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This exam necessitates a lot of serious study and devotion. Every applicant who understands the UPSC’s trends and expectations and works diligently toward achieving a rank under suitable supervision has a chance to succeed.

This year’s Mains – 2021 questions in GS, Essay, and even Optional papers need in-depth examination of trending topics as well as certain key static topics that may or may not be in the news.

Analytical skills can only be enhanced by regularly thinking and writing. Regular writing, in particular, is essential for improving your analytical abilities. Writing answers after reading other people’s answers or reading a synopsis will get you nowhere.

You must adhere to the standards outlined in the preceding article. You can get knowledge but not wisdom by consulting a summary.

Legacy IAS team will frame as many questions as feasible on each and every component of the GS syllabi as part of this initiative. This will allow you to take continuous notes and write answers until your  UPSC Mains Exam 2022-2023.

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UPSC Mains: Syllabus, Question Papers, Mock Tests, Art of Answer Writing

• Mains GS Papers Topicwise from 2013-2023
• Mrunal’s Model Answers for UPSC GSM-2020 Paper

Mains GS Paper1: History, Social Science, Geography

Mains gs paper2: polity, governance,international relation, mains gs paper3: economy, environment, sci-tech, internal security, mains gs paper4: ethics, integrity, attitude, mains gs and essay papers topicwise from 2013-2022.

