health education question paper 2019

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MBOSE Class 10 Health Education Question Papers

Preparing for the MBOSE Class 10 Health Education Exams with Question Papers

The MBOSE Class 10 Health Education question papers are the key to success in your exams. They provide students with a comprehensive overview of the questions that are likely to be asked in the exams. This helps students to understand the pattern and style of the questions and gives them a clear idea of the topics that they need to focus on.

In order to get the most out of the question papers, it is important to follow a systematic approach to your preparation. This means that you should take the time to read and understand each question, and try to answer it to the best of your ability. If you are unable to answer a question, don’t worry, just move on to the next one and come back to it later.

When preparing for the exams, it is also important to focus on your weaknesses. If you find that you are struggling with a particular topic, then spend some extra time studying and practicing that topic. This will help you to improve your understanding and score higher marks in the exams.

Tips for Scoring High Marks in the MBOSE Class 10 Health Education Exams

In order to score high marks in the MBOSE Class 10 Health Education exams, it is important to follow a few key tips. These tips will help you to focus your preparation and maximize your chances of success.

Start early: The earlier you start preparing for the exams, the more time you will have to cover the syllabus and practice with the question papers.
Stay organized: Keep a clear record of the topics that you have covered and the questions that you have answered.

About MBOSE

The Meghalaya Board of School Education (MBOSE) is the primary education board in the state of Meghalaya, India. It was established in 1974 with the aim of providing quality education to students in the state. The MBOSE is responsible for conducting secondary and higher secondary school level exams in the state, as well as prescribing the syllabus and textbooks for the same.

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Students preparing for HBSE class 12 exams can download Health & Physical Education question paper 2019 here. Solve this paper to practise with various questions asked in the exam.

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J Educ Health Promot

Health education and global health: Practices, applications, and future research

Daliya s. rizvi.

Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation in Karachi, Pakistan

Health education is a crucial consideration in the healthcare system and has the potential to improve global health. Recently, researchers have expressed interest in streamlining health education, utilizing digital tools and flexible curriculums to make it more accessible, and expanding beyond disease and substance abuse prevention. They have also expressed interest in promoting global health through health and safety promotion programs. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, the refugee crisis, and overpopulation, healthcare crises are erupting all over the world. A lack of health education has and will continue to have a profound impact on community healthcare indicators, particularly in low-income nations. Current priorities within the health education sector include digitization, equity, and infectious disease prevention. Studies and data from university journals and other academic databases were analyzed in a literature review. Health education programs have a significant positive impact on attitudes and behaviors regarding global health. Improving upon these programs by digitizing them and expanding upon the scope of health education will help ensure that such interventions and programs make a significant difference.

Introduction

Health education is a social science that draws from a multitude of fields, often taking a biopsychosocial approach towards promoting health and preventing disease. It can encompass instruction in hygiene, reproductive health, nutrition, and more, and help address global healthcare crises by giving community members the tools necessary to engage in preventative care measures.

The majority of health education programs are school or organization based and are taught in standardized curriculums with the common goals of preventing substance abuse, the spread of disease, and premature pregnancy. However, recently, there has been a shift in health education towards a more creative and digital approach, and towards an expansion to mental health, preventative care, and more.

This paper discusses current health education program types and studies, along with the future of health education, up-and-coming methods for health promotion, and suggestions for future research within the field.

Materials and Methods

Studies and data from PubMed and Medline, as well as university journals and other academic databases, were analyzed in a literature review encompassing current innovations in health education. The criteria for the studies used were as follows: studies had to (1) be published in English; (2) focus on implementing health education programs and interventions or designing them; (3) be published in or after 1990 to ensure relevance; and (4) be relevant to emerging research in the field of health education. Findings were synthesized into suggestions for future studies in particularly pressing areas.

Past progress and the current situation

The positive impact of health education on physical and mental health is measurable. Meheba Refugee Settlement in Zambia was established in 1971 and hosts tens of thousands of refugees. In the early 2000s, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) implemented a health education initiative in the camp with a focus on preventing the spread of HIV. The UNHCR volunteers engaged with the local community, provided refugees with resources, and taught them how to take advantage of what was available to them to prevent the spread of HIV. Participants were also encouraged to educate others about the dangers of HIV and help teach those around them about potential prevention strategies. These efforts reduced levels of HIV infection; now, the camp has far lower HIV infection rates than the surrounding areas of Zambia, proving the effectiveness of the program[ 1 ] . Similar results were observed in schoolchildren in Thailand who engaged in a health education program to prevent the instance of head lice[ 2 ] . Six schools were selected for participation in the study, and children (who were all females) were divided into control groups and intervention groups [ Figure 1 ]. Baseline data on the presence of head lice was collected. After two months, the intervention group had significantly higher scores on a KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practice) test, and the percentage of those with pediculosis (caused by a lice infestation) decreased from 59% to 44%. The control group, however, experienced no significant changes.

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Maatai women participate in a health education program created by the Unite the World with Africa Foundation, focused on sanitation, family planning, nutrition, HIV/AIDS, and more[ 3 ]

A recent study conducted by an epidemiologist at the Global Disease Detection and Response Program and supported by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) focused on studying the effects of a hand hygiene–based health education program on influenza and influenza-related disease rates among schoolchildren in Cairo, Egypt.[ 4 ] The control group of students did not receive a health education program. The intervention group received a program that consisted of hand-washing requirements and educational activities related to hygiene. The program was taught in a creative and engaging manner to hold the attention of students and educate them about the importance of preventative hand washing and general cleanliness to combat germs. At the end of the study, school absences caused by influenza were reduced by 50% in the intervention group when compared with the control group,[ 4 ] illustrating the effectiveness of a well-implemented health education program on community health.

