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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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Literature Review: Introduction and Notes

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Literature Review

Literature review presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

Whether you're a student or an academic, mastering the literature review is a key skill in scholarly writing. This fully customizable Google Slides and PowerPoint template can assist you in structuring your review seamlessly. Featuring a vibrant yellow design with captivating book illustrations, this template is designed to facilitate the organization and presentation of your research. Navigate your audience through chapters, themes, and references with ease and clarity using this versatile academic tool. Utilize this tool to craft an impressive literature review that leaves a lasting impression!

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• 35 different slides to impress your audience
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8 Tips for a Literature Review Presentation

by Caleb Youngwerth

Literature reviews for research are very different from any other presentation you may have done before, so prepare to relearn how to present. The goals of research literature reviews are different, the style is different, even the pacing is different. Even if you have previously done a literature review in an academic setting, you will still want to know these tips. I found this out the hard way, so you don’t have to. Also, to clarify, these tips are meant for a literature review of a topic, not a singular study or paper, though many of the tips do apply to both.

1. Highlight current research

The point of a literature review for research is to highlight the current state of research related to your topic, not to simply give background information. Background information is important and should be included, but the focus of the presentation should be showing some current studies that either confirm or challenge the topic you are studying. As much as textbooks from 30 years ago might seem to have all the information you need for your presentation, a research study from this decade does a far better job representing the current state of the topic, which is the end goal of the presentation. Also, since the new research should be the focal point of the presentation, as a general piece of advice, try to give each research study a minimum of one full slide, so you can give a fuller picture of what the study actually concluded and how they reached their conclusion.

2. Alternate old and new

The best way to keep people listening to your presentation is to vary what you include in your presentation. Rather than trying to give all of the background information first and then showcase all the flashy new research, try to use the two interchangeably. Organize the presentation by idea and give all the background needed for the idea, then develop the idea further by using the new research studies to help illustrate your point. By doing this, you not only avoid having to backtrack and reteach the background for each and every new study, but also help keep the presentation interesting for the audience. This method also helps the audience avoid being overwhelmed since only a little bit of new information is introduced at a time. Obviously, you may need to include a brief introductory section that contains nothing but textbook information that is absolutely necessary to understand anything about the topic, but the more varied the presentation, the better.

3. Use complete sentences

Every presentation class up to this point probably has taught you that slides with full sentences are harmful to your presentation because it is distracting to the listener. Unlearn all that information for this style of presentation. Bullet points are still good, but you should have complete ideas (which usually means complete sentences) for every single point. If someone would be able to read your slides and not hear you, and still be able to understand most of your presentation, your literature review is perfect in a research setting. The point of this presentation is to share all the new information you have learned, so hiding it is helping no one. You still do not want to be reading your slides verbatim and can absolutely add information beyond the slides, but all your main ideas should be on the slides.

4. Read smart

I will admit that I stole this tip from Rosy, but it is a very good tip, so I decided to include it. When you read, you want to read as much as you can, but wasting time reading an irrelevant research study is helping no one. When finding a new study, read the abstract, then the conclusion, then the pictures. If it looks like a good study from those three parts, or you personally find it interesting, you then can go over the actual paper and read it, but by reading the less dense parts first, you can get a general idea of the study without actually having to take a lot of time to read the entire paper. Though textbooks and review papers generally are a little more difficult to read using this method, you can still look at the introduction, pictures, and conclusion and save time reading the rest if the source ends up not being interesting or important.

5. Reading is good for you

As much as you want to read smart when you can, the more you read, the more knowledgeable you become. The goal of the presentation is to become an expert on you topic, so the only way you can do that is by reading as much as you can. You should read more information than you present, since many sources you read probably will not fit in a time-constrained presentation. As Rosy likes to say, in anything research, only about 10% of what you know should actually be shared with the world. By reading more, you are better-suited to answer questions, and you also just generally are able to understand what you are studying better because, chances are, the main purpose of this presentation for you is to help you better understand your research. If something looks interesting and is vaguely related to your topic, read it; it will be beneficial to you, even if you do not end up presenting the information.

6. Let pictures talk for you

When reading research papers, the pictures are usually the best part. Your presentation should be the same way. The best way to be able to show the concept you are trying to explain is to literally show it. The best way to show the results of a research study is usually by showing a graph or infographic, so if the paper has a graph that shows the results, you should absolutely use it. Charts, diagrams, and even videos can also help illustrate a piece of background information that might be difficult to put into words. That being said, you should know and be able to explain every single part of the graphic. Otherwise, it loses meaning and makes the audience even more confused. Captions can and should be used to help explain the graphic, not only to remind you, but also let your audience know what the general idea of the graphic is. Since they keep slides interesting, you should probably have some sort of picture on every slide, otherwise the slides will be not only bland, but also likely less informative.

