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Lighting Design for the 21st Century: Applied research in lighting practice

Asst. Prof. Dr. Karolina M. Zielinska-Dabkowska IALD, IES, CIE, MSLL, RIBA, discusses three key and pivotal research topics for the future of our profession. She also presents some project examples where research has been performed to help derive outstanding results.

Basic research versus applied research

For those who are unfamiliar with research, it’s important to know there are two categories: fundamental (or basic) research [1] and applied research [2]. Basic research often discusses scientific ideas/theories, whereas applied research explores testing these ideas in practice to develop technology or techniques. It’s applied research that most interests lighting practitioners.

In the recent past, significant discrepancies in the spectral power distribution (SPD), correlated colour temperature (CCT) and colour rendering index (CRI) could be observed between the characteristics listed in lighting catalogues compared to obtained physical working lighting samples. The only explanation for this situation was the fact that previously, research was mainly performed in lighting labs owned by the lighting industry/specific lamp and luminaire manufacturers. (This usually involved expensive research equipment that the researchers from these labs understood how to operate). Furthermore, professional lighting designers most often did not have the necessary time, skills and access to the equipment required to verify these results. Therefore, some of the data could be manipulated.

Today though, due to the development of measuring equipment and improved accessibility (for example, small, calibrated handheld spectroradiometers with a flicker option), we as lighting designers can at least verify results by performing alternative measurements in our own practice. Access to free scientific knowledge is also now widely available. Additionally, improvements in research are being made via lighting designers and engineers who teach at the university level, and many students have the advantage of receiving excellent supervision when they perform research on light and lighting during their Master’s thesis and PhD studies.

Great lighting design that creates a pleasant and beneficial user experience in any given space doesn’t just occur miraculously. Rather, it’s built on the designer’s insights and understanding which comes from sound research and years of practice. This awareness comes from knowing the end users, as well as comprehending what’s best for them. It’s helpful to acknowledge that many of us perform research in our day-to day practice as part of the design process. However, there’s a tendency to disregard this, even though what we as lighting designers actually do, is applied research in practice.

In my view, there are three key research topics for the future of our lighting design profession that we should become familiar with. They are all based on the mounting research about daylight and artificial light and its impact on circadian relevance and biological stimulus. These are: environmental impact and light pollution, biophilic office design and user oriented daylight integrated lighting (DIL).These topics have been demonstrated below by some pioneering project examples, where research has been performed to help derive outstanding results.

Environmental impact and light pollution

Firstly, there’s the environmental impact of artificial lighting on humans, flora, and fauna, which includes light pollution. When lighting professionals began to illuminate skyscraper buildings in metropolitan cities in the 1920s and 30s, to make architecture and urban environment visually more prominent at night, it wasn’t even considered that these actions could have adverse consequences for living organisms in the future to come. Light was perceived as a positive medium that can beautify cities and be used as a powerful marketing and advertisement tool [3]. Over time, things have changed for the lighting design profession, as there’s an increasing body of knowledge from various research fields such as astronomy [4], biology [5], medicine [6], and ecology [7], all of which confirm that our design actions, if not carefully thought through and skilfully applied, could have far-reaching negative effects.

Due to accessibility of various information on the topic of environmental impact and light pollution from nighttime illumination via the internet, the general public were made aware of the situation and later, began taking things into their own hands, demanding better quality, improved, environmentally sensitive lighting [8]. This means that today, we must ensure that the illumination of urban elements such as buildings, squares, landmarks, and parks etc, is visually pleasing, as well as energy efficient, sustainable and responsible. There’s no doubt that lighting designers have a moral obligation to decline urban lighting commissions that do not support human health and environmental wellbeing [9].

While our cities were “painted with light” in the past, we simply didn’t have the knowledge that now exists. So, the illumination of our cities today must be executed with far more care, caution and restraint, and furthermore, our actions should bring about positive change. We should always consider the possible impact of lighting projects and be able to provide our clients with evidence-based answers to meet their demands.

The controversial illumination of Duijangyan’s irrigation system in Duijangyan, China, with jade-coloured lighting in the Minjing riverbed (Figure 1) is a reminder of the careless application of colourful external illumination that lacked any background research on the topic. Although some recognised lighting design practices have designed projects in the past like this example, which at the time, didn’t even consider the impact of lighting on the environment and fauna – this approach ended up facilitating important change because it was strongly criticised by biologists and fellow lighting designers. Case in point, lighting design practices today talk about dark infrastructures in urban environments being a much-needed positive transformation.

Not many of us know that the 9/11 Memorial and its park to honour those who died on September 11, 2001, might have been illuminated as brightly as a baseball pitch. This was one of the requirements of the NYC police to create safe and secure spaces. (It’s a common misconception that more light horizontally equates to increased security, when this isn’t the case at all.) Thankfully, it was the courage of Paul Marantz, the founder of Fisher Marantz Stone (FMS), who disagreed with this requirement (Figure 2), as based on his years of observation and experience, he understood how people perceive three-dimensional spaces at night.

His solution was the proposal of a benchmarking tool. (Benchmarking in lighting design is a tool that has been employed for many years to search for ‘best practices’). This project required a few of my colleagues from FMS and I, to travel around Manhattan, where we measured the horizontal illuminance in public parks and squares to prove that with even low levels of horizontal illuminance, if the vertical surfaces of the buildings at the perimeter level in the distance, such as shop fronts or restaurants etc. are illuminated, then pedestrians will feel safe (Figure 3). This is a great example of applied research being carried out by lighting designers in 2004, before it became more widely applied in practice.

This project received a 2012 IALD Award of Excellence, a 2012 IESNA Lumen Awards of Excellence, and a 2012 IES Illumination Award of Merit.

Granary Square, with the Grade II listed Granary Building, London, UK, forms part of a wider nighttime strategy developed by the UK-based Speirs Major in 2006, with discreet illumination that subtly highlights its historical importance, as well as a grid of trees. At night, when the square is unoccupied, the four rectangular water features are left static and dark, reflecting the architecture, to form a quiet, meditative, dark space (Figure 4). When Mark Major discussed with me an approach toward urban lighting masterplan [ULM] research, in connection with the King’s Cross project, he explained a very important design philosophy: “Unless [we] are committed to really spending time going around the site at night, taking photographs and recording lighting levels, talking to everyone involved and getting much deeper knowledge and doing a lot of research, we are in no position to make any recommendations, because [we] would be doing it from a position of ignorance.” [10] This clearly highlights why background research should be part of every project that a lighting designer decides to take on.