Health education programs are beneficial for more than preventing the spread of disease. They can be used to maintain health, improve cognitive functioning, and increase healthy behaviors. In Iran, a study was conducted to determine the effects of a health education program on the overall health and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes. The study found that all clinical measures and lifestyle factors that were evaluated improved in the health education group when compared with the control group.[ 5 ] These findings were crucial because they established that rehospitalizations and complications arising from chronic conditions were not necessarily hindrances for patients. Similar programs could reduce strain on the healthcare system and are discussed in detail below. Another study evaluated the effects of a health education program in improving the cognitive capabilities of elderly participants in a University of the Third Age (U3A) program. The study found that health education program participants had significantly improved their cognitive examination and memory domain scores when compared with control group participants.[ 6 ] These results suggest that health education can expand beyond its traditional uses. The use of cognitive health education to improve the cognitive functioning of older adults could be used to combat the adverse effects aging has on memory, fluid intelligence, learning, and problem-solving, which is extremely promising. Cognitive health education programs are an important consideration for future health education research.

The International Journal of Dental Hygiene published a 2017 study that described the efficacy of oral health education programs among varying age groups. After conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies on the subject, it was apparent that oral health education programs and interventions led to increases in dental visits and improvements in brushing and flossing. These effects were often observed in children but were also observed in adults.[ 7 ] It is clear that health education programs lead to an increase in knowledge and behavior alike, changing the perceptions and practices of patients. They can be used to increase healthy behaviors in even skeptical or reserved patients.

Health education programs can also be utilized to prevent chronic illnesses, improve overall population health, and reduce the burden conditions like obesity and osteoporosis can place on underfunded healthcare systems. A 2017 study researched the impact of a targeted health education program on the lifestyle habits of middle-aged women at risk of osteoporosis.[ 8 ] The study concluded that the women in the intervention group who received a health education program had increased levels of physical activity, an increased daily calcium intake, and increased levels of general knowledge of osteoporosis. Although the progress of the study participants was not tracked in the long term, it is plausible that these changes in lifestyle habits could have delayed or even prevented the onset of osteoporosis in some of these women. Engaging citizens with predispositions to such diseases using programs for diabetes, obesity, and even cancers could be extremely beneficial in both the short and long term.

A 2019 review analyzed studies focused on health education programs designed to promote maternal and child health.[ 9 ] The study focused on 23 articles on various educational methodologies or program designs and technologies. Educational programs focused on various topics, including breastfeeding and pediatric dentistry. The programs yielded an abundance of positive results, including increased confidence, increased birth weight and gestational age at birth, increased prenatal visits to ensure fetus health, and higher rates of safe behaviors during pregnancy (avoiding alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.). The review concluded that continued health education programs led to improved outcomes for both the mother and child.[ 9 ]

Poor menstrual hygiene, caused by period poverty, can lead to a variety of negative effects on one's physical health, including urinary tract infection (UTIs) and issues with the reproductive system (UNICEF). In areas where girls are already marginalized in schools, and where many young women skip classes when they menstruate, infections caused by unhygienic practices can take a significant toll on both a young woman's education and her daily life. Many poverty-stricken areas do not have resources such as transportation, pharmacies, and healthcare infrastructure, and home remedies can often be more harmful than helpful. Thus, eradicating dangerous practices like poor menstrual hygiene is imperative. In 2007, a study measured the impact of a community-based health education program on the menstrual hygiene practices of adolescent girls in India. The researchers found that the health education program increased awareness of menstruation and led to a 28% decrease in the unhygienic reuse of cloth and menstrual products,[ 10 ] which in turn improved the reproductive health of adolescent girls in 23 villages.

Health education has been associated with a reduction in risky behaviors and an increase in academic achievement.[ 11 ] Additionally, it can help change the attitudes citizens have towards infectious diseases. Between 2012 and 2013, a study conducted in Gansu, China, recorded differences in knowledge of the spread of infectious diseases between two groups of high school students.[ 12 ] Although education level, income, and gender also affected the results, education had the most significant impact. Those in the intervention group exhibited more cautious behaviors after a health education program.

Among older students, health education programs can improve sexual health and reduce instances of violence and the abuse of certain substances. Often, these programs can involve more than classroom instruction. Programs with multiple components, including parental and community involvement and changes in school policy,[ 13 ] can have a positive effect on sexual safety, nicotine abuse, and bullying in school. Evidence suggests that when compared to other measures such as anti-smoking policies and a targeted approach towards 'at-risk’ students, school-based health interventions and education programs have a greater positive impact on student health.[ 13 ] Similarly, a Japanese study with the goal of measuring the effect of a comprehensive alcohol-focused health education program on alcohol abuse among junior college students found that the program reduced instances of alcohol abuse among the primarily female study group, despite limitations to the research.[ 14 ] Combating risky behaviors through education rather than the systematic targeting of students who are perceived to be at risk is a more beneficial approach.

At times, health education programs can encompass education in nutrition, particularly in areas where it is difficult to control one's meals and readily obtain foods that provide the variety and nutrition that characterizes a healthy diet. Exploring the impact of health education on food sourcing behaviors is a key step when determining how to best combat the obesity epidemic through the people suffering from it. A 2015 study measured the effects of a nutritional health education program on the knowledge and behavior of primary school students regarding nutrition in two low-income counties in China.[ 15 ] Students in the intervention group had increased behavior and knowledge scores, suggesting that the health education program had an impact on the way they approached food and food safety. Attitude scores, however, stayed relatively consistent.[ 15 ] In Spain, researchers found that physical activity and nutrition education programs yielded positive results and increased acquisition of healthy behaviors.[ 16 ]

Evidence has suggested that health education can become a vital aspect of therapy and recovery for patients with physical and mental conditions. A review examining the effects of health education programs on treatment outcomes in patients with heart failure analyzed several studies on the subject.[ 17 ] The studies that were analyzed measured a variety of variables, including the impact of health education on the quality of life of the patient, the patient's knowledge of their disease, the patient's level of self-care, and the patient's adherence to any pharmaceutical prescriptions recommended by their physician.[ 17 ] Data suggests that health education increased patient knowledge about heart failure, and had a significant impact on the patient's adherence to medications.[ 17 ] This suggests that health education programs could be used further to influence lifestyle changes in patients suffering from chronic illnesses. These programs would reduce rehospitalizations and patient health, thereby preserving healthcare resources.

