qurtuba university research proposal format

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Thesis Format Guide

M.S / M. Phil & Ph. D.

Compiled By:

Mr. Nasir Shaheen

Additional Registrar

&

Mr. Ijaz Ahmad

Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D Programs

Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology,

Table of Contents

Preface …………………………….………………………………………................ 1

1. Preliminary Section:

1.1 Title Page………………………………………………………………….…….... 2

1.2 Dedication and Acknowledgements………..……………….……………......…... 2

1.3 Preliminary Documents ……………………………...……………….................. 2

1.4 Table of Contents………………………………………………….………….…. 3

1.5 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...… 2

2. Body of Thesis:

2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….……... 4

2.2 Literature Review………………………………………………….…….…. 3

2.3 Methodology……………………………………………………….….…...... 4

2.4 Analysis / Data Analysis……………………………………………..….…...6

2.5 Findings & Recommendation ………………………………………….….. 7

2.6 References & Bibliography.…………… …………………………...….….. 8

3 Referencing & Citation - For Social Sciences

3.1 Handling Quotes In the Text ......................................................................9

3.2 In-Text Citation..............................................................................................9

3.3 Reference List: Books ..................................................................................10

3.4 Reference List: Articles............................................................................... 11

3.5 Reference List: Electronic Sources ............................................................. 12

3.6 Reference List: Media .................................................................................... 13

3.7 Reference List: General Reference Databases ............................ ........... 13

3.8 Reference List: General Subject Databases ............................................. 14

3.9 Reference List: Current/Controversial Issues ....................................... 15

3.10 Reference List: Subject-Specific Databases ............................................. 16

4 Referencing & Citation For Literature and Linguistics

4.1 Books .......................................................................................................... 18

4.2 Journals and Newsapapers …………………………………………… 21

4.3 Electronic Publications …………………………………………………. 22

5 Formatting:

5.1 Pages Size………………………………………………………………… 24

5.2 Page Setup……………………………………………………………….. 24

5.3 Font ……………………………………………………………………… 24

5.4 Font Size…………………………………………………………………. 24

5.5 Headings and Sub Headings………………………………………….. 24

5.6 Paragraph Setting………………………………………………………. 24

5.7 Number of Copies………………………………………………………. 25

5.8 Binding…………………………………………………………………... 25

5.9 Soft Copy of Thesis……………………………………………………… 25

SAMPLE………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

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Preface

The thesis or dissertation is the single most important element of a research degree. It

is a test of the student’s ability to undertake and complete a sustained piece of independent

research and analysis, and to write up that research in a coherent form according to the

rules and conventions of the academic community.

As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all

disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are

used by the researchers in their research work i.e. APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian

etc. Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its

students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses to make a significant

contribution in successful completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research.

The purpose of this document is to outline the standard requirements and guidelines

that an M. S /M. Phil / PhD Thesis should adhere to in the area of organization and writing

skills in order to be accepted at Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology.

1 - Preliminary Section

1.1 Title Page:

The title page of the research thesis should include title of the research project, name

of the student (with degree name), full title of the university and date (month and

year) of submission.

(See Sample)

1.2 Approval Certificate:

Approval certificate should be attached after title page:

(See sample)

1.3 Dedication and / or Acknowledgements: (Optional)

These pages are optional.

numerals.

If included, they must be numbered with Roman

1.4 Table of Contents:

The Table of Contents must be placed before the text and any lists of tables,

figures, etc. It consists of section titles, chapter titles, and as many or few

subheadings as the author feels are necessary. The section and chapter titles listed on

the Table of Contents must exactly match the titles as they appear within the text.

The page numbers listed on the Table of Contents must correlate with the beginning

of each section or chapter.

Table of Contents entries are generally double-spaced. However, chapter titles and

subheadings, when more than one line long, should be indented at the second line

and single-spaced.

It is acceptable to have a minimal Table of Contents, consisting only of the

sections Text, Bibliography, and Vita with their respective page numbers if the

text itself has no divisible chapters or major sections.

No material preceding the table of contents should be enlisted in it i.e. Preliminary

Documents, Dedication etc,.

Note: All the pages of preliminary section should be without page numbers.

1.5 Abstract:

A short abstract is required say of a page or two. It is to be a compact description of

the research work.

2 - Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis

In general the main body of the research thesis includes the following chapters:

Chapter 01 – Introduction

Chapter 02 – Literature Review

Chapter 03 – Methodology

Chapter 04 – Data Analysis and / or Discussion

Chapter 05 – Results and Recommendations

However, some scholars may divide their thesis in sections with the above titles and further

divide each section into relevant chapters and present each subsection as a separate chapter.

In that case the number of chapters may increase.

2.1 Introduction: (Chapter 1)

It should provide a brief description with a view to introducing the area of research

and provide background information relating to the social / political / historical /

educational / organizational (etc) context of the study. This chapter may include the

following subsections:

2.1.1 Research Problem / Questions:

A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes

specifically what the problem is that you intend to solve. It explains what problems

or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to explore them.

