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# Project Stem

Source code for the 2022-23 AP Computer Science A course on Project Stem.

# 📃 About

This page contains the source code to various problems on Project Stem. Organized by unit, you will find the necessary activity files to be compiled by the Java environment, as well as runner files provided by Project Stem to test execution (when available).

The provided source code is intended to work with the 2023 AP CS A course. These solutions may grow out-of-date as new changes are made to the course every year.

# Table of Contents

• Unit 1: Primitive Types
• Unit 2: Using Objects
• Unit 3: Boolean Expressions and If Statements
• Unit 4: Iteration
• Unit 5: Writing Classes
• Unit 6: Array
• Unit 7: ArrayList
• Unit 8: 2D Array
• Unit 9: Inheritance
• Unit 10: Recursion

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5.1: Floor division and modulus

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• Allen B. Downey
• Olin College via Green Tea Press

The floor division operator, // , divides two numbers and rounds down to an integer. For example, suppose the run time of a movie is 105 minutes. You might want to know how long that is in hours. Conventional division returns a floating-point number:

But we don’t normally write hours with decimal points. Floor division returns the integer number of hours, rounding down:

To get the remainder, you could subtract off one hour in minutes:

An alternative is to use the modulus operator , % , which divides two numbers and returns the remainder.

The modulus operator is more useful than it seems. For example, you can check whether one number is divisible by another—if x % y is zero, then x is divisible by y .

Also, you can extract the right-most digit or digits from a number. For example, x % 10 yields the right-most digit of x (in base 10). Similarly x % 100 yields the last two digits.

If you are using Python 2, division works differently. The division operator, / , performs floor division if both operands are integers, and floating-point division if either operand is a float .

• 12. Functions »
• Area Calculator
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Area Calculator ¶

Write a program to calculate the area of four different geometric shapes: triangles, squares, rectangles, and circles. You must use functions. Here are the functions you should create:

Name your file area_calculator.py

Your program should present a menu for the human to choose which shape to calculate, then ask them for the appropriate values (length, width, radius, etc.). Then it should pass those values to the appropriate function and display the resulting area.

Notice that you must not input the values inside the functions, and you must not display the values inside the functions. All input and output must be in the main() function, and values must be passed to the functions and returned from them.

You will need to construct your own main function and use the magical if __name__ == "__main__": statement as seen in previous assignments.

You’ll need the value of π for area_circle() ; feel free to use the math library’s pi variable.

The menu should keep looping until the human chooses to quit.

©2021 Daniel Gallo

This assignment is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License .

Adapted for Python from Graham Mitchell’s Programming By Doing

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Python Functions Exercises

• Python splitfields() Method
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• Python program to find the power of a number using recursion
• Sorting objects of user defined class in Python
• Assign Function to a Variable in Python
• Returning a function from a function - Python
• What are the allowed characters in Python function names?
• Defining a Python function at runtime
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Python Lambda Exercises

• Python - Lambda Function to Check if value is in a List
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• Python: Iterating With Python Lambda
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• Python - Lambda function to find the smaller value between two elements
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• Python lambda
• Python | Sorting string using order defined by another string
• Python | Find fibonacci series upto n using lambda
• Overuse of lambda expressions in Python
• Python program to count Even and Odd numbers in a List
• Intersection of two arrays in Python ( Lambda expression and filter function )

Python Pattern printing Exercises

• Simple Diamond Pattern in Python
• Python - Print Heart Pattern
• Python program to display half diamond pattern of numbers with star border
• Python program to print Pascal's Triangle
• Python program to print the Inverted heart pattern
• Python Program to print hollow half diamond hash pattern
• Program to Print K using Alphabets
• Program to print half Diamond star pattern
• Program to print window pattern
• Python Program to print a number diamond of any given size N in Rangoli Style
• Python program to right rotate n-numbers by 1
• Python Program to print digit pattern
• Print with your own font using Python !!
• Python | Print an Inverted Star Pattern
• Program to print the diamond shape