Biophilic office design

Secondly, there’s the fascinating and important emergence of biophilic design development. This has arisen to address the needs of those people who migrated from rural areas to cities during the 20th century. The abandonment of pastural and natural landscapes had physical and emotional consequences for these individuals, who now lived in man-made urban environments, often without greenery and trees. This urban growth continues to this day, with 68% of the current world population predicted to occupy cities by 2050 [11].

Due to the evolutionary disposition of humans, when people live in an urban habitat, they will still seek to restore their lost relationship with plants and the natural world by spending time in open green spaces outdoors, and by bringing plants indoors. As a consequence, at the turn of the 21st century, a noticeable global movement developed in the application of biophilic design principles in the projects of numerous, internationally recognised architectural practices. Clients and architects now expect their projects to incorporate theses new elements. Interestingly, when lighting manufacturers or plant specialists are consulted about how to illuminate ornamental plants in real life interior projects with LEDs, a lack of knowledge is apparent, as there are no worldwide established standards and recommendations regarding how to correctly illuminate indoor decorative vegetation. What’s more, if there is no daylight available for built environments, many plants do not survive so they need to be constantly replaced due to insufficiently designed and poorly specified artificial lighting.

When working on the Zurich Innovation Center Givaden, Julia Hartmann and her team from Lightsphere in Switzerland, designed special illumination for 12-metre green columns of ornamental plants in the new laboratory buildings that surround the atrium, which serves as a common space for encounters and exchanges.

It was vital that the plants thrive indoors, and a special luminaire was created using a biophilic approach to provide the right light spectrum (Figure 5). In order to understand the lighting that’s best for plants, numerous lighting mock-up scenarios were set up with various light sources, and the results were recorded via photographic documentation. Lighting research was also conducted, and the experiment was shared in an open access publication [12]. This project received an IALD Award of Merit in 2020 , an IES Illumination Award of Merit in 2020, the Deutscher Lichtdesign Preis in 2020, a Lighting Design Award in 2020, and it was also a LIT Award Winner in 2019.

User oriented daylight integrated lighting (DIL)

Thirdly, we should apply user-oriented daylight integrated lighting (DIL) for interior illumination, which combines daylight and artificial lighting in indoor spaces to produce visual and biological benefits for humans. Sometimes the terms “ circadian lighting” or “ h uman centric lighting” (HCL) [13] are used interchangeably for interior illumination, yet artificial lighting cannot replace the unique qualities and characteristics of natural daylight. Additionally, it’s crucial to acknowledge that removing natural light from this equation is inappropriate because humans as a species have evolved under natural light.

As rightly indicated by Prof. Kevin Houser, in his lecture during Light Symposium Wismar 2020/21, “Human Centric Lighting: Myth, Magic, or Metaphor” the term HCL is clearly used for marketing purposes [14]. Researcher and Educator Asst. Prof. Ellen Kathrine Hansen and her team from Aalborg University, Copenhagen (AAU), use the term “ double dynamic lighting” (DDL) to describe a concept for office spaces that combines natural daylight with artificial lighting in the space [15].

Light, be it natural or artificial, has a profound impact on our biology and the environment, so we need metrics that provide information relevant to this to enhance the existing practice of lighting design. The crucial challenge facing lighting professionals today regarding designing lighting schemes, is to provide LED lighting that is both visually and biologically safe to general health [16]. This is difficult as there’s still a wide lack of knowledge about the impact of LED technology, coupled with an absence of lighting products with clearly labelled characteristics such as SPD and flicker [17].

The American Society of Interior Designers Headquarters (ASIDH), completed in 2016, is one of the first pioneering projects that showcases both daylighting and the artificial lighting of interior spaces that’s centred on humans, their health and wellbeing. Lighting consultants Benya Burnett used existing research knowledge on light and lighting, and translated it into their unique design. For this project, the luminaire specification was completed in late 2015, when LEDs were still costly, therefore, designers specified and selected high output fluorescent lamps with 5000K uplight, and 3000K downlight components, integrated with the office luminaires. As for the luminaire CCT, the designers specified and selected lamps based on their SPD and the specified work or function of the occupants in that space.

Pre and post occupancy evaluations were conducted. The ASIDH staff wore sensing monitors that measured speech and body movements when people interacted with each other. This study provided data on how their interactions changed as a result of the new office design. The new design had numerous benefits including the following – “ collaborative work increased by 9%, there was improved physical and mental health of employees, their productivity increased by 16%, and there was also an increase of 25% in sleep efficacy ” [18].

A new concept of integrated circadian zeitgebers for the central work area was introduced, with controls that are aligned with a mechanical set for a gradual 14-minute shift in both light and ambient temperature, beginning at astronomical twilight and astronomical dawn (18° from horizon line). This was to initiate the cortisol awakening response (CAR) for those workers who were at their desks two hours before dawn and also for those working late. As well as applying a 14-minute period to align with the average solar movement above the building’s geographical location, the following factors were also considered: the time zone, latitude, compass direction of the window wall, height and shadow of adjacent buildings and the leading edge of location, the time zone, as well as the proximity to ocean and yearly average cloud cover. This was calculated manually, and the combined information was included in an in-depth survey. One on one interviews were also conducted with each occupant of the space in order to establish control sequences and light source specification.

After completion, this was the first project in the world to be certified platinum by both the U.S. Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (USGBC LEED) and the WELL V1 building standard. It has received an IES – San Francisco chapter Award for Excellence and an IES – International award of Excellence in Energy and Environmental Lighting Design.

Key Takeaways

1.There is a great deal more to learn

It is important to understand that much more science and research is needed to further broaden our understanding of the impact of light upon living organisms. Additionally, we are facing an unprecedented shift in the lighting profession from a vision/perception-oriented lighting approach, to one that is orientated towards biology. It’s imperative that scientists and researchers provide new lighting metrics that can be easily understood and applied by the average lighting professional. There is already an international lighting standard which lighting professionals should become familiar with and apply [19].

