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198 Public Administration Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best public administration topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on public administration, 📌 most interesting public administration topics to write about, ⭐ simple & easy public administration essay titles, 📑 good research topics about public administration, ❓ public administration essay questions.

Public Administration Theories as Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor The reason scientific management became so popular amongst the managers was that this theory was able to answer the question on how to increase productivity by reducing the labor force which was consuming most of […]
Benefits and Problems Associated With New Public Management to Public Administration in Relation to Policies The attempts of NPM to renovate the public sector through the use of managerial reforms that stress on improved productivity with regards to significance, quality of service offered to the public and efficiency does not […] We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
Planning for Public Administration It is accorded dominance with the reason that it is the first role that is performed and its outcomes are the plans that dole out as the direct for the actions of staff members.
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline As an academic discipline, public administration refers to the study of the development and implementation of such policies with the aim of enabling scholars to understand and apply such knowledge to their daily undertakings in […]
Contributions of Max Weber’s Bureaucracy to Public Administration It will be argued in the discussion that the approach is characterized by hierarchical distribution of power and authority in both public and private sector organizations.
Why Study Public Administration? However, in order to qualify to be a public administrator in most senior posts in the government, one must possess a minimum of a master’s degree in public administration or business administration. In some cases, […]
Public Administration Ethical Dilemma and Theories Smith should take the responsibility of ensuring that the needs of the majority are upheld since the welfare of the community, and the organization is of importance.
Diversity in Public Administration The following are the specific questions that the researcher seeks to answer through this study: How does a lack of diversity play a role in limited representation in public administration in the country?
Public Administration: The Ethical Challenges This case study of craftsmanship inspects the ethical implication of integrating the same principles of cultivating virtue and embracing collective values.
Public Administration and Administrative Law The laws of the land define boundaries in which public administrators offer guidance, as well as the roles of the citizens in the decision making process.
Public Administration: Functions, Problems, and Educational Requirements With the help of such definition, it is not that difficult to identify the functions of public administration and clear up what the role of attorneys and prosecutors for society are.
Public Administration: Inferential Statistics RQ2: What is the effect of rule-following leadership on PSM and employee performance? RQ3: What is the effect of political loyalty leadership on PSM and employee performance?
New Technologies and Globalization: Public Administration The continual growth and implementation of e-government and especially e-democracy has proven to be instrumental in governance in the current age.
Disciplines of Public Administration and Public Policy Kettl and Fessler, note that public administration is a secondary field branching from the discipline of political science One of the major reasons for creating a separate discipline of public administration and graduate schools of […]
Public Administration It is worth noting that such government operations determine the extent of success of the plans put in place to meet the needs of the public.
Public Administration in the United States When the government is involved directly, it employs public members to serve as employees for the benefit of the general population, while indirect involvement of the government would be when the government hires private contractors […]
Culture and Public Administration Relationship in Canada Organizations in Canada can be characterized as ones who base their development on the principles not of the strong hierarchy and centralization, but on the possibilities for the communication and interaction on all the levels […]
Centralia Mine Disaster and Public Administration Failure Scanlan, who was the district inspector at the time, identified the hazards surrounding the coal mines and reported his findings about a possible explosion to other relevant professionals. Scanlan should not have taken heed to […]
Implementation of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion in Public Administration In public administration, the term diversity, equity, and inclusion refers to programs and policies which encourage the participation and representation of distinct groups of people by considering the inclusion of distinct races, religion, age, culture, […]
Public Administration Study: Research Methodology Hypothesis two would be: some sections of the government Laws are not clear to allow non-profit organizations participation in the policy-making process.
Ethics in Public Administration The most convincing argument that proves that the new public management model does not pose a direct threat to the integrity of organizations deals with corruption.
Public Administration: Unemployment Economic Impact The “official” unemployment rate is released by the U. S government is not a correct reflection of the actual state of unemployment in the nation.
Professionalism and Ethics in Public Administration It is important to note that not always the practice of public administration focus on profits but the good of the public is always a mandatory interest of the practitioners of public administration.
Effective Public Administration Personnel Public administration is concerned with the implementation of government policies and management of the behavior of non-elected officials before they are inaugurated to work in the public service.
The Contributions of Anthony Downs’ “The Inside of Bureaucracy” to Public Administration Bureau-Structure goals: entails the values of officials with regard to the design of constitution of the bureaus to which the officials belong4.
Public Administration Theories and Approaches Any profession can be related to public administration in case it is associated with the provision of public services and networking.
Public Personnel Administration’s Legal Challenges A credit is given to the public in the current society that has raised the bar for policymakers to perform a high level of productivity and quick actions in the public administration.
Ethics in Public Administration: Case 2 – Paul’s Scenario Only combining the three traditional ethical approaches and acting in accordance to the ethics triangle, the mayor could achieve the greatest good for the greater number.
Public Administration: The Rational Model Consequently, it leads to the limitation of the scientific and societal views on the role and character of the individual in society to their industrial function and the connivance of their rights and freedoms in […]
Problems in Public Administration The described case reveals the significant demerit in the system of public administration, as the scheme of rank transfer is absolutely incomplete, as the reconfirmation and the appointment of the other person on the heading […]
Ethics in Public Administration: Duncan Hunter’s Case Misuse of public funds due to personal and greedy intentions at the expense of the society that has entrusted you as a public administrator or a representative is a move that contradicts administration ethics.
The U.S. Researched Public Administration Case Study It is essential to note that social inequity, in particular, challenges the ethical values and moral code of residents of the United States and the entire planet from the point of view of discrimination and […]
Public Administration in Denmark The overarching goal of the digitalization process described in the case study was to improve the communication among the vital stakeholders, directly connecting politicians and citizens.
Pro-Social Rule-Breaking in Public Administration This paper, therefore, discusses pro-social rule-breaking, when it is ethical for public administrators to dissent, and some of the problems it might cause.
Public Administration: Theory and Practice To avoid mistakes and differences of opinion, the application of adequate theoretical and practical methods is an essential attribute of successful work. The relevance of administration in the public sphere is due to a number […]
The Standard Deviation in Public Administration The standard deviation is the measure of dispersion that indicates the closeness of the data cluster to the mean. In general, it is defined as “the number of standard deviations a score of interest lies […]
Forum: The Future of Public Administration Despite changes to labor costs and protections, it is fair to anticipate governmental agencies in the U.S.to be model employers. Therefore, despite extra expenses and changes to protections, expecting agencies in the U.S.government system to […]
Public Administration Challenges and Societal Changes A societal change in the quality of life is most likely to happen, and the public administration’s task is to strengthen socially significant development.
Gender Discrimination in Public Administration The subject of the dispute and the statement of claim was the vacancy of a traffic controller, which was initially offered to Johnson, but then, as part of the program, the place was given to […]
How Political Ideas Impact Public Administration The government and its citizens uphold the rule of law; therefore, everybody is equally accountable to the country’s laws as outlined in the constitution.
Improving Public Administration in the US In contrast to NPR, the main focus of this research is on social issues and a general retrospective on the long-lasting consequences of the crisis at the beginning of the 21st century.
Evaluation of Agency’s Public Personnel Administration It is intended to maintain the competitive employment marketplace, prevent violation of the mentioned provisions, and ensure that HR professionals are in the best position to comply with the hiring practices of a particular company.
Non-Profit Organizations and Public Administration However, by involving non-profit organizations in the public administration system, the government aims to reduce its visible participation in the scopes of economics and politics. However, it results in corruption and various manipulations due to […]
Public Administration in the Progressive Era In the context of this video lies the idea that progressives fought for the rights of certain groups of people who were once deprived of them, the struggle for justice and for the eradication of […]
Public Administration: Presenting the Future of Healthcare In the U.S. the administrative political system has one of the highest numbers of veto points, which combined with ideology makes healthcare policy exceptionally slow.
“Repositioning American Public Administration?” by Durant & Ali First of all, Durant and Ali make two major points about the American public administration system: that it was designed in a way that facilitates estrangement in the early 20th century and that later attempts […]
