past participle of essay

What is a Past Participle? Definition, Examples of English Past Participles

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Past participle definition: A past participle is formed from a verb and modifies a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase. A past participle most often ends in –ed.

What is a Past Participle?

What does past participle mean? A past participle is formed from a verb . Because it is used to express actions that have already happened, it takes the past tense form . Most past participles end in -ed.

• Verb: to play
• Past participle: played
• Sentence: She had played for hours. (used in past perfect tense)
• Verb: to accelerate
• Past Participle: accelerated
• The speed at which the Zika virus is spreading in Puerto Rico has accelerated sharply, according to new federal data, complicating already difficult efforts to prevent thousands of pregnant women in the territory from infection. – The Wall Street Journal
• Verb: to buy
• Past participle: bought
• Social media sites are hot these days. Snapchat. Instagram. Even if Verizon had bought Pokemon Go, the mobile augmented reality app that has been around only a couple weeks and yet has tens of millions of people chasing make-believe creatures down streets and through parks, there might be more tongues wagging among analysts. – The Washington Post

Past Participles as Adjectives

Even though they are acting like adjectives, past participles still look like verbs. Finding their placement in a sentence is key to understanding how they are being used in a sentence.

• Verb: to ruin
• Past participle: ruined
• Past participle as adjective (modifying noun phrase): ruined my good mood
• Sentence: The stormy weather ruined my good mood.

In this sentence, ruined serves as an adjective to modify the noun phrase my good mood .

• Verb: to break (irregular verb)
• Past participle: broken
• Past participle as adjective: broken glass
• Sentence: We were careful to avoid the broken glass.

In this sentence, broken serves as an adjective to modify the noun glass .

Past Participles in Participle Phrases

In a participle phrase, the participle usually is the first word.

• Verb: to brush
• Past participle: brushed
• Past participle as participle phrase: brushed with a comb
• Sentence: Brushed with a comb, the dog’s fur felt smooth.

In this sentence, brushed with a comb serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the dog’s fur.

• Verb: to wrack
• Past participle: wracked
• Past participle as participle phrase: wracked with doubt
• Sentence: The child had a mind wracked with doubt.

In this sentence, wracked with doubt serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the child’s mind.

Forming the Past Participle: How to Form Past Participle Verbs

• talk > talked
• chew > chewed
• reach > reached

The past participle of some verbs ending in a short vowel sound require doubling the last consonant before adding “-ed”

• brag > bragged
• skip > skipped
• stop > stopped

The past participle of verbs that end with an “e” required only adding a “d” to the end of the word.

• wave > waved
• judge > judged
• reserve > reserved

The past participle of verbs ending in “y” where the “y” replaces a vowel sound require the “y” to be dropped and “-ing” to be added.

• study > studied
• imply > implied
• deny > denied

• run > ran
• sing > sang
• bring > brought

Past Participles in Other Tenses

In addition to being used as an adjectives, past participles are used to form the perfect tenses in English. Here is how they appear in the various tense.

The Four Past Tenses:

• Simple Past Tense > I spoke
• Past Progressive Tense > I was speaking
• Past Perfect Tense > I had spoken .
• Past Perfect Progressive Tense > I had been speaking.

The Four Present Tenses:

• Simple Present Tense > I speak
• Present Progressive Tense > I am speaking
• Present Perfect Tense > I have spoken
• Present Perfect Progressive Tense > I have been speaking

The Four Future Tenses:

• Simple Future Tense : I will speak
• Future Progressive Tense: I will be speaking
• Future Perfect Tense: I will have spoken
• Future Perfect Progressive Tense: I will have been speaking.

Summary: What is the Past Participle?

Define past participle: In grammar, the definition of past participle is a nonfinite verb used to signify a perfective aspect .

In summary , a past participle is formed from the past tense of a verb. It is used to create verb forms and may also modify nouns, noun phrases, adjectives, and adjective phrases.

Essay Past Tense

essayed past tense of essay is essayed.

Essay verb forms

Conjugation of essay.

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PastTenses is a database of English verbs. One can check verbs forms in different tenses. Use our search box to check present tense, present participle tense, past tense and past participle tense of desired verb.

'essay' conjugation table in English

Past participle, present participle, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous.

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Participle: Understanding the Basics and Usage in English Grammar

“Participle” is a term that is commonly used in the study of grammar. It is a type of verb form that can be used as an adjective, to form verb tense, or to form a passive sentence. Participles come in two different types: present participle and past participle.

In English, participles are formed by adding -ing to the base form of the verb to create the present participle and by adding -ed, -en, or -t to the base form of the verb to create the past participle. Participles are used to describe actions that are ongoing or have been completed, and they are an essential component of many verb tenses.

Participles can also be used to create participle phrases, which are groups of words that include a participle and function as an adjective . These phrases can be used to add descriptive detail to a sentence, and they can be used to modify nouns or pronouns. Understanding how to use participles correctly is an important aspect of mastering the English language, and it is a topic that is studied extensively in grammar courses.

Participles – Picture

What is a Participle?

A participle is a type of verb that functions as an adjective or forms part of a verb tense. It is derived from a verb and used to modify a noun or pronoun or to form verb tenses. Participle is a term that comes from the Latin word “participium,” which means “participating.”

Participles are formed by adding suffixes to verbs. In English, there are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in “-ing,” while past participles end in “-ed,” “-en,” “-t,” “-n,” or “-ne.”

Participles can be used in various ways. They can be used as adjectives to describe a noun or pronoun, as part of verb tenses, or as part of participial phrases. Participial phrases are groups of words that include a participle and its modifiers.

Types of Participles

There are two main types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles are used to form the present continuous tense, which describes an ongoing action. For example, “I am walking to the store.” In this sentence, “walking” is the present participle.

Past participles, on the other hand, are used to form the past perfect tense , which describes an action that was completed before another action in the past. For example, “I had walked to the store before it started raining.” In this sentence, “walked” is the past participle.

Participles can also be used to form the passive voice. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb. For example, “The cake was baked by my mom.” In this sentence, “baked” is the past participle used in the passive voice.

In conclusion, participles are a type of verb that can be used as adjectives or to form verb tenses. They are an important part of English grammar and can be used in various ways to convey meaning.

How Participles Work

Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or as part of a compound verb tense. In this section, we will discuss how participles work, including their verb forms, tenses, and usage in active and passive voice.

Participles can be formed from regular and irregular verbs. In English, there are three types of participles: present participle, past participle , and perfect participle. The present participle is formed by adding “-ing” to the base form of the verb. The past participle is usually formed by adding “-ed” to the base form of regular verbs. Irregular verbs have their own unique forms. The perfect participle is formed by adding “having” before the past participle.

Participles can be used to form different tenses , including the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. The present participle is used to form the present continuous and present perfect continuous tenses. The past participle is used to form the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses.

Active and Passive Voice

Participles can be used in both active and passive voice. In active voice, the participle modifies the subject of the sentence. For example, “The dancing girl is happy.” In passive voice, the participle modifies the object of the sentence. For example, “The car was polished by the mechanic.”

Participles can also be used to form participle clauses, which can shorten complex sentences. For example, “Swimming in the ocean, she saw a dolphin.” In this sentence, “swimming in the ocean” is a participle clause that modifies “she.”

Participles can be used as adjectives to modify nouns. For example, “The broken vase needs to be fixed.” In this sentence, “broken” is a participle that modifies “vase.” Participles can also be used to form verb tense and to form a passive sentence.

In summary, participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or as part of a compound verb tense. They can be formed from regular and irregular verbs and can be used to form different tenses and in both active and passive voice. Participles can also be used to form participle clauses, which can shorten complex sentences.

Common Usage of Participles

Participles are verb forms that can serve as adjectives, nouns, or parts of verb tenses. Understanding the different ways in which participles can be used is essential for mastering the English language.

Participles can be used as adjectives to modify nouns. In this case, the participle takes on an adjective-like function, describing the noun that it is modifying. For example:

• The  burning  candle was left unattended.
• The  broken  vase was beyond repair.
• The  falling  leaves covered the ground.

Participles can also be used as nouns. In this case, the participle takes on a noun-like function, serving as the subject or object of a sentence. For example:

• Swimming  is a great way to stay in shape.
• Broken  promises can be difficult to forgive.
• Running  is not allowed in the hallways.

Participles used as nouns are often referred to as gerunds. They can be used in a variety of ways, including as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.

Participles can also be used to form verb tenses, such as the present perfect tense or the past perfect tense. In these cases, the participle is used in conjunction with an auxiliary verb to create a complex verb form.

Overall, participles are an essential part of the English language, and understanding their common usage is crucial for effective communication.

Exceptions to the Rule

Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives, nouns, or as part of a compound verb tense. The past participle of regular verbs is conjugated by adding -ed, although there are a few exceptions to note.

One exception is when a word ending in a single vowel and a single consonant has two syllables, but the second syllable is not stressed. In this case, you can add -ing without changing anything. For example, “visit” becomes “visiting.” However, in UK English, if a word ends in a single vowel and an “l,” like “cancel,” you double the “l” before -ing, as in “cancelling.”