Python DateTime Exercises

• Python - Iterating through a range of dates
• How to add time onto a DateTime object in Python
• How to add timestamp to excel file in Python
• Convert string to datetime in Python with timezone
• Isoformat to datetime - Python
• Python datetime to integer timestamp
• How to convert a Python datetime.datetime to excel serial date number
• How to create filename containing date or time in Python
• Convert "unknown format" strings to datetime objects in Python
• Extract time from datetime in Python
• Convert Python datetime to epoch
• Python program to convert unix timestamp string to readable date
• Python - Group dates in K ranges
• Python - Divide date range to N equal duration
• Python - Last business day of every month in year

Python OOPS Exercises

• Get index in the list of objects by attribute in Python
• Python program to build flashcard using class in Python
• How to count number of instances of a class in Python?
• Shuffle a deck of card with OOPS in Python
• What is a clean and Pythonic way to have multiple constructors in Python?
• How to Change a Dictionary Into a Class?
• How to create an empty class in Python?
• Student management system in Python
• How to create a list of object in Python class

Python Regex Exercises

• Validate an IP address using Python without using RegEx
• Python program to find the type of IP Address using Regex
• Converting a 10 digit phone number to US format using Regex in Python
• Python program to find Indices of Overlapping Substrings
• Python program to extract Strings between HTML Tags
• Python - Check if String Contain Only Defined Characters using Regex
• How to extract date from Excel file using Pandas?
• Python program to find files having a particular extension using RegEx
• How to check if a string starts with a substring using regex in Python?
• How to Remove repetitive characters from words of the given Pandas DataFrame using Regex?
• Extract punctuation from the specified column of Dataframe using Regex
• Extract IP address from file using Python
• Python program to Count Uppercase, Lowercase, special character and numeric values using Regex
• Categorize Password as Strong or Weak using Regex in Python
• Python - Substituting patterns in text using regex

Python LinkedList Exercises

• Python program to Search an Element in a Circular Linked List
• Implementation of XOR Linked List in Python
• Pretty print Linked List in Python
• Python Library for Linked List
• Python | Stack using Doubly Linked List
• Python | Queue using Doubly Linked List
• Program to reverse a linked list using Stack
• Python program to find middle of a linked list using one traversal
• Python Program to Reverse a linked list

Python Searching Exercises

• Binary Search (bisect) in Python
• Python Program for Linear Search
• Python Program for Anagram Substring Search (Or Search for all permutations)
• Python Program for Binary Search (Recursive and Iterative)
• Python Program for Rabin-Karp Algorithm for Pattern Searching
• Python Program for KMP Algorithm for Pattern Searching

Python Sorting Exercises

• Python Code for time Complexity plot of Heap Sort
• Python Program for Stooge Sort
• Python Program for Recursive Insertion Sort
• Python Program for Cycle Sort
• Bisect Algorithm Functions in Python
• Python Program for BogoSort or Permutation Sort
• Python Program for Odd-Even Sort / Brick Sort
• Python Program for Gnome Sort
• Python Program for Cocktail Sort
• Python Program for Bitonic Sort
• Python Program for Pigeonhole Sort
• Python Program for Comb Sort
• Python Program for Iterative Merge Sort
• Python Program for Binary Insertion Sort
• Python Program for ShellSort

Python DSA Exercises

• Saving a Networkx graph in GEXF format and visualize using Gephi
• Dumping queue into list or array in Python
• Python program to reverse a stack
• Python - Stack and StackSwitcher in GTK+ 3
• Multithreaded Priority Queue in Python
• Python Program to Reverse the Content of a File using Stack
• Priority Queue using Queue and Heapdict module in Python
• Box Blur Algorithm - With Python implementation
• Python program to reverse the content of a file and store it in another file
• Check whether the given string is Palindrome using Stack
• Take input from user and store in .txt file in Python
• Change case of all characters in a .txt file using Python
• Finding Duplicate Files with Python

Python File Handling Exercises

• Python Program to Count Words in Text File
• Python Program to Delete Specific Line from File
• Python Program to Replace Specific Line in File
• Python Program to Print Lines Containing Given String in File
• Python - Loop through files of certain extensions
• Compare two Files line by line in Python
• How to keep old content when Writing to Files in Python?
• How to get size of folder using Python?
• How to read multiple text files from folder in Python?
• Read a CSV into list of lists in Python
• Python - Write dictionary of list to CSV
• Convert nested JSON to CSV in Python
• How to add timestamp to CSV file in Python