Durant & Ali’s “Repositioning American Public Administration?” One of the strongest points in the article is the authors’ intentions to describe the tendencies, but not to demonstrate their own opinions and attitudes to the approaches.
Popularity of Quantitative Methods in Public Administration For investigation of the attitude of the respondents to the educational reforms, it is necessary to include different types of questions into the list to be answered.
Structure of Public Administration After the elections, vested interests resume control of the government, greatly reducing the number of policies passed with the interest of the electorate.
United Arab Emirate Education: Public Administration Challenges The United Nations is trying to address the issue of Higher Education provision in the United Arab Emirates. To meet this issue perfectly, a simultaneous approach is necessary to identify and address relevant issues within […]
Ethics in Public Administration: Company vs. City The interested list in the Woodbee development plan is the people who are the residents who will be the major beneficiary of the jobs created by the company.
Leadership Evolution in Public Administration The economic power of the empire was strengthened through control of most of the land; which acted as isthmus connecting two continents providing a strategic geographical position for trade; making him an icon of religion […]
Public Administration Role in Developing Countries: Mozambique The article has been keen to mention that, today, it is the overall duty for all the economists, accountants and even the dealing with public administration, especially with debt management and forecasting to come up […]
The Impact of Political and Economic Forces on Public Program Administration Political forces are the pressure groups that constitute the different organizations that are involved in the agreement and transactions of the political affairs of the society in question; personalities that participate in the running of […]
Public Administration and Bureaucracy Three decades ago, political theories of political control of bureaucracy underwent complete transformation; shifting from the paradigm that emphasizes the extreme difficulty with which electoral institutions have in controlling the massive powers of the federal […]
Public Administration Activity: Nation Building This paper will therefore discuss the process of nation building in countries and the consequences faced by the countries where nation building is not a success.
The Public Administration Evaluation Process Second, the rising awareness of the ‘human feature’ of administration is an area of interest in public administration because the administration is concerned with the behaviors of people in the public environment and the psychology […]
Participatory Approach of Public Administration Through Social Media in the UAE The present report outlines the major components of a proposed study on the current state of social media integration in the public sector of the United Arab Emirates and the evaluation of their actual and […]
Budgeting, Public Administration and Social Security The amount of resources available to any individual organization is finite, which calls for financial management and budgeting activities. The functions of budgeting in these organizations are as follows: Prioritization and allocation of available financial […]
Public Administration Definition Some of the views can still be reconciled; for instance, it is claimed that public administration is primarily related to the executive branch of government, at the same time being related to the other two.
Public Administration and Core Values The author has organized his paper as a set of questions that seek to address this matter in a comprehensible way.
Public Administration and Emerging Problems While sharing a meal with the Canadian Prime Minister and other guests, he spots the Prime Minister eating a camembert cheese and uses that to criticize the role of the Minister of health in intending […]
Political Regimes and Public Administration in Canada The better parts of the legislatures are inflexible but permit very little flexibility from the prevailing regime sources such as the military and churches.
Public Administration Ethical Issues: Fire Service In the course of the investigation, we come to the conclusion that regardless of the fact that the fire departments work and the public of administration are given significant attention, there are still such problems […]
Public Administration Reforms in the United Arab Emirates From the standpoint of public administration, the adoption of e-government is now an inevitable and unquestioned objective because it signifies a shift towards a new, customer-oriented management paradigm and has the goal of reducing costs […]
Ethica Behavior and Trust in Public Administration The hierarchy of ethics refers to a set of principles that govern decision-making and operations in the public sector. The administrators have to guarantee that they safeguard public property and exercise their powers in line […]
Non-Profit and Public Administration Organizations The following literature review explores the evidence of the relevance of the approach for non-profit and public administration organizations, reviews the current methods of assessment, looks into the role of IT as a factor, and […]
Recreation Zones and Public Administration Issues The recreation and parks department, the functions of which the committee is going to limit, should be defended by the public. I guess that people should not be deprived of the opportunity to participate in […]
Public Administration: Reducing the Number of Prison Inmates Therefore, there is an urgent need to consider the adoption of the strategies that will help reduce the overcrowding rates so that the threats associated with the phenomenon ) could be avoided successfully.
Government’s Role in Healthcare Financing: Public Health Financing and Administration The paper discusses the historical background of healthcare financing and the roles of the government in allocating resources. The role of the government comes in to redistribute resources carefully to balance the economic and social […]
Public Administration Model in the UAE It can be assumed that the current situation concerning the threat of a culture clash and the assimilation of the UAE people to the European and American cultural standards represents the major hindrance to the […]
Public Administration Theories in the UAE Context Public administration theories and claims that are important to be discussed in the context of the development of the public sector in the U.A.E.are associated with privatisation or contracting out and with the improvement of […]
Public Administration: Bertelli’s and Riggs’ Views In this kind of oversight, members of the public, the media and other interest groups ensure that elected officials offer desirable services by constantly reporting on elements of their performance that do not meet expectations.
The UAE’s Public Administration System The UAE is one of the most developed countries of the East that is why it is possible to analyze it.
Culture Clash in the UAE’s Public Administration In other words, an impressive culture clash can be observed within the realm of the UAE public administration and is to be resolved as soon as possible so that the residents of the state could […]
Legal Change in Public Safety Administration In 1970, the Congress enacted the Clean Air Act as the first significant federal environmental laws to ensure clean air. The law allows the Environmental Protection Agency to introduce the National Ambient Air Quality Standards […]
William Deming’s Contribution to Public Administration A significant argument made by Deming was that “85% of the problem is in the system and 15% in the people”.
Public Administration: Community Projects When the government came to renovate the community project, none of the community members was involved in the renovation process. Government’s failure to involve community members in the renovation process led to building a facility […]
Public Administration: Union Gospel Mission Apart from collecting donations from well-wishers and churches to feed, cloth and provide shelter for thousands of the poor people, the Union Gospel Mission of Vancouver’s program can be redesigned in such a way that […]
Public Administration: Fire Department in America Through the modernization of fire-fighting equipment and the emerging need to have state-funded firefighting departments, Boston emerged as the first city in America to have a state-funded firefighting department.
Public Administration: National Park Service The rangers of all times had the same basic functions and purposes to protect and patrol the lands belonging to their country. The task of the National Park Service is to preserve the beauty of […]
Public Administration: Homeless in Phoenix Various models have been adopted to eradicate the problem, but the general formula to control the issue has been through the exclusion of the homeless from the main city as lepers into the territorial confinement […]
Public Administration Theories The most important theories in the field of Public Administration have their foundation in the areas of bureaucracy as well as epistemological issues related to the academic and profession in the public service.
Public Administration in Theory Public administration theorists noted that it was crucial to analyze a variety of aspects to be able to come up with effective strategies to make the government effective.
Public Administration Operations The state legislature merit program is an effective approach to allocating awards; this means that the terms of allocating the awards should be specific when outlining the criteria for those who qualify for the merit […]
Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance The focus of public administration on adoption of mechanisms for ensuring that government is accountable to the client underlines the change of public administration systems from being bureaucratic.
Public Administration Issue: Police Brutality The trend is ongoing and is not expected to end any time soon because of the social structure and the culture that does not value the contributions of minorities and people of color.
Public Administration: Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky and Herbert Kaufman It is necessary to point out that Downs contributed greatly to the development of the public administration theory as he revealed major stages of bureaus existence.
Public Administration: Solutions for a Crisis Situation The use of this approach could be beneficial for the department in question as it would lead to the necessary change and creation of the appropriate atmosphere.
Period of Change for the US Public Administration To sum up, it is possible to note that Katz and Kahn were some of the most influential theorists of public administration in the 1960-1970s.
Development of the Theory of Public Administration He noted that it was essential to analyze the process of decision-making to enable public administrators to function effectively. It was acknowledged that public administrators needed motivation and leadership to ensure effective work of the […]
Post-War Public Administration Theorists Post-war period can be regarded as the time when theorists of public administration rejected scientific methods and strategies to enhance effectiveness of the US government. The theorist noted that business management can be used in […]