Another exception is when a participle clause and the main clause have different subjects. This is an exception to the rule of participles. For example, “The weather being nice, we decided to go for a picnic” and “It being a cloudy night, I couldn’t see the moon” both have different subjects in the participle clause and the main clause.

Additionally, irregular past participles follow different patterns and do not end in -ed. For instance, the past participle of “go” is “gone,” and the past participle of “eat” is “eaten.”

It is also important to note that the past progressive tense has its own set of rules and exceptions. In this tense, the participle is formed by adding “-ing” to the base form of the verb. However, there are some exceptions, such as the verb “lie,” which becomes “lying” instead of “liing.”

In conclusion, while most participles follow the rule of adding “-ed” to the base form of the verb, there are exceptions to this rule. Irregular past participles, different subjects in the participle clause and main clause, and the past progressive tense all have their own unique rules and exceptions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a participle and a gerund?

A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective or assist in certain verb tenses. On the other hand, a gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun. Present participles and gerunds look identical, but they have different grammatical functions. Present participles are used in various verb tenses and as adjectives. Gerunds function as nouns.

What are the 4 types of participles?

There are four types of participles: present participle, past participle, perfect participle, and passive participle.

What is the form of participle?

The form of participle varies depending on the tense and the verb. The present participle of most regular and irregular verbs is formed by adding “-ing” to the base form of the verb. The past participle of regular verbs is usually formed by adding the suffix “-ed,” while irregular verbs have different forms.

What is an example of a participle?

“Fallen” is an example of a participle, specifically a past participle.

What is a participle?

A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective or assist in certain verb tenses.

What are the different kinds of participles?

The different kinds of participles are present participle, past participle, perfect participle, and passive participle.

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-ed form: been

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Past Participle

What is a past participle.

• It is formed from a verb.
• It is used as an adjective or to form verb tense.
• It probably ends "-ed," "-d," "-t," "-en," or "-n."

Table of Contents

A Closer Look at a Past Participle

Find the past participle test, video lesson, examples of past participles used as adjectives, past participles in participle phrases, past participles used in verb tenses, examples of past participles used in verb tenses, forming the past participle (regular verbs), forming the past participle (irregular verbs), why past participles are important.

• Here's the past participle: whispered
• Here it is used as an adjective : The whispered word
• Here it is used to form a verb tense : She had whispered him the answer.

Are you a visual learner? Do you prefer video to text? Here is a list of all our grammar videos .

Examples of Past Participles Being Used As Adjectives

• Here is a laminated copy to replace your torn one.
• Stuffed deer heads on walls are bad enough, but it's worse when they have streamers in their antlers because then you know they were enjoying themselves when they were shot. (TV host Ellen DeGeneres)
• A torn jacket is soon mended, but hard words bruise the heart of a child. (Poet Henry Longfellow)
• Scandal is gossip made tedious by morality. (Poet Oscar Wilde)
• The enemy is anybody who's going to get you killed , no matter which side he's on. (Author Joseph Heller)
• The boy taken to hospital has recovered.
• I have a heart wracked with sorrow .
• Battered by the wind , John fell to his knees.
• Finally broken , Lee lowered his gloves.
• I had crossed the line. I was free, but there was no one to welcome me to the land of freedom. I was a stranger in a strange land. (Political activist Harriet Tubman)
• I had seen birth and death but had thought they were different. (Poet T S Eliot)
• I phoned my dad to tell him I had stopped smoking. He called me a quitter.
• Don't take the wrong side of an argument just because your opponent has taken the right side.
• Poets have been mysteriously silent on the subject of cheese.
• Like all great travellers, I have seen more than I remember, and remember more than I have seen . (British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli)
• I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me.
• By September, Jenny will have taken over that role.
• I hope that, when I leave this planet, I will have touched a few people in a positive way. (Actor Will Rothhaar)
• jump > jumped
• paint > painted
• chat > chatted
• stop > stopped
• sew > sewed
• play > played
• fix > fixed
• incur > incurred
• prefer > preferred
• open > opened
• enter > entered
• swallow > swallowed
• thrive > thrived
• guzzle > guzzled
• cry > cried
• fry > fried
• arise > arisen
• catch > caught
• choose > chosen
• know > known

More about Participles

• The Past Participle
• The Present Participle

(Benefit 1) Use a fronted participle phrase to say two things about your subject efficiently.

• Imbued with both common sense and enthusiasm , Patrick is always quick to find a cost-effective solution.

(Trap 1) Beware misplaced modifiers and dangling modifiers!

• Past and present participles are key building blocks in any language.
• Using an upfront participle phrase lets you shoehorn more information into a sentence.
• If you use an upfront participle phrase, put the word being modified next.

This page was written by Craig Shrives .

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Advanced English Grammar: Participles

Test your understanding of this English lesson

271 comments.

First to comment :) and got 7/9 :(

I do enjoy your grammar-oriented videos Adam, but I had had to watch some of them more than twice, I must confess.This one was not the exception to the rule, by the way.

Writing academic reports demands the use of formal language and more complex grammar patterns. This lesson provides a useful tool to do so.

Very useful lesson indeed.

Gee! Making mistakes as usual. I had no time to proofreed my comment:

” . . . but I have had to watch some of them . . . ”

Does it sound much better now to you Adam? Thanks in advance for your feedback.

I see you’re a perfectionist :). Have had is correct given that this one is not an exception. Otherwise, had had would have worked but implied that this one was easier ;)

The same as you.

Thanks, Adam. Very informative and clearly explained. Great lesson, as always.

Thanks, Adam. Lesson very interesting.

Hi Adam. Nice lesson. Please also make a video on punctuation marks. Thank you!

I will, but in the meantime, there are a few lessons already on these. Look for the search box on this site and type in ‘punctuation’ and you will see the available videos.

Thank you so much Sir for your reply. Ok, I’ll search it.

Hi Sir. Very informative lesson you’ve discussed. Please also make a video on ‘Punctuation Marks’. Thank you.

Thanks. It’s 89.

Thank you very much!All these clauses are very tricky, but practice makes perfect!I’ll try to understand)

Thanks for the lesson, I have appreciated.

Thanks for the lesson.

Thanks Adam for explanation. Great lesson. I like it,

Great! It is very useful for my students! Thanks,Adam!

Dear Adam, you are always phenomenal, incredible, and out of this world I can NOT forget your favor forever. Because of your magnificent coaching, I think I can now write and publish international scientific papers. god bless and protect you. Mona

At last I understand the difference between adverb participle and adjective participle, and now I see that the same sentence can be understood in two other ways. And what you said about adding “while” in the beggining of a sentence, it’s something new for me, but I thing it really can help to speak in clear way, especially for beginners. Good work Adam!Your grammar lessons are the best on engvid. As always, thank you.

Thank you Hubert.

Just keep in mind that when speaking you can bend the rules more than when writing, so there is less pressure to use these perfectly and sometimes people might confuse you.

Thank You Adam

Thank you Adam!

Hello dear Adam,really I need that lesson.Thank you)In additionally,I have asked this question in facebook page,however,nobody has answered my question yet(I want to ask you.I have proficiency exam as IELTS,however,this exam is more academic and much more difficult.Can you recommend any stratigies or tricks for passing that exam?Thanks in advance)

If you look for the search box on this site and type in ‘IELTS’ you will find many videos to help you prepare for this test. You can also visit my site, writetotop.com for more tips.

Thanks, very helpful

Thanks Adam, what a well-explained lesson about such a difficult topic like this!!

Excellent teacher.

HI, very helpful lesson, thank you. If you want to improve your english i will be enjoy if you write to me on skype :) my nick: daniel_033

Adding the past participle to my vocabulary in order to get a highest score it’s challenging but necessary. Thanks Adam!

Ive got 9/9. Thanks Adam!

Congratulation.

Thanks, Adam.

thanks Adam, I get 9/9, I learn English everyday from your video. :)

Very useful lesson Adam, thanks!

Thanks Adam!! You are a great teacher :)

Thanks, Adam

I have realised that the questionary hasn’t been so difficult to understand that the video class explanation. I have had to listen to it twice to make sure that I had understood all the concepts but I think that I will go back to listen to it again, more than twice although it hasn’t been very complicated to understand the meaning, but to use the strict grammatical rules when participle sentences are used. Thanks a lot, teacher Adam, we have learned and enjoyed another lesson which enriches our knowledge and the good sense of the English language, very useful as always.

Thank you Adam,I’m new here and i really like your videos.I love the way you teach us, you are a amazing teacher around the world.

Welcome Shumail :)

Thanks Adam. It`s very useful lesson.

Hi Adam, thanks for your work. I got 6 correct of 9. In the second quiz, I noticed you added a complement explanation, which is an adjective clause. But what if I understand it like this: After Cal was dressed in his finest clothes, he went to the party with high confidence. Am I right this way? I still got a sentence, please correct me if I am wrong. “How did I manage to get up at 8:30 while sleeping at 4?” Thanks again!

You need to be careful with this change: After Cal was dressed in his finest clothes, he went to the party with high confidence.

Grammatically, it is correct. However, the meaning changes. Firstly, you’ve introduced a time sequence (after). Secondly, saying ‘he was dressed in” means that someone else put clothes on him (passive verb). To keep it active, you would say “After he dressed in his…” and to make this a participle you would say “after dressing in …” or having dressed in …”.