• [Download] UPSC Mains Essay Paper, Including Topicwise last 30 YEARS Essay Question Papers (1993-2023) with booklist, strategy!
• [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 (GSM1): History, Geography, Social Science
• [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-2 (GSM2): Polity, Welfare, Governance, International Relations (IR) since new Syllabus of 2013-2023
• [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-3 (GSM3): Economy, Agriculture, Disaster Management, EIA, Science, Internal Security since new Syllabus of (2013-2023)
• [Download] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-4 (GSM4) Topicwise Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude – All Papers (2013-2023)
• Indian culture covers the salient features of Literature, Art Forms, and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
• Modern Indian history include the significant events, personalities, issues during the middle of the eighteenth century until the present
• Various stages and important contributors and contributions from different parts of the country in ‘The Freedom Struggle’
• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country
• History of the world includes events, forms and effect on the society from 18th century like world wars, industrial revolution, colonization, redrawal of national boundaries, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc
• Salient aspects of Diversity of India and Indian Society
• Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and remedies
• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism
• Distribution of key natural resources across the world including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent; factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world including India
• Effects of globalization on Indian society
• Salient features of world’s physical geography
• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes
• [Download] ALL UPSC GSM1 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1: Urban poor women living conditions more deplorable than rural counterparts
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Democractic Elements in Religious Reforms (250 Words)
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Quit India Movement- Planned or Spontaneous? (250 Words)
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Gandhi’s Secular Image vs. Khilafat Support
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: British Imperialism Exigencies
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Hindu elements in Mughal Architecture
• [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Chola Bronze Sculptures
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q20: Geography / Urbanization- New Problems of IT-BPO Cities (250 words, 15 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q19: How religiosity transformed into communalism in Independent India? (250 words)
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 with FREE Question-cum-Answerbooklet (QCA)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q18: Women Issues & Debates in the 19th Century India (250 words, 15 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q17: Geography- Monsoon climate that feeds over 50% population of World
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q16: Geography- Converting floods into irrigation & inland navigation sources?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q15: Implications of Market-based Petro Refineries on developing country?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q14: Oceanic Salinity variations & its multi-dimensional effects (250 words, 15 marks) Physical Geography
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q13: New Objectives added to vision of Free India since 1920s
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q12: How traditional artisanal industry’s decline crippled rural economy of colonial India
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q11: Indian society’s spirit of tolerance & love in past & present times
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q10: Major legal initiatives by the State since Independence on discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q9: Whether regions form cultural units or States? (10 Marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q8: Geography: How does Cryosphere affect Global Climate?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q7: Benefits of Pulse Cultivation, Why UN declared International Year of Pulses?
• [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q5: Physical Geography: NASA’s Juno Mission: Knowing Earth’s Origin from Jupiter’s Data?
• [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q4: World History- Decolonization problems in Malay Peninsula
• [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q3: Freedom Struggle: Why Moderates failed to convince masses by end of 19th Century?
• [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q2: Spectre of fragmented polity in mid-eighteenth century India (150 words, 10 Marks)
• [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q1: Gupta coins & numismatic art was better than its successive dynasties. Justify (150 Words, 10 Marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q6: Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS1, Set#1: History & Culture, Society & Geography; with sources for Model Answerkey
• [AW/GSM1] Art & Culture: Declining Male Classical Dancers & Sanskrit Literature in Modern India- with Model Answers
• [AW/GSM1] History: Thugs of Hindustan, Criminal Tribes Act 1871, Rise of Totalitarianism in Europe- with Model Answers
• [AW/GSM1] Society: Post-Truth & Rise of Intolerance in India vs (GSM2): Constitution: Liberty of Thought & Expression? With Model Answers
• [AW/GSM1] Post-Independence: LTTE vs IPKF & Globalization vs FLPR with Model Answers
• Lecture/Rao forGSM1: Narasimha Rao’s Diplomacy & Mains Answer writing Basics
• Lecture/GSM1: Right wing Vigilantism in India vs Alt-Right in Trump’s USA: Compare Contrast
• Lecture/GSM1&4: DeenDayal- Integral humanism (एकात्म मानवदर्शन), One India (एक भारत), Dharma Rajya
• Lecture/GSM1: Leather Industry- Location Factors, Opportunities, Challenges, Cow Vigilantism
• Lecture/GSM1- Urban Floods: Problem, Remedies, Chennai Floods & Disaster Mitigation
• FREE Complete Lecture Series on World History by Pratik Nayak
• Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
• Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
• Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
• Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
• Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these
• Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
• Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity
• Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
• Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
• Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections
• Health, Education, Human Resources
• Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
• Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to
• Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures
• Issues relating to poverty and hunger
• Role of civil services in a democracy
• Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
• India and its neighborhood- relations
• Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate
• Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora
• [Download] ALL UPSC GSM2 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Critically Examine the Need to abolish No-Detention Policy under Right to Education Act (150 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Explain the signifiance of ‘Affordable Housing’ in Human & Economic Development of India (150 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Why did Govt. propose Triple Talaq Bill / Ordinance? List Salient Features (150 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Diplomacy- Modi’s De-hyphenation Policy vs Nehru’s NAM Policy (250 words, 15 Marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Son Meta-Preference impact on India’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) at UNDP (250 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Ayushman Bharat-NHPM: Features, Fiscal & Administrative challenges (250 words, 15 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: 15th Finance Commission’s Terms of Reference (TOR)- Why are States apprehensive? (250 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Law Commission Report#276: Legalizing Sports-Betting in India. Discuss your Stand (250 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: National Register of Citizens (NRC) & Assam Accord: Features & Interconnections (250 words)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Article 239AA & Lieutenant Governor’s Absolutism Post-SC Judgement
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: OBC Sub-categorization: Constitutional and Legal dimensions (150 words, 10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: American Senate is more powerful than Indian Rajya Sabha. Analyse
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#2- US Senate vs Rajya Sabha, Modi’s De-hyphenated Policy vs Nehru’s NAM
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#1 with model Answerkey: SC guidelines on Section 498-A
• [Economy/GSM2] Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) vs WTO: MFN-Forward, Standstill & Ratchet, India’s stand, with Model Answers in Hindi & English
• [AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)- 3 Mock Questions & Model Answers in Hindi & English
• [AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Regulatory Bodies autonomy & independence: Model Answers in English & Hindi
• Lecture/GS2: Natural Fiber Textiles vs SDG; Bulk Drugs & API Industry- Govt Policies
• Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Referendum in India? Lessons from BREXIT, Columbia & Scotland
• Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Refugee & Asylum Framework in India? Lessons from EU-Refugee Crisis
• Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Parliamentary Secretary, Office of Profit: Constitutional origins?
• Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Directly Elected Mayor system in ULBs, Private Member’s Bill- merits of
• Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Regulatory Bodies: Algo-Trading vs SEBI, MCI vs NMC?
• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
• Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.
• Government Budgeting.
• Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
• Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
• Economics of animal-rearing.
• Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
• Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions
• Land reforms in India.
• Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
• Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
• Investment models.
• Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
• Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
• Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
• Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
• Disaster and disaster management.
• Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
• Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
• Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention
• Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
• Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
• [Download] ALL UPSC GSM3 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
• Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q12: Disaster Vulnerability types & characterization in हिंदी & English (10m, 150 words)
• Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q11: Hazard Zonation Mapping for Landslide Disaster Preparedness in हिंदी & English (15m, 250 words)
• Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q10: Govt Reforms to make PDS food grain distribution system more effective (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
• Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q9: Govt initiatives for Food Processing Sector in India (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q8: Contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q7:National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q6: Integrated Farming System for sustaining agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q5: Biotechnology for Farmers Income Improvement? (15m, 250 words)
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Is Indian Economy in Good shape?
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Inclusive Growth strategy for Sustainability
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q2: Public Expenditure Management challenges Post-LPG Reforms
• [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q1: Comment on Revenue implications of GST
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q12: How is Protectionism & Currency Manipulation affecting Indian Economy?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q11: How principles of NITI Aayog different from Planning Commission? (15 marks) incl. HINDI ANSWER
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q10: Internal Security- Govt’s approach to Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? (10m)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q9: Why India distanced from China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)? (10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q8: 100% Organic Farming State’s ecological and economical benefits? (10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q7: Ramsar “Wise use” Concept for wetland conservation (150 words, 10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q6: How to remove Toxic Solid Waste from Habitable Environment? (10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q5: Discuss how Bose-Einstein Statistics revolutionized the field of Physics? (10 marks)
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q4: Food-Processing: How Supermarket supply chain management (SCM) eliminates intermediaries?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q3: Agriculture Issues- How MSP protects farmers from Low-Income Trap?
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q2: Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) & Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget
• [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q1: Energy Access initiatives for SDG: Ujjwala, Saubhagya, Gram-Jyoti, Urja Ganga, Uday (150 words)
• [AW/GSM3] Internal Security: Preventing Lone Wolf & Hate Speech on Social Media: Mock Questions with Model Answer Writing
• [GSM3/Disasters] Human Stampede Prevention, Role of Science Tech (GSM3) & Code for Media (GSM4) With Model Answer Writing
• [AW/GSM3] Economy: Give Fiscal stimulus for 6-Quarter GDP dip & GST troubles of MSME/Small Traders? Critically Examine. Model Answer Included
• [Economy] WTO Buenos Aires Summit #EPICFAIL: Model Answers for UPSC Mains GS2 & GS3
• [AW/GSM3] Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
• [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Credit & Inputs (Part 1/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
• [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Extension & Research, GM Crops (Part 2/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
• [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Output Selling (3/3): Price Deficiency Payment (PDP), MSP, APMC & Food Management gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
• [AW/GSM3] Tomato Inflation, Organic Farming, Pulses Inflation: Mock Questions & Model Answer Writing for UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam
• [AW/GSM3] Art of Answer writing: Minor Forest Produce (MFP) significance & challenges for Tribal economy: Model Answers in English & Hindi
• [Economy] GSM3: New Metro Rail Policy 2017: Investment Models, PPP vs EPC, DFBOT, VGF with Model Answers in Hindi & English
• Lecture/Rao forGSM3: Rao’s Economic Reforms, Impact of Liberalization & industrial Policy
• Lecture/GSM3- SENDAI Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction & India’s updated NDM Plan 2016
• Lecture/GSM3: Pollution- Kigali Amendment, India- a Rejectionist Power in SDG, Paris, ICAO?
• Lecture/GSM3/Agri: Pulses inflation: Arvind Subramanian report, PPP procurement, higher MSP, DBT?
• Lecture/GSM3/Agri: GM Mustard, DMH-11 Hybrid should we adopt in India? GEAC report? Cartagena Protocol?
• Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why Plan-Non plan merger? Is Revenue-Capital classification sufficient?
• Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why Budget advanced to 1st February? Merits, Rationale, Summary
• Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why change Financial Year of India instead of 1st April-31st March?
• Lecture/GSM3/Economy: GST-Proposed Framework, Benefits, Challenges- Summary
• Lecture/GSM3/Poverty: UBI- Universal Basic Income for Indian Poor: Benefits, Challenges- Summary