Theories of Public Administration Essay In the middle of the twentieth century, sociologists and theorists of public administration focused on imperfections of the government. Maslow contributed greatly to the development of public administration.
Public Administration Between the 1930s and 1950s One of the most significant theorists that contributed greatly to the development of the field of public administration was Luther Gulick.
Weekly Journal: Public Administration Thus, Wilson, Goodnow, Addams and Taylor are some of the most influential theorists who made a profound contribution to the development of the public administration.
Accountability in Public Administration A consideration is also given to discuss the people whom public officials are accountable to, and the most effective means of ensuring a balance between the demands for accountability and the need to have high-performing […]
Public Administration Policies The response of public administration to the various social needs of the government has been effective, but what emerges from analysis of the concept of public administration is that choice of particular public policy is […]
Public Administration: Government and Governance The three arms of the government have the responsibility of managing the affairs of the country. The main aim of the three arms of the government is to offer checks and balances to avoid cases […]
Communication in Public Administration System The channels used in communication process in the public administration system vary depending on the total number of population it connects to the information flow character. The process of managing communication in public administration has […]
Public Administration: Conceptual Study The Philadelphia Municipal Wireless Network is a perfect example of the initiative that involves ‘collaborative public management’ with the interest of the public, private sector and the economy as a whole to benefit.
DOD Policy on Social Media Concerning Military Members and Government Public Administration In the current era of digital technology, the government has a duty of ensuring that the department of defense policy on social media addresses the use of invented technologies of communication within and outside the […]
Public Administration and E-Government The shift towards e-government has altered the structure of governments, the mode of government information transmission and decision making processes. Through benefits associated with e-governments; better, reliable, accurate and timely information and communication is spread […]
Theory Critique of Bureaucratic Politics on Public Administration and Public Policy: Rational choice theory In the rational voting model, voters with social preferences, it is argued that the expected utility of voting is independent of the size of the electorate.
Public Administration as an Interdisciplinary Field: Assessing Its Relationship With the Fields of Law, Management, and Political Science Bradley Wright, the author the article, provides both theoretical and practical views on the discussed issues to understand the influence of other disciplines on public administration.
Article Synopsys on Public Administration In the article, the author presents a well-planned presentation of arguments and approaches used to assert the validity and reliability of facts.
Summary of Article on Public Administration The work in question is a theoretical analysis of problems in the sphere of public administration dedicated to the problems of morality and ethics.
The American Review of Public Administration Early childhood education is the epicenter of the analysis, with the active integration of third parties in the public platform being one of the major emphases.
Review on the Discipline of Public Administration The objective of this research paper is to describe the rationale of creating a separate discipline of public administration and the creation of graduate schools of public policy, whether public administrators should matriculate in a […]
Issue on Public Administration; Social Equity The higher the economic gap among the people the lower is the country in terms of development. On the other hand, the smaller the gap among the people the higher is the level of development.
New Public Management Can Be Considered to Be Both a Panacea and a Plague to Public Administration A major reason for the decline of NPM is that these practices were entirely brought to public sector without a clear understanding of differences that exist in public and private sectors. To begin with there […]
Public Administration in America: Grants to Help Homeless In an effort to solve the homelessness issue, the municipal council of the city in conjunction with other governmental and non-governmental agencies concerned had the goal of eliminating homelessness in the city by the year […]
Public Administration and Private Business There is an argument that the main aim of public administration is to enact public policies while the aim of private business is to ensure that owners and shareholders increase their wealth and net worth.
Public Administration Officers This means that public should not use their authority to oppress people but instead they should use it for the betterment of the public.
The Constitution in Public Administration: A Report on Education The constitution should be the overall law that governs issues and management of public institutions; in some instances, the constitution may have some bureaucracy that hinders efficiency among public administrators however it is normative that […]
Introduction of Information Technology to Canadian Public Administration At this stage, the director of information technology is to introduce the information system technology as a new concept to the city.
Introduction to Canadian Public Administration: Solving the Current Issues and Improving the System Clockwork To start with, it is doubtful that one can handle the responsibilities of both the Merit Commissioner and the PSERC Commissioner.
Public Policy Administration in Modern Society Public policy administration can be defined as “the implementation of government policies, based on the expert analysis and the resolution of specific issues that generally have far-reaching impact on the citizens who live under the […]
‘The Etiology of Administrative Evil: Eric Voegelin and the Unconsciousness of Modernity’, in American Review of Public Administration, vol.31, no.3, September, 2001, pp.296-312. In this, the importance of Voegelin’s work, is given suitable merit, and more than this, in presenting his ideas alongside similar ethical and philosophical approaches, the author, does strengthen the arguments for broadening and deepening […]
Traditional Public Administration vs. The New Public Management: Accountability vs. Efficiency
Cloud Computing and Public Administration
What Challenges Does the Traditional Public Administration Encounter in a Changing Public Sector Environment?
Democracy and Public Administration
The Importance of Ethics in Public Administration
Cooperation Between the Public Administration and Commercial Institutions
Urban Planning and Public Administration
Business Administration vs Public Administration: Similarities and Differences
The US New Public Administration
Key Figures in the History of Public Administration
Challenges of Modern Public Administration and Ethical Decision-Making
Effective Public Administration for a Mid-Sized Space Power: Comparison of Canada and the United States
The Big Questions Facing Public Administration
War and the Effects on Public Administration and Its Agencies
Bulgarian Public Administration Facing the Challenges of the Expanding European Administrative Space
Web and Social Media: A New Opportunity for the Public Administration in the Relationship With the Citizen
Computerization, Accounting Transparency and Competitiveness of Public Administration
Human Resource Reforms in Public Administration
The Role of Diversity in Public Administration
Establishment Size, Public Administration and Government Wage Differentials
Public Administration in America
Improvement of Public Administration Based on Human Rights
Local Public Administration Reform: The Romanian Case
Democracy, Human Rights and Public Administration
Psychosocial Issues in Public Administration
Contrasting Public Administration With New Public Management
Academic Goals and Interest in Public Administration
Significant Issues Within Public Administration
Enhancing the Capacity for Innovation of Public Administration
Development Through Positive Deviance and Its Implications for Economic Policy Making and Public Administration in Africa
Good Union and Public Administration
Implementing Meritocracy in Senior Public Administration
Leadership Within Public Administration
Public Administration in a Global Context: Bridging the Gaps of Theory and Practice Between Western and Non-Western Nations
Theories and Concepts of Public Administration
Human Resource Management in Public Administration: Key Challenges
New Technologies and Globalization: Public Administration
Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration Concepts and Cases
Communication and Public Administration
Public Administration vs Management: What Is the Difference?
Inclusion and Diversity in Public Administration
Comparative Public Administration and Globalization
Local Law Enforcement and Public Administration
Economics and Public Administration
Codes of Ethics and Public Administration
The Reassessment of the Traditional Approach of Auditing Within Public Administration
Budgeting and Public Administration
Institutional Communication and Organizational Culture in Romanian Public Administration
Strategic Management in Public Administration
Public Administration vs. Political Science
What Is the Era of Challenge in Public Administration?
How Far Henri Fayol’s Principle of Management Is Relevant to Contemporary Public Administration?
What Is the New Role of Public Administration in Modern Society?
Is Public Administration an Art or Science?
What Are the Traditional Approaches to Public Administration?
How Are the Principles of Public Administration of Kautilya’s Arthashashtra Relevant in Modern Public Administration?
What Are the Differences Between Traditional Public Administration and New Public Management?
How Do Politics Affect Public Administration?
What Are the Key Concepts of Ethics in Public Administration?
Why Is Public Administration Important in Developing Countries?
Could Public Administration Ever Be Totally Separate From Politics?
What Are the Core Values of Public Administration?
How Is Philosophy Related to Public Administration?
What Is the Most Important Function of Public Administration?
How Does Public Administration Borrow Ideas From Other Disciplines?
What Are the Stages in the Evolution of Public Administration?
How Could Electronics and Communication Engineering Be Useful in Public Administration?
Why Is Emotional Intelligence Important in Public Administration?
What Are the Principles of Successful Public Administration?
How Is Business Administration Different From Public Administration?
What Is the Role of the Public Administration in Public Policy?
What Is the Golden Era of Public Administration?
How Is Public Administration Associated With Science?
Which Is the Oldest Approach in Public Administration?
What Is the Behavioral Approach in Public Administration?
How Is International Public Administration Related to Domestic Public Administration?
What Is the Role of Public Administration in Bureaucracy?
Who Is the Father of Public Administration?
How Is Social Psychology Relevant to Public Administration?
What Is the Relationship Between Public Administration and Sociology?
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What Is Public Administration? Essay Example