Sorry if this is confusing.

As for the other sentence: How did I manage to get up at 8:30 after going to sleep at 4? or How did I manage to get up at 8:30 having gone to sleep at 4?

Does this help?

Thank you Adam :) I have one question using a conjuntion with an adverb clause. Can I use another conjunction besides WHILE, such as because, although, if, follwed by a participle-ing or ed?

Because loving super high speed, I got an accident by a super car.

No, in the case of because or although, the relationship must be very clear and the conjunction removed (reduced). If the relationship is not clear, then you would have the conjunction, which would then require the full clause.

Hi Adam, thank you for this lesson it was really helpful.I feel that finally, I catch up with Participles coz the last one when you mention them I was lost.

Hi Adam, I appreciate your challenging lessons. For this quiz I scored 8/9. Hope to see any new helpful lessons. Kind regards

Hi Adam! Thank you so much:) I prefer to study English in your class rather than take class in Japan.

Maybe I can understand Seiya :) I used to teach English in Japan.

why i can not see the vedio? who can tell me the way to solve the problem. thank you.

Hi! It looks like you’re posting from China. Your government may be blocking YouTube, where all our videos are hosted. You’ll have to use a VPN or some other way.

Hello Adam,

I have 2 questions:

Dressed in his finest clothes, Cal went to the party. Can I use “Dressing”?

Realizing that the police were on to him… Can I use “reslized”?

What are the rules of using “ed” / “ing” participles?

Thanks and Happy New Year!!!

hi there, Adam do you mind people writing you but on that domain? if you don’t, why don’t you send your email address. there is sth i’d like to share with you. arek, here’s mine: fulatatpost.pl

Hi Infulat,

You can email me at info @ writetotop.com

Thanks for the lesson! I was wondering if you could say more about contexts of use for these sentences. In other words, could you give us the key to know when we can use the adverbial or relative clause at the beginning of the sentence and when we have to leave those reduced clauses just next to the modified noun?

Hi Cristianrj,

Firstly, you never have to use them. They just make the writing more interesting and add variety. The key is to make sure the subject of the clause (even if reduced) is the same as the subject of the independent clause.

Feeling angry, the boss yelled at everyone. — the boss was feeling angry and he (the boss) yelled.

As for adjectives that modify nouns, these are reduced clauses that reduce to just one word, and then this word acts as a regular adjective.

Not sure if this actually answers your question, though.

Hi Adam! didn’t get, why should I use “before” in the last question?

HI Adam thank you for all your lessons you are the best teacher for me thanks a lot.

thank you Adam. your video is great as usual. could you please make a video about the phrasel verbs of the verb “wear” wear on wear away wear out wear off wear down and so on.

Will do, Omar ;)

9 out of 9 answered correctly! Great lesson. “Accused for his acts of corruption by millions of citizens, the president resigned, but the entire nation still claimed justice.”

Good sentence Jose ;)

I just get 6/9. I am still confused in this lesson. It is difficult to get it.

You may have to watch it again Lethitran. You can also ask questions here.

Hi! Adam please! make a video where the indefinite and definite article may be or may not be used like in the following sentences. 1. Cut the cake with knife. 2. Cut the cake with a knife. 3. cut the cake with the knife. ( referring to the whole knife in general )

I’ll get on that, Arjit.

Great lesson.Great exercise. Thanks again, Adam

I got a 10/10 eventhough it was a very hard question for me.

I follow ENGVID for about 4 years and have learnt a lot from you specifically. Many foreign students are living and studying in English-language universities and they commonly have difficulties in “paraphrasing techniques”. How to read and understand a paragraph and then change it into my own words, is may main issue.I know it is an extensive subject, I will be very grateful,if you make a video about this subject, please.

Actually, Emma made a good lesson about this: https://www.engvid.com/how-to-write-a-good-essay-paraphrasing-the-question/

You can also check out my other channel on YouTube: writetotop

I want to know the difference in present participle and past participle in a sentence started with present and past i.e 1.Providing the information, I went to office….(I provided… or I who was provided) 2.Provided the information, I went to office (I who was provided the …) pls tell the difference

Hi errajeev2005,

Firstly, it is not past and present, but passive and active.

As for the examples, the first doesn’t seem to make sense as is. If you write, ” Providing him with the information…” then it is is more clear.

The second– Provided with the information, I went… — means that someone gave me the information I needed.

Adam thank you for this lesson https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCmZQa3z_ZA Could you give some more verbs which used only in preset perfect?(evolve,become,grow)

Adam about the word “either”(sometimes I can hear you pronounce it /ˈiː.ðɚ/ and sometimes /ˈaɪ.ðɚ/. Is there any rule or it is going on just spontaneously? Thank you.

Good question Katrin,

Actually, there is no rule. You will hear native speakers use both. I don’t really think about it when I say it, though I think I tend to use ay more than ee.

Well, these are not used ONLY in present perfect, but when related to the present, they don’t need a time expression. For example, single-celled organisms evolved into more complex creatures millions of years ago. (simple past).

regardless, I will make a list of more of these types of verbs ;)

Yea,I just put the question in a wrong way, sorry. Thanks.

At school they teach to put ALREADY only between HAVE/HAS and VERB. And put YET only at the end.

Yes, they teach many things in oversimplified ways that later confuse people. It’s unfortunate.

Hi Adam, I am very glad to take the lessons from you. I am very thankful to you for these beautiful lessons. Adam, could you please help me understand if the following sentence is correct. ‘I am your English teacher’. I have had many discussions on which one is correct- ‘I am your teacher of English’ and ‘I am your English teacher.’ Please help me understand which one is correct?

Hi Yashwant,

They are both correct. I am your English teacher means that this person is leading this subject. I am your teacher of English might imply that this person is teaching you the language.In most cases, the first will used for both situations.

Thanks a lot Adam. Love you so much and your teaching as well.

You are my favourite teacher. Thanks.

Thanks a lot Adam. You are my favourite always. Love you so much and your teaching as well.

Adam one question more. In American English I sometimes can hear using ON instead of IN(AT). For example: “How many players ON the team?”, “Good luck ON school!” etc. Could you do a less- on about the differences of using them by British and Americans or give me some more information about it? Thanks.

Hmmm. on the team is correct (though in a group or band, but on the committee).

On school I’ve never heard. With, at, yes, but never on.

I will see if this lesson hasn’t already been done and get back to you.

(Good luck ON school!) I’ve read it under one of American teenagers video.(without doubt this guy is about 12 and speaks American very good on his video). I’ve heard British people say “How many players in your teem?” a few times.(And somewhere in the textbook too)

Also I’ve heard about the next difference (on the street(American)/in the street(British). What about that?

Yes, British and America English do have these differences (in on the street), and in the team (I would use this to refer to members of a team in business or school, but in sports, they are on a team).

English can be strange :)

Thank you Adam.(I really thought IN THE TEAM(about sport)). It is not clear pronounced in movies.(and there’re not many of them about sport)

HI MR. ADAM you very good coaching i have your channel i would like to tech the people grammar how i can native speaker. please send your advice to me thank you

You should get a good grammar book and follow the units in there. You can also watch videos here and other places and learn the ways to teach.

Is this what you had in mind?

I got 8/9. I did wrong on 8th question. I should I think focus on the most confusing part of the lesson :)

It’s my second time and I got 3 out of 9?

I mean second time in this website

Welcome Mr. Hamidi.

It will get easier as you get used to it. ;)

Very good lesson Adam! Thank you.

but thanks for this vid but next time make a vid about where to put commas

I’ll see what I can do Francis ;)

good lesson and better score!

Any one who talk with me please?

Thank you for nice lesson.what is the difference between participles and adjustive phrase or adverb phrase.

Hi Umerismail,

A participle is a type of phrase that contains a participle (active or passive) and can be an adjective or an adverb. An adjective phrase describes a noun and an adverb phrase completes a verb.

I will try to make lessons on these.

Having attended a tormenting Deutsch class for beginners, I took a break, took the quiz above, and got nine out of nine right away.

Good lesson Adam, but I must to confess that at the beginning could be a litte bite confusing.

I got 7 of 9 it was lil´bit tricky lol amazing video though thanks Adam.

Very nice class……

Hi! Quick question, can we use this rule or method when speaking? Thank you

Thank you so much!

“that brought and brought” are confusing.

thank you for this lesson sir Adam. you’re one of my favorite teacher.

Thanks for your lesson.

Woah, i didn’t expect to get 100. It’s confusing

Thank you very much for your reply.

Hmmm you didn’t answer to me

hlo Adam i have sean your all videos and they are very helpful. i want to submit my task 1 and task 2 to you. so,i can known my problems and my level. so,can u help me? and where i can sumbit you?

I like the class. Thank you Adam! I got 8.9 of 9

I had to watch the video couple of time to understand. English grammar is very confusing to me. A very useful lesson indeed. Thank you, Adam!

Hi Adam , I like your videos ,I try to get The test for teaching licence in IL but I couldn’t pass it three times . I have problem with writing essay . Thank you

I can’t believe, I got 9 out of 9 … so many thanks Adam, you deserve it :D!