Python CSV Exercises

• How to create multiple CSV files from existing CSV file using Pandas ?
• How to read all CSV files in a folder in Pandas?
• How to Sort CSV by multiple columns in Python ?
• Working with large CSV files in Python
• How to convert CSV File to PDF File using Python?
• Visualize data from CSV file in Python
• Python - Read CSV Columns Into List
• Sorting a CSV object by dates in Python
• Python program to extract a single value from JSON response
• Convert class object to JSON in Python
• Convert multiple JSON files to CSV Python
• Convert JSON data Into a Custom Python Object
• Convert CSV to JSON using Python

Python JSON Exercises

• Flattening JSON objects in Python
• Saving Text, JSON, and CSV to a File in Python
• Convert Text file to JSON in Python
• Convert JSON to CSV in Python
• Convert JSON to dictionary in Python
• Python Program to Get the File Name From the File Path
• How to get file creation and modification date or time in Python?
• Menu driven Python program to execute Linux commands
• Menu Driven Python program for opening the required software Application
• Open computer drives like C, D or E using Python

Python OS Module Exercises

• Rename a folder of images using Tkinter
• Kill a Process by name using Python
• Finding the largest file in a directory using Python
• Python - Get list of running processes
• Python - Get file id of windows file
• Python - Get number of characters, words, spaces and lines in a file
• Change current working directory with Python
• How to move Files and Directories in Python
• How to get a new API response in a Tkinter textbox?
• Build GUI Application for Guess Indian State using Tkinter Python
• How to stop copy, paste, and backspace in text widget in tkinter?
• How to temporarily remove a Tkinter widget without using just .place?
• How to open a website in a Tkinter window?

Python Tkinter Exercises

• Create Address Book in Python - Using Tkinter
• Changing the colour of Tkinter Menu Bar
• How to check which Button was clicked in Tkinter ?
• How to add a border color to a button in Tkinter?
• How to Change Tkinter LableFrame Border Color?
• Looping through buttons in Tkinter
• Visualizing Quick Sort using Tkinter in Python
• How to Add padding to a tkinter widget only on one side ?
• Python NumPy - Practice Exercises, Questions, and Solutions
• Pandas Exercises and Programs
• How to get the Daily News using Python
• How to Build Web scraping bot in Python
• Scrape LinkedIn Using Selenium And Beautiful Soup in Python
• Scraping Reddit with Python and BeautifulSoup
• Scraping Indeed Job Data Using Python

Python Web Scraping Exercises

• How to Scrape all PDF files in a Website?
• How to Scrape Multiple Pages of a Website Using Python?
• Quote Guessing Game using Web Scraping in Python
• How to extract youtube data in Python?
• How to Download All Images from a Web Page in Python?
• Test the given page is found or not on the server Using Python
• How to Extract Wikipedia Data in Python?
• How to extract paragraph from a website and save it as a text file?
• Automate Youtube with Python
• Controlling the Web Browser with Python
• How to Build a Simple Auto-Login Bot with Python
• Download Google Image Using Python and Selenium
• How To Automate Google Chrome Using Foxtrot and Python

Python Selenium Exercises

• How to scroll down followers popup in Instagram ?
• How to switch to new window in Selenium for Python?
• Python Selenium - Find element by text
• How to scrape multiple pages using Selenium in Python?
• Python Selenium - Find Button by text
• Web Scraping Tables with Selenium and Python
• Selenium - Search for text on page
• Python Projects - Beginner to Advanced

Python Exercise: Practice makes you perfect in everything. This proverb always proves itself correct. Just like this, if you are a Python learner, then regular practice of Python exercises makes you more confident and sharpens your skills. So, to test your skills, go through these Python exercises with solutions.

Python is a widely used general-purpose high-level language that can be used for many purposes like creating GUI, web Scraping, web development, etc. You might have seen various Python tutorials that explain the concepts in detail but that might not be enough to get hold of this language. The best way to learn is by practising it more and more.