The world is also currently facing a mental health crisis, with levels of anxiety and depression skyrocketing among groups of all ages, and particularly among young people.[ 18 ] Mental health awareness and education programs have the potential to reduce the stigma around mental illnesses and improve the overall mental health of students. Health education programs can also reduce risk factors of mental illnesses. For example, they have been utilized to combat drug addiction[ 19 ] and teen pregnancy: factors with a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. Although many of these programs are in their early stages, they could have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of young people by reducing stigma and rates of anxiety and depression.

Modern students live in a technological era in which cell phones, tablets, computers, and video games are core elements of daily life.[ 20 ] Thus, it is necessary to digitize programs that focus on student mental health and wellbeing. Digital programs and educational games could increase student health by presenting material in a more engaging, relatable, and convenient way. A 2019 review evaluated the impact of digital mental health interventions (internet resources and apps focused on educating users about mental health maintenance) on the psychological wellbeing of college students.[ 21 ] The review analyzed approximately 89 studies and recorded a common trend of improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as improvement in the overall mental health among students. However, researchers noted that more rigorous studies were needed to fully measure the impact of these programs.[ 21 ] Making digital health education programs free and widely available is necessary. Ensuring that these programs meet established standards and are scientifically accurate is a significant challenge that must be met with extensive research.

The shift towards digitized health education has given rise to methods intended to educate students more creatively. Researchers designed a sexual health education game-based program for adolescents. The goal of the program was to combat unhealthy sexual behaviors, educate young people about safety and prevention practices, and encourage young people to discuss sexual health matters.[ 22 ] The game program was anonymous, allowing students to learn topics without fear of social pressures or stigma.[ 22 ] Programs like this emphasize learning through interactive activities and educate students free from the biases and reservations that traditional sex education teachers may have. They can also be utilized in areas where levels of STIs (the most common being HIV and chlamydia) are high to educate adolescents about safe practices.

The path forward: Suggestions for future work in health education and health promotion

Many educational institutions have implemented education and prevention programs for students that are intended to curb the usage of drugs and alcohol. Although similar programs focused on nicotine have been successful, programs that target 'at-risk’ students and focus on drugs have largely been unsuccessful. Genetics play a large role in the susceptibility of many to drug and alcohol abuse. Current health education programs do not account for this fact and are not tailored to each student's needs, background, and learning style. Research exploring the nuances of health education relating to the prevention of substance abuse is necessary.

Health education can play a major role in reducing stigma around conditions such as mental illness and AIDS, thereby reducing reservations among patients who avoid seeking care due to the judgment they could face from their peers. Research on widespread health education campaigns has occurred; however, their efficacy must be further investigated. Navigating cultural and social barriers could serve as significant challenges for such programs; thus, prevention strategies must be researched as well. The implementation of stigma reduction programs would likely improve the standard of care for marginalized patients, thus positively impacting global health.

There are multiple health education models that must also be taken into consideration. Thus far, the rational model is the most promoted of the available models. Focusing on presenting unbiased information, this model is based on the belief that becoming educated on a subject will change a person's behavior. However, this is not always the case. The health belief model emphasizes the fact that people often make irrational decisions when it comes to their healthcare, regardless of the educational resources available to them; many prefer to live in blissful ignorance rather than face the fact that one has a terminal illness. Hypochondria, low self-efficacy, and perceived obstacles can serve as barriers to healthcare. The extended parallel processing model takes a more biased and emotionally charged approach to health education in order to strongly persuade people to take charge of their own health and practice better prevention strategies. These theories are crucial for the development of a health education program that balances science and education, with successful management of the often erratic and unpredictable behavior of patients. Future studies must consider which combination between the available models is the most effective, both in the short and long term.[ 23 ]

Behavioral theories have been helpful to psychologists and sociologists when determining the best methods of education and persuasion for the general public. Social learning theory describes the idea that people are disproportionately impacted by their environments. This is crucial to note; health education programs must vary depending on the area and the cultural background of the people partaking in the program. Different strategies will work in different populations, and future studies must take this into account.[ 24 ]

Currently, citizens with disabilities (physical and intellectual alike) are discriminated against in the workforce. In fact, the unemployment rate for those with disabilities is over two times that of those without disabilities.[ 25 ] Health education programs can be utilized for sensitivity and diversity training in various corporations to emphasize the importance of reducing discrimination against potential employees with disabilities. Establishing mandatory programs focused on educating company employees about common disabilities such as autism and Down's Syndrome, for example, could increase levels of understanding and empathy, and lead to a more inclusive work environment. Studies have repeatedly correlated employment and reemployment with better physical health.[ 26 ] Those who are employed have higher levels of security and better mental health because of the lack of stress caused by financial instability. Thus, employing more citizens with disabilities would likely have a positive impact on global health by increasing the physical and mental well-being of a marginalized population.[ 27 ]

The United States and other nations are suffering from epidemics of obesity, heart disease, cancers, and diabetes. The onset of such diseases can be prevented by a reduction in inflammation and the maintenance of a healthy bodyweight and diet, along with stress management techniques. These lifestyle factors can be instilled into students at a young age, thereby vastly improving global health. Currently, most school-based health education programs are limited to substance abuse prevention and family life education or sex education. Health education programs in mindfulness, nutrition, and effective exercise routines can help improve the overall health of student populations. Current literature has suggested that theory-based interventions could reduce the risk of those who are predisposed to cardiovascular diseases.[ 27 ] Because such programs have not been implemented in most public-school systems, research into the nuances and standardization of this type of curriculum is crucial.