Thank you Adam, That was very good lesson.

i got 8 correct out of 9 , meaning 89 is my score

i got 8 correct out of 9 , meaning 89 is my score quiz helping me to have more understanding

how could i know when using a verb with ind or the past participle of the verb , as a participle clause

Hi, I have a question which confuses me. Question is that If I can change this sentence from “The boy that went to Canada is getting used to his new life.” to ” The boy gone to Canada is getting used to his new life.”

As I wrote that I am confused about this because I am not sure whether I have to use -ed phrase for “be v3” or “v1”

In fact, Does “The boy gone to Canada is getting used to his new life” always mean “The boy who is gone to Canada is getting used to his new life” ? or can we say “The boy who went to Canada is getting used to his new life.” ?

Thank you…

sir, I want to develop my English written expression and my vocabulary. can you please help me how I can enhance my English writing in correct easily

Arigato gosai mase Adam Sensei! You teach very well! Arigato!

Hi Adam! I just watched this useful video that i really needed to learn about. But I must watch this again until i completely understand it. Anyway, thank you for making such this video.

Thank you so much! This video is so hard for me but it’s very useful. I’ll promise I try to be a good learner.

The man really cry is me. T.T I really thank you for it! It could be help to me! Thank you.

Hey Adam! I really like how you teach us grammar so deeply. Good job!

8/9 .A good one. Thanks Adam

Got 07/09 . Interesting lesson . I enjoyed a lot . Thanks ☺

my first time I saw this grammar, You got 7 correct out of 9.

I am happy with this result.

An important lesson, specially to be able to read a book in english language. Thanks Adam!

finally I got all correct Adam thanks

Thanks, Adam!!!! I got 89!

First try and got 8/9. Nice feeling :D :D I appreciate your help with all these grammars.

Thank you so much Sir. Adam.

Hellon Adam from Toronto. Your photo does not reflect you correctly.I think that you are a person like silk. Your lecture is excellent.

Great lesson. Thanl you. ;)

Hello, Adam. First, thanks a lot for the very clear explanation of particles in English. I have the one comment and the one question. 1. In the quiz, we have the question: “Dressed in his finest clothes, Cal went to the party with high confidence. What type of participle is ‘dressed’?” The possible answers are the following: “present participle adjective past participle adjective past participle adverb present participle adjective.” I believe the fourth choice being the same as the first is just a typo. Am I right? Or, it is put here intentionally, isn’t it? 2. Here is my question. In scientific papers, I often meet the phrase ‘the data obtained’. For instance, ‘The data obtained show that this value is increased.’ What is the difference between ‘the data obtained’ and ‘the obtained data’?

thanks adam

Thanks sir difficult lesson for me

Thanks teacher! It has been a pleasure to watch your video. Now participles are more clear for me.

Thanks for the useful lesson. Does this website provide online essay feedback for IELTS applicants?

Thank you so much adam sir. i got 8 out of 9. Sir please make a video on noun phrase, adjective phrase and adverb phrase

thanks Adam that was truly amazing, i honestly believe these tutorials lessons helped many students including me.

Always giving us very useful classes, Adam makes English grammar easier. I can’t thank you enough.

Thank you I enjoy when I watch your videos I appreciate

9 out of 9) You’re amazing and a lot of help. Thanks so much!

Pleas Adam can you make playlist videos about grammar only and explain it all because you are my favorite teacher in engvaid and I understand your lessons easily

Adam! I am starting to see what an adverbial clause and what an adjective clause does when there is an independent clause attached. I still have a lot to learn.

I got 8 of 9 Thank you for your lesson.

More advanced and complex videos on the Subject of Writing Skills,please. Your way of delivering lessons are amazing since you know how to make them easier when they are especially complex and hard to understand. Looking forward to watching your videos on the same and/or similar subjects. Therefore; I am kindly requesting you to upload more. Thank you.

Nice test!Adam is a good teacher))

Shamevon me ADAM!!i have only 0 points (((

Good informative lesson. Thank You

Thank you Adam

Hi! Thank you for lesson. But it’s not clear the difference between participles and gerunds. May be do you have deeper explanation?))) thank you

Very good lesson.Thank you,very much.

Hi Adam, can you explain problem 3. I thought “left” is the past tense, so the action “feel” should happen in the past as well. So I chose “felt”. Thank you very much.

Thanks for your lesson! But my question is in “3. Kelly left the interview feeling confident about her chances.” there should be a noun before the “feeling” if it is a adjective participle. if it is a adverb participle there should be”because” before “feeling”.

Same question here. Kelly left the interview feeling confident about her chances. Should there be an adverb participle like while or when before feeling?

After watching all the grammar related videos, I finally could get a perfect score in the tests.

Hello Adam, Thank you for your training footage. I need your description about one of your the exam question: “Being unsure of what to do next, Paul decided to wait for his boss to give him instructions.” Could you please write the complete form of this sentence? is it correct complete form of the question? “after being unsure of what to do next, ….” ? I look forward to hearing from you.

Adam I need you to check my essays, please tell where I can subscribe to receive a direct feedback from you.

Thank you Adam. I will have to practice again to get the perfect mark

I´ve got 7/9, but I am not sure why I got 2 wrong. Adam, how can I contact you?

Thanks for the lecture Adam! Big fan here

Excellent lesson.Thank you very much.

Dear Sir, Adam,

Please, accept my heartiest gratitude for your unique and outstanding lectures, based on various aspects of English language teaching and learning methodology.

I think, you don’t know how many ESL, ELT students and teachers are being benefited by your lectures. It’s truly unbelievable. I’m trying my best to enrich myself from your lectures which are uploaded in “EngVid” and “Write to the top” websites.

Thank you for your endless help for non native learners.

At last, please accept my apology for my poor writing skills. I’m trying my best to get the speaking fluency and writing accuracy.

Thank you very very much, Sir!

Superb lecture :) As always I would say :) I scored 100 %. Thank you You rock ! Adam

8 correct out of 9:)

I am very confused about the use of had and had been. Kindly help me solve this problem. As these days I am working on my project so need to write in a professional way.And I am totally feeling helpless.:(

Oh! I’m euphoric! I got 8 correct out of 9! \o/ Thanks for the class teacher!!!

Hi!First of all thank you! I have a question about this lesson. is this right sentences? 1. Taught to mumbling is indecent manner,Jimmy would’ve never been penalized.(If he had taught). And should we always use that form in text?

Please make a video on gerund and infinitive.i need it very much.

9/9 ? thank you Adam.

In third question, would be possible to use felt. If not , could you please explain it.

adam.. I want to talk to you to improve my grammar please

Many thanks, Adam for the great lesson. I have a question: When we need to change the passive to the active while we put the participle at the begining of a sentence (for instance: realized to realizing)?

Thanks for brilliant lesson. I have a query…

Main Sentence: The loans, which was distributed from early 2018, the loans were accompanied by a Dollar 15,000 grant to each farmer to buy seedlings from Govt. nurseries.

Short Sentence: Distributed from early 2018, the loans were accompanied by a Dollar 15,000 grant to each farmer to buy seedlings from Govt. nurseries

now can i say this short sentence as reduced adjective clause as well as past participle in passive sentence? Seeking your guidance here.

Thanks Adam and I have a question: “ But officials remain optimistic, saying they are confident the rail link will not incur a loss.” Is “saying”in this sentence a participle? Thank you.

7/9 Thanks, Adam!

Hello, how do I classify between Participial standing in front of the sentence and Reduced adverb clause? Are there any ways to remember? Thanks :)

sir, you said on that video that ” wearing is an activity but to wear is an idea and so forth,when you told that i didnt understand, can you get me more understand on word which is activity just like “wearing” and an idea just like “to wear”? thank you sir you helped me a lot

im from indonesian by the way sir, help me please to get more understand

Hi Adam thank you for the video! I have a question. Can I said “Marie, standing near the window, could see the entire village”? or is it correct only “Standing near the window, Marie could see the entire village?. Thank you Elisa

” In its early form, as employed by Levi-Strauss and other writers in the 1950s and 1960s, Structuralism cuts across the traditional disciplinary areas ……..”. In the above sentece,Has “as employed “been used as participle.

Hi Adam, should it be The marine, who dressed in his class-A uniform, looked like a recruitment poster?

This is my first time taking the airport train.

I meet this sentence while learning English. I guess this sentence ommited some connections. What is the structure of this sentence. Is this adverb participle?

Hi Adam,I am new at this website,I don’t know how others respectable teachers teach but seriously,appreciate you on your hardwork.I took this test and got 8/9 but it doesn’t matter as a beginner,hoping to get better in the future.

Thanks a lot Adam , your lessons are informative and understandable

I always filter my searchs by adam

Oh! I gonna crazy with teacher Adam’s teaching. He is so awesome to teach Grammatical English. I have received so much stuff from him. Thanks a lot for producing excellent teaching.

I got 8 correct out of 9.

Hi Adam! Thank you for the great work you do for all of us. I am sorry, bu I am lost in the participles, clauses and gerund. Could you tell me what is the difference between: participles and subordinate clause? And what is the difference between active participle and gerund? Thank you.

I am still not sure when participle phrase functions as adjective or adverb. Can you make it clear?

Hi Adam. Great learning from you. I`ve been learning a lot with all of you guys. Keep on doing these amazing videos.