2. Skills require an upgrade

It’s essential to upgrade our skills as lighting professionals. More than ever before, we need to become educated in order to interpret the circadian relevance of light and its biological stimulus for health and well-being.

3. New lighting equipment is needed

We need to start using spectroradiometers to measure SPDs to assess and specify lighting in individual environments, as CCT is an inadequate metric for LED lighting technology, especially when we look at lighting from a biological perspective.

4. The physics of light must be understood and respected

We need to look at light and its impact on humans, flora and fauna, in a way that takes various lighting characteristics into account, such as the percentage of energy contained within visible light (this means the percentage of short wavelengths and long wavelengths), as well as flicker.

5. New design rules apply

If we want to provide safer illumination that supports health and wellbeing, we need to approach projects differently to how they have been approached before. It’s essential to become knowledgeable about existing research and metrics in order to engage in conversations about responsible lighting with clients, colleagues, scientists and the lighting industry. This will involve additional time, effort and study. In my view, the only way to establish lighting design as a recognised profession is to ensure that a transdisciplinary design-led research approach is established, in order to generate strategies that support both the health and life quality of humans and wildlife.

To conclude, perhaps the words of American lighting designer Paul Gregory can guide us in the 21st century: “We consider every project an opportunity for greatness. We feel we are being given a canvas and a team of collaborators and that the only restriction is our creativity. We approach every project as a new beginning” [20].

So, let us start a new beginning today, by applying the above in our daily practice!

[1] Fundamental research. Available online: https://bit.ly/34gXGMN (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[2] Applied research. Available online: https://bit.ly/34jiwej (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[3] Pérez Vega, C.; Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M.; Hölker, F. Urban Lighting Research Transdisciplinary Framework—A Collaborative Process with Lighting Professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020624

[4] Falchi, F.; Cinzano, P.; Duriscoe, D.; Kyba, C.C.M.; Elvidge, C.D.; Baugh, K.; Portnov, B.A.; Rybnikova, N.A.; Furgoni, R. The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1600377 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600377

[5] Longcore, T.; Rich, C. Ecological light pollution. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2004, 2, 191–198. Available online:  https://bit.ly/34hceMe  (accessed on 10 March 2020).

[6] Spivey, A. Light Pollution: Light at Night and Breast Cancer Risk Worldwide. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, A525. Available online:  https://bit.ly/34TuxaG  (accessed on 19 May 2021)

[7] Jägerbrand, A.K.; Bouroussis, C.A. Ecological Impact of Artificial Light at Night: Effective Strategies and Measures to Deal with Protected Species and Habitats.  Sustainability  2021,  13 , 5991. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115991

[8] Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M.; Xavia, K.; Bobkowska, K. Assessment of Citizens’ Actions against Light Pollution with Guidelines for Future Initiatives.  Sustainability  2020,  12 , 4997. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124997

[9] Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M. Knowing when to say no. Arredo & Citta, 2019, 2, pp. 64-73. https://bit.ly/3wziZFh

[10] Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M. Urban Lighting Masterplan—Definitions, Methodologies and Collaboration. In Urban Lighting for People: Evidence – Based Lighting Design for the Built Environment, 1st ed.; Davoudian, N., Ed.; RIBA Publishing: London, UK, 2019; pp. 18–41. ISBN 9781859468210 https://bit.ly/2SskhmL

[11] 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[12] Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M.; Hartmann, J.; Sigillo, C. LED Light Sources and Their Complex Set-Up for Visually and Biologically Effective Illumination for Ornamental Indoor Plants.  Sustainability  2019,  11 , 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092642

[13] Zielinska-Dabkowska K.M. Human Centric Lighting. The New X Factor? arc magazine 2019,108, pp.081-086. ISSN 1753-587 http://bit.ly/3bgHhu5

[14] Houser, K. Human Centric Lighting: Myth, Magic, or Metaphor. Available online: https://bit.ly/34kvg4k (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[15] Hansen, E.K.; Bjørner, T.; Xylakis, E.; Pajuste M. An experiment of double dynamic lighting in an office responding to sky and daylight: Perceived effects on comfort, atmosphere and work engagement. Indoor and Built Environment 2021. http://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X21991198

[16] Zielinska-Dabkowska K.M. Home Sweet Home. Connecting the dots for healthy evening residential illumination. arc magazine 2019, 111, pp.055-060. ISSN 1753-5875 http://bit.ly/30TqCss

[17] Zielinska-Dabkowska K.M., Kelly Waskett R. Three Principles for Healthy Living with Light and Lighting. arc magazine 2021, 121, pp. 116-117. ISSN 1753-5875 https://bit.ly/3yJ3bSu

[18] Impact of Design Series, Vol. 1. Available online: https://www.asid.org/impact-of-design/asid (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[19] Commission International de L’Éclairage (CIE). CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC Influenced Responses to Light; Standard CIE S 026/E:2018; Commission International de L’Éclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria, 2018. Available online:  https://cie.co.at/publications/cie-system-metrology-optical-radiation-iprgc-influenced-responses-light-0 (accessed on 19 May 2021).

[20] Gregory P. The Lighting Designer’s new role and responsibility. In Proceedings of the 1st Global Lighting Design Convention PLDC, London, UK, 24–27 October 2007; VIA Verlag: Guetersloh, Germany, 2007; pp. 45–46.

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The Performance of Light: Exploring the Impact of Natural Lighting in the New UMass School of Performance

Dylan Brown , University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow

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This thesis explores how natural light can be integrated with built form to create a “performance of light” in architecture. Lighting conditions from a contemporary dance piece, as well as other architectural precedents, were studied, and aspects adapted into the building’s design. In addition to designing theatrical effects of light, the classroom and administrative spaces were designed to take advantage of natural light. Daylight studies were used to inform glazing design and material selection to stay within illuminance thresholds in the spaces.

This project is responding to the facility needs of the campus of UMass Amherst where the program of the dance, theater and music departments are stressed for space, are operating in below-average facilities, and are separated, making collaboration difficult. The programmatic concept driving this design purposely mixes offices, classrooms and rehearsal spaces, creating overlap and collaborative opportunities.