2.1.2 Research Objective:

The General /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research

to the general body of knowledge in the subject area. The Specific Objectives should

state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved.

2.1.3 Hypotheses (Optional):

The students may include hypothesis of the study depending on the nature of the

research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate

Hypothesis (H1).

2.1.4 Significance of the Study:

While documenting the significance of the research you need to indicate how your

research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area under

investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have

substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance.

The documentation of the significance of the study should among other things

address the following questions:

• What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the

research work will make to the area/body of knowledge?

• What will be the practical implications/use of the results/outcome?

• How will the results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a

statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come about

through its implementation (if any)?

• What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to

arise from the expected outcome/findings or results of the research study?

• What will be improved or changed as a result of the research work?

2.1.5 Limitation:

Document the weaknesses or the possible limitations of the results/outcome of the

research study and as well as the limitations of the approaches, procedures, methods

etc which have been adopted to achieve the results of the research study. Also to be

included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study.

2.2 Literature Review: (Chapter 2)

A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of

proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information

given in the review should be supported by references. The function of the literature

review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of

significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you

will focus on in your review. You should demonstrate critical analysis and your

review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your

theoretical orientation.

2.3 Methodology: (Chapter 3)

The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to

tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying

methodological approach which has been adopted for the research, the followings

may be documented in this section:

Research Design and Method

• Indicate which research design has been adopted/used (if any)

• Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the

methodology?

• Discuss and justify your choice of research method

• Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study

• Describe how the adopted method is applied

Research Type

• Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a Case study method?

Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices

• Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc have been adopted and

used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected results of the

research.

• Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments

/approaches to your study.

• Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches have been

applied or used.

Data Collection Methods

• Clearly indicate whether you are going to use primary or secondary data

• Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i.e. provide a theoretical

perspective).

• Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.

Population and Sampling Procedures (if applicable)

• Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of

different components of the population, clearly indicate this.

• Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be.

adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that

will be carried out to analyze the results.

On the whole the guiding principle for writing the methodology section is that it

should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the

methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your research.

2.4 Analysis / Data Analysis: (Chapter 4)

In this chapter the data is analyzed. Data may be analyzed quantitatively or

qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of

dimensions and variables of the study. Analyze in depth to give meaning to the

data presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid table reading.

2.5 Summary, Conclusions And Recommendations: (Chapter 5)

2.5.1 Summary of Findings

• This describes the problem, research design, and the findings (answer to the

questions raised). The recommended format is the paragraph form instead of

the enumeration form.

• For each of the problems, present:

• The salient findings,

• The results of the hypothesis tested

2.5.2 Conclusions

• These are brief, generalized statements in answer to the general and each of

the specific sub-problems.

• These contain generalized in relation to the population. These are general

inferences applicable to a wider and similar population.

• Flexibility is considered in making of conclusions. It is not a must to state

conclusions on a one-to-one correspondence with the problems and the

findings as all variables can be subsumed in one paragraph.

• Conclusions may be used as generalizations from a micro to a macro-level or

vice versa (ZOOM LENS approach).

2.5.3 Recommendations

• They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study.

• Recommendations may be specific or general or both. They may include

suggestions for further studies.

• They should be in non-technical language.

• They should be feasible, workable, flexible, doable, and adaptable.

• An action plan is optional.

2.6 References & Bibliography: (Chapter 6)

A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is based should

be included. Only references cited in the text are to be included in the reference list.

The students of Social Sciences should use APA style for citation while students of

Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation.

The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the last part after References in

alphabetical order. Endnotes should be given at the end of each chapter.

3 – Referencing and Citation: For Social Sciences

All the students of Social Sciences i.e. Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International

Relations and Education are required to use the following style of referencing and citation in

their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing)

3.1 Handling Quotes in the Text

• Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and

enclosed by double quotation marks (“ ”).

• Long quotations (more than 40 words) are typed in a double-spaced block with no

quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented

margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation. Give citation information

in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation

following parentheses.

• If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks (‘ ‘).

• If you have a quote within a block quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks (“

”).

• Ellipsis points (…) are used to indicate material omitted from the body of a

quotation. If the omission is more than a sentence we are supposed to use five

ellipsis points.

3.2 In-Text Citation

Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at

the end of the paper. APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The author’s

last name and the publication date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text,

following the material cited. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included.

Works by a single author :

If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the

name:

Ex: Hacking (1998) covers material on public record about chronic fatigue

syndrome.

If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the

author’s last name and the year, separated by a comma:

Ex: The article covers material on public record about chronic fatigue

syndrome (Hacking, 1998).

If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not

needed. Ex: In a 1993 article, Gould explains Darwin’s most successful theory.

For exact quotations, cite specific page numbers following the year.

Ex: Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,

whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).

For paraphrased passages, page numbers are encouraged, but not required. The year is

required.

For an online source with no pagination:

If page numbers are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation “para.” to

indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes.