This paper includes questions to check the candidate’s’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his/her problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him/her while dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects and covers area:

• Ethics and Human Interface- Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships
• Human Values- lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values
• Attitude- content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion
• Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections
• Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance
• Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world
• Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration- Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance
• Probity in Governance- Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information; sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption
• Case Studies on above issues.
• [Download] ALL UPSC GSM4 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS4: Set#1 Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude incl. Case Studies on Blue Whale Game, Gender Equality, Artistic Freedom
• [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS4: Set#2- Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude with case study on recruitment, Ostracism, Friendship & More
• [AW/GSM4] Art of Answer writing: Transparency of Rules Act (TORA) vs RTI vs Citizen Charter for Transparency, Accountability & Good Governance
• Lecture/Rao forGS3&4: LPG Legacy= Growth NOT Redistributed? Crisis Mgmt using Kautilya?
• FREE Complete Lecture Series on Ethics by UPSC Topper Kavan Limbasiya (IRS)
• More Case Studies and Articles

General Studies

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Study Material

UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

UPSC Mains Optional Test Series

Mentorship Program for UPSC 2024

Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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Essay – Civil Services Books – Mains Exam

Last updated on March 15, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

UPSC Civil Service Mains Paper 1 (popularly known as essay paper) is now of 250 marks.

Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics (two topics as of now). They will be expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely.

Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Table of Contents

Recommended Books for Essay Paper – Civil Services Books – Mains Exam

• Essays for Civil Services and Other Competitive Examinations by Pulkit Khare .
• Selected Contemporary Essays by Saumitra Mohan (MHE)
• Essay Paper for Civil Services Main Examination by Pavneet Singh and Sonali Bansal
• A Book of Essays by Kalpana Rajaram
• 151 ESSAYS For UPSC Mains Various State Public Service Commissions and Other competitive Examinations
• English-Hindi-Essay Compulsory- UPSC Mains Examination
• ESSAYS(101 Current) for Competitive Exams

How to write a good essay

Here are some tips for writing a good essay:

• Read and understand the essay topic: Ensure that you understand the topic and what is expected of you in the essay.
• Plan and structure: Plan the flow of your essay and create an outline to ensure that your essay has a clear structure.
• Write in a clear and concise manner: Make sure your writing is easy to understand and avoids unnecessary technical terms or jargon.
• Use examples and evidence: Use real-life examples and supporting evidence to reinforce your arguments.
• Address counter-arguments: Consider and address any counter-arguments to strengthen your essay.
• Conclusion: Sum up your key arguments and present a clear conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Revise your essay several times to ensure that it is error-free and presents your ideas effectively.

Remember to write in a way that is analytical, evaluative and comprehensive. Also, ensure that you stick to the word limit and allocate enough time for each essay.

To get a detailed idea on how to write a good essay, click here

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Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

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Sir , what are the books to read so that i can have a good content for mains examination? I have certain books which are universal for UPSC CS .. For mains i am confused same are enough or not ..if not from where will i get the content ..

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• Essay In UPSC Exam

How to Write Essay in UPSC Exam

The Essay Paper is one of the nine papers in the UPSC civil services mains exam. In this paper, you will have to write two essays, each with a word count of 1000–1200. One topic can be selected from a choice of four topics. The Essay Paper is for a total of 250 marks, with one essay for 125 marks.

Download UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Paper from the linked article.

Download UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Paper  from the linked article.

You would have read many articles on our website on how to prepare for the essay paper in the IAS mains exam. This article tells you how to write an essay for the UPSC exam.

It is recommended that you follow certain steps while writing the essay paper.