The use of mass timber was also an important aspect of the buildings’ design. Wood brings along many benefits, such as lower embodied energy, carbon sequestration, better thermal properties, and an increase in the perceived quality of architectural spaces. The volume of wood used in the building’s structural system was run through a life-cycle analysis to determine the overall carbon footprint, in relation to the amount of steel and concrete used.

https://doi.org/10.7275/10081396

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Brown, Dylan, "The Performance of Light: Exploring the Impact of Natural Lighting in the New UMass School of Performance" (2017). Masters Theses . 496. https://doi.org/10.7275/10081396 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/496

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ICACE 2019 pp 113–119 Cite as

Lighting for Heritage Building: A Case Study of the Lighting Design Applied on St. George’s Church in George Town, Penang Island

• Alaa Abdalla Saeid Ali 10 ,
• Safial Aqbar Zakaria 10 ,
• Arran Chang Kien Guan 10 &
• Ch’ng Jack Shun 10  
• Conference paper
• First Online: 28 February 2020

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 59))

Light is one of the critical aspects of architecture, yet it is one of the understated elements in our daily lives. Light has a significant spot to form events, activities, and memories. Scientific studies have shown that appropriate and proper lighting does not only affect human health but daily human moods as well. Nowadays, lighting fixtures play essential roles in architecture and markets. A proper lighting fixture helps to highlight the structure, textures, and form of the shape of a building. However, the designers tend to focus more on the art aesthetics rather than the conservation ethics, such as the colorful design and the attractive lighting fixtures on the building, while the prime concern should be on realizing the impact of the lighting fixture toward the environment. The objectives of this study are to highlight the issues of the lighting system of the heritage building and suggest some recommendations to meet the requirements for the heritage building for better lighting design. The data for this research was collected using the quantitative method. Thus, as a result, it is found out that lighting design highlights the historical building, and therefore, attracts tourists, which benefit the economy. However, improper lighting installation leads to a negative impact on the society and human health.

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Ali, A.A.S., Zakaria, S.A., Guan, A.C.K., Shun, C.J. (2020). Lighting for Heritage Building: A Case Study of the Lighting Design Applied on St. George’s Church in George Town, Penang Island. In: Awang, M., Meor M Fared, M. (eds) ICACE 2019. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 59. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1193-6_13

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Light and lighting

We study a wide range of lighting applications from daylight in buildings to the impact of light at night.  We work closely with industry and the results of our work have been used to change lighting practice. Advances in technology mean that light in buildings can be controlled easily, however often environments create discomfort. We aim to establish the cause of problems and propose solutions which improve accessibility for everyone. Our work in the area of daylight makes an important contribution to understanding the effect of light on subjective wellbeing, aligning with our Institute's aim to create healthier places.  

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This topic investigates the effect of external lighting conditions on traffic accidents & crime. The spring and autumn clock change is used to create reliable test and control periods. Vehicle on pedestrian accidents increased by 20% in dark compared to light periods at the same clock time.  Strengths and limitations of different lighting masterplans in distinct countries and continents are identified to help inform lit environment policy and guidelines.  

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Our research projects reflects our research themes of light and wellbeing, urban and outdoor lighting, lighting quality, lighting technology and energy consumption and hospital lighting. Some examples of our projects are:

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The light and lighting academic team consult on various topics. Some examples of this collaborative work include:

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Past Light and Lighting MSc dissertations

Each year the Light and Lighting MSc cohort produce dissertations which demonstrate their specialist knowledge in an area of lighting. The topics are wide ranging, encompassing subjects such as colour, psychology, metrics, behaviour and practice and a scientific approach is encouraged.

• 'Does light distribution at the edges of LED road lighting have an impact on visual search for drivers?'
• 'Investigating the role of light distribution on pedestrians’ perceived safety in residential areas'
• 'Identifying uncomfortable visual environments due to unnatural spatial frequency distribution' 

Doctoral Research (PhD) 

The light and lighting theme is explored through in-depth PhD research which examines a broad range of issues relevant to internal and external lighting.

Doctoral research relating to Light and Lighting

• Simone Bonavia - 'Measuring light for non-visual light responses'
• Ezgi Erturk - 'The effect of external lighting conditions on outdoor crime' 
• Lorna Flores - 'Daylight exposure: assessment of its potential impact on sleep quality on people over 65 years old living in the UK'
• Luz Frias Hernandez - 'Balancing light: reconciling visitors needs in daylight heritage buildings'
• Karen Van Creveld - 'Are current lighting environments inadequate to promote health and wellbeing?' 
• Chengpeng Zhao - 'The influence of SPD on perception of interiors at CCTs above 5000K in the context of Human Centric Lighting'

Researchers

Dr Edward Barrett Lecturer [email protected]

Prof Peter Raynham Professor [email protected]

Steven Cannon-Brookes Associate Professor [email protected]

Dr Farhang Tahmasebi Lecturer [email protected]

Villian Lo Lecturer (Teaching) [email protected]

Dr Constantin-Cosmin Ticleanu Lecturer [email protected]

Dr Kevin Mansfield Associate Professor [email protected]

Dr Jemima Unwin Tej i Lecturer [email protected]

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School of architecture & environment menu, school of architecture & environment, color, light, and material studies.

The School of Architecture & Environment is a recognized leader in sustainable design. In interior architecture we ask whether sustainable environments can also be beautiful and uplifting. Our department faculty examine lighting, color, and other physical materials and elements of design and share their expertise with students across the school.

The Baker Lighting Lab enables the study of light and color in interior architecture by providing for measurement and analysis of existing buildings and proposed daylighting and electric lighting design. The lab enriches existing coursework by providing equipment and a facility for investigating new ideas. Students utilize the wide variety of equipment available to test, monitor, and analyze both case studies of existing buildings as well as their own lighting designs and building models.

Core Faculty

Associate Professor Esther Hagenloche r shares her deep understanding and research into color with students. She teaches the required color theory course and teaches studios at all levels in the curriculum. Her research examines color systems and how these developed historically while also engaging in quantitative experiments into color and light in use.  