7. Avoid overcrowded slides

Just because you should have a lot of information in your presentation does not mean that your slides need to show that. In fact, a slide with too much information will only harm your presentation since your audience will be distracted trying to read all of a long slide while you are trying to explain it. Doing anything to make slides less dense will help avoid having the audience focused on the slide, so they focus on you more. Transitions that only show one point at a time or wait to reveal an image can be helpful in breaking up an overcrowded slide. Also, simply adding more slides can help since it accomplishes the purpose of putting less information on your slides while still keeping the exact same amount of information. You still want to share as much information as you can with the audience, but overcrowded slides do not accomplish this purpose.

8. Expect questions

Another thing that might be slightly different about a research presentation is questions. Most presentations have the question section after the presenter has finished. Research presentations are different because they allow for questions during the presentation (assuming it is a presentation to a small group). If you get any questions in the middle of the presentation, it is not someone being rude, but simply a fellow researcher who is legitimately curious about your topic. Of course, there will be a question period after the presentation, but you may be asked questions during the presentation. If you read enough information on the topic, you should be able to answer any question easily, but if the question is completely unrelated to anything you read, then it is perfectly reasonable to answer that you did not research the specific area in question. Overall, the questions related to your presentation should not be your biggest worry, but you should definitely be ready.

These are not all the rules for a literature review presentation nor are they set in stone. These are just some tips that I was told or learned that were the most helpful for me, so I hope they will help you too. I had to rewrite my presentation entirely my first literature review because I did not understand some of these differences, so if you give the presentation when you are scheduled to go, you are already better off than I was. Also, do not be afraid to ask anyone in the research group, even Rosy, if you need help. Chances are everyone in the group has given a literature review presentation at some point, so we would be more than happy to help you if you are confused about something. That being said, we are not experts on your topic, so specific questions about organization and content are going to have to be figured out by yourself. Either way, no matter what you do, do not stress out about this presentation. The goal of the presentation is mostly just to help improve your knowledge on a topic, and the presentation is simply to share with the group some of the information you have learned. Best of luck with the presentation, and I hope these tips help clear up what exactly the goal of a literature review presentation in a research setting is.

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Top 10 Literature Review Templates with Samples and Examples

Hanisha Kapoor

The Harry Potter series has massively impacted pop culture. It marks the terminal moment of modernity. It has also showed that children are ready to read longer works.

If you have seen the Harry Potter movie or read the series, you would agree with the above example of a literature review. And if you have not, these observations will have created enough curiosity in you to encourage your children to watch Harry Potter movies or give JK Rowling’s book a workout.

A literary review is the amalgamation of extensive knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. A literature review, for all our purposes, needs to a critique that helps take the entire subject matter forward. It has to be a well-meaning critique.

A Literature Review Example for Better Understanding

An example where literature review could be done is on Malcolm Gladwell’s works on success and thinking, in the two books titled ‘Outliers’ and ‘Blink’.

As a sample literary review for these two works, one has to create a problem statement and then show how or why you take the discussion forward to a higher plane. In this case, a literary review could start by saying that success and the factors that influence it are always on the human mind.

The problem statement could be that does luck play a bigger part in success or is your talent and hard work are the major contributors? Then, one may also give examples of previous works that said the same or supported the opposite.

The key elements to a good literary review are balance, poise and evidence.

  Scholars, professors, and researchers dig deeper, find scientific or literary relevance to the subject, and help readers widen their horizons. Having done this, literature reviews also give us a window into works that we should read.

This blog will take you deep into literature reviews and how these need to be structured and delivered for greater impact.

As the first step, we have to be mindful that literature reviews are not a cakewalk. It involves a lot of work: From finding suitable material to evaluating it, critical thinking, paraphrasing, citation skills, creating a methodology, etc.

Conducting an ethical and structured research needs a systematic methodology to put forth your arguments and ideas. Read this blog to showcase your research in an effective manner.

What's even more challenging for a reviewer is to present his/her study without the right visuals.

To bridge this gap, SlideTeam brings you a collection of beautiful, jaw-dropping literature review PowerPoint Templates to showcase your research in a concise and easy manner. Browse the PPT Slides below and use them to present your scholarly review!