The concept of public administration, street-level bureaucracy & public administration, decision making in public service, public administration essay conclusion, public administration faq.

Many concepts have more than one definition, and public administration is no exception. Firstly, it is the implementation of government policy. Secondly, it is an academic discipline focused on studying it. By the way, public service is quite an attractive perspective for many students. Those going to become civil servants might have Public Administration as their major at school.

One of the first definitions of the concept appeared in 1947. The phrasing was: “public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action”. It is not very easy to understand and does not seem exhaustive. Thus, many other variants appeared.

This public instrument is an integral component of a democratic society. It is connected with the concepts of liberty, justice, economic opportunities, etc. Public organizations need to influence the government to balance different sources of power.

The concept of public administration deals with the principles of societal structure. Any example of it deals with the relationships between government and society. It is easier to explain the concept when we look at the cases.

Public administration is essential for any society. The government’s success in meeting the needs of the community depends on how well it functions. The so-called “street-level bureaucracy” is one of the main problems in that aspect.

Street-level bureaucracy denotes a complex of agencies or other institutions where the civil servants are in contact with the general public. Street-level civil servants promote governmental decisions, spread ideas, and so on. The areas of their influence may vary from safety and security to education.

Street-level bureaucrats are directly connected with the concept of public administration. Both typically face several challenges:

Inadequate resources. Their available resources are chronically deficient for the tasks they need to perform. The fact manifests itself in various forms. One of them is the inadequacy of financing. There may also be too many entities that each street bureaucrat needs to deal with. Perhaps the lack of experience or training might be another challenge.
Constantly increasing demand. There should always be an increasing number of specialists to ensure a consistent provision of the services.
Unclear or controversial expectations. The goals of the government and managers are sometimes ambiguous or even contradictory.
Performance measurement problems. It is often difficult or impossible to measure the efficiency of the services. The bureaucracy at the street level deals with ambiguity in terms of efficiency.
Problematic clients. Very often, street-level bureaucrats do not choose their clients or recipients of services. There is always a goal that the organization must achieve. Street-level bureaucrats need to adapt to such purposes and act accordingly.

Thus, there is a direct connection between public administration and street-level bureaucracy. Both concepts play vital roles in society.

Decision making in any sphere is a complicated process. In public service, there is a high level of responsibility. Every decision may affect large groups of people. There are many challenging points in decision making in public service.

For example, public administration servants might face a lack of clarity or conflict regarding goals. Decision making is difficult when there are numerous parties involved.

Decision making in public service should also be as objective as possible. There are voting sessions in various committees that help reach the objectiveness. However, if a suggestion gets 50% of votes among street-level bureaucrats, how should this be interpreted? Is a minor preponderance of votes enough to accept a proposal?

The sphere implies a focus on societal needs. Sometimes the needs of the target population differ from the common societal ones. In such cases, public administration specialists need to find a balance between those interests.

Bureaucrats at street level need to take into consideration many factors. In some cases, it might be challenging to figure out what to do. It is especially true if the decision regards a long-term perspective.

Any public service organization has an established pattern for effective decision-making. Such models might involve many formalities. As a result, the process might be extremely time-consuming.

Moreover, public service bureaucrats work under the constant pressure of people’s opinions. Some members of the public are dissatisfied with whatever the bureaucrats decide.

Despite these difficulties, the bureaucracy makes countless decisions daily. The indicators for assessing those decisions are numerous. If a decision does not stand the test of time, it should probably be changed. It is not enough to make a decision once. One of the objectives in public administrations is to correct the course of action.

Public administration is a vital component of democratic governance structures. Any essay about public service provides numerous supporting arguments. If it were not for public administration, it would be impossible to meet the society’s needs.

Some of the challenges of public administration are inadequate resources, continually increasing demand for such services, controversial goals, and expectations, etc. Street-level bureaucrats need to find a balance between various interests and requirements.

There is a complex structure of organizations in public administration. What they all have in common is an aim to meet the needs of the public. They need to work in agreement with each other and the overall direction of the government.

Different organizations participate in public administration. Each entity has its pattern for the decision-making process. That process is often time-consuming and challenging. Moreover, decisions need to pass the test of time. Otherwise, the course of action should be modified.

What is the example of public administration?

These days, the issues that public administrators face are as broad as the populations they serve. Public administration essays provide numerous examples of jobs in the sphere. They include budget analyst, urban and regional planner, emergency management director, public utilities specialist, social and community service manager. All these positions feature different responsibilities.

What is public administration and its importance?

“What is public administration?” is a popular essay topic. Public administration is a broad field dealing with various administrative services. The latter help to build and strengthen society. This includes a wide variety of jobs. Public administrators have numerous functions. However, they all have the aim of meeting the needs of community.

What are the types of public administration?

There are countless public administration research papers. They provide various classifications of public administration types. It is typical to divide all related jobs into political executives, desktop administrators, professionals, and street-level bureaucrats. Altogether, they constitute a complex administrative structure. Such division helps achieve the goals related to public well-being.

What are the objectives of public administration?

The main objective is the well-being of people. Public administration goals vary greatly depending on the exact positions. Public administration jobs include such roles as budget analyst, emergency management director, community service manager, etc. Every specialist has specific objectives under their responsibilities. The overall purpose, however, is to meet the needs of society.

What are the important areas of public administration?

he area of public administration is multidisciplinary. Some of the essential areas deal with human resources, statistics, budgeting, and ethics. The jobs in this sphere include urban and regional planning, social and community service management, etc. All specialists of those areas participate in the process of creating the “living” democracy.

What Is Public Administration? UNC School of Government

Government and Public Administration: Minnesota State CareerWise

Government and Public Administration Job Descriptions: Oxbridge Academy

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195 Public Administration Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

1. introduction.

The subject of public administration, as a political process, has always been the focus of politicians and scientists throughout the world. Over time, the term "public administration" has been misinterpreted with different happenings and changes in society. Today, a variety of definitions are used to describe the purpose and functions of public administration in modern life. Public administration is a vital feature of civilized societies and so, it impacts more or less all the sections of society. Modern societies need to have public administration in order to function properly. It is a field of study and also an independent discipline. Public administration is categorized into two: 1. The official or classical public administration and 2. The new public administration. In the modern world, public administration is being accepted as a developed and a separate field of study. This is due to the inevitable necessity to deal with the economic and even social changes that continually affect modern societies. Political scientists, linguists, philosophers, and also economists are all attracted to this developing field of study and they are making use of their specialized knowledge to understand public administration from different points of view. Due to the continuous involvement and interrelation of these specialized fields, the scope of public administration is growing every day. The globalization trend and the digitalization of the world have created a vast opportunity towards the growth of this developing field of study. For instance, the integration of the different technological and modern tools in public administration is a common practice nowadays. However, there are also critics and many say that public administration is losing its own identity as a field of study by integrating with other disciplines. Public administration has become the machinery for formulating and directing the management of a growing and complex society. It generally studies the preparation that government have to do and also how to organize the activities and foster the conditions for creation and maintenance of satisfactory collective order. It is an aspect especially contemporary in relation to quality of life are improved. Public administration performs the work of upholding and implementing the order. Dynamic modern helps support administrative executive.