Associate Professor Virginia Cartwright studies the work of Alvar Aalto with a particular interest in his innovative and beautiful lighting strategies for libraries and how these expanded and became ever more sophisticated over the course of his long career. Her research has been focused on developing a technical understanding of the lighting devices that Aalto employed through digital and physical modeling.

Assistant Professor and Director of the Baker Lighting Lab Siobhan Rockcastle explores topics at the intersection of architectural design, environmental dynamics, human perception, and daylight performance with a focus on well-being. Siobhan’s current work uses simulation and virtual reality to model and design experiential lighting environments. She teaches interior architecture electric lighting courses and seminars on her research topics. Interior architecture students have opportunities to participate in her research and/or to work in the Baker Lighting Lab.

Other faculty from the Department of Architecture and the College of Design whose work contributes to the understanding of design theory as it relates to Interior Architecture include Ihab Elzeyadi , founder and director of the High Performance Environments Laboratory (HiPE). Design for indoor environmental quality in green buildings and its impact on occupants’ health. He teaches Environmental Control Systems II required for Interior Architecture Students.

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Lighting Design Introduction

This LibGuide has a list of books, terms to use to identify additional books, recommended research databases for finding journal and magazine articles, magazines and newspapers owned by CSU, and links to Web pages that are of interest to those researching lighting design, including students in INTD330 . Lighting design is an important aspect of Interior Design. Items on the Interior Design  page may have relevant sections on lighting.

Books of Interest and Ways of Finding Books on Lighting Design

These materials are part of the circulating collection, so be sure to check the catalog first before heading to the shelves. Online books may, of course, be accessed remotely by CSU affiliates.

1000 Lights: 1878 to present = 1000 leuchten: 1878 bis heute = 1000 luminaires: 1878 á aujourd'hui . NK6196 .A17 2006 Morgan

The Architecture of Light: Architectural Lighting Design Concepts and Techniques: A Textbook of Procedures and Practices for the Architect, Interior Designer and Lighting Designer . TH7703 .R87 2008 Morgan

Architectural Lighting Design . TH7703 .S78 2002 Morgan

Auditory and Visual Sensations . 2009. Online AVS

Construction Drawing and Details for Interiors: Basic Skills . TH2031 .K54 2003 Morgan.  2016 version available Online CDDI

Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology . 2012. Online DSDT

Designing with Light . NA2794 .M49 2006 Morgan

Interior Lighting for Designers . 5th edition. 2015. Online ILD

Light and Light Sources: High-Intensity Discharge Lamps . TK4310 .F55 2006 Morgan.  Available Online LLS

Lighting Design Basics . TH7703 .K27 2004. Available Online LDB

On the Use of Integrated Daylighting and Energy Simulations to Drive the Design of a Large Net-Zero Energy Office Building. National Renewable Energy Laboratory . NREL/CP-550-47522 August 2010[2010]. Online PDF government document OUID .

Residential Lighting: A Practical Guide to Beautiful and Sustainable Design . TH7975 .D8 W49 2009 Morgan

Library Catalog & Prospector

Identify books in the library catalog using the following SUBJECT terms. The terms work in Prospector, the Colorado Union Catalog. Current CSU affiliates may request items from Prospector libraries.

Journals Owned by CSU

Online versions, unless identified as free, are available to CSU affiliates only.

Interiors . 1946-1947,1949-1950,1953-1956,1958-1976/1977; [separate record] 1978/1979-1979/1980,1984/1985-1988,1989/1990,1992-1993,1995-2001. NK 1700 .I54 Location: scattered years 1946-1980 Storage; scattered years 1980- Movable shelves; for 1977/78-1978 title was Contract Interiors (separate record requires different library catalog entry to request from storage); online 1999-2001 .

Interiors and Housing . 1984-1990. TX 311 .I57 Location: storage

Interiors & Sources . 1997-2002, [separate record] 2004- . NK 1700 .I64 Location: Movable shelves; Current in Journal Room

Journal of Interior Design . 1975-1981,1983-1992 [separate record] 1993- . NK 1700 .J68 Title for 1975-1981,1983-1992: Journal of Interior Design Education and Research. Location: Movable shelves; Current in Journal Room.

Journal of Light & Visual Environment . [Japan; in English.] Free Online 1977- .

Lighting Research & Technology . Online 1999- LRaT

Databases for Identifying Lighting Design Topics

The article-identifying databases listed here can be found on the Databases  page by title (A-Z). These are available remotely only to CSU affiliates. The lists of subject terms of interest are not comprehensive. Be sure to look at the subject terms of useful articles and do new subject searches using relevant terms.

Academic Search Premier .

Identify journal and magazine articles. A good number are full text, but images will not be available in HTML articles. Subject terms of interest: Interior lighting; Light emitting diodes; Electric light fixtures; Energy consumption; Commercial buildings; Daylighting; Light sources; Lamps; Lighting; Light bulbs; Light physiological effect; Lighting equipment & supplies; Light sources; Incandescent lamps; Incandescent electric lighting; Electric wiring; Older people; Visual acuity. NAICS Code is 335121 for Residential Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing.

Applied Science and Technology Abstracts .

Identifies journal articles. Subject terms of interest: Interior lighting; Lighting; Dwellings; Lighting design & construction; Architectural & decorative lighting; Fluorescent lamps; Electric lamps; Light emitting diodes; Light bulbs; Compact fluorescent light bulbs; Incandescent electric lighting; Halogen incandescent lamps; Mechanical efficiency; Energy consumption; Light sources; Electronic circuits; Electric wiring.

Business Source Complete .

Subject terms of interest: Lighting; Electric lighting; Light emitting diodes; Incandescent lamps; Light sources; Incandescent electric lighting; Light bulbs; Light sources; Interior lighting; Interior decoration; Architectural & decorative lighting; Energy consumption; Lamps; Fluorescent lamps; Fluorescent lighting; Visual environment; Dwellings; Commercial buildings; Solid state electronics; Electric light fixtures; Cost effectiveness; Older people; Vision. NAICS Code is 335121 for Residential Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing and 335120 for Lighting fixture manufacturing.