Template 1: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

This is a well-designed PowerPoint Template to help you highlight your literature review. Incorporate this state-of-the-art PPT design and present your analysis on the specific topic. This customizable PowerPoint slide shows the findings and your evaluation of a subject. Download this PPT layout and grab your audience’s attention with your balanced review.

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Template 2: Literature Review PPT Graphic

Here is another beautiful preset for showcasing your analysis on the subject. Support your research scope and evaluation with this actionable PowerPoint template. Deploying this fully editable PPT diagram helps you professionally showcase your knowledge on the topic. Use this ready-made PowerPoint Template and justify your thesis or research questions in detail. Grab this template now!

Want to organize and present your research to get under the spotlight? Explore this blog to find suitable thesis templates to document your dissertation.

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Template 3: Literature Review PowerPoint Slide

Want to elaborate on your literature study? Get access to this content-ready PowerPoint Template and help your audience get your point straightaway. This PPT Design comprises an illustration to capture your viewer’s attention. List down your points on the right side of the layout and confidently present your literature review. It is a custom-made template. You can use it as per requirement. Download now!

Template 4: Literature Review PPT Template

Grab another ready-to-use PowerPoint diagram to present your summary of the published work. Use this visually appealing PPT slide to discuss your contributions in the field. Narrow down your finding and showcase proof of rational investigation to impress your audience with this custom-made PowerPoint Template. Download now!

Template 5: Literature Review PowerPoint Diagram

Wish to exhibit your literature review? Get this exclusive PPT Template to discuss the topic's strengths and weaknesses. Incorporate this ready-made PowerPoint diagram to make a point with your critical analysis and objective evaluation. Use this PPT slide to present an executive summary of your research topic. Download this fully customizable PowerPoint design now!

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Template 6: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

Looking for ways to showcase the steps to writing a professional literature review? Deploy this content-ready PowerPoint Template and walk your audience through the steps of writing a gripping research report. This PPT slide comprises an illustration demonstrating the ways of a research methodology. Use this pre-designed preset and help your audience write some striking research findings. Download now!

Template 7: Literature Review PowerPoint Graphic

Do you want to summarize your arguments on a particular topic? Incorporate this content-ready PowerPoint template and present your research on a chosen subject. Use this ready-made PPT graphic and provide an overview of the key findings and unresolved problems that your research has addressed. It is a custom-made PPT template. Download now!

Template 8: Literature Review PPT Slide

Here is another well-crafted PowerPoint Template for you to exhibit your theoretical framework for your research. This fully editable PPT diagram is perfect to help you highlight past work related to the topic. Walk your audience through your research study analysis using this ready-made PowerPoint template. Grab this preset now!

It is difficult to prove your plan of work in front of the audience. You might find our one-page research proposal templates useful to convince your readers the value of your project.

Template 9: Literature Review PowerPoint Template

Use this one-page literature review PowerPoint Slide and showcase your audience with a description, summary, and critical evaluation of your work. Incorporate this actionable PPT design and provide your audience with an overview of sources you have explored while studying the topic. Deploy this custom-made PowerPoint Template to demonstrate how and where your research fits within the broader field of investigation and research.

Template 10: Literature Review PPT Diagram

This is another well-designed one-page literature review PowerPoint Template to present your research on a particular topic. Give your audience a brief introduction on the subject and highlight its strengths and weaknesses using this actionable PPT Design. Showcase your research within the context of existing literature with this customizable PowerPoint diagram. Click the link below to grab this ready-made PPT slide.

Finally, the gist

Citing research is not enough. It is essential to bring your study into notice to make a point in public. Thus, deploy SlideTeam’s ready-made literature review PowerPoint Templates to justify and support your research. These PPT slides are easy to use and can be downloaded with just one click. Get access to these ready-made and premium PowerPoint Slides from our monthly, semi-annual, annual, annual + custom design subscriptions here .

PS: Wish to showcase your past research experience? Explore this exclusive guide replete with research statement PPT templates to communicate your findings in a clear and concise manner.

Literature Review FAQs

What are the important parts of literature review.

Like most academic papers, literature reviews also comprise three basic elements:

• An introduction or background information section
• The body of the review containing the discussion of sources
• Conclusion and/or recommendations section to end the paper.

What is reviewed in a literature review?