The best thing about this Python practice exercise is that it helps you learn Python using sets of detailed programming questions from basic to advanced. It covers questions on core Python concepts as well as applications of Python in various domains. So if you are at any stage like beginner, intermediate or advanced this Python practice set will help you to boost your programming skills in Python.

List of Python Programming Exercises

In the below section, we have gathered chapter-wise Python exercises with solutions. So, scroll down to the relevant topics and try to solve the Python program practice set.

Python List Exercises

• Python program to interchange first and last elements in a list
• Python program to swap two elements in a list
• Python | Ways to find length of list
• Maximum of two numbers in Python
• Minimum of two numbers in Python

>> More Programs on List

Python String Exercises

• Python program to check whether the string is Symmetrical or Palindrome
• Reverse words in a given String in Python
• Ways to remove i’th character from string in Python
• Find length of a string in python (4 ways)
• Python program to print even length words in a string

>> More Programs on String

Python Tuple Exercises

• Python program to Find the size of a Tuple
• Python – Maximum and Minimum K elements in Tuple
• Python – Sum of tuple elements
• Python – Row-wise element Addition in Tuple Matrix
• Create a list of tuples from given list having number and its cube in each tuple

>> More Programs on Tuple

Python Dictionary Exercises

• Python | Sort Python Dictionaries by Key or Value
• Handling missing keys in Python dictionaries
• Python dictionary with keys having multiple inputs
• Python program to find the sum of all items in a dictionary
• Python program to find the size of a Dictionary

>> More Programs on Dictionary

Python Set Exercises

• Find the size of a Set in Python
• Iterate over a set in Python
• Python – Maximum and Minimum in a Set
• Python – Remove items from Set
• Python – Check if two lists have atleast one element common

>> More Programs on Sets

• Python – Assigning Subsequent Rows to Matrix first row elements
• Python – Group similar elements into Matrix

>> More Programs on Matrices

>> More Programs on Functions

• Python | Find the Number Occurring Odd Number of Times using Lambda expression and reduce function

>> More Programs on Lambda

• Programs for printing pyramid patterns in Python

>> More Programs on Python Pattern Printing

• Python program to get Current Time
• Get Yesterday’s date using Python
• Python program to print current year, month and day
• Python – Convert day number to date in particular year
• Get Current Time in different Timezone using Python

>> More Programs on DateTime

>> More Programs on Python OOPS

• Python – Check if String Contain Only Defined Characters using Regex

>> More Programs on Python Regex

>> More Programs on Linked Lists

>> More Programs on Python Searching

• Python Program for Bubble Sort
• Python Program for QuickSort
• Python Program for Insertion Sort
• Python Program for Selection Sort
• Python Program for Heap Sort

>> More Programs on Python Sorting

• Program to Calculate the Edge Cover of a Graph
• Python Program for N Queen Problem

>> More Programs on Python DSA

• Read content from one file and write it into another file
• Write a dictionary to a file in Python
• How to check file size in Python?
• Find the most repeated word in a text file
• How to read specific lines from a File in Python?

>> More Programs on Python File Handling

• Update column value of CSV in Python
• How to add a header to a CSV file in Python?
• Get column names from CSV using Python
• Writing data from a Python List to CSV row-wise

>> More Programs on Python CSV

>> More Programs on Python JSON

• Python Script to change name of a file to its timestamp

>> More Programs on OS Module

• Python | Create a GUI Marksheet using Tkinter
• Python | ToDo GUI Application using Tkinter
• Python | GUI Calendar using Tkinter
• File Explorer in Python using Tkinter
• Visiting Card Scanner GUI Application using Python

>> More Programs on Python Tkinter

NumPy Exercises

• How to create an empty and a full NumPy array?
• Create a Numpy array filled with all zeros
• Create a Numpy array filled with all ones
• Replace NumPy array elements that doesn’t satisfy the given condition
• Get the maximum value from given matrix