Does adverb participles function as adjective modifying subject in main clause? My teacher call it verbal phrase. Does particle phrase function as adjective all the time?

I got 8 out of 9. Thank you Adam for the useful lesson. I confused about Q3. Keep going!

Thanks, Adam, Although I made 100% in the quiz, I am still confused and want to practice more. Can you make one more lesson on it?

Hi Adam. Could you tell me the difference between the object complement and the object of a possessive.(Different ways to use a GERUND). How to identify object complement from others. I’ve found this on Engvid.

1.I saw Jim riding his bike (obj.com) 2.He doesn’t like your bossing him around (obj.of a possessive)

And could you please explain to me the difference between these sentences.(The grammar point)

1. I saw Tony riding his bike. 2. I saw him riding his bike.

3. I saw you coming. 4. I saw you were coming.

5. I saw Tony was riding his bike. (Is this actually a reduced adjective clause? Not sure…)

I’m sure some sentences are wrong, but not sure which ones. Not much information available regarding this on the internet.

Thank you Adam, and love your work. And thanks for the reply on my last question. THANK YOU :)

Hello Adam, Thanks for you lessons. I’d like to ask about putting participles with a conjunction, would that be OK

Hello Adam, Thank you so much for you lessons. I’d like to ask about putting participles with and without a conjunction, would that be OK if we wrote without a conjunction: targeted by media, she refused to cooperate and she, targeted by media, refused to cooperate,

Hello Adam, Thank you so much. But I got 6 out of 9. I’m still a little confused it. I Wanna request you to elaborate it more.

Very important lesson…. Watching the video, I improve my English a lots. Adam Grazie!<3, You Are a Great, Marvellous teacher!

Thanks for the quiz

Would anybody explain this sentence for me 3. Kelly left the interview __________ confident about her chances. the right answer was “feeling” but why?

Hopefully someone could do us a favor answering it.

Oops, looks like I just replied with the same way as it is used for the answer.

I have the same question about this but I guess this is a reduction of the adverb clause ” Kelly left the interview because he feels confident about her chances”. Someone give the correct explanation please?

hi，adam，don’t understand question 8 and 9……….

Hi Adam. I think even without adding anything in the sentence about “Scoring a touchdown,….”, the meaning is still still complete. Am I missing something?

Thanks for this lesson. I have a question for you about Partciple. Can I use: Having realised that the police were on to him, Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore. Will the thanslation of this sentence change? Will it be correct?

Hi Adam, thanks for this intersting lesson. I would like to know in which case “Knowing can be used as adjective.

Thanks in advance for your answer

I just so confused about how this sentence “Being unsure of what to do next, Paul decided to wait for his boss to give him instructions.” is changed from its adjective clause, could you help me with that, thank you.

Sir, I know the logic in this lesson but, is always verb past form will always consider participle?

Although that was a hard lesson, I got 9 out of 9. tnx Adam

Hi Adam! Can you please explain the grammatical fifferece betweet these two sentences. 1. Battered by hail, the car collapsed. 2. Having americanized, de Nomes became “denim”.

why do not we use ‘having’ at the first case?

Thanks Adam.

★A rolling stone gathers no moss. In these sentence rolling is adjective/participle? What’s the correct option? Please reply me.

Hello Adam! I was quite confused about what you said at the beginning when you are rephrasing the sentence, “The Marine, who was dressed in class uniform, looked like a recruitment poster”. should we need to put a comma before the subject if it’s defining adjective clause ? or it isn’t needed. Because base on your previous lesson regarding the adjective clause, I Remembered it clearly that you said no need to put a comma if the subject is being identified by the conjunction who.

Thank you, Adam!

8/9! I got a good mark! But I didn’t understand the whole lesson, I need to learn this one more time.

Hi there! Question about one of the examples: – Realizing that the police were on to him, Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore; I understand that at first he got the information that the police were on to him and after that he moved his money off shore So can I say “Having realized that the police were on to him, Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore”.

I got 8/9.it was a nice lesson. Thank you, Adam.

Dressed in his finest clothes, Cal went to the party. Can I use “Dressing”?

Realizing that the police were on to him… Can I use “reslized”?

What are the rules of using “ed” / “ing” participles?

I have the same question ! hahahaah ! Hopelly, someone can clarify them

Hi Adam, how are you doing? Regarding to the last example of an adjective participle: “The station chief was fired, meaning there’s an open position”. I associated this sentence as an adverb clause, since which is also a conjunction. Isn’t it ? How can I differentiate then ?

Hi Adam.How’s it going?I have been trough this lesson it seemed to me a bit tough however your explanation made me deeper comprehension.I’ll use these tips in writing and communication.Thanks a bunch!

Getting 8 of 9 scor, i need more practic, but thank you So much,

Great lecture. Could you explain the differences between these two sentences: 1) having read the book, John knew how to respond. 2) Reading the book John knew how to respond. More generally, when do we use having plus past participle in a participle phrase. Thank You.

Hi Adam, thank you for your revealing lesson. There’s a question I want to ask you. These are two sentences that I picked from a novel: 1. People were in and out picking up snacks all day. 2.”Excuse me” said a man approaching the table. Can I rewrite each one of them into two ways as following: People were in and out while picking up snacks all day. / People were in and out who were picking up snacks all day. “Excuse me” said a man while approach the table./ “Excuse me” said a man who is approach the table. while reading the novel, I had no problem with these two sentences. But after watching your lecture, I really want to analyse them a bit deeper. I am grateful if you can take some time to read my comment and give your advice.

Hello Adam. My name is MariVi. It is very helpful the youtube video about the participles. I hope I get a excelent grade in the test of this topic. Hope you have an awesome day. MariVi

I saw this sentence in a book. He watched her walk away, his heart broken at the thought of losing her. Is it a adverbial participle or adjective one? Is it possible that the two subjects are different?

Sorry for my last abrupt question. I meant to say that this lesson is very informative and helpful. Thank you.

Hey, Please tell if I am correct or not.

1. Dressed in his class-A uniform, the marine looked like a recruitment poster. 2. Standing near the window, Marie could see the entire village.

Both are examples of adjective phrase and in both of these sentences, the adjective phrase is identifying the subject and not giving more information about the subjects?

I like your teaching way,which is sometime s difficult to understand, but i am watching your video lesson again and again that helps me comprehend. Thanks a lot. I was able to fill my grammarly gap.

8/9 :) yeyy

I have been struggling to learn this subject for a long time, and I finally did. Thank you very much. You’re an awesome teacher. By the way, I got 9/9 ;)

Hi Adam, thanks for giving us beneficial advanced grammar information. Learning new tips from your expertise, at the same time, I am practicing different English issues. I got some advanced grammar topics about “having + V3” from other sources. However, sometimes I am confused about which should I prefer to write correctly in the sentence. I have two sentences that I could not determine which correct is:

*The University of Paris was a famous university in France, and one of the earliest having been established in Europe.

*The University of Paris was a famous university in France, and one of the earliest to have been established in Europe.

If you help me to understand the right one, I will be happy for it.

My score is 8/9.

Yay… 9/9 :D Thanks teacher Adam. Always looking forward to new lessons.

It is very useful for the students.Thank you very much,Adam!

Please tell me if the assessment of the following sentence is correct: “Annoyed by the mosquitos, (adjective phrase) Mr. Smith, Slapping at his neck and face, (adjective phrase) went into his house (adverb phrase) for a while (adverb phrase)” — thank you.

Thank you Teacher Adam. I got 8/9.

The puppy was having a hard time climbing up the stairs. The puppy was having a hard time trying to climb up the stairs.

I’m so happy I found this video because now I understand that the first sentence I wrote (adverb participle) is just a reduction of the second one.

I messed that up.

Let me try again…

The puppy had a hard time climbing up the stairs. The puppy had a hard time while he was climbing up the stairs.

Hi Adam! Pleas I need help i have an exam for TOEFL Structure grammar 60 Skills how i can get video’s for this skills pleas pleas thank you

It is a great informative video, and I am so grateful to have a teacher like you. I got 8/9. Thus, I have an inquiry about the following question:

3. Kelly left the interview __________ confident about her chances

The answer looks intuitively that the participle should be adverbial, so why the option “because feeling” is wrong while the “feeling” option is correct?

I think I have found the reason why the “feeling” option is more accurate. Since “Kelly left the interview (feeling) confident about her chances” describes the relationship between the action (leaving) and how did she leave “feeling confident” while because is only used whenever there is a reason-based relationship where it doesn’t apply in this case!Thanks for your explanation. It gave me the underlying details to master this lesson!

Hello and thanks for the useful lesson. Can you please analyze the use of the present participle in the sentence below: This can also result in them working harder and being more disciplined at school. Thanks in advance!

Thanks so much for this lesson!!! For I while, Im being looking how to use the gerund and the past form without the subject.

However, I am not able to find the “original phrase” from this reduction:

Kelly left the interview feeling confident about her chances.

Could you help me? I can think in … “while she was feeling confident”, but it doesn’t sound natural at all.

Thank you in advance.