A literature review is a academic writing providing audience with the knowledge and understanding literature on a specific topic. A literature review includes a critical analysis of the material; this is why it is called a literature review rather than a literature report.

What are the characteristics of a good literature review?

An effective literature review provides an overview of an existing research in the following ways:

• Outlining research trends
• Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of the subject
• Identifying potential gaps in the topic
• Establishing the need for current/future research projects

Why is literature review important?

Literature review helps in gaining an understanding of the existing research. It expands your knowledge relevant to a particular topic or area of study. It is also important as literature reviews showcase improvements needed in a piece of literature. The key word to remember in speaking about literature reviews is critique. We critique to produce better body of literature the next time.

Why do we need literature review?

The purpose of any literature review is to summarize the arguments and ideas of existing knowledge on a particular subject without adding any new contribution. Being built on existing knowledge, literature review helps the researcher to bring new insights and even bring a fresh, unique perspective to view the original topic of research.

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Learning how to effectively write a literature review is a critical tool for success for an academic, and perhaps even professional career. Being able to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic not only demonstrates having a good grasp on available information for a topic, but it also assists in the learning process. Although literature reviews are important for one's academic career, they are often misunderstood and underdeveloped. This article is intended to provide both undergraduate and graduate students in the criminal justice field specifically, and social sciences more generally, skills and perspectives on how to develop and/or strengthen their skills in writing a literature review. Included in this discussion are foci on the structure , process, and art of writing a literature review. What is a Literature Review? In essence, a literature review is a comprehensive overview of prior research regarding a specific topic. The overview both shows the reader what is known about a topic, and what is not yet known, thereby setting up the rationale or need for a new investigation, which is what the actual study to which the literature review is attached seeks to do. Stated a bit differently (Creswell 1994, pp. 20, 21) explains: The literature in a research study accomplishes several purposes: (a) It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990. (b) It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialog in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Marshall & Rossman, 1989). (c) It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study. As an overview, a well done literature review includes all of the main themes and subthemes found within the general topic chosen for the study. These themes and subthemes are usually interwoven with the methods or findings of the prior research. Also, a literature review sets the stage for and JOURNAL

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A literature review is a critical consideration of the work by authors and researchers who have written on a particular topic. IT involves synthesising these writings so that a 'picture' of the issue under review forms. Therefore, it requires you to use summarising, analytical and evaluative skills. The effectiveness of these will, to a large extent, depend on your ability to link the work of various authors highlighting similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses. A Literature Review is not a list describing or summarising one piece of literature after another, so avoid beginning each paragraph with the name of the researcher.

Amanda Bolderston

A literature review can be an informative, critical, and useful synthesis of a particular topic. It can identify what is known (and unknown) in the subject area, identify areas of controversy or debate, and help formulate questions that need further research. There are several commonly used formats for literature reviews, including systematic reviews conducted as primary research projects; reviews written as an introduction and foundation for a research study, such as a thesis or dissertation; and reviews as secondary data analysis research projects. Regardless of the type, a good review is characterized by the author’s efforts to evaluate and critically analyze the relevant work in the field. Published reviews can be invaluable, because they collect and disseminate evidence from diverse sources and disciplines to inform professional practice on a particular topic. This directed reading will introduce the learner to the process of conducting and writing their own literature review.

Andrew Johnson

This chapter describes the process of writing a literature review and what the product should look like

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The importance of literature review in academic writing of different categories, levels, and purposes cannot be overemphasized. The literature review establishes both the relevance and justifies why new research is relevant. It is through a literature review that a gap would be established, and which the new research would fix. Once the literature review sits properly in the research work, the objectives/research questions naturally fall into their proper perspective. Invariably, other chapters of the research work would be impacted as well. In most instances, scanning through literature also provides you with the need and justification for your research and may also well leave a hint for further research. Literature review in most instances exposes a researcher to the right methodology to use. The literature review is the nucleus of a research work that might when gotten right spotlights a work and can as well derail a research work when done wrongly. This paper seeks to unveil the practical guides to writing a literature review, from purpose, and components to tips. It follows through the exposition of secondary literature. It exposes the challenges in writing a literature review and at the same time recommended tips that when followed will impact the writing of the literature review.