>> More Programs on NumPy

Pandas Exercises

• Make a Pandas DataFrame with two-dimensional list | Python
• How to iterate over rows in Pandas Dataframe
• Create a pandas column using for loop
• Create a Pandas Series from array
• Pandas | Basic of Time Series Manipulation

>> More Programs on Python Pandas

>> More Programs on Web Scraping

• Download File in Selenium Using Python
• Bulk Posting on Facebook Pages using Selenium
• Google Maps Selenium automation using Python
• Count total number of Links In Webpage Using Selenium In Python
• Extract Data From JustDial using Selenium

>> More Programs on Python Selenium

• Number guessing game in Python
• 2048 Game in Python
• Get Live Weather Desktop Notifications Using Python
• 8-bit game using pygame
• Tic Tac Toe GUI In Python using PyGame

>> More Projects in Python

In closing, we just want to say that the practice or solving Python problems always helps to clear your core concepts and programming logic. Hence, we have designed this Python exercises after deep research so that one can easily enhance their skills and logic abilities.

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• Remove Duplicates in String
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• Bubble Sort Program
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• Create Circular Link List of and display it in reverse order

Python Program to calculate area of a square

In this tutorial, we will learn how to do a simple program of calculating the area of a square in python. The area is defined as the total space a shape occupies. It is measured in square units like cm², m², km² depending on the unit of the dimensions. The formula for calculating the area of a square is given as

The formula for Area of Square

Area of a square= Side x Side

Area= Side²

For example, following as input and give the output accordingly.

Output- 6.25

Here are two simple methods for calculating and printing the area of a square where the measurement of a side is given by the user.

• Using multiplication operator (*)
• Using pow() function

Approach 1: Using multiplication operator (*)

Given below is a simple program for calculating area using the multiplication operator (*). The input is taken as float and the area is calculated up to 4 decimal places. We will use the "%.4f" specifier for getting 4 digits after the decimal point. In "%.4f" the number after the dot is used to indicate the decimal places and f specifies float.

Step 1 - Take input of side from user

Step 2 - Calculate area

Step 3 - Print area using "%.4f"

Python Program

Look at the program to understand the implementation of the above-mentioned approach.

Enter side of square3.2 Area of square= 10.2400

Approach 2: Using pow() function

pow() is a predefined math function in python which returns the value of x to the power y. To know more about pow() and other built-in math functions. I advise you to read the article on Python math function .

Step 1 - Define a function area_square() to calculate area Take input of side from user

Step 2 - Call pow() and set parameters as n ,2 to calculate the area

Step 3 - Take input from the user

Step 4 - Call area_square() and pass input as a parameter

Step 5- Print the area

Enter side of square2.4 Area of square= 5.7600

In this tutorial, we learned how to calculate the area of a square using 2 approaches. One, by using simple statements for multiplication and printing the output. Two, using a predefined math function called pow(). You can also define a function to calculate area by simply using the code from the first approach.

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• Hands-on Python Tutorial »
• 1. Beginning With Python »

1.6. Variables and Assignment ¶

Each set-off line in this section should be tried in the Shell.

Nothing is displayed by the interpreter after this entry, so it is not clear anything happened. Something has happened. This is an assignment statement , with a variable , width , on the left. A variable is a name for a value. An assignment statement associates a variable name on the left of the equal sign with the value of an expression calculated from the right of the equal sign. Enter

Once a variable is assigned a value, the variable can be used in place of that value. The response to the expression width is the same as if its value had been entered.

The interpreter does not print a value after an assignment statement because the value of the expression on the right is not lost. It can be recovered if you like, by entering the variable name and we did above.

Try each of the following lines:

The equal sign is an unfortunate choice of symbol for assignment, since Python’s usage is not the mathematical usage of the equal sign. If the symbol ↤ had appeared on keyboards in the early 1990’s, it would probably have been used for assignment instead of =, emphasizing the asymmetry of assignment. In mathematics an equation is an assertion that both sides of the equal sign are already, in fact, equal . A Python assignment statement forces the variable on the left hand side to become associated with the value of the expression on the right side. The difference from the mathematical usage can be illustrated. Try:

so this is not equivalent in Python to width = 10 . The left hand side must be a variable, to which the assignment is made. Reversed, we get a syntax error . Try

This is, of course, nonsensical as mathematics, but it makes perfectly good sense as an assignment, with the right-hand side calculated first. Can you figure out the value that is now associated with width? Check by entering

In the assignment statement, the expression on the right is evaluated first . At that point width was associated with its original value 10, so width + 5 had the value of 10 + 5 which is 15. That value was then assigned to the variable on the left ( width again) to give it a new value. We will modify the value of variables in a similar way routinely.