Compendex Engineering Index .

Subject terms of interest: Lighting; Electric lighting; Daylighting; Illuminating engineering; Light sources; Color; Light emitting diodes; Light emission; Energy efficiency; Energy conservation; office buildings; Energy Utilization; Lighting fixtures; Interiors building; Light; Design; Electric lamps ; Daylight simulation; Light reflection; Glare; Fluorescent lamps; Fiber optics; Wire; Electric wiring; Houses; Electric connectors; Apartment houses; Electric lines; Electric currents; Pressure effects; Electric discharges; Electric conductivity; Voltage control; Electrodes; Electric power systems; Ceilings; Building codes; Optimization.

Design & Applied Arts Index .

Identify journal articles and book reviews. Subject terms of interest: Interior design; Lighting; Houses; Retail design; Lights; Apartments; Restaurants; Hotels; Sustainability; Renovation; Architecture; Visual effects.

JSTOR . Current 3-5 years are generally not available.

Identify scholarly journal articles. All older articles are full text. Search using keywords.

Medline (CSU affiliates) / PubMed (available online to the public).

Search terms: Aged; Color; Lighting/methods; Lighting standards; Visual perception/physiology; Lighting; Lighting adverse effects; Interior design and furnishings; Aged: 65+ years; Middle Aged: 45-64 years; All Child: 0-18 years; All Adult: 19+ years; Female; Male

Lighting Design and Related Topics on the Web

Listed below are Web sites that have information about lighting design either directly or indirectly.

Due to the nature of the topic a number of these sites are commercial sites. Some offer online tutorials. No endorsement is implied for their products or services. Usual disclaimers apply. As always, carefully evaluate  what you find on the Web. Read carefully privacy policies before submitting any personal information online.

Energy Independence & Security Act (2007). U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy.

This Act "established energy management goals and requirements while also amending portions of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA). It was signed into law on December 19, 2007." Expectations cover energy reduction goals for federal buildings, and other topics. See entire act from 110th Congress Public Law 140 . See also Executive Order 13423 , Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management. ( full text of E.O. 13423 in Federal Register Vol. 72, No. 17, January 26, 2007, Title 3).

Energy Star . United States Environmental Protection Agency.

"ENERGY STAR is a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency voluntary program that helps businesses and individuals save money and protect our climate through superior energy efficiency."

Lighting . Energy.gov

Information on lighting choices. Links to Lighting Principles and Terms and Lighting and Daylighting Products and Services . See also Energy Saver Lighting and more.

Lighting Glossary . Lightolier.

Extensive glossary of lighting terms. Commercial site. Also offers "a free online course on lighting fundamentals, and is intended for those new to the lighting industry, or for professionals looking to 'brush up' on their basic lighting knowledge.”

Lightsearch.com .

“North America’s Largest Lighting Directory.” Categories include: Fixtures, LEDs, Lamps, Fiber Optics, Ballasts, Daylighting, Controls, Design Firms, Parts, Services, Software, International, Instruments, and Energy Star®. Searchable by company or product; links go to company’s Web sites. Links to current news of interest; archive goes back to January 2007 (each month has a sponsor). Advertisements found throughout.

Lighting Your Home . American Lighting Association.

Article about the use of lighting in the home. Click on the name of a room for recommendations. Includes images. See also Lighting Fundamentals .

Lighting Research Center . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Left side has links under "Learn more" to various topics. Some articles in PDF format.

Lighting the Computerized Office . Alan Hedge et al. Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, New York State College of Human Ecology. Cornell University. Ergo.

Research study report (1989 & 1990) on lighting in offices with computers.

Types of Lighting . Energy.gov

List of types with comparison chart. See also related articles.

Reports/Articles Etc. Related to Lighting

There are concerns beyond just the lighting itself. Energy efficiency and disposal are just two of them.

All About Energy Efficient Lighting from Bulbs to Lumens .

"This information is based on material produced for the U.S. Department of Energy by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, December 1995."

Cleaning up a Broken CFL . United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Climate Impacts of Kerosene Lamps Used in Developing Countries . Jeffrey Stumpf. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. January 2013.

Commercial & Industrial Lighting LED Retrofits for Troffers . Bonneville Power Administration. May 2013.

Energy Efficient Lighting . Michigan.gov

LED Replacement Lamps: Response to California Energy Commission 2013 Pre-Rulemaking Appliance Efficiency Invitation to Participate Docket Number: 12-AAER-2B; Lighting May 9, 2013

Mercury Lights Program . © Washington State Department of Ecology.

Performance of Incandescent A-Type and Decorative Lamps and LED Replacements . RD Lingard, MA Myer, and ML Paget. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Califper Benchmark Report November 2008.

Recycling Mercury-Containing Light Bulbs (Lamps) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See also How to Establish a Recycling Program for Mercury-Containing Light Bulbs .

Types of Lighting: Incandescent Bulbs . Sarma V. Pisupati. EGEE 102 Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection. Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering. Penn State.

See also Fluorescent Bulbs ; High-Intensity Discharge ; and Low-Pressure Sodium . There are other Lighting topics covered in Lesson 6 (see left side menu).

Lighting for the Elderly and/or People with Low Vision

Articles/Brochures/Pamphlets. This is just a small sampling of what is available.

24-Hr Lighting Scheme for Older Adults . Mariana G. Figueiro. AIA Report on University Research Volume 5. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Lighting Research Center.

"The Difference among Generations in Evaluating Interior Lighting Environment." Naoyuki Oi. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science 24.1 (2005): 87-91. Available Online DGEILE

"Effects of LED Lighting Characteristics on Visual Performance of Elderly People ." Misako Yamagishi et al. Gerontechnology 7.2 (2008).

Elder-Friendly Design Interventions: . . . . Tamara Dvorsky and Joseph Pettipas. Implications 2.7: 1-5. InformeDesign. University of Minnesota. [Page 3 has pertinent paragraph on Low Lighting/Glare.].

Lighting . Lighting and Vision. Center of Design for an Aging Society.

Lighting, Low Vision & Building Codes . Robert Dupuy , Greg Guarnaccia, and Eunice Noell-Waggoner. Presented at the National Institute of Building Sciences Low Vision Design Committee Symposium. January 10, 2013.

