He also touches on non-biological issues, such as moral and economic. This essay will be of great interest to those who support the pro-choice stance.

H4 Hidden in Plain View: An Overview of Abortion in Rural Illinois and Around the Globe by Heather McIlvaine-Newsad 

In this study, McIlvaine-Newsad has researched the phenomenon of abortion since prehistoric times. She also finds an obvious link between the rate of abortions and the specifics of each individual country. Overall, this scientific work published in 2014 is extremely interesting and useful for those who want to base their essay on factual information.

H4 Reproduction, Politics, and John Irving’s The Cider House Rules: Women’s Rights or “Fetal Rights”? by Helena Wahlström

In her article of 2013, Wahlström considers John Irving’s novel The Cider House Rules published in 1985 and is regarded as a revolutionary work for that time, as it acknowledges abortion mostly as a political problem. This article will be a great option for those who want to investigate the roots of the abortion debate.

FAQs On Abortion Argumentative Essay

• Is abortion immoral?

This question is impossible to answer correctly because each person independently determines their own moral framework. One group of people will say that abortion is a woman’s right because only she has power over her body and can make decisions about it. Another group will argue that the embryo is also a person and has the right to birth and life.

In general, the attitude towards abortion is determined based on the political and religious views of each person. Religious people generally believe that abortion is immoral because it is murder, while secular people see it as a normal medical procedure. For example, in the US, the ban on abortion was introduced in red states where the vast majority have conservative views, while blue liberal states do not support this law. Overall, it’s up to a person to decide whether they consider abortion immoral based on their own values and beliefs.

• Is abortion legal?

The answer to this question depends on the country in which you live. There are countries in which pregnancy termination is a common medical procedure and is performed at the woman's request. There are also states in which there must be a serious reason for abortion: medical, social, or economic. Finally, there are nations in which abortion is prohibited and criminalized. For example, in Jamaica, a woman can get life imprisonment for abortion, while in Kenya, a medical worker who volunteers to perform an abortion can be imprisoned for up to 14 years.

• Is abortion safe?

In general, modern medicine has reached such a level that abortion has become a common (albeit difficult from various points of view) medical procedure. There are several types of abortion, as well as many medical devices and means that ensure the maximum safety of the pregnancy termination. Like all other medical procedures, abortion can have various consequences and complications.

Abortions – whether safe or not - exist in all countries of the world. The thing is that more than half of them are dangerous because women have them in unsuitable conditions and without professional help. Only universal access to abortion in all parts of the world can make it absolutely safe. In such a case, it will be performed only after a thorough assessment and under the control of a medical professional who can mitigate the potential risks.

• How safe is abortion?

If we do not talk about the ethical side of the issue related to abortion, it still has some risks. In fact, any medical procedure has them to a greater or lesser extent.

The effectiveness of the safe method in a medical setting is 80-99%. An illegal abortion (for example, the one without special indications after 12 weeks) can lead to a patient’s death, and the person who performed it will be criminally liable in this case.

Doctors do not have universal advice for all pregnant women on whether it is worth making this decision or not. However, many of them still tend to believe that any contraception - even one that may have negative side effects - is better than abortion. That’s why spreading awareness on means of contraception and free access to it is vital.

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April 10, 2024

After being insulted, writing down your feelings on paper then getting rid of it reduces anger

• Anger management
• Graduate School of Informatics
• Nobuyuki Kawai
• Yuta Kanaya

A research group in Japan has discovered that writing down one's reaction to a negative incident on a piece of paper and then shredding it or throwing it away reduces feelings of anger.

“We expected that our method would suppress anger to some extent,” lead researcher Nobuyuki Kawai said. “However, we were amazed that anger was eliminated almost entirely.”

This research is important because controlling anger at home and in the workplace can reduce negative consequences in our jobs and personal lives. Unfortunately, many anger management techniques proposed by specialists lack empirical research support. They can also be difficult to recall when angry. 

The results of this study, published in Scientific Reports , are the culmination of years of previous research on the association between the written word and anger reduction. It builds on work showing how interactions with physical objects can control a person’s mood.

For their project, Kawai and his graduate student Yuta Kanaya, both at the Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, asked participants to write brief opinions about important social problems, such as whether smoking in public should be outlawed. They then told them that a doctoral student at Nagoya University would evaluate their writing. 

However, the doctoral students doing the evaluation were plants. Regardless of what the participants wrote, the evaluators scored them low on intelligence, interest, friendliness, logic, and rationality. To really drive home the point, the doctoral students also wrote the same insulting comment: “I cannot believe an educated person would think like this. I hope this person learns something while at the university”. 

After handing out these negative comments, the researchers asked the participants to write their thoughts on the feedback, focusing on what triggered their emotions. Finally, one group of participants was told to either dispose of the paper they wrote in a trash can or keep it in a file on their desk. A second group was told to destroy the document in a shredder or put it in a plastic box. 

The students were then asked to rate their anger after the insult and after either disposing of or keeping the paper. As expected, all participants reported a higher level of anger after receiving insulting comments. However, the anger levels of the individuals who discarded their paper in the trash can or shredded it returned to their initial state after disposing of the paper. Meanwhile, the participants who held on to a hard copy of the insult experienced only a small decrease in their overall anger. 

Kawai imagines using his research to help businesspeople who find themselves in stressful situations. “This technique could be applied in the moment by writing down the source of anger as if taking a memo and then throwing it away when one feels angry in a business situation,” he explained. 

Along with its practical benefits, this discovery may shed light on the origins of the Japanese cultural tradition known as hakidashisara (hakidashi refers to the purging or spitting out of something, and sara refers to a dish or plate) at the Hiyoshi shrine in Kiyosu, Aichi Prefecture, just outside of Nagoya. Hakidashisara is an annual festival where people smash small discs representing things that make them angry. Their findings may explain the feeling of relief that participants report after leaving the festival.

The study, “Anger is eliminated with the disposal of a paper written because of provocation,” was published in Scientific Reports on April 9, 2024, at DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57916-z .

Yuta Kanaya, Nobuyuki Kawai

Media Contact:

Matthew Coslett

International Communications Office, Nagoya University

Email: [email protected]

Top image: Physically disposing of a piece of paper containing your angry thoughts in a shredder (left) effectively neutralizes the anger, whereas putting it in a plastic box (right) does not. credit: Photos by Yuta KANAYA

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