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Research Methodology 5. Systematic Literature Review (SLR)

Nov 09, 2019

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Research Methodology 5. Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Romi Satria Wahon o [email protected] http ://romisatriawahono.net/rm WA/SMS : +6281586220090. Romi Satria Wahono. SD Sompok Semarang (1987) SMPN 8 Semarang (1990) SMA Taruna Nusantara Magelang (1993)

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Research Methodology5. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Romi Satria [email protected]://romisatriawahono.net/rmWA/SMS: +6281586220090

Romi Satria Wahono • SD Sompok Semarang (1987) • SMPN 8 Semarang (1990) • SMA Taruna NusantaraMagelang (1993) • B.Eng, M.Eng and Ph.Din Software Engineering fromSaitama University Japan (1994-2004)Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (2014) • Research Interests: Software Engineering,Machine Learning • Founder danKoordinatorIlmuKomputer.Com • Peneliti LIPI (2004-2007) • Founder dan CEO PT Brainmatics Cipta Informatika

Course Outline

5. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) 5.1 Pengantar SLR 5.2 Tahapan Planning 5.3 Tahapan Conducting 5.4 Tahapan Reporting

5.1 Pengantar SLR

Literature Review • Literature Review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research (Shuttleworth, 2009)(https://explorable.com/what-is-a-literature-review) • A summary and synopsis of a particular area of research, allowing anybody reading the paper to establish the reasons for pursuing a particular research • A good Literature Review evaluates quality and findings of previous research

ManfaatMereviewLiteratur • Memperdalampengetahuantentangbidang yang diteliti (Textbooks) • Mengetahuihasilpenelitian yangberhubungan dan yang sudah pernahdilaksanakan (Related Research) (Paper) • Mengetahuiperkembanganilmupadabidang yang kitapilih (state-of-the-art) (Paper) • Memperjelasmasalahpenelitian (Paper)

Literature Review Methods • Typesand Methods of Literature Review: • Traditional Review • Systematic Literature Review or Systematic Review • Systematic Mapping Study (Scoping Study) • Tertiary Study • SLR is now well established review method in the field of software engineering (Kitchenham & Charters, Guidelines in performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, EBSE Technical Report version 2.3, 2007)

1. Traditional Review • Provides an overview of the research findings on particular topics • Advantages: produce insightful, valid syntheses of the research literature if conducted by the expert • Disadvantages: vulnerable to unintentional and intentional bias in the selection, interpretation and organization of content • Examples: • Liao et al., Intrusion Detection System: A Comprehensive Review, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(2013) • Galar et al., A Review on Ensembles for the Class Imbalance Problem: Bagging-, Boosting-, and Hybrid-Based Approaches, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), Vol. 42, No. 4, July 2012 • CagatayCatal, Software fault prediction: A literature review and current trends, Expert Systems with Applications 38 (2011)

2. Systematic Mapping Study • Suitable for a very broad topic • Identify clusters of evidence (making classification) • Direct the focus of future SLRs • To identify areas for future primary studies • Examples: • Neto et al., A systematic mapping study of software product lines testing, Information and Software Technology Vol. 53, Issue 5, May 2011 • Elberzhager et al., Reducing test effort: A systematic mapping study on existing approaches, Information and Software Technology 54 (2012)

3. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) • The purpose of a systematic literature reviews is to provide as complete a list as possible of all the published studies relating to a particular subject area • A process of identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence, to provide answers for a particular research question • A form of secondary study that uses a well-defined methodology • SLRs are well established in other disciplines, particularly medicine. They integrate an individual clinical expertise and facilitate access to the outcomes of the research (Kitchenham & Charters, Guidelines in performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, EBSE Technical Report version 2.3, 2007)

3. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Examples of SLR: • Hall et al., A Systematic Literature Review on Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2012 • Romi Satria Wahono, A Systematic Literature Review of Software Defect Prediction: Research Trends, Datasets, Methods and Frameworks, Journal of Software Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2015 • Matthias Galster, Danny Weyns, Dan Tofan, BartoszMichalik, and Paris Avgeriou, Variability in Software Systems: A Systematic Literature Review, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol 40, No 3, 2014

4. Tertiary study • Is a SLR of SLRs • To answer a more wider question • Uses the same method as in SLR • Potentially less resource intensive • Examples: • Kitchenham et al., Systematic literature reviews in software engineering – A tertiary study, Information and Software Technology 52 (2010) • Cruzes et al., Research synthesis in software engineering: A tertiary study, Information and Software Technology 53 (2011)

Tahapan SLR 1. Formulate the Review’sResearchQuestion 2. Develop the Review’sProtocol 5.1 PLANNING 1. Identify the RelevantLiterature 2. Perform Selection of PrimaryStudies 3. Perform DataExtraction 4. Assess Studies’ Quality 5. Conduct Synthesis of Evidence 5.2 CONDUCTING 1. Write Up the SLR Paper 2. Choose the Right Journal 5.3 REPORTING