Hi, Adams. Thank you for your wonderful English lesson videos. I would like to ask you some questions since i find it very confusing and could not know why they can change the word like this. 1. ” Frances Tiafoe beat him four sets in the fourth round, becoming the first American-born player to beat Nadal at a Grand Slam since he was a teenager.” Source: New York Times –> so “becoming” is technically ” which becomes” or “who became”. If it is “Who became”, should it be placed in the middle? 2. “Djokovic has never been shy about expressing his nontraditional views of science and medicine, and he has stated on multiple occasions his opposition to vaccine mandates, saying vaccination is a private and personal decision that should not be mandated. ” from NYT –> Again, i still find it confusing, because they reduced the clause after the comma and i don’t know which they refer too and since it is from NYT, i still think they are both correct. Please help me explain those sentences. Thank you in advance Adams!

Thank you very much Mr. Adam, I am truly grateful. This course took my English to the next level.

Hi, Adam. Thanks for the lesson on participle phrase, and I appreciate your help in resolving my confusion. However, there is still something I want to reassure.

1) Walking in the park, she saw her old friend. Meaning: She saw her old friend while she was walking in the park. ( adverbial)

2) Talking on the phone, he missed his stop.

In this sentence, the participle phrase “talking on the phone” acts as an adverb modifying the verb “missed” and describes the reason why the subject “he” missed his stop.

3) Sitting on the couch, he read the newspaper. In this sentence, the participle phrase “sitting on the couch” acts as an adverb modifying the verb “read” and describes the position in which the subject “he” was reading the newspaper.

4) Playing in the pool, the children laughed and splashed.

In this sentence, the participle phrase “playing in the pool” acts as an adverb modifying the verbs “laughed” and “splashed” and describes the activity that the children were doing while they laughed and splashed.

However, at the same time, I feel like these participle phrase are identifying the noun as well. So my question is very simple…

Are they adjectival or adverbial?

As per my understanding, they are both depends upon where my focus is. 1) If I emphasis the subject they are modifying, they acts as adjectivals. 2) If my focus is on when/where/how something in the main clause happened, they are adverbials.

I want to know your thought on this. Thanks!

Hi Adam, This lesson is awesome, thank you so much. However, could you help me to clarify the following question. I saw some other teachers said you could remove “being” in the participles, so I am wondering if the below two sentences are correct. (a) Tired out, Jason went to bed early. →from:Because Jason was tired out, he went to bed early. (b) A teacher, I used to ride bike to school. →from: When I was a teacher, I used to ride a bike to school. Highly appreciate your time and effort.

Regards, Shu-Ping.

Got 9/9. Very useful explanation. Thks a lot!

Hi Adam, thanks for the explanation. I have some questions about participle phrases. As she was shocked by the bad news, she didn’t know what to do next. Being shocked by the bad news, she didn’t know what to do next. (shocked is an adjective here) Shocked by the bad news, she didn’t know what to do next. (shocked is past participle here) Are both of them correct? If so, which one is more appropriate here?

Sorry, Adam but i couldn’d understand when i should use active or passive. Can you tell me?

Adam, thanks for your explanation. I would like to understand more about when to use past participle (passive) and when to use present (active) participle. Can you explain that, please?

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• What Is a Past Participle? | Definition & Examples

What Is a Past Participle? | Definition & Examples

Published on 3 December 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on 25 September 2023.

A past participle is a word derived from a verb that can be used as an adjective , to form perfect verb tenses, and to form the passive voice. It is one of two types of participles , along with present participles .

• The past participles of regular verbs are usually formed by adding the suffix ‘-ed’ (e.g., ‘learn’ becomes ‘ learned’ ).
• The past participles of irregular verbs have numerous endings like ‘-en’, ‘-n’, ‘-ne’, and ‘-t’ (e.g., ‘kneel’ becomes ‘ knelt ‘).

The injured cyclist was helped by a passerby.

The train will have left by the time you arrive.

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Table of contents

How to form past participles, using a past participle as an adjective, past participles and perfect verb tenses, past participles and the passive voice, other interesting language articles, frequently asked questions.

The past participles of regular verbs are typically formed by adding the suffix ‘-ed’ (or ‘-d’ if the word already ends in ‘e’). The past participle of a regular verb is identical to its past simple form (e.g., ‘ cancelled ‘ and ‘cancelled’).

Encouraged by his friends, Reynold signed up for the race.

The past participles of irregular verbs don’t follow a specific pattern and can have numerous endings, including ‘-en’, ‘-n’, ‘-ne’, and ‘-t’. The past participle of an irregular verb may not be the same as its past simple form (e.g., ‘stole’ and ‘stolen’).

Hidden in the forest, the cabin is quite difficult to find.

Prita has bought me a gift. Note The past participles of some words are formed differently depending on whether you’re writing US or UK English :

• In UK English, the past participles of two-syllable words that end in “l” are typically formed by doubling the “l” and adding “-ed” (e.g., “label” becomes “ labelled “).
• In US English, the “l” is doubled only when the final syllable is stressed (e.g., “control” becomes “controlled,” but “label” becomes “labeled”).

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Past participles can be used (by themselves or as part of participial phrases) as adjectives to modify a noun or pronoun .

The man was clearly agitated .

Participial phrases

A participial phrase is a phrase headed by a participle that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause of a sentence.

In order to avoid a dangling participle when you use a participial phrase at the start of a sentence, place the noun phrase being modified immediately after the participial phrase.

The audience, moved by the performance , applauded the actor.

The perfect verb tenses are formed using a past participle along with a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb ‘have’.

There are three perfect tenses:

• Past perfect (used to describe something that happened before another past event)
• Present perfect (used to describe an event that began in the past and continues in the present)
• Future perfect (used to describe an event that will be completed by a specific time in the future)

I have planned a road trip with my friends.

A passive sentence is a sentence in which the subject is acted upon, instead of being the person or thing that performs the action. Passive sentences are typically formed using a conjugated form of the verb ‘be’  along with a past participle .

All the food is being eaten by the guests.

If you want to know more about nouns , pronouns , verbs , and other parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations and examples.

Nouns & pronouns

• Common nouns
• Proper nouns
• Collective nouns
• Personal pronouns
• Uncountable and countable nouns
• Verb tenses
• Phrasal verbs
• Sentence structure
• Active vs passive voice
• Subject-verb agreement
• Interjections
• Determiners
• Prepositions

The past participle of the verb ‘go’ is ‘gone’. As an irregular verb , ‘go’ doesn’t form its past participle by adding the suffix ‘-ed’. The past simple form of ‘go’ is ‘went’.

The past participle of the verb ‘drink’ is ‘drunk’. As ‘drink’ is an irregular verb , its past participle is not formed by adding ‘-ed’ to the end of the word. The past simple form of ‘drink’ is ‘drank’.

The past participle of the irregular verb ‘get’ can be either ‘gotten’ or ‘got’, depending on whether you’re using UK or US English .

• In US English, ‘gotten’ is standard, but ‘got’ is considered acceptable.
• In UK English, ‘got’ is correct.

The past participle of the verb ‘give’ is ‘given’. ‘Give’ is an irregular verb , so it doesn’t form its past participle by adding the suffix ‘-ed’. The past simple form of ‘give’ is ‘gave’.

Sources for this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

Ryan, E. (2023, September 25). What Is a Past Participle? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 2 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/verb/past-participle/

Aarts, B. (2011).  Oxford modern English grammar . Oxford University Press.

Butterfield, J. (Ed.). (2015).  Fowler’s dictionary of modern English usage  (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Garner, B. A. (2016).  Garner’s modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

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• 101 Irregular Past Participles in English

The following is a list of 101 irregular past participles in English with example sentences:

Present tense –  Past Participle : Example Sentence

be – been : I have been busy all day. become – become : They have just become angry with each other. begin – begun : We have begun a new project. bend – bent : He has bent over so many times today that his back now hurts. bet – bet : He has just bet all of his money at once. bite – bitten : The dog has just bitten the postman. bleed – bled : HIs finger has bled all over the table. blow – blown : He has blown out all of the candles. break – broken : She has just broken her pencil. bring – brought : The waiter has finally brought our order to the table.

build – built : The boy has built a sandcastle. buy – bought : She has already bought many things today, but she hasn’t finished yet. catch – caught : We have caught many fish today. choose – chosen : He still hasn’t chosen a main course from the menu. come – come : I don’t know why she has come to my party in a costume. cost – cost : It has cost me a lot of money to start my new business. cut – cut : She has just cut the paper with a pair of scissors. deal – dealt : She has just dealt new cards to the other players. dig – dug : The dog has dug another hole in the backyard. do – done : She has already done her homework so now she can relax.

draw – drawn : He has drawn another cartoon for the lesson. drink – drunk : He has drunk three glasses of water this morning. drive – driven : The clown has driven his small car in circles all afternoon. eat – eaten : She has eaten all of the cake. fall – fallen : The bowling ball has fallen on his foot again. feed – fed : She has fed the pigeons every day this month. feel – felt : She has felt cold all day. fight – fought : He has fought many battles in his lifetime. find – found : She has just found a coin on the ground. fly – flown : The pilot has flown to our city many times.

forget – forgotten : I have forgotten what I have to do right now. forgive – forgiven : She has forgiven him. freeze – frozen : The cold weather has frozen the lake. get – got/gotten : He has just got the new high score. ( Got : British English – Gotten : American English) give – given : My children have just given me a birthday present. go – gone : The kids have gone to the local park to play. grow – grown : Flowers have grown under the hammock. hang – hung : Someone has hung him on the clothesline. have – had : I have had pancakes for breakfast all week. hear – heard : She has just heard a sound coming from the box.