How to Write the Essay for UPSC?

• Read the topics thoroughly

This is the most important step in the process. You should choose one of the four topics. While selecting your topic, make sure you know most about that topic out of the given topics. What not to pick:

• A sensitive or controversial topic.
• A topic about which you are too passionate or feel strongly about. In this case, you may tend to get excited and fail to write a balanced essay. This can work against you.
• Think for some time

Once you’ve selected your topic, you should not start writing straight away. It is prudent to think for some time and collect your thoughts. Write in pencil the points you want to write. This is important because only then can you write your points in the correct sequence. For instance, if you are writing about India’s relations with its neighbours, you need to write the historical facts and events in the beginning. Suppose you start writing the essay and realise only towards the end that you have forgotten to mention a crucial detail in the historical part, it would be too late to add it because of a space crunch. Therefore, it helps if you write your rough points in the beginning.

Once you have the rough points in hand, you can start writing the essay. While writing, you must adhere to a good structure. The structure of a good essay is as follows:

• Introduction
• Main issue/problem/subject
• Current scenario/current news related to the topic
• Positive and negative aspects
• Reforms/way forward

You can get brownie points if you also include:

• Relevant quotes/sayings by famous personalities (ensure to quote verbatim).
• Relevant government schemes and policies.
• Any figures or numbers (must be accurate otherwise, don’t include them).

Important pointers to note while you write:

• Don’t resort to name-calling. Never get personal in your essay.
• Don’t have extreme views. The Buddha’s middle path can help you here!
• Don’t just present problems. Give possible reforms/solutions also.
• Don’t criticise the administration excessively.
• Even if the topic is provocative, your essay shouldn’t be. Present a balanced picture. You don’t HAVE to agree to the topic.
• Avoid writing utopian solutions.
• Keep in mind you are a future officer, not a journalist!

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UPSC CSE MAINS 2021: ESSAY PAPER FOR UPSC- IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS

The Essay Writing Paper for UPSC CSE 2021  is indicative of the fact that the exam is not merely about factual knowledge, but much beyond it. This year’s paper seems to analyze the box and critical thinking  of the aspirants.

Essay writing papers for Upsc Cse mains 2021 took especially those  aspirants by surprise  who went in with a preconceived notion of the traditional paper. This was where aspirants could use their usual ammunition where they were taught how to feed data points in different ways.

As a lot of our students aptly summed up  the analysis of the essay paper  in the comment sections of the  discussion video (link here)  there is only one word needed to describe the nature of this paper ‘philosophical’. However, the key thing required for writing on these topics was generic/real-life treatment and not core philosophical interpretations.

Table of Contents

Essay Writing Paper, UPSC CSE 2021

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

• The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.
• Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
• The philosophy of witlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera.
• The real is rational and the rational is real.
• The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
• What is research, but a blind date with knowledge?
• History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.
• There are better practices to best practices.

Essay Writing Paper UPSC 2021 Detailed Analysis

Here is a list of our humble observations in an attempt to understand the nature of the paper.

• All the 8 questions were abstract topics.
• It was a logical culmination of the process that UPSC has lately followed for deep interpretation and introspection.
• Now the essay paper is no longer an extension of GS. It must be prepared differently.
• Essays are now a reflection of one’s personality as the topics demand one to think critically.
• It is quality over quantity that matters now. In simple words, 800-900 words are more than enough if the dimensions are well thought out and are substantiated with good case studies.

Scale of Difficulty

Moving forward, below is a deconstruction of the Essay Paper section wise and topic-wise:

Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Section Wise Analysis:

Clear thematic categorization of sections A and B

The two sections of the paper were categorized to cover two aspects of philosophical discourses –

• Section A  listed a set of topics with  the theme of self-reflective tone , where the subject ponders upon the impact of technology on one’s consciousness, the process of constructed realities of the mind, a critique of both asceticism and hedonism and the relationship of ideas with the reality of the world.
• Section B turned the subject of philosophical thinking from the human to the society, as if the society is reflecting upon itself – the topics covered the themes of the role of the mother in determining human destiny, the playfulness and creativity of research and knowledge, the famous quotation by Hegel and Marx about history repeating itself and a gentle mention of better practices and best practices.

Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Topic Wise Analysis:

Topics were borrowed from standard academic references.  They were drafted by people with a sincere command over the subject of philosophy, as they were not merely quotations, but sentences with layers of complexity which even students of philosophy optional may have found hard to unpack without effort.

Meaning and Approach to ESSAY Paper TOPICS 2021:

Topic 1: the process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced..

• Difficult topic because a particular/specific interpretation was required.
• Not a general moral critique of technology. Seems a general critique of our process of self-discovery.
• Examples/case studies are important for this kind of essay where the use of technology solves our problems but takes us away from self-realization.
• To put it in simple terms, sometimes the problems that we face as humans are not supposed to be immediately solved as we usually do by employing technology.
• The role of AI and Artificial Intelligence, Tech-based consultants, Thought processes, and Biotech  could be discussed as part of current affairs and GS reading for this topic.

Topic 2: Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is awareness of me

• This is perhaps the trickiest topic in the whole paper as two different dimensions of epistemology (subjective and objective) were fused into one essay.
• Most topics in section A talk about self-knowledge but this one is not about achieving self-knowledge but elaborating upon an already achieved self-knowledge.
• The fundamental value that can be discussed in this essay is humility, the need to introspect about one’s self, and the merits of exercising restraint .