5.1Tahapan Planning Formulate the Review’s Research Question Develop the Review’s Protocol

Formulate the Review’s Research Question • Features of good question: • The RQ is meaningful and important to practitioners and researchers. • The RQ will lead to changes in current software engineering practice or to increase confidence in the value of current practice • The RQ will identify discrepancies between commonly held beliefs and the reality • RQ can be derived primarily based on researcher’s interest • An SLR for PhD thesis should identify existing basis for the research work and where it fits in the current body of knowledge

The Research Question (RQ) • Is the most important part in any SLR • Is not necessarily the same as questions addressed in your research • Is used to guide the search process • Is used to guide the extraction process • Data analysis (synthesis of evidence) is expected to answer your SLR’s RQ

RQ and PICOC The formulation of RQs about effectiveness of a treatment should focus on 5 elements known as PICOC: • Population (P)- the target group for the investigation (e.g. people, software etc.) • Intervention (I) - specifies the investigation aspects or issues of interest to the researchers • Comparison (C)– aspect of the investigation with which the intervention is being compared to • Outcomes (O)– the effect of the intervention • Context (C)– the setting or environment of the investigation (Petticrew et al., Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, Blackwell Publishing, 2006)

Example of PICOC (Kitchenham et al., 2007) Kitchenham et al., A Systematic Review of Cross- vs. Within-Company Cost Estimation Studies, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 33 (5), 2007

Example of PICOC (Wahono, 2015) Romi Satria Wahono, A Systematic Literature Review of Software Defect Prediction: Research Trends, Datasets, Methods and Frameworks, Journal of Software Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-16, April 2015

Example of RQs (Kitchenham, 2007) Kitchenham et al., A Systematic Review of Cross- vs. Within-Company Cost Estimation Studies, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 33 (5), 2007 • RQ1: What evidence is there that cross-company estimation models are not significantly different from within-company estimation models for predicting effort for software/Web projects? • RQ2: What characteristics of the study data sets and the data analysis methods used in the study affect the outcome of within- and cross-company effort estimation accuracy studies? • RQ3: Which experimental procedure is most appropriate for studies comparing within- and cross-company estimation models?

Example of RQs (Davis et al., 2006) Davis et al., Effectiveness of Requirements Elicitation Techniques: Empirical Results Derived from a Systematic Review, 14th IEEE Requirements Engineering Conference, 2006 • RQ: What elicitation technique is most efficient in a particular setting?

Example of RQs (Radjenovic et al., 2013) Radjenovic et al., Software fault prediction metrics: A systematic literature review, Information and Software Technology, Vol. 8, No. 55, pp. 1397-1418, 2013 • RQ1: Which software metrics for fault prediction exist in literature? • RQ2: What data sets are used for evaluating metrics?

Example of RQ (Wahono, 2015) Romi Satria Wahono, A Systematic Literature Review of Software Defect Prediction: Research Trends, Datasets, Methods and Frameworks, Journal of Software Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-16, April 2015

2. Develop the Review’s Protocol • A plan that specifies the basic review procedures (method) • Components of a protocol: • Background • Research Questions • Search terms • Selection criteria • Quality checklist and procedures • Data extraction strategy • Data synthesis strategy

5.2Tahapan Conducting Identify the Relevant Literature Perform Selection of Primary Studies Perform Data Extraction Assess Studies’ Quality Conduct Synthesis of Evidence

1. Identifying Relevant Literature • Involves a comprehensive and exhaustive searching of studies to be included in the review • Define a search strategy • Search strategies are usually iterative and benefit from: • Preliminary searches (to identify existing review and volume of studies) • Trial searches (combination of terms from RQ) • Check the search results against list of known studies • Consult the experts in the field

Approach to Construct Search String • Derive major terms used in the review questions based on the PICOC • List the keywords mentioned in the article • Search for synonyms and alternative words • Use the boolean OR to incorporate alternative synonyms • Use the boolean AND to link major terms