Health education programs must be used to empower patients to make their own decisions about their healthcare. Thus, tailoring programs according to the type of intervention and end goal is necessary, as differing program formats can yield different outcomes.[ 28 ] The same is true for the type of theory used.[ 29 ]

This study conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Medline databases to identify 42 studies that were published after 1990 in English, and that focused on implementing novel health education programs. Priority was given to studies that had digital components, focused on cognitive science, or focused on rehabilitation and recovery rather than disease prevention (although some studies discussed also focused on disease prevention). Many of the studies used were discussed in an in-depth literature review, and findings were synthesized into suggestions for future work to streamline, modernize, and greatly improve health education practices.

This study is novel as it evaluates varying types of health education programs as they relate to health promotion beyond the widely known scope of health education. By discussing the relation of health education to mental health, cognitive functioning, digital healthcare, and supplemental care, this study places an emphasis on future research and discovery and provides valuable insights into a rapidly approaching era of health education rather than simply summarizing what is already known. Additionally, this study provides concrete, implementable suggestions for future research into a variety of aspects in health education.

Despite this, the study also has its limitations. There is a lack of adequate research regarding the potential cognitive benefits of health education programs, as the concept is relatively new. Additionally, relevant research studies may have been omitted from the paper as a result of gaps in literature-searching practices.

Health education programs and advocates can help change the way we approach healthcare by championing preventative care to minimize the risk of chronic illnesses, outpatient care, and infections. They can also help reverse some of the negative effects associated with addiction and aging. Digitizing programs and utilizing flexible curriculums is particularly beneficial. As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic and the current healthcare system is reevaluated, health education programs are a crucial consideration that can have a tremendous positive impact on the lives of citizens around the world.

Ethical approval

Financial support and sponsorship, conflicts of interest.

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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11th Class CBSE Physical Education Sample Question Paper – II (2019-20)

admin March 20, 2020 11th Class , CBSE Question Papers , Physical Education 6,799 Views

11th Class CBSE Physical Education Sample Paper Question – II 2019-20

Note: For the latest pattern – login to www.cbse.nic.in

General Instructions:

The question paper consists of 34 questions.
There are 9 Internal choices.
Answer to multiple choice questions should be written as its correct option.
All questions are compulsory.
Answer to multiple choice questions carries 1 marks each.
Answer to any question in Section B carrying 3 marks should be approximately in 80 – 90 words.
Answer to any question in Section C carrying 5 marks should be approximately in 150 – 200 words.

Section A: 11th Physical Education Sample Question Paper

Question: 1 . which is not an objective of physical education [1].

Organic development
Social development
Emotional development
Technical development

When first Asian Games were held?

Question: 2. the second edition of khelo india school games were held at [1], question: 3. the first modern olympics were held in [1], question: 4. indian olympic association was formed in [1], question: 5. which is not a component of physical fitness [1].

Neuro muscular coordination

Maximum range of movement around joint is known as

Flexibility
None of the above

Question: 6. Which is not a game that includes coordinative ability? [1]

Kho – Kho

Question: 7. When Special Bharat came into existence? [1]

A sports person is eligible to participate in deaflympics who is having hearing loss of.

55 dB or greater
25 dB or lesser
15 db to 45 dB

Question: 8. What is the role of speech therapist for children with special needs? [1]

Treatment for fracture
Treatment for sprain
Treatment for speech
Treatment for fever

Question: 9. Ashtanga Yoga has how many elements? [1]

Question: 10. sukhasana is derived from the world [1], question: 11. adventure sports are also known as [1].

Action sports

Question: 12. Powered paragliding is attached with [1]

Question: 13. body mass index is calculated by using [1].

Body Height and weight
Only Body height
Only Body weight

Question: 14. How many blocks are used in shuttle run [1]

Question: 15. physiology refers to [1].

Functioning of body
Structure of body
Fitness of body

How many rings are there in trachea?

12 – 16
16 – 20
20 – 24
24 – 28

Question: 16. The stability of wrestler is more if [1]

Center of gravity is high
Center of gravity is low
Center of gravity is medium

Question: 17. Logus refers to [1]

Question: 18. biological problems in adolescents are due to [1].

Slow physical growth
Rapid physical growth
No physical growth

Question: 19. Phase I of preparatory period deals with [1]

Specific fitness
Basic fitness

Question: 20. Use of alcohol and cocaine effects [1]

Increased blood pressure
Decreased blood pressure
Normal blood pressure

Section B: 11th Physical Education Sample Question Paper

Question: 21. explain any three career options in physical education. [3], write about individual competitions at national level., question: 22. explain about the inaugural winter olympics. [3], question: 23. explain the components of physical fitness. [3], question: 24. write three indian organizations promoting adaptive sports with the year in which they came into existence., question: 25. elaborate yama. [3], question: 26. elaborate the role of a leader. [3], describe the opportunities available to act as leader in sports., question: 27. how hip-waist-ratio test is administered [3], question: 28. write any three functions of skeletal system. [3], question: 29. write any three importance of sports psychology. (any three) [3], physical education sample question: differentiate between growth and development., question: 30. explain psychological warming up., section c: sample question paper, question: 31. define physical fitness. explain its components. [5], explain the aim and objectives of adaptive physical education., question: 32. define yoga. explain its importance. [5], explain the qualities of a leader., question: 33. how health related fitness is measured [5], question: 34. explain the functions of circulatory system. [5].