Lighting the Way: A Key to Independence . Mariana G. Figueiro. Lighting Research Center and AARP Andrus Foundation.

Providing Lighting for Older Clients . Glenda Gilmore. American Society of Interior Designers.

" Seeking a Light Approach to Elderly Sleep Troubles ." Sarah Rubenstein. Wall Street Journal July 15, 2009.

"Therapeutic Lighting Design for the Elderly: A Review." Shariful Shikder. Perspectives in Public Health 132.6 (2012): 282-91. Available Online TLDER

Lamp Manufacturers

General Electric .

Scroll down in the Products menu to see items on Lighting for Business and Lighting for Consumers. Section on Incandescent Light Bulb Law. Online Product Catalog for consumers.

Osram/Sylvania .

Products divided by category. "Over 3000 SYLVANIA and OSRAM products are available." Items under the Applications menu cover specific topics in more depth.

Separate sections for consumers and professionals. Fixtures are divided by room, type, style, features, and technology. Under Professionals there a Webinars on lighting ("Lighting University") and online courses (registration required). Consumer section of site slow and clunky on day examined.

Fixture Manufacturers

Columbia Lighting .

Full line fluorescent including parabolics/lensed troffers. Resources section has links to information and other Web sites with related/relevant material.

Lightolier .

Philips. Multiple product lines. Downloadable lighting catalog with detailed information on lamps and lenses (PDF, 7th edition is 1521 pages and 130MB) or download individual PDFs. Online lessons on lighting (registration required). You may need to use your browser's View-->Go to get back to this page.

Prescolite .

Recessed down lights, surface, light track fixtures etc. Arranged by type, including a category for retrofit. Instruction sheets are available online in PDF under Resources menu.

LED lighting solutions and lighting management.

Lighting & Related Associations & Research Centers

American Institute of Architects .

The first issue of their Research & Design Quarterly (1978) found under Practicing Architecture, Architectural Research featured solar architecture. The main article is on pages 10-27, but there is more in the issue on solar design.

American Lighting Association .

Find retail showrooms and Certified Lighting Consultants.

American Society of Interior Designers .

Knowledge Center menu has information on Aging & Accessibility, Ssustainable Design, Case Studies, Research Resources, and Book Center.

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES).

Sells publications (PDF and print) on lighting topics. Under the Education menu there are "100 Significant Papers," of interest available online. Overall date range is 1906 to 1999. For example, nine have to do with applications dated from 1907 to 1974. Articles have diagrams and more. Topic covered include calculations, color, controls and economics, daylighting, glare, human factors, light sources, and more. Five chapter online course "Discover Lighting" is available to members and non-members alike (chapter six is exam), email and password required. Clicking on chapter numbers provides an overview.

International Association of Lighting Designers .

Choose from multiple languages. Menu of "About Lighting Design" includes assorted topics in brief, such as "Benefits of Good Lighting." Unfortunately the IALD didn't study the benefits of good Web page design and it is a bit difficult to read the text.

International Dark-Sky Association .

Offers brochures in multiple languages about light pollution impact on: wildlife, energy, safety, and human health.

Lighting Controls Association .

Covers a multitude of topics: Bilevel Switching; Commissioning; Construction and Economy; Daylight; Harvesting; Demand Response; Design; Digital Control; Dimming; Education and Tools; Energy Codes; Fluorescent Control; Fundamentals; HID Control; Integration; LED Control; LEED/Sustainability; Market Research; Occupancy Sensors; Personal Control; Research Studies; Rules and Regulations; Standards; Utility Rebates/Incentives; and Wireless Control. Offers free online education (registration is required).

Offers workshops, educational programs (some online) and more that cover lighting topics including terminology, technology, and residential lighting. "The Lighting Research Center is the world's leading university-based research and education organization devoted to lighting—from technologies to applications and energy use, from design to health and vision."

National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions .

"Here you can find information on the certification examination, search for a Lighting Certified (LC) Professional, read about lighting careers and much more."

National Association of Independent Lighting Distributors, Inc .

Resources section has information on various lighting topics.

National Lighting Bureau (NLB).

NLB "is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1976 to educate lighting decision-makers about the benefits of High-Benefit Lighting®." Online articles of case studies and examples available for free. NLB didn't study Web design; color contrast of dark yellow (light orange?) text on a white background is difficult to read.

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).

Includes information on "LEED, or Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design." LEED covers more than lighting, but energy-efficient lighting is one aspect of it.

Lighting Designers

James Benya (Benya Lighting Design) . Oregon.

"Downloads of Papers and Presentations" has news and presentation downloads on lighting topics.

Gary Steffy (Gary Steffy Lighting Design Inc .). Michigan.

About, design services, and examples of projects by category (under Portfolio).

Clanton & Associates . Colorado.

Lighting design services, with specific foci listed.

Local Light Stores

The Light Center . Fort Collins.

Has online videos from the American Lighting Association with essential lighting tips .

Lighting Designs & More . Loveland.

Has link to over 15 manufacturer Web sites.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lighting design'

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Daré, Ana Cristina Lott. "Lighting Design." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11748.

Ha, Hai Nam. "Automatic lighting design." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/103.

Becker, Adrienne M. "MIKADO LIGHTING DESIGN." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4444.

Nelsen, Andrew Charles. "Scenic and lighting design." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2592.

Carter, Timothy M. "Lighting design song of survival /." Access electronically, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/286.

Sabourin, Nicole Tan. "The effects of connected lighting on lighting controls and design." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35481.

Gonçalves, Eduardo José dos Foros Santos. "Adaptive lighting design as a holistic approach to public lighting." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12387.

Grubb, Armelle. "Lighting Student’s Well-being : Social lighting, social sustainability, subjectivewell-being." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74815.

Ogg, Craig M. "Lighting design for "The Crucible" /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328054871&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Diemer, James W. "Lighting design for "Copernicus Rising" /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328057811&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Malmquist, Cassandra Muree Kathleen. "Theatre and dance lighting design." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1688.

Ligon, Nicholas. "Hairspray Lighting Design: From Concept to Production." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/451356.