Example of Search String (Kitchenham et al., 2007) • Kitchenham et al. (2007) used their structured questions to construct search strings for use with electronic databases: • Population: software OR application OR product OR Web OR WWW OR Internet OR World-Wide Web OR project OR development • Intervention: cross company OR cross organisation OR cross organization OR multiple-organizational OR multiple-organisational model OR modeling OR modelling effort OR cost OR resource estimation OR prediction OR assessment • Contrast: within-organisation OR within-organization OR within-organizational OR within-organisational OR single company OR single organisation • Outcome: Accuracy OR Mean Magnitude Relative Error • The search strings were constructed by linking the four OR lists using the Boolean AND

Example of Search String (Wahono, 2015) Search String: (software OR applicati* OR systems ) AND (fault* OR defect* OR quality OR error-prone) AND (predict* OR prone* OR probability OR assess* OR detect* OR estimat* OR classificat*) Romi Satria Wahono, A Systematic Literature Review of Software Defect Prediction: Research Trends, Datasets, Methods and Frameworks, Journal of Software Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-16, April 2015

Example of Search String (Salleh et al., 2011) • The complete search term initially used : (student* OR undergraduate*) AND (pair programming OR pair-programming) AND ((experiment* OR measurement OR evaluation OR assessment) AND (effective* OR efficient OR successful) • A very limited number of results retrieved when using the complete string, thus a much simpler string was derived. • Subject librarian suggested to revise the search string: “pair programming” OR “pair-programming”

Sources of Evidence • Digital libraries • Reference lists from relevant primary studies and review articles • Journals (including company journals such as the IBM Journal of Research and Development), grey literature (i.e. technical reports, work in progress) • Conference proceedings • Research registers • The Internet (google) • Direct contact specific researcher(s)

Studies SelectionStrategy(Wahono, 2015) • Publication Year: • 2000-2013 • Publication Type: • Journal • Conference Proceedings • Search String: softwareAND(fault* OR defect* OR quality OR error-prone) AND(predict* OR prone* OR probability OR assess* OR detect* ORestimat* ORclassificat*) • Selected Studies: • 71

Sources of Evidence (Kitchenham et al., 2007) • The search strings were used on 6 digital libraries: • INSPEC , El Compendex, Science Direct, Web of Science, IEEExplore, ACM Digital library • Search specific journals and conf. proceedings: • Empirical Software Engineering (J) • Information and Software Technology (J) • Software Process Improvement and Practice (J) • Management Science (J) • International Software Metrics Symposium (C) • International Conference on Software Engineering (C) • Manual search: • Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (C) • Check references of each relevant article • Contact researchers

Managing Bibliography • Use relevant Bibliographic package to manage large number of references • E.g. Mendeley, EndNote, Zotero, JabRef Reference Manager etc.

Documenting the Search • The process of conducting SLR must be transparent and replicable • The review should be documented in sufficient detail • The search should be documented and changes noted • Unfiltered search results should be saved for possible reanalysis

2. Selection of Studies • Primary studies need to be assessed for their actual relevance • Set the criteria for including or excluding studies (decided earlier during protocol development, can be refined later) • Inclusion & exclusion criteria should be based on RQ • Selection process should be piloted • Study selection is a multistage process

Selection of Studies(Kitchenham et al., 2007) • Kitchenham et al. (2007) used the following inclusion criteria: • Any study that compared predictions of cross-company models with within-company models based on analysis of single company project data. • They used the following exclusion criteria: • Studies where projects were only collected from a small number of different sources (e.g. 2 or 3 companies) • Studies where models derived from a within-company data set were compared with predictions from a general cost estimation model.

Selection of Studies (Wahono, 2015)

Selection of Studies (Salleh et al., 2011) • Inclusion criteria: • to include any empirical studies of PP that involved highereducation students as the population of interest. • Exclusion criteria: • Papers presenting unsubstantiated claims made by the author(s), for which no evidence was available. • Papers about Agile/XP describing development practices other than PP, such as test-first programming, refactoring etc. • Papers that only described tools (software or hardware) that could support the PP practice. • Papers not written in English. • Papers involving students but outside higher education

3. Assessing Studies’ Quality • To provide more detailed Inclusion/Exclusion criteria • To check whether quality differences provide an explanation for differences in study results • As a means of weighting the importance of individual studies when results are being synthesized • To guide the interpretation of findings and determine the strength of inferences • To guide recommendations for further research

Assessing Studies’ Quality • Quality relates to the extent to which the study minimizes bias and maximizes internal and external validity(Khan et al. 2001) • Quality Concepts Definition (Kitchenham & Charter, 2007)