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Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers Download PDFs

Updated On: October 25, 2023 04:48 pm IST

We have provided with this article some links from where students can download the PDFs of Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers. Download the papers for revision.

Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers: Highlights

How to Download Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question …

Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers

What are the benefits of Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous …

Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers: Exam Pattern

Meghalaya Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper

Never Miss an Exam Update

Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers: The Meghalaya Board of School Education has released the MBOSE SSLC Previous Year Question Paper. On the official website, students can get English, Mathematics, Science & Technology, Computer Science, and Hindi MBOSE class 10 question papers in PDF format. The candidates should download these previous year's question papers and use them to prepare for their exam since this will help them understand the format of the test, including the kinds of questions that will be asked and the scoring system. The Meghalaya Class 10 Syllabus 2023-24 must have been read by the students before they began answering the question banks from the previous year.

Most of the educational boards in India, classify standard 10th and 12th as SSLC and HSSLC. Some may have a question as to what is the full form of SSLC . The full form of SSLC is Secondary School Leaving Certificate. To learn more about the MBOSE SSLC (Class 10th) Previous Year Question Paper, read the whole article.

Also Read: Meghalaya Board 10th Date Sheet 2024

How to Download Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers?

Step 1: Go to www.mbose.in, the Meghalaya Board's official website for the 10th exam.
Step 2: Click the "Download" link on the homepage.
Step 3: On the new page, click on SSLC, HSSLC & CLASS XI Previous Years Question Papers
Step 4: Click on the year of your choice beside the academic level to download and print the MBOSE SSLC Question Paper.

Students can download the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers for the year 2022 from the table given below:

Students can download the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers for the year 2021 from the table given below:

Students can download the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers for the year 2020 from the table given below:

Students can download the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers for the year 2019 from the table given below:

What are the benefits of Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers?

For exam preparation, Meghalaya Board Class 10th Previous Year Question Paper are very helpful. In this section, students can read about the major benefits and applications of the same.

The students will learn the marking system and key test themes by completing the Meghalaya Class 10 Model Question Papers .
Students should consult the question papers from past years because they will learn about the exam's difficulty level and key themes by doing so.
The students can solve the problems within the allotted time with the aid of the Meghalaya Class 10th question papers.
After completing the curriculum, students can aid themselves by solving the MBOSE class 10th previous year question papers.

The Meghalaya Board of School Education publishes the syllabus and scoring rubric for the Class 10 MBOSE SSLC Exam. The Class 10 Exam Pattern has undergone a number of revisions by the Meghalaya Board. The MBOSE SSLC theoretical test lasts three hours and is worth 80 out of a possible 100 marks. Students may receive up to 100 marks on the MBOSE SSLC exam. All subjects, with the exception of vocational subjects, carry 100 marks apiece. The theory test has 80 marks and 20 of those marks are reserved for the internal assessment.

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Mbose sslc exam pattern mathematics, mbose sslc social science exam pattern, mbose sslc science exam pattern .

Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers are a great way to revise for the board exams. Download the papers here and solve them one by one.

Students can get the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers from the official website of MBOSE. They can download the papers by clicking on the Download option present on the menu bar.

To solve the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers, start with understanding the exam pattern and syllabus of the subject for which you have the question paper. Read the question paper carefully and try to understand the type of questions asked in the exam. Set a time limit for each section of the question paper and try to solve the questions within the given time.

Ideally, you should solve at least five to six Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers before your exam. Solving previous year's question papers helps you to understand the exam pattern, the type of questions asked in the exam, and the difficulty level of the paper.

Yes, it is possible to get the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Papers offline. You can visit your nearest bookstore and check if they have a collection of previous year's question papers for the Meghalaya MBOSE Class 10 exams.

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Published: 22 April 2024

Utilizing maternal healthcare services: are female-headed households faring poorly?

Subhasree Ghatak 1 &
Meghna Dutta 2

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth volume 24 , Article number: 299 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Utilization of maternal healthcare services has a direct bearing on maternal mortality but is contingent on a wide range of socioeconomic factors, including the sex of the household head. This paper studies the role of the sex of the household head in the utilization of maternal healthcare services in India using data from the National Family Health Survey-V (2019–2021).

The outcome variable of this study is maternal healthcare service utilization. To that end, we consider three types of maternal healthcare services: antenatal care, skilled birth assistance, and postnatal care to measure the utilization of maternal healthcare service utilization. The explanatory variable is the sex of the household head and we control for specific characteristics at the individual level, household-head level, household level and spouse level. We then incorporate a bivariate logistic regression on the variables of interest.

24.25% of women from male-headed households have complete utilization of maternal healthcare services while this proportion for women from female-headed households stands at 22.39%. The results from the bivariate logistic regression confirm the significant impact that the sex of the household head has on the utilization of maternal healthcare services in India. It is observed that women from female-headed households in India are 19% (AOR, 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63,1.03) less likely to utilize these services than those from male-headed households. Moreover with higher levels of education, there is a 25% (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08,1.44) greater likelihood of utilizing maternal healthcare services. Residence in urban areas, improved wealth quintiles and access to healthcare facilities significantly increases the chances of maternal healthcare utilization. The interaction term between the sex of the household head and the wealth quintile the household belongs to, (AOR, 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.89) shows that the utilization of maternal healthcare services improves when the wealth quintile of the household improves.

The results throw light on the fact that the added expenditure on maternal healthcare services exacerbates the existing financial burden for the economically vulnerable female-headed households. This necessitates the concentration of research and policy attention to alleviate these households from the sexual and reproductive health distresses.

Trial Registration

Not Applicable.