Ex: In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence

of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4).

Works by two authors:

Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word “and” to separate the names in the

sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation.

Ex: As Sullivan and Thomas (1998) point out…

Ex: The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas,

1998).

Works by more than two authors:

Use the last names of all authors in the first citation. Then, in all following citations,

include only the last name of the first author followed by “et al.”

Ex: Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex:

According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time.

Works with no author identified:

When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list

entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a

periodical or book; use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.

Ex: in the book Language Use (1991).

Ex: article on language use (“World languages,” 1993).

Secondary Resources:

When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the original

author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase

“as cited in” for your in-text reference.

Ex: As Villa points out, “Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes

are so low” (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996).

Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews):

Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text

only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact

date:

Ex: L.J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009).

Ex: (A.N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009).

-

3.3 Reference List: BOOKS

Note: In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title,

the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.

Books by one

author

Books by two to

seven authors

(6.27)

Author’s name. (publication date). Title. City and state of publication: Publisher.

Ex: Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip within. New York, NY: Random House.

In-text citation: (Alvarez, 1999).

Author’s names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of

publication. City and state: Publisher.

Ex: Strunk, W., Jr., Jones, T., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style

(3 rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.

In-text citation: (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979).

List the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last

Author’s name.

Books with 8 or

more authors

Ex: Engberg, M., Dugan, J. P., Haworth, J., Williams, T., Kelly, B.,

Johnson, W., … Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of

higher education in preparation program administration. San

Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

First in-text citation: (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly,

Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009).

Subsequent in-text citations: (Engberg, et al., 2009).

Books by a group,

institutional, or

corporate

authors

(7.03)

Books with Editors

Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name.

(date). Title. City: Publisher (When the author and publisher are

the same, use the word “Author” as the name of the publisher).

Ex: Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made incredibly easy.

Springhouse, PA: Author.

In-text citation: (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).

For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the editor

(or editors) followed by the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.” for more than

one editor) in parentheses.

Ex: Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of

growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

In-text citation: (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997).

For a book with a chapter

written by an author but

edited by another person

A book written by an

author but overseen by an

editor

Ex: Haybron, D.M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective

well- being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective

well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

In-text citation: (Haybron, 2008).

Cite as you normally would, but add information about the editor

in parentheses after the book title.

Ex: Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.).

New York, NY: Anchor.

In-text citation: (Plath, 2000).

3.4 Reference List: ARTICLES

Article or entry in a

reference book

(7.02)

Author’s name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds.), Title of

reference book. (Vol. #, pp.#). Location: Publisher.

Ex: Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed.),

Encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington,

D.C.: Oxford.

In-text citation: (Field, 2002).

Ex: Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed.), The encyclopedia of

psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY: Wiley.

Articles in scholarly

journals and periodicals

paginated by volume

(7.01)

Articles in journals

paginated by issues

(7.01.7)

In-text citation: (Schizophrenia, 1983).

Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers

may continue throughout the year instead of beginning each issue

with page 1.

After the italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also

italicized, but do not use Vol.) followed by the page numbers at the

end of the citation (do not use pp.)

Author(s). (date). Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume

#, page #s.

Ex: Spitch, M.L., Verzy, H.N., & Wilkie, D.M. (1993). Subjective

shortening: A model of pigeon s memory for event duration.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,

9, 14-66.

In-text citation: (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993).

When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue

number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of

Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s.

Ex: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,

Articles in magazines

Articles in newspapers

News magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note

the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to

include volume and issue numbers if available.

Ex: Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). There’s more than one way to play

monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36.

In-text citation: (Cortese, 1998).

Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the

year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced

with “p.” (or “pp.” for multiple pages).

Ex: Haney, D.Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery

of appetite. The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17.

In-text citation: (Haney, 1998).

3.5 Reference List: ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Including: Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library

databases)

If you cannot find some of this information for your reference, cite what is

available.

Note: The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital

object identifier number (DOI) must be included if one is assigned. “A DOI is

a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify

content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet” (American

Psychological Association, 2010, 189).

Note: If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available,

use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved.

Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove

difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis).

Note: Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is

capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are in italics and all major

words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics.

Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of document.

Retrieved from electronic address

Ex: Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early

intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from

http://nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=

41172

Web site

(Not a periodical article)

Articles from an online

journal

magazine

(7.01.8)

U.S. government report

from a government agency

(7.03.31)

In text citation: (Shiltz, 2002).

Ex: Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania professor of

the year. Retrieved from

http://www.northampton.edu/Northampton- NOW/What-an-

Honor.htm

In text citation: When referring to a specific piece of

information, include paragraph numbers in the

reference.

Use “para.” Example: (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3).

Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title,

Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from

electronic address

Ex: Royce, W.S., Gebelt, J.L., & Duff, R.W. (2003). Female athletes:

Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 56-

62.

Retrieved from

http://www.athleticinsight.com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl

etes.htm

In text citation: (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003).

Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine,

Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).

Retrieved from electronic address.