Assignment and variables work equally well with strings. Try:

Try entering:

Note the different form of the error message. The earlier errors in these tutorials were syntax errors: errors in translation of the instruction. In this last case the syntax was legal, so the interpreter went on to execute the instruction. Only then did it find the error described. There are no quotes around fred , so the interpreter assumed fred was an identifier, but the name fred was not defined at the time the line was executed.

It is both easy to forget quotes where you need them for a literal string and to mistakenly put them around a variable name that should not have them!

Try in the Shell :

There fred , without the quotes, makes sense.

There are more subtleties to assignment and the idea of a variable being a “name for” a value, but we will worry about them later, in Issues with Mutable Objects . They do not come up if our variables are just numbers and strings.

Autocompletion: A handy short cut. Idle remembers all the variables you have defined at any moment. This is handy when editing. Without pressing Enter, type into the Shell just

Assuming you are following on the earlier variable entries to the Shell, you should see f autocompleted to be

This is particularly useful if you have long identifiers! You can press Alt-/ several times if more than one identifier starts with the initial sequence of characters you typed. If you press Alt-/ again you should see fred . Backspace and edit so you have fi , and then and press Alt-/ again. You should not see fred this time, since it does not start with fi .

1.6.1. Literals and Identifiers ¶

Expressions like 27 or 'hello' are called literals , coming from the fact that they literally mean exactly what they say. They are distinguished from variables, whose value is not directly determined by their name.

The sequence of characters used to form a variable name (and names for other Python entities later) is called an identifier . It identifies a Python variable or other entity.

There are some restrictions on the character sequence that make up an identifier:

The characters must all be letters, digits, or underscores _ , and must start with a letter. In particular, punctuation and blanks are not allowed.

There are some words that are reserved for special use in Python. You may not use these words as your own identifiers. They are easy to recognize in Idle, because they are automatically colored orange. For the curious, you may read the full list:

There are also identifiers that are automatically defined in Python, and that you could redefine, but you probably should not unless you really know what you are doing! When you start the editor, we will see how Idle uses color to help you know what identifies are predefined.

Python is case sensitive: The identifiers last , LAST , and LaSt are all different. Be sure to be consistent. Using the Alt-/ auto-completion shortcut in Idle helps ensure you are consistent.

What is legal is distinct from what is conventional or good practice or recommended. Meaningful names for variables are important for the humans who are looking at programs, understanding them, and revising them. That sometimes means you would like to use a name that is more than one word long, like price at opening , but blanks are illegal! One poor option is just leaving out the blanks, like priceatopening . Then it may be hard to figure out where words split. Two practical options are

• underscore separated: putting underscores (which are legal) in place of the blanks, like price_at_opening .
• using camel-case : omitting spaces and using all lowercase, except capitalizing all words after the first, like priceAtOpening

Use the choice that fits your taste (or the taste or convention of the people you are working with).

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An introduction to programming using a language called Python. Learn how to read and write code as well as how to test and “debug” it. Designed for students with or without prior programming experience who’d like to learn Python specifically. Learn about functions, arguments, and return values (oh my!); variables and types; conditionals and Boolean expressions; and loops. Learn how to handle exceptions, find and fix bugs, and write unit tests; use third-party libraries; validate and extract data with regular expressions; model real-world entities with classes, objects, methods, and properties; and read and write files. Hands-on opportunities for lots of practice. Exercises inspired by real-world programming problems. No software required except for a web browser, or you can write code on your own PC or Mac.

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Lecture 4. Intro to Python

Monday April 4

Intro to Python

• Video on canvas

📦 Code and Slides

• 4-IntroPython.pdf
• Lecture4-Python.zip