JEL Classification

D10, I12, J16.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Despite significant advancements in medical science and technology, maternal mortality remains a global issue, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Maternal death is defined as “the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes” [ 1 ].Estimates from the World Health Organization state that low and lower-middle-income countries account for 94% of maternal deaths worldwide, and women in low-income countries are at 130 times higher risk of maternal mortality than women in high-income countries [ 1 ]. The concern over maternal health i.e. health of the woman pertaining to her pregnancy, childbirth and the post-partum period, resulted in the formulation of Sustainable Development Goals (henceforth, SDG) by the United Nations in 2015, which considered maternal health to be of utmost importance. The SDG aims to reduce the global Maternal Mortality Ratio (henceforth, MMR), defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period to less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030 [ 1 ]. The achievement of this target requires a transitional shift from high maternal mortality to low maternal mortality all over the world. Among the countries known for high MMR, India accounted for one-fifth of the global maternal deaths in 2015 [ 2 ]. Obstetric transition is divided into five stages. The first stage is when MMR is greater than 1000, followed by the second stage where MMR ranges between 999 − 300. The third stage is when MMR is between 299 − 50, the fourth stage is characterized by an MMR less than 50 and lastly the fifth stage where avoidable deaths are zero. India is characteristic of the third stage in obstetric transition, i.e., MMR between 299 − 50 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. A special bulletin in India by the Sample Registration System on Maternal Mortality states that MMR in India stands at 103 per 100,000 live births for the period 2017-19. Though a decline from 113 for the period 2016-18, the country is yet to achieve its set target of reducing MMR to less than 70 deaths per 100,000 live births. The geographical vastness and socio-cultural diversity result in significant interstate and intra-state variations in maternal mortality, making uniform implementation of health-sector reforms difficult. This implies an urgent need for a systematic study to identify the structural and proximal factors responsible for reducing the maternal mortality rate and formulating policies based on the findings.

Utilization of maternal healthcare services, which includes Antenatal Care (henceforth, ANC), Skilled Birth Assistance (henceforth, SBA), and Postnatal Care (henceforth, PNC) during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-delivery significantly reduces maternal mortality [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The utilization of these services is contingent on a whole host of factors, viz. socioeconomic conditions, availability and accessibility of healthcare services, knowledge of pregnancy-related appropriate health behaviours, maternal age, educational attainment, exposure to mass media, residential area, and decision-making capacity [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The decision to seek healthcare, especially maternal healthcare, generally involves interactions among the women, their partners, and family members [ 7 ]. Healthcare seeking, therefore, is heavily influenced by household dynamics. However, what remains ubiquitously absent in the existing literature is a study of the gender aspect of maternal healthcare seeking. Since for a woman her socioeconomic context largely determines her maternal healthcare utilization, as discussed above, it becomes imperative to divert research attention to study the influence of household headship on such utilization. Of the few studies that have interrogated the role of household headship on maternal healthcare utilization, a study in West Bengal, India, found that female headship reduces the chances of availing of ANC services [ 11 ]. On the other hand, studies in Ethiopia, Gabon, Indonesia, and Sub-Saharan Africa reveal that the odds of maternal healthcare utilization increase with a female head [ 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Women in female-headed households were more likely to use facility-based delivery than women from male-headed households [ 9 ]. The share of expenditure on maternal healthcare services is greater in female-headed households because of greater autonomy and decision-making capacity than their male-headed counterparts [ 15 ]. As women moved up to higher age brackets, the odds of them availing of maternal healthcare services increased [ 6 , 7 , 13 , 16 ]. Previous studies also confirm that for women with higher levels of educational attainment, the chances of utilizing maternal healthcare services are significantly improved [ 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 ]. Studies in different country contexts provide evidence that a woman’s parity or birth order is an essential factor determining the utilization of maternal healthcare services for the current birth. An inverse relationship has been established between parity and maternal healthcare utilization [ 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Evidence from different study settings shows that women from wealthier households or women employed in paid activity were more likely to utilize healthcare services [ 10 , 14 , 20 ].

Our study adds to the literature on maternal health by explicitly studying the relationship between the sex of the household head and different components of maternal healthcare, i.e., ANC, SBA, and PNC. The lack of evidence in the Indian context that can postulate the nature of the relationship between the sex of the household head and the utilization of various maternal healthcare services stands as the primary motivation behind this study. With the increasing scholarship on the gendered aspects of household headship, this study will be a timely intervention to assess its impact on maternal healthcare service utilization, thereby impacting maternal mortality.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 deals with the data and study variables. Section 3 states the model specification and empirical analysis. Section 4 presents the results, followed by a robustness check in Sect. 5. Section 6 discusses the findings, and Sect. 7 concludes the study.

Data and study variables

Data source.

This paper uses secondary data from the National Family Health Survey-V (henceforth, NFHS). It is a nationally representative, large-scale household survey conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The present set of data pertains to 2019–2021. The total sample of NFHS-5 comprises 724,115 women and 101,839 men. The women interviewed were in the age bracket of 15–49 years, which corresponds to the reproductive age for women. However, for our study, we have considered women who were ever married and had at least one live birth in the last five years prior to the survey. This reduces the sample to 176,601 women. Accounting for the availability of data on the covariates, which would be required to explain the relationship, the study considers 26,944 women.

Outcome variable

The outcome variable of this study is maternal healthcare service utilization. ( mhcu ). We employ three categories of maternal healthcare service utilization, i.e., ANC, SBA, and PNC, described below.

ANC: We use four indicators to create this variable. The number of ANC visits should be at least 4; the first antenatal visit should take place in the first trimester, consumption of iron folic tablets and syrups for at least 100 days, and at least two tetanus toxoid injections should be taken before birth. If all of the above is answered affirmatively, it is coded as “1,” indicating ANC, and “0” otherwise.