Ex: Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online,

289(5). Retrieved from

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2002/05/rauch.htm

In text citation: (Rauch, 2002).

Ex: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF

accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from

http://www.atf.gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an

nrpt.pdf

In text citation: First citation: (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

and Firearms [ATF], 2002).

Second and subsequent citations: (ATF, 2002).

An online video

(7.11)

Ex: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a

light switch [Video file]. Retreived from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

A blog post

In-text citation: (Norton, 2006).

Ex: Grohol, J.M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism

[Web log message]. Retrieved from

http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/

In-text citation: (Grohol, 2009).

Author(s). (Year of publication). Title [information about format or

version if available]. doi or website that document was

retrieved from.

Online Book (E-Book)

Ex: Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from

http://www.netlibrary.com/

In text citation: (Thompson, 1997).

Ex: Schinraldi, G.R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder

sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe

Digital Editions version]. doi: 10.1036/0071393722

In text citation: (Schinraldi, 2001).

3.6 Reference List: MEDIA

Single episode from

television series (7.07)

Video (7.07)

Ex: Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director).

(1994).

The one with the blackout [Television series episode]. In K.

Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers),

Friends. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

In-text citation: (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994).

Ex: Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R.

(Director).

(2006). Fast Food Nation [DVD]. Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth

Century Fox Home Entertainment.

In-text citation: (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006).

3.7 Reference List: GENERAL REFERENCE DATA BASES

Please note: The name of the database used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer

needed.

Including:

Britannica Online,

Credo Reference, and

Gale Virtual Reference

Library

Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale.

http://www.credoreference.com

In text citation: (“Child care,” 2001).

Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child

relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale

encyclopedia of psychology (2 nd ed., pp. 473-

477). Retrieved from

http://go.galegroup.com

In text citation: (Steinberg, 2001)

3.8 Reference List: GENERAL SUBJECT DATA BASES

General reference format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B.,

& Author, C.C. (year). Title of article. Title of

periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Please note: If there is not a digital object identification

number (DOI), include the home page of the database in

the reference. Use this format: Retrieved from

http://www...

Pro Quest Central

and EBSCOhost

Examples (without DOI):

Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The

Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452-454. Retrieved from

http://proquest.umi.com

In text citation: (Edmondson, 2002).

Saldinger, A., Cain, A., & Porterfield, K. (2003,

Summer). Managing traumatic stress in

children anticipating parental death.

Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from

In text citation: First citation: (Saldinger,

Cain, & Porterfield, 2003).

Subsequent citations: (Saldinger et al., 2003).

Example (with DOI):

Fox, K., Gover, A., & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The

effects of low self-control and childhood

maltreatment on stalking victimization among

men and women. American Journal of Criminal

Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi:10.1007/s12103-

009-9064-4

In text citation: (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009

3.9 Reference List: CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATA BASES

CQ Researcher

Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ

Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http://library.cqpress.com

In-text citation: (Clemmitt, 2009)

(magazine—“Issues and Controversies”)

Child care. (2009, October 22). Issues and Controversies on File.

Retrieved from http://www.2facts.com

In-text citation: (“Child care,” 2009)

Facts on File

(magazine—“Today’s Science”)

A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Today’s Science.

In-text citation: (“A reverse on reverse revolution?,” 2009)

(“World News Digest”)

Swine flu: U.S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File

World News Digest. Retrieved from http://www.2facts.com

In-text citation: (“Swine flu,” 2009)

Horrigan, J.B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J.D.

Torr (Ed.), Current Controversies: The Information Age (n.p.).

San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from

http://find.galegroup.com

In-text citation: (Horrigan, 2003)

Opposing View points

ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. ONeill (Ed.), Opposing

Viewpoints Digests Series: Biomedical Ethics (n.p.). San

Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from

In-text citation: (“ACLU urges Senate committee,” 1999).

Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge

Patriot Act provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3.

Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com

In-text citation: (Epstein, 2005)

3.10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATA BASES

Access Science

Ex: Stack, S.M. & Anderson, L.K. Chromosome.

doi:10.1036/1097-8542.134900

In text citation: (Stack & Anderson, 2000).

The African American

Experience

Ex: Loucky, J., Armstrong, J., & Estrada, L.J. (2006).

Asylum. In Immigration in America today: An

encyclopedia (n.p.). Westport, CT: Greenwood

Press. Retrieved from http://aae.greenwood.com

In text citation: (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada,

2006).

Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession

No. xx). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from

http://search.ebscohost.com

ERIC

Ex: Unruh, D., Bullis, M., Todis, B., Waintrup, M., Atkins,

T., & National Center on Secondary Education and

Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for

special education students in alternative education

settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to

Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on Secondary

Education and Transition (NCSET), University of

Minnesota. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com

First in text citation: (Unruh, Bullis, Todis,

Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary

Education and Transittion, 2001).

Subsequent citations: (Unruh et al., 2001).

Ex: Dunlap, G., & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Accession No.

Washington, D.C.: Office of

Special

ED436068).

Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED).

Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com

In text citation: (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999).

History Databases: US

Ex: O’Brien, P. (2000). Viewpoint: Yes, internment of

Japanese Americans was necessary for national

security because some of them were suspected of

disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R.J.

Allison (Ed.), History in dispute: Vol.3. American

social and political movements, 1900-1945.

Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from

http://galenet.galegroup.com

In-text citation: (O’Brien, 2000).

Hoover’s Online

Ex: Murray, B. (n.d.). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from

http://premium.hoovers.com

In-text citation: (Murray, n.d.).

CINAHL

Ex: Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with

ADHD: Demons or delights (Accession No.

2003096143). Advances in Nursing Science 26(2),

131-139. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com

In-text citation: (Frame, 2003).

PsycArticles

Ex: Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of

Psychologists’ responses to The Bell Curve.

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

34(3). 287-293. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.3.287

In-text citation: (Alderfer, 2003).

PubMed Central

Ex: Weiss, M., & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and

management of attention-deficit hyperactivity

disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association

Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

In-text citation: (Weiss & Murray, 2003).

Westlaw Campus

Ex: Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and civil

liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review.

Retrieved from http://campus.westlaw.com

In-text citation: (Lobel, 2002).

4 – Referencing and Citation – For Literature and Linguistics

Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as

possible while directing the reader to the correct reference.

• Single author

Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number: (Marcuse 197)

In text: Tannen has argued this point (178–85)

• More than one author with same name

Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same): (A. Patterson 183;

L. Patterson 230)

• Two or three authors

Give all author names: (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii)

• More than three authors

Follow the bibliographic entry: (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given

4.1 Books

A Book by a Single Author

Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution.

New York: Farrar, 2002.

An Anthology or a Compilation

Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to

the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.

Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of

Its Writers. Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

(Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. … if necessary)

Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago:

U of Chicago P, 1979.

---, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967.

---, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963.

A Book by Two or More Authors

Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997.

If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. (“and

others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title

page.

Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.

Or

Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter.

Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.

Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use

three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same

A Book by a Corporate Author

American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York: Random, 1989.

A Work in an Anthology

Allende, Isabel. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the

Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992.

83–88.

Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your

reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first

appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication

and a period.

Franklin, Benjamin. “Emigration to America.” 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed.

Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24–26.

An Article in a Reference Book

“Noon”. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia.

15th ed. 1987.

An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword

Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923–1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman

Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv–xvi.

If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in

quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part.

Brodsky, Joseph. “Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality.” Foreword. Winter

Dialogue . By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: Hydra-

Northwestern UP, 1997. vii– xviii.

An Anonymous Book

Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993.

A Translation

Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001.

Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001.

A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition

Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York:

Continuum, 2001.

A Multivolume Work

Blanco, Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols.

Hamden: Garland, 1993.

Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson

Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1969–76.

If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume:

Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York:

Cambridge UP, 2000.

A Book in a Series

Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. Jack Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7.

Berkeley: U of California P, 1991.

A Republished Book

Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf-Random, 2001.

A Book with Multiple Publishers

Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 1895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992.

A Government Publication

Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment,

Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural

England. London: HMSO, 2000.

New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century. The

Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990.

Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of

the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong., 2nd sess. Misc.

Doc. 67. Washington: GPO, 1885.

The Published Proceedings of a Conference

Hualde, Jose Ignacio. “Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish

Borrowings in Basque.” Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the

Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on

Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer.

Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc., 2000. 348–58.

Freed, Barbara F., ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc.

of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf., Oct. 1989, U of

Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991.

An Unpublished Dissertation

Boyle, Anthony T. “The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian

Literature, 1516– 1657.” Diss. New York U, 1983.

A Published Dissertation

Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1982.

Erlanger Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nürnberg: Carl, 1982.

4.2 Journals and Newspapers

An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Hanks, Patrick. “Do Word Meanings Exist?” Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000):

205–15. Mann, Susan. “Myths of Asian Womanhood.” Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000):

835–62.

An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separately

Albada, Kelly F. “The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on

Television.”

Journal of Communication 50.4 (2000): 79–110.

Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue

numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers.

An Article in a Newspaper

Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor.” New York

Times 13 July 2002, late ed.: B7+.

Abbreviate months as follows: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct.,

Nov., Dec.

An Article in a Magazine

Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploding Myths.” New Republic 6 June 1998: 17–19.

An Anonymous Article

“Dubious Venture.” Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64–65.

A Special Issue

Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18.3

(1995): 535–711.

Somin, Ilya. “Do Politicians Pander?” State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review

14.2–3 (2000): 147–55.

A Legal Source

New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001.

4.3 Electronic Publications

Basic Entry Document from Internet Site

Zeki, Semir. “Artistic Creativity and the Brain.” Science 6 July 2001: 51–52. Science

Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002

.

Entire Internet Site

Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 2002

Online Books

Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi.com. 4 Oct. 2002

Keats, John. “Ode on a Grecian Urn.” Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online.

Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002

United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law

Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002

Online Periodicals

Butler, Darrell L., and Martin Sellbom. “Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching

and Learning.” Educause Quarterly 25.2 (2002): 22–28. Educause. 3 Aug. 2002

Publications on CD-ROM, Diskette or Magnetic Tape

It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different.

Braunmuller, A. R., ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager,

1994.

E-mail Communication

Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002.

5 - Formatting and Presentation

5.1 Page Size and Quality:

AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for thesis. Minimum paper weight

should be 80 grams.

5.2 Page Setup / Margins:

At least 1¼ -1½ inches (3.17-3.81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 - 1 inch (2 -

2.54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ½ - 0.75 inches (1.27 - 1.90cm)

at the outer edge.

5.3 Page Numbering:

5.4 Font:

The best position for the page number is at bottom-centre. Pages containing

figures and illustration should be suitably paginated.

New Times Roman font should be used throughout the thesis composition.

5.5 Font Size:

Title Page

16-20 (Bold)

Chapter Titles

16 (Bold)

Headings

14 (Bold)

Sub Headings

12 (Bold)

Text 12

Footnotes / End notes 10

Endnotes be given at the end of each chapter

5.6 Paragraph Setting:

Line spacing should be 1.5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl +

J). No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space

between paragraphs for differentiation.

5.7 Number of Copies & Binding:

The students are required to submit 4 copies in hard binding (as per Deputy

Controller Exam’s directive) for external evaluation and internal record

purpose.

5.8 Binding & Cover Color:

The M. S / M. Phil thesis cover should be in blue color with golden color of

fonts and Ph. D thesis should be in black color cover with golden fonts.

5.9 Submission of Soft Copy of thesis:

The students are required to submit a soft copy of their thesis in Compact

Disk (CD) to the examination department for plagiarism test and record

Title of the Thesis [16-20 pt, Bold, Title Case]

Ph. D Dissertation / M. Phil Thesis

By

[Scholar’s Full Official Name]

Department of [Department Name]

Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology

D.I. Khan (Pakistan)

(Year)

Approval Certificate

This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by ………. (Scholar Name), is of

sufficient standard to justify its acceptance by Department of ……. (Department

Name), Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, for the

award of Degree of ………… (Master of Philosophy / Doctor of Philosophy).

______________________

Dr……………………………

Supervisor

External Examiners:

1. ________________________

Dr. …………………………..

2. ________________________

Dedication

This page is optional

Acknowledgements

(An optional Page)

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………... 1

1. Introduction…………………………………..…………………………...… 3

1.1 Research Problem / Question…..………………………….……..…….... 3

1.2 Research Objective………………………………………………..…….. 4

1.3 Hypothesis (Optional)..…………………………………….……...……. 7

1.4 Methodology…………………………………………………….…...….. 12

1.5 Significance of the study……………………………………….……...… 16

1.6 Scope and Limitations………………………………………………….. ..25

Chapter – 01

INTRODUCTION

The body of the thesis should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested

standard format.

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Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents Preface ………
Page 4 and 5: Page left blank intentionally 4
Page 6 and 7: 1 - Preliminary Section 1.1 Title P
Page 8 and 9: 2 - Body of Research Proposal / Syn
Page 10 and 11: methodology? • Discuss and justif
Page 12 and 13: 2.6 References & Bibliography: (Cha
Page 14 and 15: Ex: Emily Bronte “expressed incre
Page 16 and 17: For a book with a chapter written b
Page 18 and 19: Author(s). (Date of Publication). T
Page 20 and 21: 3.7 Reference List: GENERAL REFEREN
Page 22 and 23: 3.10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIF
Page 24 and 25: 4 - Referencing and Citation - For
Page 26 and 27: quotation marks, immediately before
Page 28 and 29: An Article in a Newspaper Jeromack,
Page 30 and 31: 5 - Formatting and Presentation 5.1
Page 32 and 33: Title of the Thesis [16-20 pt, Bold
Page 34 and 35: Dedication This page is optional 30
Page 36 and 37: Table of Contents Abstract ……

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Research Proposal Format & Style Guide - Qurtuba University Research Proposal Format.pdf ·...

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Research Proposal Format & Style Guide

Dr. Saima Batool

Office of Research, Innovation & Commercialization (ORIC)

Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology

Peshawar, KPK

Page 2: Research Proposal Format & Style Guide - Qurtuba University Research Proposal Format.pdf · RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 2 1.6 Number of Copies: The students are required

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE ii

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE iii

As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all

disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are used

by the researchers in their research work i.e. APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc.

Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its

students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses. This handbook is

compiled to facilitate the M.S/M.Phil and PhD students of Qurtuba University in

developing their research proposals and to bring an overall uniformity in their research

proposals. The format suggested in this handbook is MANDATORY for all M. S / M. Phil and

PhD Students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies

and Research (BOASAR). Further, the students are required to prepare their research proposal

under the supervision of their respective supervisors. The purpose of the research proposal /

synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed

research proposal needs to include certain basic components, in which a number of questions

are to be addressed. Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains

are likely to be achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the

objectives of the study and how these will be achieved? What methodology is to be used to

carry out the study? An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a sound research

project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful completion of M. S

/ M. Phil and Ph. D. research.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE iv

Table of Contents Cover Page ......................................................................................................................................... i

Title Page ............................................................................................................................................ ii

Preface ............................................................................................................................................... iii

Table of contents ............................................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables / Graphs: ...................................................................................................................... vi

1. General Format of Research Proposal ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Page Size and Quality: ........................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Page Setup / Margins: ........................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Page Numbering: ................................................................................................................ 1

1.4 Font guide: ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.5 Paragraph Setting: .............................................................................................................. 1

1.6 Number of Copies: ............................................................................................................. 2

1.7 Binding: .............................................................................................................................. 2

1.8 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal: ................................................................................ 2

1.9 Cover Page .......................................................................................................................... 2

1.10 Title Page .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.11 Supervisor Certificate for Research Proposal Submission to ORIC .................................. 6

1.12 ORIC approval Sheet......................................................................................................... 7

1.13 Abstract: ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.14 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 9

1.15 List of Tables /Figures ....................................................................................................... 10

2. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Introduce the Problem ....................................................................................................... 11

3. Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 12

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE v

4. Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 14

5. References ........................................................................................................................... 15

5.1 In-Text Citation ................................................................................................................... 16

5.2 Reference List ..................................................................................................................... 17

6. Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 19

7. Major Components of a Qualitative/Quantitative Research Proposal .................................... 20

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE vi

List of Table/Graphs

1.4.1 Font Guide Table ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.9.1 Cover Page Sample ................................................................................................................... 3

1.10.1 Title Page Sample .................................................................................................................... 5

1.11 Supervisor Certificate for Research Proposal Submission to ORIC Sample ............................. 6

1.12 ORIC approval Sheet Sample .................................................................................................... 7

1.13.1 Abstract Sample: ..................................................................................................................... 8

1.14.1 Table of Contents/Figures Sample .......................................................................................... 9

1.15.1 List of Tables /Figures Sample................................................................................................. 10

5.1.1 In-Text Citation Samples .......................................................................................................... 16

5.2.1 Reference List Samples ............................................................................................................ 17

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 1

1. General Format of Research Proposal

1.1 Page Size and Quality:

AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum

paper weight should be 80 grams.

1.2 Page Setup / Margins:

1 inch margins on all sides

1.3 Page Numbering:

The best position for the page number is at top right Pages containing figures and

illustration should be suitably paginated.

1.4 Font guide:

New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis.

1.4.1 Font guide Table:

TEXT Font Size

Title 16pt BOLD

Author’s name

Institutional affiliation

Course title

Date of paper submission

14 pt NORMAL

University 16pt BOLD

Chapter Titles 16pt BOLD Headings 14pt BOLD Sub Headings 12pt BOLD

Table/Figure Headings 12pt BOLD

Text 12pt NORMAL

Footnotes / End notes 10pt NORMAL

1.5 Paragraph Setting:

Line spacing should be double spaced and all paragraphs should be justified. Indentation

of each paragraph should be First Line Indentation.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 2

1.6 Number of Copies:

The students are required to submit several copies of Research Proposal as per

coordinator’s directive, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).

1.7 Binding:

Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding

for the rest of copies.

1.8 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal:

The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the

program coordinator on his e-mail address.

1.9 Cover Page

The following are included on the cover page:

University Logo

Author’s name: First name, middle initial, last name

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 3

1.9.1 Cover Page Sample

1 Inch Margins on all sides

Times New Roman Bold 16pt, centered

Author’s Details

Times New Roman Normal 14 pt

University Address

Times New Roman Bold 16pt

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 4

1.10 Title Page

A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with

style. It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or

theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them.

Avoid using abbreviations in a title

The recommended length for a title is no more than 12 words.

The title should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters,

Centered between the left and right margins,

Positioned in the upper half of the page

Title Font 16pt, Bold

The following are included on the title page:

Running head

Page number

Supervisor Name

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 5

1.10.1 Title Page Sample

Page Number

Running Head (Header)

Times New Roman Normal 10 pt

Times New Roman Bold 16pt , Centered

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 6

1.11 Supervisor Certificate for Research Proposal Submission to

1.11 Sample

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 7

1.12 ORIC approval Sheet

1.12 ORIC approval Sheet Sample

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 8

1.13 Abstract

The abstract needs to be dense with information.

Embed key words in your abstract

Ensure that the abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of the manuscript.

Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the manuscript.

Write in clear and concise language.

Begin the abstract with the most important points.

Do not waste space by repeating the title.

Include in the abstract only the four or five most important concepts, findings, or

implications.

Do not exceed the abstract word limit range from 150 to 250 words.

Begin the abstract on a new page

The label Abstract should appear in Title case letters,

Centered, at the top of the page

Type the abstract itself as a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.