1.1 Definition of Public Administration

Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for this work. It is widely considered to be the most efficient way to organize a group of people in a society and to help them achieve common goals. In public administration, a civil servant or a public administrator is a person who works for the government and exercises the powers of the government in the areas in which they are entitled to act. As an activity, public administration is generally referred to as the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy. This definition highlights the variety of the people working in public administration, as it includes all government employees from the highest levels of the political world, such as a member of the Congress, to the lowest-level worker who helps keep the streets or the parks clean. Also, this definition incorporates the various different jobs that a person working in public administration might hold, from elected positions which may have high levels of local, national and even international policy influence, to career civil services, to non-profit workers and others who work with the public, attempting to advance certain types of agendas, to people who may work in organizations such as the United Nations and focus on more communal global issues. Lastly, this definition allows for a possible distinction between the more top-down type of management that is often associated with high-level policy workers and elected officials and the more sort of street-level type of work that can be done, by the DMV for example, in order to ensure that services are properly provided to those who would seek them. All of these different types of public workers have taken it upon themselves to be responsible for the advancement of some type of public cause or for promoting the general good and, in all of these aspects, to make people's lives better.

1.2 Importance of Public Administration in Society

Public administration leads the government and its policies for the welfare of the general public. Public administration plays a crucial and inescapable role in all societies and countries. It is a means of offering the needs of the society as well as acting towards the fulfillment of collective goals. The concept of public administration is broad and although the service aspect and the value framework give it a far-reaching condition in all administrative functions, it cannot be divorced from bureaucracy, which develops its structure and links it to political activity. The importance of public administration has grown as societal complexity has become more prevalent, and equally many times over. Modern societies go beyond simple forms of governance, and public good, needs of the society, and governance forms have become more complex. Public administration not only functions today to supply public order but also it acts to define our way of life. People today have intrinsic faith in rationality and legality of what the administration does. It is not that such faith is always just scores of concrete examples around the globe suggest otherwise. Nonetheless, public administration and its structures and procedures reflect a rational and value-based character. Albeit in mired, traditional forms of irrationality and of sub-optimisation exist, scholars in the field of public administration do believe that improvements in life are tied to the application of knowledge and rationality that that subject offers. Public administration is intricately connected to the formal state. Public servants and politicians from the basis of a large and ever-growing field of public administration. Yet it should be understood within the context of broader societal services, social work, non-governmental organizations, advocacy, and political communities in order to get a full glimpse of the field. In fact, it is at once an area of academic study, a field of activity, and a means of disseminating knowledge and bettering practice. Public administration is the machinery used by the service state to place itself in a position to make plans and programmes that can carried out; it is the executive arm of government, that it is a direct role in execution of public policy is given. Public administration, as Otto Switger defines, is concern that direct to human behaviour in term of formal application of public administration is descriptively defined. This is in stark contrast to 'public management' which has a focus on monitoring and regulatory movements that have egressed society in recent years. Public management describes the instance whereby marketisation, financial and managerial practices have put pressure on the state, mission-driven and expertise-orientated environment. His view is counter-posed to public administration as in public administration in practical terms often refers to public personnel at work rather than private line manager and is not always drenched in hierarchical principles which the term 'administration' often has connotations of. His stance is typified in a quote, that 'more often than not 'public administration' is used to denote all operative function in state structure' in reference to public personnel and operation of a given administration. On a global scale, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the term public administration is consanguinous to mean 'civil servants' and their influence over day-to-day policy. Yet alternative voices posit that public administration is a finer attribution to any operation that concerns the commonweal and citizen action. Ergo, the debate over what public administration and its emulsification with wider authority aides and civil responsibilities. Given the complexity of modern society and the political system in the 21st century, a fully developed field of scholarship and critical inquiry dedicated to the study of public administration has emerged.

1.3 Role of Public Administrators in Government

The traditional concept of a public administrator has been to provide either an advisory or an implemental in administration to a government in the colonial and post-colonial eras. In contemporary time, public administrators are not only involved in the formulation and implementation of government policies, but also play a crucial role in creating an enabling environment that is necessary for good governance. Public administrators are agents of the government who are responsible for either through effective formulation and implementation of government policies as set forth by the ruling party or work for improvement of the policy and the administrative machinery in general. The role of public administrators may vary from country to country and, in each country, from region to region. But the fact of the matter is that most of the tasks and responsibilities of the public administrators are closely related to the general welfare and the mechanism of a peaceful and smooth administration for a government as a whole. One of the duties of a public administrator is to help devise and implement solutions for social and economic problems and to serve the members of the public in effective ways. This means that such administrators need to have certain skills to meet these needs. Being objective, open-minded, innovative, professional, and logical, both in nature and in the application of the mind, is crucial for the administrators to effectively discharge their duties. If the public administrators were only selecting the option best for the existence of the administration, then that would actually go against the subjective interpretation of the selection and formulation of the public policy. This is because administrators are expected to be agents of the citizens and residents in their push for a better living, secure life, healthy society, effective management of the resources and indeed making them always the subjective point of reference in the selection and formulation of any policy. On the other hand, if the collection of the possible selections of the public policy were designed to give the best answer for the whole society, that would defeat the objective of the administration which is designed to fulfill the residents, owing to the fact that it does not take any specific interest and the priorities of one society.

2. Historical Perspectives

The history of public administration as a discipline is not only important, but thrilling field of study. Public administration is a very new and embryonic discipline, but it is overlain by time of history. Since the history of public administration is a reflection of the contemporary political environment, the nature of the regimes, the economy, and many other aspects, the evolution of public administration, which is the growth and development of the discipline, has happened more or less in an organic manner and in response to the emerging demands and dynamics of the political system and public administration as such. The historical events continuously influenced the shaping of the new profiles and functions of the discipline. Although this discipline has evolved in a systematic manner over a long period of time, even before the evolution of public administration, historically earlier different kings and public philosophers defined and discussed the role, scope, and nature of the state. These highly discussions of the early public philosophers and kings provided a very sound and fertile soil for the modern and more developed form of public administration as a discipline. The consolidation of the administrative states during the 17th and 18th centuries and the industrial revolution has fundamentally shaped the Western public administrations and stimulated public administration as an academic discipline. By the time, the contemporaries in public administration became much worried to discover a sort of sound rational theory to guide their mind in administrative heuristics. This is the history of public administration needed the most referring to various interdisciplinary inputs at a time. At the same time, the institutionalization of the study of public administration in different countries gained a new momentum in the latter part of the 20th century. And now the history of public administration is trying to reach the present state in a continuous manner. Many public administration scholars say that by the incorporation of more and more technology into the administration, public administration has moved from a human skill-based discipline to a more technological discipline. And they say, looking into history and even today, the introduction of new technology has brought changes in the structure of managing organizations, in the patterns of work, and the nature of the work. And the important thing is that this technology is introduced by entrepreneurs, managers, and various authorities, and the workforce is forced to adopt the new technology. But however, these changes radically challenge the traditional practice and identity of social categories and groups in people's lives. Thus, the technological changes in public administration always have had and have the potential to have a dramatic impact on policy making, on the operations of the government, and also on the relationships and interactions among the various levels of the government. And it is obvious that these impacts have produced significant changes in public administration as a discipline. In this context, it is important to note that the traditional functions of public administrations can be classified into three broad categories, and they are maintenance functions, consequential functions that fall to the public sector, and gratuitous functions to protect life and property and assure conditions for a good life. But whatever functions geopolitic and economic dynamic, the nature of the society and the advances in science and knowledge have caused some fundamental shifts in the focus of public administration practice. Well, earlier this practice emphasized in many cases more on the maintenance and mandatory functions. But now these changes have made the public administration practice more intense and vigilant towards operation in the consequential area. This shift in the focus areas, that is the consent changes in the history of public administrations over a period of years.