SBA: If the delivery has been assisted by a doctor, auxiliary nurse midwifery, nurse or midwife, or a health visitor or has taken place in a government or municipal hospital, dispensary, rural hospital, private hospital, maternity home, and the like, it has been coded as “1” and if the delivery has been only assisted by a traditional birth assistant, ‘dai,’ friend or relative or has taken place at the respondent’s home or the parent’s home, it has been coded as “0”.

PNC: We consider four indicators for this variable, i.e., whether or not the respondent’s health was checked before and after discharge/ delivery at home and whether or not the healthcare provider counseled on the danger signs for newborns and on breastfeeding. Having answered in affirmation in at least two of the four is coded as “1,” indicating PNC, and “0” otherwise.

If the respondent answered affirming all three categories, it has been considered as full utilization of maternal healthcare services. If the respondent answered in negation to any of the three categories, it has been considered an incomplete utilization of maternal healthcare services. Complete utilization is coded as ‘1’ and incomplete as ‘0’.

Description of explanatory variables

The variable of interest and other control variables are discussed at length in Table 1 .

Sample description

Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics of the variables. Of the 26,944 women in the study sample, 84.39%, i.e., 22,737 women, belonged to male-headed households, and the rest, 15.61%, i.e., 4207 women, belonged to female-headed households. 24.25% and 22.39% of women from male-headed and female-headed households, respectively, have complete utilization of maternal healthcare services. Table 3 exhibits the percentage of women utilizing each component of maternal healthcare service across household headships. Women from female-headed households have lower utilization of all three components, i.e., ANC, SBA, and PNC.

Furthermore, we provide in Table 4 , the percentage of women having complete utilization of maternal healthcare services in both male-headed and female-headed households by all the categories of the independent variables used in the study.

Model specification and empirical analysis

To assess the impact of the sex of the household head on maternal healthcare utilization, we employ a logistic regression. This is on account of the dependent variable being categorical in nature. Sampling weights applicable for survey data have been incorporated during estimation. The first regression model is as follows:

Here, mhcu i is the maternal healthcare utilization pertaining to woman i. sexhhd i is the sex of the household head of the woman i. X i is the vector of all individual specific characteristics of the woman, which includes her age, educational attainment level, number of living children, i.e., parity, sex of the last child born, working status, health insurance coverage, exposure to mass media, woman’s participation index in household decision making and possession of an account in a bank or any other financial institution. The results from this estimation have been presented later.

In the second regression model, we further control for partner or spouse-specific characteristics such as partner’s age and educational attainment levels because they are likely to impact maternal healthcare utilization as well. The second regression model is as follows:

Where, Wi is the vector for spouse characteristics.

We design another regression model, wherein we control for the household-specific characteristics such as religion, residence, and wealth quintile. The third regression model is thus specified as follows:

Where, H i controls for household-specific characteristics.

For better model suitability, we add a few more control variables, such as the relationship to the household head and the type of health facility visited, i.e., whether it was a public or private or any other health facility. The last regression model is specified below:

Where B i controls for all other additional variables.

The results from all the models are discussed in the following section.

The results of the regression models are presented in Table 5 . We observe that the sex of the household head has a significant influence on maternal healthcare service utilization. The results from model(4) show that women from female-headed households are 19% less likely to use maternal healthcare services fully. This observation is deviant from the general understanding that women would be more concerned with maternal healthcare, and a female household head would thereby influence greater utilization. To explain this dichotomy, we use an interaction term between the sex of the household head and the wealth quintile they belong to. Our results suggest that as female-headed households move up the wealth quintile, the chances of women in those households availing of maternal healthcare services increase.

The results also show that women in higher age brackets are more likely to utilize maternal healthcare services as compared to younger women. Women in younger age brackets are less likely to be aware of the necessary maternal healthcare seeking and, therefore, end up with inadequate utilization. Women with secondary and higher levels of education are 13% and 25% more likely to use maternal healthcare services, respectively, as compared to women with only primary level of education or no education at all. We further see that the chances of availing maternal healthcare services fall at higher birth orders. Women are 15% less likely to use maternal healthcare services at higher birth orders. Maternal healthcare utilization also increases by 7% if the last-born child is a female. However, the woman’s working status and exposure to mass media do not significantly impact maternal healthcare utilization, as portrayed by our results. We further find that having insurance coverage increases the chances of maternal healthcare utilization by about 12%. Women who possessed a bank account or any account in a financial institution were 18% more likely to utilize maternal healthcare services than those who didn’t hold one. Women who are involved in decision-making instances in their household are 25% more likely to use maternal healthcare services in comparison to women who do not exercise this autonomy.

The likelihood of utilizing maternal healthcare services is 3% lower for women residing in rural areas as compared to their urban counterparts. Moving into a higher wealth quintile increases the odds of access to maternal healthcare services. Women in middle and richer households have 25% and 50% higher chances to gain access to maternal healthcare services, respectively. The results further show that women whose partner has attained higher education have 16% higher chances of utilizing maternal healthcare services. Similarly, the higher the partner’s age, the higher the chances of accessing healthcare services. The relationship to the household head doesn’t impact maternal healthcare utilization, as evidenced by our results. The availability of a private healthcare facility increases the chances of maternal healthcare utilization by 10%.

Robustness check

In order to check the robustness of the main results, we assess whether they vary across sub-samples. For this purpose, we split the sample based on residence, i.e., rural and urban. The sample size is 21,154 for rural residents and 5790 for urban residents. The results of the regression model specification (Eq. 4) in these sub-sample splits are presented in Table 6 . We observe that for the rural sub-sample, women from female-headed households are worse off compared to their male-headed counterparts with regard to maternal healthcare utilization. All the other individual-specific, spouse-specific, household-specific controls and additional controls significantly impact maternal healthcare utilization for the rural sub-sample. The sex of the household head doesn’t substantially impact maternal healthcare utilization in urban areas. We can thereby conclude that the rural areas propel our undivided sample results.