Assessing Studies’ Quality • Assessing quality of studies: • Methodology or design of the study • Analysis of studies’ findings • Quality checklist or instrument need to be designed to facilitate quality assessment • Most quality checklists include questions aimed at assessing the extent to which articles have addressed bias and validity

Study Quality Assessment (Salleh et al., 2011)

Study Quality Assessment(Kitchenham et al., 2007) Kitchenham et al. (2007) constructed a quality questionnaire based on 5 issues affecting the quality of the study: • Is the data analysis process appropriate? • Did studies carry out a sensitivity or residual analysis? • Were accuracy statistics based on the raw data scale? • How good was the study comparison method? • The size of the within-company data set(e.g < 10 projects considered poor quality)

4. Data Extraction • Involve reading the full text article • Data extracted from primary studies should be recorded using data extraction form • The form should be designed and piloted when the protocol is defined • Collect all the information that can be used to answer the RQ and the study’s quality criteria • Both quality checklist and review data can be included in the same form • In case of duplicates publications (reporting the same data), refer the most complete one • For validation, a set of papers should be reviewed by 2 or more researchers. Compare results and resolve any conflicts

5. Synthesis of Evidence • Involves collating and summarizing the results of the included primary studies • Key objectives of data synthesis(Cruzes & Dyba, 2011): • to analyze and evaluate multiple studies • to select appropriate methods for integrating or providing new interpretive explanations about them • Synthesis can be: • Descriptive (narrative/non-quantitative) • Quantitative (e.g. meta-analysis) (Cruzes et al., Research Synthesis in Software Engineering: A tertiary study, Information and Software Technology, 53(5), 2011)

Descriptive Synthesis (Narrative) “An approach to the synthesis of findings from multiple studies that relies primarily on the use of words and text to summarize and explain the findings of the synthesis. It adopts a textual approach to the process of synthesis to ‘tell the story’ of the findings from the included studies.” (Popay et al. 2006) • Use tables to tabulate information extracted from included studies (e.g. population, number of included studies, study quality etc.) • Tables should be structured to highlight similarity or differences of study outcomes • Were the findings consistent (homogeneous) or inconsistent?

Quantitative Synthesis (Meta-Analysis) • Meta-analysis can be used to aggregate results or to pool data from different studies • The outcome of a meta-analysis is an average effect size with an indication of how variable that effect size is between studies • Meta-analysis involves three main steps: 1. Decide which studies to be included in the meta-analysis 2. Estimate an effect size for each individual study 3. Combine the effect sizes from the individual studies to estimate and test the combined effect • Results of the meta-analysis can be presented in a forest plot

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Joy in the Library Workplace: A Literature Review and Related Activities

• CCLI 2023 Workshop
• Finding joy where we can: A literature review of joy in the workplace

Presentation Abstract

Presentation slides, public zotero library, informed consent.

Your responses provided during this workshop may be collected, without any identifying information, and may be used in future research and/or publications.

If you do not wish your responses to be collected, please abstain from providing them.

Participation is voluntary and optional, and you may stop participating at any time. If any identifying information is provided, it will be removed from the researchers’ records.

We are grateful for your presence, whether you choose to provide responses or not.

Finding Joy Where We Can: A Literature Review of Joy in the Workplace

CARL 2024: California Academic & Research Libraries (CARL) Conference  | April 3-6, 2024, San Jose, California

Presenters:

Katherine (Kitty) Luce, Instruction and Web Services Librarian, CSU Maritime Academy

Margot Hanson, Science Librarian, Saint Mary’s College of California

The existing literature on toxicity and low morale in library workplaces is extensive, yet the experience of well-being, even joy, is little discussed. This session provides a review of the scholarly and popular literature on joy in the workplace, with a critical appraisal of whose voices are evident, and a discussion of implications for academic libraries.

Recent writing focuses on the need to bring joy to workplaces, mostly to medical workplaces affected by the intractable challenges of COVID-19, worker shortages, and grueling and dispiriting work. The focus on joy reflects how far many workplaces are from inspiring joy, how difficult it is to change the work itself, and how humans crave the experience of transcendent delight.

This talk will provide an overview of the current research and published writing surrounding joy and well-being in workplaces, providing attendees the context to consider their own organizational culture. A review of the literature delineates coerced or nominal joy and differentiating it from true joy, which expresses workers’ autonomy and defies workplace inequities.

We have a public Zotero library collecting information we used in this workshop, and a few other suggested readings and relevant materials.

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• Last Updated: Apr 3, 2024 5:25 PM
• URL: https://library.csum.edu/joy

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