hide – hidden : He has hidden his face. hit – hit : A ball has just hit her in the head. hold – held : She has held the egg in her hand for ten minutes now. hurt – hurt : You have hurt my feelings. keep – kept : He has always kept his tools in a toolbox. know – known : I have known Jason for over ten years. lead – led : He has led his pet along the street many times. leave – left : They have already left the office. lend – lent : He has lent me some money until next week. let – let : My boss has let me leave work early today.

light – lit : He has just lit a match. lose – lost : He has lost two matches in a row. make – made : She has just made a chocolate cake for us. mean – meant : Your help has meant a lot to me. meet – met : This year I have met many interesting people. pay – paid : She has just paid her taxes. put – put : I have already put my suggestion in the box. quit – quit : He has just quit his job. read – read : I have read many books this year. ride – ridden : She has ridden her horse many times in competitions.

ring – rung : He has rung the doorbell three times, but nobody has answered yet. rise – risen : Profits have risen considerably this year. run – run : He has run in many marathons. say – said : He has said before that he liked flowers. see – seen : The pirate has just seen another ship in the distance. sell – sold : He has sold a lot of lemonade today. send – sent : He has sent a postcard to us, but it hasn’t arrived yet. set – set : He has just set the table so now we can have dinner. shake – shaken : We have just shaken hands to close the deal. shine – shone : He has always shone a flashlight to light his way in the dark.

shoot – shot : He has just shot at the target. shut – shut : The boy has shut his eyes so that he won’t see the surprise. sing – sung : We have sung this song many times at karaoke. sink – sunk : Many ships have sunk off the coast due to the hidden reef. sit – sat : They have sat on the park bench most of the afternoon. sleep – slept : This is not the first time he has slept in that armchair. slide – slid : She has slid to second base. speak – spoken : He has spoken to a large audience many times. speed – sped : He has just sped past a police officer. spend – spent : He has just spent all of his savings on a new gaming console.

spin – spun : The dancer has spun around very quickly without becoming dizzy. spread – spread : You can see that I have spread a lot of jam on the bread. stand – stood : A guard has stood outside the entrance all day. steal – stolen : A thief has stolen an expensive painting from the museum. stick – stuck : Some chewing gum has stuck to the bottom of his shoe. sting – stung : A bee has just stung my arm and it hurts. strike – struck : He has just struck the ball very well. sweep – swept : The man has swept the footpath with his old broom. swim – swum : The boy has swum to the edge of the pool because he is tired. swing – swung : He has just swung on a vine for the first time.

take – taken : She has just taken her medication because she wasn’t feeling well. teach – taught : He has taught geography for over twenty years. tear – torn : She has just torn the contract in half. tell – told : I have told you many times to be more careful. think – thought : He has thought about the problem but still doesn’t have a solution. throw – thrown : She has thrown the can into the bin. understand – understood : He has understood the entire lesson. wake – woken : My alarm clock has just woken me up. wear – worn : She has worn that blue hat and blue dress to class before. win – won : He has already won three medals in the competition today.

write – written : The teacher has written a message on the board for his students.

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• The Past Tense l Explanation, Examples & Worksheet

The Past Tense l Explanation, Examples & Worksheet

Published on September 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on November 1, 2023.

The past tense is a verb tense used to talk about past actions, states of being, or events.

There are four past tense forms: the past simple (e.g., “you cooked”), the past progressive (e.g., “he was singing”), the past perfect (e.g., “I had arrived”), and the past perfect progressive (e.g., “They had been driving”).

Table of contents

Simple past, past progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive, worksheet: past tense, frequently asked questions about the past tense.

The simple past tense is used to talk about actions or events that were completed in the past.

The simple past of regular verbs is formed by adding “-ed” to the end of the infinitive form (e.g., “cook” becomes “cooked”). The past tense of irregular verbs don’t follow a particular pattern and can be formed in various ways (e.g., “sing” becomes “sang”).

Most verbs in the simple past don’t change form depending on the subject. One exception is the irregular verb “be,” which is conjugated as either “was” or “were,” depending on the subject.

Aria was late for work yesterday.

We watched a movie last Friday night.

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The past progressive is used to refer to an action or event that was taking place at a time in the past. It can be used to indicate that an ongoing past action was interrupted by another action or that two past actions were occurring at the same time.

The past progressive is formed using the past tense of “be” (i.e., “was/were”) along with the present participle (“-ing” form) of the main verb.

Amir was studying while his roommate was cooking dinner.

We were hiking in the mountains when we saw a bear.

The past perfect is used to indicate that a past action or event took place prior to another past action or event. It can also be used in conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical past event.

The past perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb “had” and the past participle of the main verb.

I had never tasted Sushi until last night.

By the time we arrived at the theater , the movie had already started .

The past perfect progressive is used to indicate that an action began in the past and continued up until another time in the past.

The past perfect progressive is formed by adding the auxiliary verbs “had” and “been” before the present participle of the main verb.

Amy had been cooking for hours when the guests canceled .

I had been searching for my missing keys when I realized they were in my pocket.

Practice using the past tense correctly with the exercises below. In the blank space in each sentence, fill in the correct past tense form based on the verb specified.

• Practice questions
• Answers and explanations
• I was __________ [cook] dinner when you called.
• Anna __________ [play] piano when she was a child.
• Dave had been __________ [work] as a teacher when he won the lottery.
• Eva had already __________ [leave] the office by the time I arrived.
• This sentence uses the past progressive. The past progressive is formed using “was/were” along with the present participle (“-ing” form) of the main verb.
• This sentence uses the simple past. The simple past of regular verbs is formed by adding “-ed” to the end of the infinitive of the verb (e.g., “play” becomes “played”).
• This sentence is in the past perfect progressive. The past perfect progressive is formed using “had” and “been” along with the present participle of the main verb .
• This sentence is in the past perfect. The past perfect is formed using “had” and the past participle of the main verb.

The past tense form of “lead” is “led.” It’s used to describe a past action (e.g., “The coach led his team to the championship”).

The past participle of “lead” is also “led” (e.g., “He had led the team as far as he could”).

The past tense form of “lay” is “laid.” It’s used to describe a past action (e.g., “I laid the book down on the table”).

The past participle of “lay” is also “laid” (e.g., “I had just laid the book down when the phone rang”).

The past tense form of “choose” is “chose.” It’s used to describe a past action (e.g., “Ava chose to study science”).

The past participle of “choose” is “chosen” (e.g., “We had just chosen a dessert when the waiter told us the kitchen was closed for the evening”).

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Ryan, E. (2023, November 01). The Past Tense l Explanation, Examples & Worksheet. Scribbr. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/verbs/past-tense/

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Past Participle Literature Review essay

PAST PARTICIPLE LITERATURE REVIEW 1

In the English language, past participles, also known as passive orperfect participles, are words useful in acquisition of perfect andpassive tenses. These words are often in the form of verbs andadjectives. According to Mulvey (2002), recognizing regular verbsinvolves words that end in –ed (Mulvey, 2002). It is,therefore, important to realize the relationship between the pasttense and past participle which both have –ed as theirending. The past participle may be traced back to Old English wherethe –ge ending in verbs was altered to –y in MiddleEnglish and ultimately lost and replaced with –ed in ModernEnglish, as prior mentioned. Numerous studies have portrayed thechallenges faced by English as Second Language (ESL) learners whileutilizing the past participle in the English language.

Utilization of past participles, according to Lester (2008), hasproved to be a task apropos of ESL learners. Their inability to graspcertain concepts often results in errors and mistakes. Each one ofthem is seen to portray varied mistakes ranging from wrong spellingsto confusion regarding verbs and their forms (Lester, 2008).Furthermore, the difficulty faced by ESL learners in understandingpast tenses is the foremost cause of the issues in grasping pastparticiples. Swick (2009) states past tenses not only affect writtenEnglish but, they also focus on verbose and pronounced English. Theissue of translation influences the ability of these ESL learners tobe at par with native students in learning past participles. Theformer is strained because they translate words from their foreignlanguages thus, eliciting confusion, errors, and mistakes (Swick,2009).

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Carlson and Tanenhaus (2012) posit that the understanding of pasttenses is a channel through which ESL learners easily learn pastparticiples. It is relatively simple to form past tenses in theEnglish language. As prior discussed, an addition of –ed atthe end of regular verbs, creates the past tense or past participle.It is, however, tasking when these ESL students are required topronounce either the past tense or past participle (Carlson &ampTanenhaus, 2012). Their pronunciation is affected by their foreignlanguage in a significant way. Regardless of the fact that it issimple to add –ed to verbs such as talk to form talked , pronunciation is a task because these ESL studentsoften read the word with an addition of the last syllables. Forinstance, while native speakers pronounce talk as talk/t ,ESL learners would say talk/id , due to inclusion of the finalsyllable. White (2013) examines that the issue of exceptions to therule regarding pronunciation of the last syllable, also has asignificant impact in ensuring that ESL learners understand the pasttense. There are certain words that are pronounced together with thelast syllable hence, creating feelings of confusion and lack ofunderstanding among these foreign students (White, 2013). The ruleintegrates words whose ending is either a /d/ or /t/ .For instance, words such as rent and fend would bepronounced as ren/tid and fen/did , respectively.