Topic 3: The philosophy of witlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera

• In this topic, there are two propositions-  asceticism and hedonism  and both open themselves for a critical analysis.
• This is one topic that has an underlying critical tone.
• The topic is more about sustainable development, a balance between growth and development  which requires proper GS and current affairs base to add illustrations.

Topic 4: The real is rational and rational is real

• This is a quotation by Hegel, who was a philosopher in the tradition of German idealism. German idealism insisted on the proposition that the material world is the reflection of the world of ideas. It implies that if you can think of something as true it probably must exist in reality.
• The main thrust of this essay is to emphasize  intuition, theoretical powers of the mind, the power of big ideas, and the ability to think big, even if “big ideas” might look “unreasonable and unrealistic”
• Word of caution:  The term rational should not lead a student to interpret it as an essay in which scientific thinking has to be promoted and religious/spiritual thinking has to be criticized.
• The point that Hegel was trying to make was that even the idea of God/spirituality also comes from rational thinking.

Topic 5: The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world .

• This one is the easiest of all the topics this year.
• It hints at the power of the role of a mother/caregiver to shape society.
• This is one of the least abstract and more sociological topics of the exam and therefore the data on women’s rights, and women’s empowerment can be made relevant in this essay.

Topic 6: What is research, but a blind date with knowledge?

• The clear interpretation of the essay is that there is always  an element of risk, adventure, imagination, and open-mindedness in research.
• In simple words, research must be taken for the pleasure of discovering truth and any form of knowledge that follows from research must be appreciated.
• This topic also encourages an open and rational mindset in any research and study with the ability not to be influenced by biases and prejudice.
• Data points like nations with the best research institutes and Universities eventually are also more prosperous and just.

Topic 7: History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

• It is a famous Marxist quotation brought into current relevance by some contemporary events like  the impact of the pandemic, conflicts, and environmental problems on the economy and society.
• The key interpretation of the topic is that if something unjust, wrong, or indemnifying happens to us once, then we can interpret it as a tragedy, where no one can be blamed for a tragedy. However, if it happens repeatedly then an evil motivation must be involved.
• Repeated mismanagement during successive COVID waves is a classic example of this.
• Care should be taken by those candidates who identified it correctly as a quote by Marx as that does not mean that the essay is about Marx or Communism vs. Capitalism or a history-based topic alone.
• Climate change, Afghan crises, the Middle East, Mismanagement during the pandemic, and Religious conflicts and riots  can be directly mentioned as illustrations based on current affairs and GS readings.

Topic 8: There are better practices to best practices.

• The clear-cut interpretation of this topic is that we cannot be convinced of having achieved the best practices ever and we always can improve ourselves endlessly .
• This also implies that we must follow an action-oriented philosophy and not wait for perfection to arrive at our ideas.
• Examples from cultural practices, social practices, political practices, and economic practices can be cited from a wide range, which is one essay where examples can be thought of easily if the interpretation is correct.
• The  core value  of this essay can be summed up as  the pursuit of excellence and not of perfection.

Implications- Essay For UPSC:

Many aspirants appearing in mains do not practice Essay writing as much as they should.  One must avoid such a blunder.  Being a paper largely dominated by abstract topics, it is indicative of the fact that it is one of the critical ways of checking the interpersonal skills  of the candidates and how they can present case studies and interpret them in the examination.

Therefore, the following  parameters should be kept in mind  while preparing for Essays:

• Comprehension of the topics: There should be a clear understanding of the essay topics asked in previous years. Next comes the segregation of topics into abstract and topical essays.
• Creative writing skills
• Coherent and cohesive ideas
• Time management
• Current affairs should be read diligently as these help in generating good illustrations.
• Certain themes around women, education, morality, technology, etc., should be well prepared
• The regular practice of writing 10-12 pages should be the norm.
• The target should be to score above 140 marks.

The Road Ahead- Essay Writing For UPSC:

• This year the UPSC has gone all out to emphasize that the routine delivery of facts learned from studying General Studies cannot be mindlessly reproduced in the essay paper.
• The students must develop an ability to appreciate the abstraction of thought and use the data points carefully to suit the given context.
• The UPSC has indicated with this paper that an inability to comprehend or express complex thoughts in simple terms cannot be an excuse for not being comfortable with the Essay paper, where ALL the topics are of such a nature there is no alternative to learning to cultivate some reading and writing skills.
• The interesting part is that developing these basic skills is not difficult at all and we are sometimes just late in overcoming such fears due to a lack of proper guidance .
• Further, there has to be a different approach while attempting such a paper as these topics are beyond general studies and require  an awakened mind to deconstruct such topics.
• One must understand that UPSC always surprises everyone with the kind of questions they ask.

How Edukemy’s Essay Writing Program Can Help?

• Edukemy’s Essay Program  includes sessions where we pay special attention to  the techniques of interpreting the topics  of the essay correctly and expressing our thoughts clearly and simply with appropriate vocabulary.
• Abstract essays form an essential part of Edukemy’s module course  on Essay writing which focuses on cultivating the habit of thinking in abstraction and multi-layered approaches of using facts and data points to suit the philosophical themes.
• Edukemy stands out in curating a list of reading material (Famous Book Summaries/Excerpts and Philosophies of Famous Personalities) which we publish and regularly update along with our essay programs. There is additional material where quotes, examples, and case studies are provided for important essay themes.
• Edukemy’s Essay Test Series can help you develop a regular practice routine and improve your writing style through detailed and personalized feedback.