Impact of household headship

The results of the study elucidate that women from female-headed households are at a disadvantage when it comes to maternal healthcare service utilization. The interaction term between the sex of the household head and the wealth quintile the household falls into further proves that the utilization of maternal healthcare services increases among female-headed households as they move up the wealth quintile. This holds ground, and previous literature also suggests that female-headed households are poorer than their male-headed counterparts [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. This is because women face occupational segregation and are time-poor because of the unpaid care work burden that leaves them at a disadvantage in the labor market in comparison to men. Therefore, the chances of financial stability are diminished for them. Thus, the income constraint significantly reduces the chances of resource allocation towards healthcare, specifically maternal healthcare in female-headed households. The result is also indicative of the economic vulnerability of female-headed households along with the burden of ever-rising out-of-pocket expenses in private healthcare facilities, which inhibit women from seeking and availing adequate maternal healthcare services.

Impact of socio-economic factors

In the following section, we briefly discuss the impact of all the other socio-economic variables that we have considered in our study. Older women are more likely to have the necessary knowledge of healthcare utilization, which might increase their chances of healthcare utilization. Similar results have also been found in other studies [ 6 , 7 , 13 , 16 ]. Moreover, a higher age at childbirth might increase the chances of obstetric complications and increased maternal and neonatal risks. Such cases of additional risk during pregnancy for older women might call for timely supervision and monitoring, thus leading to their greater utilization of maternal healthcare services. Studies in different developing countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, India, Nepal, and Sub-Saharan Africa have exemplified that education in women enables them to have sufficient knowledge of the benefits of preventive healthcare [ 6 , 8 , 13 , 17 ]. Educated women also have improved autonomy in making decisions regarding their own healthcare needs, increasing their likelihood of availing these services [ 18 , 24 ]. Women who have a basic understanding of reproductive health are better able to communicate with healthcare providers about the problems they face, thereby resulting in quicker detection of problems and provisioning of interventions to save lives. With regard to parity, women are likely to be more cautious and willing to use healthcare services in their first birth, but with subsequent births, they may consider these services redundant, which can be partly a derivation of their previous birth experience or cumbersome healthcare facilities.

We also find that the sex of the last born impacts maternal healthcare utilization. The odds of availing of maternal healthcare facilities are seen to increase if the last child is a female. This likely draws from the fact that the strong son preference in India drives women and their spouses to seek better healthcare in anticipation of a male child. Possession of a bank account or an account in any financial institution implies that those women have some financial literacy or are beneficiaries of government transfer schemes, which, in either way, serves as an instrument to finance their maternal healthcare needs. Furthermore, women’s participation in household decision-making increases their chances of making decisions regarding their own maternal healthcare needs. Women who exercise autonomy have sufficient health literacy to adjudge the benefits of maternal healthcare utilization. A positive relationship between women’s participation in household decision-making and increased utilization of maternal healthcare services is also true in other developing countries such as Ethiopia, Bangladesh, and Indonesia [ 7 , 25 , 26 ].

The likelihood of less service utilization among women in rural areas is due to the lower access that rural women have with respect to healthcare facilities, service providers, proper channels of communication, and transportation, which go a long way in determining healthcare usage. These results are similar to what has been obtained in previous studies [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. This regional disparity leaves rural women at a disadvantage with increased risks of maternal and neonatal mortality. Despite the government provisioning of free maternal healthcare services at public health facilities across India, the increasing tendency towards seeking quality medical care in private health facilities sustains the burden of ever-rising out-of-pocket expenditure [ 15 ]. This inhibits households in lower wealth quintiles from utilizing maternal healthcare services. Partner’s age and educational attainment level significantly impact the utilization of maternal healthcare services for women. They are likely to be more aware of pregnancy complications and the benefits of preventive healthcare. This, in turn, increases maternal healthcare utilization. Similar results were also derived in other country contexts [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].

The study aimed at highlighting the influence of the sex of the household head on the utilization of maternal healthcare services. It established that the sex of the household head determines maternal healthcare seeking, and women from female-headed households in India are less likely to utilize maternal healthcare services in comparison to women from male-headed households. This result has been validated in its capacity using an interaction term between the sex of the household head and the household wealth quintile. This goes on to prove from existing studies that the economic vulnerability and reduced income capacity of female-headed households hinder their ability to avail of maternal healthcare services. This study offers a rudimentary insight into the relationship between household headship and maternal healthcare services. The development effort should be inclusive of the gender perspective, especially in the case of sexual and reproductive health. An in-depth understanding of the precarity of maternal health in India has to account for this relationship and consequently devise ways and means that would help marginalized women seek proper maternal healthcare. Women who are uneducated, reside in rural areas, lack an independent income source, and have no exposure to mass media are the most exposed to pregnancy risks and complications. Ensuring maternal healthcare service delivery to them reduces the chances of both infant and maternal mortality. The positive implications of seeking proper maternal healthcare have been highlighted at length. Thus, it becomes imperative for governments and policymakers to design and implement policies that consider these specific maternal healthcare-seeking hindrances and address them adequately.

Data availability

The datasets used in this study are publicly available and obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys. The data can be found here: https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/India_Standard-DHS_2020.cfm?flag=0 .

Abbreviations

Antenatal Care

Female: Headed Households

Male: Headed Households

Maternal Mortality Ratio

Postnatal Care

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Conceptualization, M.D.; Methodology, S.G.; Formal Analysis, S.G.; Writing-original draft preparation, S.G.; Writing- review and editing, M.D.; Supervision, M.D. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Ghatak, S., Dutta, M. Utilizing maternal healthcare services: are female-headed households faring poorly?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 24 , 299 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06445-8

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