2.1 Evolution of Public Administration

Public administration and governance structures existed in the earliest human societies. Throughout much of history, public administration has been seen as "government in action" and public administrators as the people who make the government work. The evolution of public administration is a result of countless historical events that have contributed to its rich tapestry. It is generally agreed that the field of public administration was born at the time of the Industrial Revolution. This is when there was a need to create manageable and efficient structures in complex government operations. Notable contributions to the study and practice of public administration were made by scholars in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Woodrow Wilson, often called the father of public administration, secured the legitimacy of the discipline with his scholarly article of the same name. From a historical standpoint, the Progressive era is now considered to be the time when the field really began to evolve as an academic study. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was a key piece of legislation passed in 1883. Its functions are to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States. The main goal of the act was to end the system which was in place at the time, where public administration jobs were given to those who were loyal to election campaigns. In doing so, the Act expanded the scope of the civil service and was the basis for modern federal public administration in the United States. The growth of public administration in the United States was accompanied by the so-called "Taylorization" of public organisations, taking its name from the ideas put forward by Frederick Taylor. He proposed a scientific study of workers and workflow in order to maximize efficiency and standardize outputs. This school of thought in the late 19th and early 20th century public administration was based on the belief that management was capable of being studied and developed as a detailed science. It was during the modern era that public administration gained significant strides in both theory and practice. Referred to as 'new public administration', the focus shifted to the fulfillment of social needs and the importance of efficiency in delivering public services. This was also the time when various specializations of public administration began to emerge, such as financial management, human resource management, strategic communications and policy analysis. With the information revolution now in full swing, it is said that the influence of information technology on public administration will be comparable in scope to the lands of innovation that other technologies have historically enabled. Research has shown that using information technology to support public administration leads to improved service delivery and increased social responsibility and responsiveness.

2.2 Influential Figures in Public Administration History

During his time as a student at the University of Wisconsin, Woodrow Wilson studied the mechanism of Congress and the relationships between executives and the Parliament. He published a book in 1887, "The Study of Public Administration". This book watered the separate off the academics and practitioners. As the academics seldom paid so much attention to the administration, his work gave birth to a new program studying public administration. Wilson might be the first of his kind who addressed the politics - Administration dichotomy and focused his study upon the different questions of 'what the government should do' and 'how it should do'. The works of Max Weber gave birth of a new theory, "The Theory of Bureaucracy". Weber said that the development of bureaucracy was inevitable within any complex industrialized society. However, the ways of its development were influenced depending on the political parties and the issue which the government was concerned. He also advised that the bureaucracy can be an efficient, rational ongoing concern, or it can represent the iron frame of nonsense. Both of the works of Woodrow Wilson and Max Weber marked the beginning of the modern field of Public Administration, which overpassed the influence of the old regime. During the same time when Wilson and Weber had their works, Frederick Taylor was arguing for adopting his methods of scientific management in the private sector. His theory consisted of improving economic efficiency and labor productivity by logically allocating resources and analyzing a labor process. "Taylorism" or "scientific management" is a term from the 1920s and 1930s which has counterpart in the academic world is Public Administration. His ways of dividing task, coordinating between labor and managers, paying fairly, maintain a strong state and standardizing the best practices had been transferred into the main frame of the administration theory and started to persuade the politicians. From this period of time to the current day, public administration has still been significantly influenced by these theories, particularly in the strategic management and human resources field. Public Administration has been underpinned by broad and enduring tenets from the works of several prominent figures, none more so than the study of the various theories by Wilson et al. These classical theories shaped Public Administration as a significant social field which we would recognize from the time of the publishing up to the modern day and in the future. Every theory gave a particular emphasis on certain aspects to lay a diverse groundwork to the learners, from the core of study today.

2.3 Impact of Historical Events on Public Administration

One of the most important historical events that had a profound impact on public administration is the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the transition from agrarian and handicraft economies to economies dominated by industry and machine manufacture that took place between 1760 and 1840. It led to a substantial increase in the level of urbanization and the magnitude of the public administration services, especially in the developed nations. In the United States, for example, the impacts of the Industrial Revolution shaped the structure and function of public administration and changed the nature of employment within public administration. The introduction and adoption of scientific management by Frederick W. Taylor during the peak of the Industrial Revolution is one of the most important moments in history that had a profound impact on public administration. Scientific management is a method that is used to analyze work and also to determine the most efficient ways of performing a certain task. It is long regarded as the most influential technique that forms the basis for the development of public administration as a discipline. The impact of the scientific management principles is still very much felt in today's modern public administration. For example, the practice of setting standard operating procedures, the application of the concept of span of control, and also the use of objective methods of employee performance assessment are all rooted deeply in scientific management principles. Another major force that shapes existing public administration is the Great Depression that lasted from 1929 to 1941. It is during this period that the governmental response to the crisis and the subsequent rise of administrative politics fundamentally alters the development trajectories of modern public administration. The restructuring of public administration is considered as the most enduring political legacy of the Great Depression. The administrative reforms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the implementation of his New Deal policies brought about a new era of administrative management – the era of the federal administration. The growth of federal administration, as well as the enactment of the various administrative regulations and policies, helped to redefine the field of public administration and also facilitate the rise of institutional approaches to the study of public administration.

3. Key Concepts in Public Administration

The management of public sector organizations is determined by the kind of regulatory processes known as bureaucracy. According to Shea and Bingham (2011), bureaucracy in public administration exists as a tool that managers use in designing and implementing regulatory strategies. The concept is very vital in modern democracies as it serves to address the challenges of administration in the public interest. Shea and Bingham continue to point out that the management of public sector organizations do not operate in a single and unified manner. They acknowledge the diversity in the operations of such organizations based on the multiple fronts in which managers are supposed to meet the demands of employees, political leaders, the public, and the politicians. This realization has led to the development of what is commonly referred to as the new public management. The new formulation is based on improving efficiency and the capability of public sector organizations to achieve results. Bureaucracy as a concept can be traced back to Max Weber, who used the concept to define the structure and procedure by which managerial activities were and are carried out. But scholars like Shea and Bingham have been able to come up with a definition that is more confrontational and which suits the current public management processes. In defining this term, Shea and Bingham (2011) refer to it as a legal device by which people exercising authority and those under their supervision are organized. The concept also means that managerial activities are subjected to a set of established rules. Omar and Thomas, on the other hand, give a more straightforward definition of bureaucracy as a system of government by which the state has considerable control over society. Public policy is the most integral part of any government. It instigates the government in action and provides a roadmap of the actions to be taken by the civil servants of the nation. As Gallagher has put it, the type of public policy formulated and the effectiveness of such policy in respect to public administration is one of the key elements in the study of government and administrative processes. Public policy can be classified into two types, which are authoritative and consensus. Authoritative policy is mostly generated by the leadership and legally enforced, while the consensus policy involves a serious and well-organized attempt to arrive at a general agreement about the nature of the problems faced by society (Gallagher). Public policy over the years has been influenced by various factors such as ideas, people, and political inputs. Michael (2012) gives a very good definition of the term when he says that public policy is a goal-directed and principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner that is consistent with law and the governing authority. He says that public policy fills the gap between 'what is' and 'what ought to be'. When a patient goes to a hospital, for the doctor to carry out a medical examination, a policy must be formulated for the doctor which will involve specific steps that the doctor must follow while delegating his duty as a doctor to the patient. Omar and Thomas also maintain a consecutive interpretation of their definition of bureaucracy and in fact go on to depict it as a type of politico-administrative organization or governmental system.