1. What is the format of the UPSC CSE Mains 2021 Essay Paper?

A: The UPSC CSE Mains 2021 Essay Paper consists of two sections, each containing four essay topics. Candidates are required to write two essays, one from each section. The word limit for each essay is 1,000-1,200 words. The topics cover a wide range of issues, and candidates are expected to critically analyze and present their thoughts on the given subjects.

2. How should I approach essay writing in UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: Approaching the essay paper requires a strategic mindset. Begin by understanding the demands of the topic, brainstorming ideas, and structuring your essay coherently. Emphasize a balanced and analytical approach, supported by facts, examples, and relevant quotations. Make sure to showcase a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Time management is crucial, so allocate time wisely between the two essays.

3. What is the role of current affairs in the Essay Paper for UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: While the essay topics may not explicitly mention current events, candidates are expected to integrate contemporary issues into their essays. This showcases an awareness of the world around them and the ability to connect theoretical knowledge with practical situations. Including relevant examples and case studies from recent events can significantly enhance the quality of the essay.

4. How are essays evaluated in UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: Essays are evaluated based on several criteria, including clarity of expression, coherence, relevance of content, originality of thought, and the ability to present a well-structured argument. Examiners look for a candidate’s ability to critically analyze issues, provide a balanced perspective, and communicate ideas effectively. Clear and concise writing with proper grammar and language usage is also crucial.

5. Can I use bullet points or diagrams in my essays for UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: The UPSC recommends a traditional essay format, and the use of bullet points or diagrams is generally discouraged. However, if it aids in clarity and better presentation of your ideas, candidates can use them sparingly. It’s essential to prioritize a coherent narrative and ensure that the essay meets the specified word limit. Excessive use of bullet points or diagrams may lead to a loss of depth in the analysis.

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How to self-evaluate your answer , mission – 2023: yearlong timetable, join ipm 4.0 to get an assured review of 2 secure answers everyday, general studies – 1.

Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.

1. By recognizing and addressing the gendered dimensions of climate change and empowering women, societies can harness the full potential of all individuals to build a more sustainable and resilient future. Explain. (250 words).

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question: While climate action requires 100% involvement of the population, at the same time, empowering women would mean better climate solutions Key Demand of the question: To write about the role empowered women can play in finding better climate solutions.  Directive word:  Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts . Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Start by giving context.  Body: First, write about the disproportionate impact of climate change on women. Next, write about the role empowered women can play in this regard – role in sustainable development, their knowledge and innovation potential, and the benefits of addressing reproductive rights and economic empowerment. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, and Human Resources.

2.  India has one of the highest burdens of Tuberculosis (TB) globally, and ensuring an adequate supply of quality-assured drugs is crucial for effective treatment. Examine the major impediments to ending TB in India.  (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu ,  Insights on India

Why the question: With less than two years left to achieve the ambitious goal set by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018 to “eliminate” TB in India, the pharmacy of the Global South is once again struggling to treat patients with drug-sensitive TB. Key Demand of the question: To write about the challenges posed by TB and ways to end it. Directive word:  Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving statistic highlighting the incidence and impact of TB in India. Body: First, write about the various measures taken and progress made in fight against TB in India. Next, write about the shortcomings of the above with a special emphasis on drug shortage and other major challenges in India’s fight against TB. Next, write about the possible solutions to the above issue to end TB in India – improving awareness, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, expanding access to diagnostics and treatment, targeting high-risk populations, and promoting research and innovation etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

3. The discovery of the Higgs boson was a significant milestone in the field of particle physics and had several profound impacts on our understanding of the universe. Comment. (250 words)

Why the question: Nobel prize-winning physicist Peter Higgs, who proposed the existence of the so-called ”God particle” that helped explain how matter formed after the Big Bang, has died at age 94. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of discovery of Higgs boson. Directive word:  Comment – here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving context of Higgs-Boson. Body: Write about the importance of the discovery of Higgs-Boson – confirmed the existence of the Higgs field and its mechanism for giving mass to particles, completing the Standard Model of particle physics, deepened our understanding of mass generation, provided insights into the early universe, and opened avenues for exploring new physics beyond the Standard Model. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

4. Assess the significance and challenges of harnessing tidal energy as a renewable source of power in India. (250 words)

Reference: Down to Earth

Why the question : The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To assess the significance and challenges of tidal energy, and to discuss the steps taken by MNRE in this regard. Directive word:  Assess – When asked to assess, you must consider the strengths and weaknesses of an argument and come to a conclusion after weighing the evidence. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Introduce the concept of tidal energy. Body: First, discuss the Significance of Tidal Energy – explain the advantages of tidal energy, including its predictability, low environmental impact, and potential to contribute to India’s renewable energy goals. Next, analyse the challenges associated with harnessing tidal energy, such as technological limitations, high upfront costs, environmental concerns, and site-specific requirements. Next, provide an overview of the steps taken by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to assess tidal energy potential in India, including the establishment of pilot projects and research initiatives. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome above mentioned challenges.