Anderson, Andre. "Psychological Lighting Guidelines for Designers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460652490.

Perticone, Guy M. "Lighting The Three Musketeers." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1146.

Amirkhani, Mehdi. "Innovative integrated window design with electric lighting design system to reduce lighting intervention in office buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119248/1/Mehdi_Amirkhani_Thesis.pdf.

Yates, Sarah. "DESIGN: FEEL IT, SEE IT, SPEAK IT, DO IT." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2841.

Engel, Brian Christopher. "Lighting design of The Winter's Tale." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9288.

Sperber, Michael. "Computer-assisted lighting design and control." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963198025.

Perelson, Andrew J. M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "iPlot : an intelligent lighting design assistant." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33604.

Miyake, Bevin. "Lighting Design for The Glass Menagerie." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/853.

Alsaeid, Mohamad Khaled. "Sustainable lighting in offices "How to save energy in offices with a new lighting design ?" : An energy efficient Lighting design approach in offices." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290570.

Olofsson, Emilia, and Ingrid Swahn. "How light becomes performance space." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23686.

Baumer, Kitrina. "Lighting the Real and the Fantastical| She Kills Monsters Lighting Design Project Report." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751926.

In partial fulfillment of a Master of Fine Arts degree, this project report documents the lighting design process of California State University, Long Beach’s Spring 2016 production of She Kills Monsters by Qui Nguyen. This report describes the approach to the production through research and personal experience, the implementation of the lighting design, and a critique on the design and production. The report details how I connected to the play and used those connections to help create two distinct worlds onstage, and then meld those two worlds into one through the use of color and texture

Bradford, Levi. "Lighting the Stage: The Lighting Design Process and Production of Will Eno's Middletown." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/604.

Oliveira, Fernanda Sa. "Museums : the roles of lighting in design." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609617.

Forsberg, Joakim. "Aesthetical Perspectives in Street Lighting : A Study of Future Potentials in LED Lighting." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60258.

Davoodi, Anahita. "Lighting simulation for a more value-driven building design process." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31701.

Maila, Reetta. "Sustainable Lighting - Designed Considering Emotional Aspects." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Communication and Design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-459.

Global warming challenges designers to pay attention to environmental effects of manufacturing when designing new products. This examination project was a personal challenge to uphold ethical responsibility as a designer and consider emotional aspects of design while aiming to create a pleasurable lighting for the home environment.

The underpinning idea for the project was to promote the use of recycled materials and an environmentally friendly light source aiming to create a sustainable everyday commonplace product that it is possible to manufacture. High power LED-technology was chosen because of its energy efficiency, flexibility and a particularly long life-cycle. Recycled plastic and fibre cardboard were chosen to be applied as the shades of the lamps. Both these recycled materials can be broken down and recycled again after use.

Emotional design aspect was the leading theory in the design process. The intention was to consider different levels of emotional aspects when defining the main characteristics of the lamp to create pleasurable lighting: Among usability and aesthetics the concentration was on the semiotics of the product and its usage context. It was designed with the aim of evoking pleasurable feelings in users who desire to lead an active and urban life-style but who are simultaneously worried about global warming.

Both of the lighting designs are for a dining context. They are supposed to create a pleasurable atmosphere around a dining table while separating the party around the table from the rest of the space. Other lights can be dimmed or switched off when it is time to gather around the table to accentuate the illumination and feeling of togetherness.

Inspiration for the project came from sustainability, contemporary thoughts and trends embodied into maps. The products turned out to be silent statements of today’s global world; Antarctica refers to glacial retreat while Town symbolises the importance of people’s own origin in this globalised world.

Nikolic, Bojana. "Light art in Contemporary Architectural Lighting Design." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-208660.

Tsang, Jonathan. "Scenography : set and lighting design for Macbeth." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44334.

Wallace, Jessica Rose. "Lighting Design for Sweeney Todd: A Process." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/148288.

Crosby, Aaron James. "Brigadoon Lighting Design: In Process and Production." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/313244.

Wu, Siyuan. "Investigating Lighting Quality: Examining the Relationship between Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Lighting Environment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48170.

Hetherington, Christopher James. "I Believe: Lighting Spring Awakening." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/237004.

Alsaeid, Khaled. "Sustainable lighting in offices : " How to save energy in officeswith a new lighting design ? "." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280059.

Wilson, Jarod Douglas. "A Lighting Design Process for a Production of Aida, with Music by Elton John and Lyrics by Tim Rice." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306296781.

Bergman, Oscar. "Public spaces and socially sustainable lighting." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280061.

Guðmundsdóttir, Anna Kristín. "Outdoor lighting in Icelandic schoolyards : The importance of outdoor lighting during the dark winter days." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210258.

Patti, Anthony Peter. "LIGHTING THE DEAD: THE CREATIVE PROCESS FOR THE LIGHTING DESIGN OF THE ADDAMS FAMILY MUSICAL." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1923.

Sampaio, José Nuno. "Light Design : Outdoor Urban Public Places : - Urban Lighting: Design and Technologies -." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206502.

QC 20170505

Jorandby, Christopher Eugene. "DANDELION SALAD AND LEMONADE: THE LIGHTING DESIGN FOR CRAZY FOR YOU." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/851.

Pearson, Shelley L. "Residential electric lighting, explorations in sustainable product design." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/MQ48234.pdf.

Caton, Nicholas A. "Task-ambient lighting : a sustainable design method investigation." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/534.

de, St Aubin William Joseph. "Natural lighting as a design issue in architecture." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22345.

Haines, Kenneth. "Savage in limbo a study in lighting design." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/563.

Bougdah, Hocine. "The design of lighting installations for obstructed interiors." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292888.

Lee, Chi-Yang, and 李啓暘. "VR Lighting Design System." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rdkc6a.

CHEN, BO-YAN, and 陳柏諺. "Stereoscopic Endoscope Lighting Design." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m6ae7w.

Chen, Fu Ming, and 陳富明. "LED Lighting Design Optimization." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4v4s59.

Lee, Chih-Hsiang, and 李智翔. "Integration for Theatre Lighting Design & Image Design — The Lighting Design For“ Song of Love”." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2ets25.

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