3.1 Bureaucracy and its Role in Public Administration

Bureaucracy as an organisational model has been critiqued for its rigidity and inflexibility, with some arguing that it is ineffective and inefficient in the context of public administration. However, scholars have noted that bureaucracy and administrative processes are essential for the functioning of government and the implementation of public policy. In the context of public administration, bureaucracy is characterised by division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships between public administrators and clients. Max Weber, a sociologist, advanced the idea that bureaucracy is a rational and efficient type of organisation founded on logical and transparent principles. His work "Economy and Society" has been influential in defining the key characteristics of bureaucracy and building the framework for understanding how public administration fits into a broader institutional landscape. Weber argued that the defining features of bureaucratic organisations - such as specialisation, professionalisation, and standard operating procedures - result in administrative efficiency, predictability, and task-focused goal attainment. These features provide public administrators with the ability to make the most of limited resources and to deliver public services effectively through the utilisation of rules and established norms. By providing a clear chain of command and standardised procedures, bureaucratic systems can reduce the risk of arbitrary decision-making and promote fair outcomes for clients and citizens. It mitigates many of the potential challenges associated with patronage, whereby individuals are advanced in their careers due to favouritism rather than merit. Public administration is a hierarchical system which utilises bureaus and various specialised offices to facilitate the efficient and effective management of public resources and delivery of public services. It is widely agreed in both the practitioner and academic communities that a degree of bureaucratisation is prevalent - and often necessary - in public administration. Bureaucracy serves an important role in public administration by formalising the structure of organisations and establishing shared missions, goals, and values through codified and transparent standard operating procedures and processes.

3.2 Public Policy Development and Implementation

field must be adaptable and responsive to these changes. Additionally, the complexity of social issues and the diverse perspectives of stakeholders make it difficult to develop and implement effective policies. Furthermore, the political nature of public policy can lead to conflicts of interest and power struggles, which can hinder the progress of policy development and implementation. Therefore, it is crucial for policymakers to engage in open and transparent processes, involving public participation and consultation, to ensure that policies are fair, equitable, and responsive to the needs of the society.

3.3 Ethics and Accountability in Public Administration

Another crucial topic in public administration is ethics. Ethics is a fundamental element of public administration. When a public administrator puts the public interest first, acts transparently, does his or her duties as prescribed by law and in a just manner, and is responsive to the public, such actions mean that the public administrators are being held accountable for their decisions. Accountability in public administration is a very important aspect. It is through accountability that a person is held answerable for their actions so as to achieve a certain end or goal. On the other hand, accountability means that a person is held answerable for their actions in order to achieve a certain end or goal. In addition, it also means that the performance of an obligation, or the delivery of an end product is assured or reasonably measured. Every republic must always have an element of bureaucracy as a form of governance because the issues of authority and who has the mandate of exercising such authority, and how are decisions made, have to be explored. This is as mentioned in the previous section under bureaucracy. In order to make the daily running of a state possible, procedures have to be put in place. However, many critics argue that ethics and accountability have no place in the study and practice of public administration and the study of management. These critics have many reasons. Some of them think that ethics and accountability will complicate the operation of an organization. The more rules you have, the less room there is for personal choice. Some think that the operation should obey not only the existing laws, but also the moral standards. This overemphasized "ethics" will restrict the freedom and jeopardize the efficiency. Some think that holding public officials accountable for what they do in their day-to-day duties is just another foolish idea because it is so easy for a member in a democratic society to file a lawsuit. What they believe is that lawsuits will challenge the efficiency of the administration. The contemporary issues in public administration section focuses on current challenges and developments in the field. It covers subjects like public-private partnerships, digital transformation and e-government, diversity and inclusion, and the challenges and opportunities in public administration reform. Digital transformation and e-government in the United States have been criticized to be falling behind expectations. It is strongly argued by the critics that the current e-government is nothing more than the modern equivalent of third class mail, which deserves no first class status. Such criticism is important in an era where a cyber attack on a small town in Illinois took advantage of the outdated IT systems and used the personal information of the its residence to divert more than a million dollars. Advocates also point to the limited forms of direct democracy that operate at the state and local level in the United States. These direct democracy tools mean citizens can get involved in the decision making processes - through mechanisms like the citizens' initiative, the referendum and the recall of elected officials. However, participatory and consultative e-democracy initiatives remain fairly scarce, and digital government services are seen to fall short of what should be expected of a mature democracy.

3.4 Public Sector Leadership and Management

Public sector leadership involves the understanding of employee and organizational behaviour and the appropriate motivation of employees. The employee, whether old or young, must be properly motivated to make them give their best to the organization. This can be achieved by providing comfortable inducements in the form of incentives and opportunities for them and by making them participate in active decision making, whether consciously or unconsciously. This leads to employees' job satisfaction, and this will be directly positively related to service quality and customer satisfaction. On the other hand, public sector management deals with the organization, coordination, and control of the activities of the various departments of the public according to defined and rational objectives. In public sector management, there is a need for a stronger measure of coordination among the various departments in order to achieve the overall goals of the public sector. Modern managers become most familiar with the concept of delegation or transfer of authority, which is the foundation of public sector management because it allows them to give responsibility for solving problems to their subordinates and let them set goals, make decisions, and engage in substantive work. Besides, certain critical factors such as the essence of leadership, implementation of performance management, management styles, management information system, anti-corruption measurement, and the operations of human resources of the public sector are also discussed to highlight the critical success factors in public sector management.

4. Contemporary Issues in Public Administration

The term "contemporary" refers to the current time period, today's issues. The United States and all of the industrialized democracies face a set of contemporary issues. Public administrators have the responsibilities associated with it. Many define public administration to be financially important. Among the issues are the political one, there is a notion that is attracting considerable value economically placing a strain on all the future operations of the government. How far; this capitalism response that truly totally is a government is a part of a problem? Is it the most effective, efficient one responsible for the maximum of the human health and well being or all policy can be squeezed in that nowadays economics sensibility that funding becomes the priority all the time? Or, should the public administration seek for a cost effective welfare for the individual and the community? And so-called the postmodern critique that certain fragmentation "is already going some" with "far too inspections" placed on the business. In other hand, public administration was just thought consumption for emphasizing different versions of administrative-centric. Public administration theory is the coalesce of history, organize theory and the social processes to the specific fields of administrative and policy that have in a contemporary result a particular kind of administrative theories have not accurately described of the role of the manager or the structure of the organization, some new predication had already anticipate as about rise. Also, it's change to understanding the decades up until now, no longer-a-days. That is so great when this theory split into traditional or modern theory and the new one theories that modern theory focus on the ways which "the organizations fail to accomplish the established final goals" such as employees are not motivated or have poor morale, expand of the environment is not successful.