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

5. While 5G technology offers numerous benefits, the cost of upgrading infrastructure and acquiring new devices compatible with 5G can be prohibitive for consumers and businesses, especially in a country like India where affordability is a significant concern. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question:  The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To understand the potential of 5G technology and how India could harness it. Directive word:  Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by stating details of 5G network and its frequency range. Body: First, mention the various potential benefits of 5G technology such as faster access to critical services, building smart cities, developing competitiveness with other nations in service delivery standards etc. Next, discuss the challenges to roll out 5G such as high cost of installation, public apprehension regarding safety, need for a robust policy and Centre-state coordination etc. Conclusion: Conclude by stating that more and more discussions and quick action is the need of the hour for India to quickly harness the potential of 5G technology.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;

6. What do you understand by altruism? Discuss. (150 words)

Reference: plato.stanford.edu

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Directive: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Define altruism. Body: Elaborate, Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism, from holding the door for strangers to giving money to people in need. News stories often focus on grander cases of altruism, such as a man who dives into an icy river to rescue a drowning stranger or a donor who gives thousands of dollars to a local charity. Conclusion: Summarise by highlighting the importance of altruism in present day and the need to use it for positive outcomes.

Topic: moral and political attitudes.

7. What do you understand by public morality? Explain with examples. (150 words)

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Directive word:  Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Give a simple elaboration on the concept of public morality. Body: Write about aspects such as what is accepted within the realms of public morality, is it static and indestructible by quoting few examples. Influence of public morality on legislations and the changes with time such as legalisation of same-sex marriage etc. Conclusion: Conclude by stating that society evolves with time and thus the public morality also takes its shape, however certain historically sustainable values must be preserved as well.

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UPSC Essentials | Mains answer practice — GS 2 : Questions on VVPAT and Governor-state relations (Week 46)

Are you preparing for upsc cse 2024 here are questions from gs paper 2 for this week with essential points as the fodder for your answers. do not miss points to ponder and answer in the comment box below. try them out.

UPSC Essentials  brings to you its initiative for the practice of  Mains answer writing . It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today’s answer writing on questions related to topics of  GS-2  to check your progress.

🚨 The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the  March  edition of its monthly magazine.  Click Here   to read . Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at [email protected]🚨

What is a VVPAT machine? Why did the Election Commission introduce VVPATs?

The Governor enjoys certain powers granted under the Constitution. What is the law on Governor-state relations?

General points on the structure of the answers

Introduction

— The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction.

— It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts.

— It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.

— The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points.

— Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse.

— Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer.

— Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required.

Way forward/ conclusion

— The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction.

— You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers.

Self Evaluation

— It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice.  UPSC Essentials  will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers.

THOUGHT PROCESS

You may enrich your answers by some of the following points.

QUESTION 1: What is a VVPAT machine? Why did the Election Commission introduce VVPATs?

Introduction:

— The VVPAT machine is attached to the ballot unit of the EVM, and provides visual verification for the vote cast by a voter by printing a slip of paper with the voter’s choice on it.

— This slip of paper, containing the candidate’s serial number, name, and party symbol, is displayed in the machine behind a glass window, giving the voter seven seconds to verify her vote. Following this, the slip falls into a compartment underneath.

— The idea is that by allowing for a physical verification of the electronically cast vote, both voters and political parties have greater faith in the process — that their vote is being recorded correctly.

— The idea of the VVPAT machine first emerged in 2010, when the Election Commission of India (EC), held a meeting with political parties to discuss how to make the EVM-based polling process more transparent.

— Later, the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 were amended to allow for a printer with a drop box to be attached to the EVM.

— The VVPAT was used for the first time in all 21 polling stations of the Noksen Assembly constituency of Nagaland in 2013, after which the EC decided to introduce VVPATs in a phased manner.

— The 2019 Lok Sabha elections became the first general election to have 100% of EVMs being attached to VVPATs.

Conclusion:

— In 2018, the EC requested that the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) develop a “mathematically sound, statistically robust, and practically cogent sample size for the internal audit of the VVPAT slips with electronic results of EVMs”.

— In February 2018, the EC mandated the counting of VVPAT slips from one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency. This was raised to five voting stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court decision in April 2019 on a petition brought by TDP leader Chandrababu Naidu .

(Source: Why VVPAT was brought in, why Opposition wants all slips verified by Damini Nath )

Points to Ponder

Why does the EC not want to count 50% of VVPAT slips?

What have been the legal cases surrounding the VVPAT?

Related Previous Year Questions

In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018)

Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022)

QUESTION 2: The Governor enjoys certain powers granted under the Constitution. What is the law on Governor-state relations?

— The Governor enjoys certain powers under the Constitution — such as giving or withholding assent to a Bill passed by the state legislature; determining the time needed for a party to prove its majority in the state Assembly; or, in cases such as a hung verdict in an election, which party must be called first to prove its majority — which make his position very significant.

— Article 153 of the Constitution says “There shall be a Governor for each State.” A few years after the commencement of the Constitution, an amendment in 1956 laid down that “nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States”.

What is the law on Governor-state relations?

— The governor is an apolitical head who must act on the advice of the council of ministers.

— However, the Governor enjoys certain powers under the Constitution such as:

(i) giving or withholding assent to a Bill passed by the state legislature;

(ii) determining the time needed for a party to prove its majority in the state Assembly; or,

(iii) in cases such as a hung verdict in an election, which party must be called first to prove its majority.

— There are, however, no provisions laid down for the manner in which the Governor and the state must engage publicly when there is a difference of opinion.