Pronunciation, therefore, entails addition of these last syllables inthe case where the words end with /d/ or /t/ sounds.Understanding this concept will therefore assist ESL learners ingrasping the mechanism of past participles in the English language.These students should also be informed about the exception when thesepast participles function as adjectives. Such cases dictate thatstudents pronounce two syllables even if the words do not have eithera /d/ or /t/ sound. Furthermore, ESL learners should becapable of differentiating between the /d/ and /t/ sounds during pronunciation. The method is much more reliable ascompared to simply cramming or memorizing the rule in those wordsthat end with /d/ and /t/ . In examining pastparticiples, regular verbs are simple because the past participlesare often similar to their past tenses.

Conversely, Celentano (2013) observes that the concept of irregularverbs and the past participle is more complex. It is not as simple asregular verbs where the past tense and past participles remainconstant. Often, this challenge is experienced due to the diversityof irregular verbs. Firstly, it is necessary to note the categorywhose present tense, past tense, and past participle remain the same.Some of the words that take such a pattern include put , quit , burst and shut , among many others. The first categoryis the easiest due to its simplicity and convenient nature to ESLstudents while learning past participles in the English language. Inaddition, these irregular verbs may also integrate past participlesthat end in –n. Some of the words include broke , stole , choose and freeze , among others(Celentano, 2013).

Lester, Franklin and Yokota (2010) offer information on a differentcategory of irregular verbs whose present tense and past participleis similar. Words such as came and run have pastparticiples that are identical to their present tense, come and run , respectively. In offering past participle knowledgeto ESL learners, it is also necessary to note the category thatintegrates a similar pattern between the present and past participleof these irregular verbs. Drive and write are perfectexamples to explore the irregular verbs whose present and pastparticiple, unlike the past tense, do not have the letter /o/ .The past participles of drive and write being driven and written , teaches ESL learners the ways of arriving at thepast participle in such a category (Lester, Franklin &amp Yokota,2010).

Most importantly, Lester, Franklin and Yokota (2010) offerenlightenment on the discussion of the ultimate irregular verbs andtheir importance in learning past participles of the Englishlanguage. ESL learners are required to simply memorize these wordsdue to the words’ inability to fit in the prior mentionedcategories of irregular verbs. They include words such as have , make , be and do , which are often used on a dailybasis in both written and spoken English. Their past participles had , made , been and done , requires ESL learners tocram and memorize them. As a matter of fact, these students areexpected to practice often so as to grasp these past participles(Lester, Franklin &amp Yokota, 2010).

In addition to errors in verb formation, Burt (2004) reiterates thatthese ESL students also experiences difficulties while spelling somepast participles. Wrong spellings are often affiliated with aninaccurate pronunciation hence interfering with these students’ability to understand the English language past participle. The issueof misspelling falls under grammar which is a key requirement in thelearning of past participles. It is, therefore, important for thestudents to have a proper grasp of formation of verbs as itultimately affects the spelling of these past participles. Forinstance, if ESL learners understand that a past participle isrequired to end in –ed , they manage to correctly spell thewords (Burt, 2004).

Many studies have observed the issues and challenges faced by ESLlearners while grasping past participles in the English language.Moreover, they have also offered solutions that are useful in fixingthe problem. As mentioned, practice is important. Cowan (2008)suggests that these ESL students are required to practice and jotdown these past participles during their study time. They aretherefore urged to repeatedly revisit these past participles in anattempt to acquire full understanding of the same. Additionally,Ellis (2012) encourages these ESL students to avoid thinking in theirlanguages. When they begin to integrate their language into theEnglish language, they create confusion due to the errors that occurin translation, thereby slowing down their learning process. Even inlearning these past participles, the students should not, however,lose grip of their cultures. They should receive pieces of adviceallowing them to utilize their native languages in other areas toavoid direct translation. In point of fact, these foreign studentsmay require their languages to communicate and assist other studentsin grasping the concept of past participles in the English language(Ellis, 2012).

Evidently, there are various challenges faced by ESL students whilelearning the English past participle. Most of them do not practiceenough hence, they develop difficulties in acquiring the knowledge.As there are both simple and complex categories, these studentsshould be able to differentiate between the two. Regular andirregular verbs also offer varied inferences apropos of the pastparticiple in the English language. The latter, being complex,requires the ESL students to develop a reading culture that willassist them in perfecting their skills. As observed, their foreignlanguages inconvenience these students in a significant manner. Theurge to directly translate past participles from their language,interferes with the correct form in the English language. Translationis shunned and these ESL students are discouraged from incorporatingtheir languages into the English language.

Burt, A. M. (2004). Quick solutions to common errors in English:An A-Z guide to spelling, punctuation and grammar. Oxford: How ToBooks.

Carlson, G. N., &amp Tanenhaus, M. K. (2012). LinguisticStructure in Language Processing . Dordrecht: SpringerNetherlands.

Celentano, T. (2013). Guide to English irregular verbs . Placeof publication not identified: Lulu Com.

Cowan, R. (2008). The teacher`s grammar of English: A course bookand reference guide . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis, R. (2012). Language teaching research and languagepedagogy . Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lester, M. (2008). McGraw-Hill`s essential ESL grammar: A handbookfor intermediate and advanced ESL students . New York:McGraw-Hill.

Lester, M., Franklin, D., &amp Yokota, T. (2010). McGraw-Hill`sessential English irregular verbs . New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mulvey,D. (2002). Grammar the easy way . Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron`s.

Swick,E. (2009). Writing better English for ESL learners . Chicago,Ill: McGraw-Hill.

White, G. L. (2013). Grammar games: For teachers of adult ESL. United States: Gisele L. White.

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A Tour Through Solar Eclipses of the Past

• Alan Taylor
• April 2, 2024

As much of North America prepares for the upcoming total solar eclipse next week, I thought it would be fun to share some images from the recent (and not-so-recent) past of previous eclipses—annular, partial, and total—from around the world. Also pictured are some of the many observers sharing this fleeting experience, “ witnessing the planetary version of a lightning strike ,” together in stadiums, parks, and beaches.

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Young people watch the rare sight of a partial solar eclipse at sunset, as seen from Manila Bay, Philippines, on January 26, 2009. #

On April 8, 1921, people gaze upward to view a partial solar eclipse in Paris. #

A total solar eclipse, seen above Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway, on March 20, 2015 #

People watch the solar eclipse at Saluki Stadium on the campus of Southern Illinois University on August 21, 2017, in Carbondale, Illinois. #

This photograph taken on October 25, 2022, shows a view of a partial solar eclipse visible behind a bird on a tree in Istanbul. #

As the moon crossed between the Sun and Earth during the annular eclipse on October 14, 2023, its shadow darkened skies across North America, as seen from an orbiting NASA satellite. #

People take photos with their smartphones as they watch an annular solar eclipse on Jabal Arba in Al Hufuf, in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, on December 26, 2019. #

On August 21, 2017, Shenandoah National Park hosted the Night Sky Festival to watch as a partial solar eclipse was visible overhead. #

The "ring of fire" effect caused during the annular eclipse of the sun over Albuquerque, New Mexico, on October 14, 2023 #

Students of the Jennings School District view a solar eclipse on August 21, 2017, in St. Louis. #

A partial solar eclipse is seen behind the centuries-old Raghunath Hindu temple in Srinagar, Indian controlled Kashmir, on October 25, 2022. #

The sun rises next to the Statue of Liberty during an annular eclipse on June 10, 2021, in New York City. #

Crescent-shaped shadows are pictured on a sidewalk as light passes through tree leaves during a partial solar eclipse in Oklahoma City on August 21, 2017. #

A woman observes an annular solar eclipse at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, in Mexico City, on October 14, 2023. #

The sun's corona becomes visible during a total solar eclipse. #

Friends watch an eclipse together on a Menan Butte in Menan, Idaho, on August 21, 2017. #

A partial solar eclipse is seen above Manama, Bahrain, on December 26, 2019. #

Visitors to Shenandoah National Park look at images of the eclipsed sun seen through the holes of a colander on August 21, 2017. The tiny holes behave like pinhole lenses, showing the outline of the eclipsed sun on the ground. #

Spectators line the beach to view a total solar eclipse on November 14, 2012, in Palm Cove, Australia. #

The International Space Station is seen in silhouette as it transits the sun at roughly five miles a second during a partial solar eclipse, viewed from Ross Lake, Northern Cascades National Park, Washington, on August 21, 2017. #

People watch a total solar eclipse at Yonsei University in Seoul, on July 22, 2009. #

A view of the total solar eclipse from a commercial flight, seen while overflying La Serena, Chile, on July 2, 2019. #

The moon passes in front of the sun during a partial solar eclipse, as seen over Manila Bay, Philippines, on January 26, 2009. #

The enthusiasts Tanner Person ( right ) and Josh Bliek, both from Vacaville, California, watch a total solar eclipse while standing atop Carroll Rim Trail at Painted Hills, a unit of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, near Mitchell, Oregon, on August 21, 2017. #

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