4.1 Public-Private Partnerships in Public Administration

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in public administration are a common practice in modern societies. A PPP is a contractual agreement between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public. The government usually leverages the private sector to mobilize the necessary investments and technical know-how which may not be available in the public sector. The private sector can bring innovative solutions to management and operations as well as the timely and efficient implementation of projects. In public administration, the use of PPP arrangements has grown rapidly in recent years not only in the United States but also in many other countries as well. This kind of collaboration offers advantages to both the public and the private entities. In public administration, particularly in the development and implementation of public policies and programs, PPPs are often formed. The collaborative interaction with non-profit and community-based organizations in the private sector is considered a PPP. Such partnerships stem from the recognition of mutual interdependence, where each partner in a PPP brings new strengths and capabilities. It brings the private sector's focus on more efficient and effective management principles into the field of public administration. Also, the creative potential of less bureaucratic and more flexible system of management and decision making found in the private sector can be realized in a PPP that operates under the right form of government supervision and control. Moreover, the partnership with the private sector can help upgrade the public sector workforce's knowledge and skills. This is a key factor to ensure a successful transition from a traditional public sector to one that can embrace the challenges of the future. To ensure accountability of the private sector, most PPPs are subject to an open and transparent competition for selection. The primary reasons to use private contractors instead of public employees are still the cost, the expertise, and the desire to do projects faster without bureaucratic delay. A clear legislative framework and compliance with a transparent procurement process can help guard against abuse in PPPs. Such practice helps maintain and instill public faith and confidence in the efficiency and fairness of the government, especially in a democratic society.

4.2 Digital Transformation and E-Government

Digital transformation refers to the use of digital technologies to improve the operations of an organisation, in this case, public administration. Such a transformation would lead to the creation of an e-government, that is, the delivery of government services and information to the public using electronic means. I believe that digital transformation in the public sector is not only important but also inevitable. Throughout history, there have been numerous technological advancements that have significantly impacted public administration. For example, according to Garson (1985), the advent of computer technologies in the 1950s and 1960s led to the development of management information systems in public administration. These systems were designed to produce data that was seen to be vital to rational problem-solving in public organisations. As a result, policymakers started to pay attention to issues related to data processing and analysis capacities - something that has been critical in the overall advancement of digital technologies in public administration ever since. Fast forward to today, it is clear that we are in a new era characterised by the exponential rate of technological growth. This is because the discovery and advancement in digital technologies such as cloud computing, social media, big data and analytics, mobile technologies, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things have continued to influence and shape the way in which information is generated, shared and consumed. All these technologies and the increased usage of digital tools have given rise to the concept of 'smart government'. This refers to a government setup that values openness in the forms of sharing and collaboration and makes use of new technologies to improve the well-being of its citizens. Unfortunately, building such a smart government is not a simple task. It requires a complete and holistic overhaul of the existing working mechanisms in public administration which is deeply rooted in a bureaucratic culture that values traditions and standard operating procedures. In that regard, it is crucial for public administrators to understand the implications, opportunities and potential challenges that come with digital transformation in the public sector. Only by doing so, can necessary steps and decisions be made to improve policy planning and implementation as well as public engagement in terms of e-government services.

4.3 Diversity and Inclusion in Public Administration

In public administration, diversity and inclusion must be integrated into the everyday work of government. Diversity is the presence of a wide range of variation in qualities and attributes among people and processes of the government. It is concerned with providing the best possible work environment for all government employees. Inclusion, however, has to do with the involvement and empowerment of all employees. It is the bringing about of cultural and personal development throughout the whole government, including its various levels, whether top policy makers or the very bottom. This enhancement is helpful for both the administration and citizens because it facilitates the growth of individual and group progress for the government and fosters the creativity which the current competitive landscape of the public service demands. There are many other reasons for why diversity and inclusion should be put at the core of public administration. Firstly, diversity and inclusion increase productivity and creativity of the government employees. When a diverse and inclusive working group is created, employees tend to feel more productive and play a bigger role in the team. This is because the work pattern of the team changes into a continuous process in which employees with new ideas and fresh approaches can make interventions. People who are close to citizens and the external environment may have more suitable ideas for rendering services to the public. In this sense, diversity and inclusion are integrated into the whole process of the government. Secondly, diversity increases the authority of the public administration. People from various age groups, genders, and cultural and ethnic backgrounds are expected to be treated fairly and impartially by the government. A diverse and inclusive government founded on this expectation as a prerequisite of effective public duty, not only helps the government to be productive and cut operational costs, but also helps to attract and retain superior candidates in this competitive public service. Also, the government is able to escape the legal challenges to personnel practices and reduce the possibility of costly turnover in leadership and staff. Such a stable and uninterrupted government would benefit society as a whole and undermine the risk of instability in power.

4.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Public Administration Reform

The Power of Bureaucracy in the United States The Meaning of Bureaucracy: The Structure and Workings of Bureaucracy; Problems with the Bureaucracy; Theories of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy and Public Administration The Development and the Role of Public Administration in the United States Development of Public Administration; The Role of Public Administration in the United States Today; How Changes in the Social and Political Climate in the United States Have Shaped the Development of Public Administration Public Administration in Political Science Public Policy and Public Administration Introduction to the Study of Public Policy; Public Administration and the Policy-Making Process; Theories and Models of the Policy-Making Process Public Administration and the Regulatory Process Administrative Adjudication; Bureaucratic Regulation; Administrative Discretion Ethics and Accountability in Public Administration Public Administration and its Dependencies on the Emergency of Modernity Today The History and Technical Aspects of Public Administration Operation and Contributions of Public Administration in Every Society The Role of Public Administrators in Government Historical Perspectives Wilson's Vision and the Beginnings of Public Administration; Professionalism; Politics-Administration Dichotomy; The Development of Public Administration as a Discipline Key Concepts The Role of Bureaucracy in the United States Development and Implementation of Public Policy Ethics and Accountability in Public Administration Public Sector Leadership and Management Contemporary Issues in Public Administration Public-Private Partnerships in Public Administration Digital Transformation and E-Government Diversity and Inclusion in Public Administration Challenges and Opportunities in Public Administration Reform

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Business administration: ways to make the most of your degree.

Business administration is the administration of a business that includes all aspects of managing and supervising business operations. The primary and important goal will be to make the most of your degree when you work hard for 4 or more years to earn a degree...

Overview of the Three Administration Philosophies for the Application Improvement

Adaptive methodologies are those PM strategies that for the most part receives strategic methodology for completing up the work where the fundamental focus in on the group and also on their capacities of conveying the work inside little iterative bundles. It is discovered that the...

Patrice Failor – Wife to One of America's Most Popular Men in the Trump Administration

The name James Comey is very familiar with the fans of the Clintons', Obamas' and Trumps' but only a few people can give a full detailed information about his wife; Patrice Failor who has been his support system. She has not only played the role...

My Understanding of the Administration of Lawful Condition

This examination portfolio mirrors my understanding in regards to the diverse parts of the administration of lawful condition. It will feature my learning and the issues looked in inquiring about and referencing from the earliest starting point of the course till the end. The reason...

An Effective Follower

Leaders do matter and they are certainly needed. Yet, in looking so fanatically for better leaders we have a tendency to dismiss the general population these leaders lead. In the event that you have not heard the expression "followership" previously, or not mulled over it,...

The Mechanism of the Rail Ticketing System

The Rail Ticketing System will have an authorization secure method access which will control who has access to what features and methods. A correct configuration of access privileges is a critical component of protecting information against unauthorized access and protecting computer systems from abuse. Users...

Origin of the Law, Its Evolving, and Relationship to Society

As mentioned in Police Administration a leadership approach, the origin of law came from Sir Robert Peel, British home secretary, who created London’s Metropolitan Act in the year 1829. The Metropolitan Act was passed due to a high rate of crimes and civil disorder in...

How to Be a Self-managed Person

Individuals regularly confronts different ailments where individuals went to the healing center tt, administration of self enables us to flourish in our condition – either by personally or by professionally. In Nepal, it is common that when a person is raised in a certain background,...

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Parenteral Route Of Administration: Parenteral administration alludes to any routes of administration that don't include medicate assimilation by means of the GI tract (standard = around, enteral = gastrointestinal), including the IV, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and transdermal courses. Purposes behind picking a parenteral course over the...

The Racial Implications of President Trump & Administration

Why does the KLAN wear hoods? “Because when they are done they go back to being your doctors, your governors, lawyers, your police officers, teachers, senators, judges, and your coworkers.” Domestic terrorism is a topic that I find ignored and down played, but in reality,...

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