— Governors have been seen as acting on the behest of the central government in power at the time, and have been accused by state governments, especially those in opposition, as acting as “agents of the Centre”.

— The Governor shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.

— The emoluments and allowances of the Governor shall not be diminished during his term of office.

— The Administrative Reforms Commission of 1968 to Sarkaria Commission of 1988 have recommended reforms, such as the selection of the Governor through a panel comprising the PM, Home Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker and the CM, apart from fixing his tenure for five years.

(Source: What explains the frequent disagreements between state governments and Governors? by Deeptiman Tiwary , How are Governors appointed, and why is their role often controversial? )

What have been the friction points between Governor and State in recent years?

Term period of Governor

Legislative Powers of Governor

Power of Governor to grant pardons

Related Previous Year Question

Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (2022)

Previous Mains Answer Practice

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 44)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 44)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 46)

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UPSC NDA 1 Admit Card 2024: Admit card to be out soon – Details inside

Upsc nda 1 admit card 2024 live: candidates are allowed to bring only a clipboard or a hardboard (with no writing) and a high-quality black ball pen for marking responses..

UPSC NDA NA 1 Hall Ticket 2024 Live Updates: Excitement mounts as the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) gears up to unveil the admit cards for the much-anticipated National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (I), 2024. Following the official notification on December 20, 2023, wherein UPSC announced the recruitment drive aimed at filling 400 positions, candidates are eagerly awaiting the next step in their journey.

Traditionally, UPSC has released NDA (I) admit cards 20-30 days ahead of the examination date. Anticipation is high as aspirants prepare for the April 21, 2024 examination. Candidates are reminded to stay vigilant for the release announcement on the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in. The process is expected to commence shortly.

Vacancies are distributed across various branches: 208 in the Army, 42 in the Navy, 120 in the Air Force, and 30 in the Naval Academy.

As per the official notification, candidates are allowed to bring only a clipboard or a hardboard (with no writing) and a high-quality Black Ball Pen for marking responses. The invigilator will provide the answer sheet and rough work sheet.

Stay tuned with this blog for live updates on the admit card release and direct download links.

UPSC NDA NA 1 Admit Card 2024: What to bring to examination hall?

According to the official notification, candidates are permitted to bring only a clipboard or a hardboard (with no writing) and a high-quality Black Ball Pen for marking responses. The invigilator will provide the answer sheet and rough worksheet.

UPSC NDA NA 1 Admit Card 2024: When is the admit card usually released?

The UPSC has been known to issue NDA (I) admit cards approximately 20 to 30 days ahead of the examination date. This year the examination is slated for April 21.

UPSC NDA NA 1 Admit Card 2024: Upcoming UPSC examinations

The following are the upcoming examinations that UPSC will be conducting this year.

Indian Economic Service – Indian Statistical Service Examination, 2024

Combined Medical Services Examination, 2024

Central Armed Police Forces (ACs) Examination, 2024

UPSC NDA NA 1 Admit Card 2024: Vacancies

The available positions are distributed among different branches as follows: 208 in the Army, 42 in the Navy, 120 in the Air Force, and 30 in the Naval Academy.

There are a total of 42 positions within the Navy that are currently vacant and are anticipated to be occupied through the ongoing recruitment campaign. These positions span a diverse array of roles and responsibilities within the Navy, ranging from enlisted personnel to officers, encompassing various specialties and ranks. The recruitment drive aims to attract qualified individuals who possess the requisite skills, knowledge, and dedication to serve in these roles effectively.

All papers across all subjects will exclusively comprise objective-type questions. The question papers (Test Booklets) for Mathematics and part “B” of the General Ability Test will be provided in both Hindi and English. Questions concerning the metric system of Weights and Measures will be included where applicable. Candidates are required to personally write their answers and are strictly prohibited from seeking assistance from a scribe under any circumstances.

Once out, aspirants can download their admit card from below mentioned website-

-upsc.gov.in.

– https://upsconline.nic.in/.

There are currently 208 openings within the ranks of the Army, providing ample opportunities for individuals seeking to serve their country. These vacancies encompass a diverse array of roles and specialties, ranging from combat positions to support roles vital for the smooth operation of the military.

The National Defence Academy & Naval Academy Examination (I), 2024 is anticipated to fulfill the staffing requirements for 400 positions. This examination serves as a pivotal gateway for individuals aspiring to join the esteemed National Defence Academy and Naval Academy, where they will undergo rigorous training and development to become future leaders in the defense forces.

If any candidate encounters difficulties downloading the admit card or notices any discrepancies, they can contact UPSC for assistance. The contact details are as follows:

Phone Number: 011-23385271/ 23381125/ 23098543

Email: [email protected]

Address: UPSC’s Facilitation Counter near Gate ‘C’, Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi – 110069

The release date for the admit card is yet to be announced officially. However, once it is released, candidates can obtain their admit cards from the official UPSC website. The examination is scheduled for April 21, 2024, with two shifts.

To access the admit card, applicants must have their registration number or roll number on hand. Follow these steps:

1. Go to the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in.

2. Locate the “Admit Card” section.

3. Select “National Defence Academy & Naval Academy Examination (I), 2024”.

4. Click on the “e-Admit” link after reviewing the instructions and confirming with the “Yes” button.

5. Input your registration number or roll number along with your date of birth.

6. Press the “Submit” button.

7. Print out the admit card for future reference.

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