1.13.1 Abstract Sample

Title Case, centered

Times New Roman Normal 12 pt

Single Paragraph, No Indentation

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 9

1.14 Table of Contents

1.14.1 Table of Contents Sample

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 10

1.15 List of Table/Figures

1.15.1 List of Table/Figures Sample

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 11

2. Introduction

2.1 Introduce the Problem

The body of a manuscript opens with an introduction that presents the specific problem

under study and describes the research strategy. State why the problem deserves new research:

For basic research, the statement about importance might involve the need to resolve any

inconsistency in results of past work and/or extend the reach of a theoretical formulation. For

applied research, this might involve the need to solve a social problem or treat a psychological

disorder. When research is driven by the desire to resolve controversial issues, all sides in the

debate should be represented in balanced measure in the introduction.

Before writing the introduction, consider the following questions:

Why is this problem important?

How does the study relate to previous work in the area?

If other aspects of this study have been reported previously, how does this

report differ from, and build on, the earlier report ?

What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study?

A good introduction answers these questions in just a few pages and, by summarizing the

relevant arguments and the past evidence, gives the reader a firm sense of what was done

and why. Conclude the statement of the problem in the introduction with a brief but

formal statement of the purpose of the research that summarizes the material preceding it. also

clearly state the reasons that the reported content is important and how the article fits

into the cumulative understanding of the field.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 12

3. Literature Review

Discuss the relevant related literature, but do not feel compelled to include an exhaustive

historical account.

Assume that the reader is knowledgeable about the basic problem and does not require a

complete accounting of its history.

A scholarly description of earlier work in the introduction provides a summary of the

most recent directly related work and recognizes the priority of the work of others.

Citation of and specific credit to relevant earlier works are signs of scientific and

scholarly responsibility and are essential for the growth of a cumulative science.

In the description of relevant scholarship, also inform readers whether other aspects of

this study have been reported on previously and how the current use of the evidence differs from

earlier uses.

At the same time, cite and reference only works pertinent to the specific issue and not

those that are of only tangential or general significance. When summarizing earlier works,

avoid nonessential details; instead, emphasize pertinent findings, relevant methodological

issues, and major conclusions.

Refer the reader to general surveys or research syntheses of the topic if they are available.

Demonstrate the logical continuity between previous and present work.

Develop the problem with enough breadth and clarity to make it generally understood

by as wide a professional audience as possible.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 13

Do not let the goal of conciseness lead you to write a statement understandable only by

the specialist.

State hypotheses and their correspondence to research design.

Explain your approach to solving the problem.

In empirical studies, this usually involves stating your hypotheses or specific question

and describing how these were derived from theory or are logically connected to previous

data and argumentation.

Clearly develop the rationale for each. Also, if you have some hypotheses or questions

that are central to your purpose and others that are secondary or exploratory, state this

prioritization. Explain how the research design permits the inferences needed to examine

the hypothesis or provide estimates in answer to the question.

What are the primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, and

what, if any, are the links to theory?

How do the hypotheses and research design relate to one another?

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 14

4. Research Methodology

The Method section describes in detail how the study was conducted, including

conceptual and operational definitions of the variables used in the study. Different types of

studies will rely on different methodologies; however, a complete description of the methods

used enables the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of your methods and the reliability

and the validity of your results . It also permits experienced investigators to replicate the

study. If your manuscript is an update of an ongoing or earlier study and the method has been

published in detail elsewhere, you may refer the reader to that source and simply give a brief

synopsis of the method in this section

It is both conventional and expedient to divide the Method section into labeled

subsections. These usually include a section with descriptions of the participants or subjects and

a section describing the procedures used in the study. The latter section often includes

description of (a) any experimental manipulations or interventions used and how they were

delivered-for example, any mechanical apparatus used to deliver them; (b) sampling

procedures and sample size and precision; (c) measurement approaches (including the

psychometric properties of the instruments used); and (d) the research design.

Insufficient detail leaves the reader with questions; too much detail burdens the reader

with irrelevant information. Consider using appendices and/or a supplemental website for more

detailed information.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 15

5. References

References acknowledge the work of previous scholars and provide a reliable way to

locate it. References are used to document statements made about the literature, just as data in

the manuscript support interpretations and conclusions.

The references cited in the manuscript do not need to be exhaustive but should be

sufficient to support the need for your research and to ensure that readers can place it in the

context of previous research and theorizing.

The standard procedures for citation ensure that references are accurate, complete, and

useful to investigators and readers.

Start the reference list on a new page.

The word References should appear in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered. Double-

space all reference entries.

APA publishes references in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each

reference is set lush left and subsequent lines are indented.

Footnotes are used to provide additional content or to acknowledge copyright permission

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 16

5.1 In-Text Citation

5.1.1 In-Text Citation Samples

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 17

5.2 Reference List

5.2.1 Reference List Samples

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 18

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 19

6. Appendices

In general, an appendix is appropriate for materials that are relatively brief and that are

easily presented in print format. If your manuscript has only one appendix, label it Appendix;

If your manuscript has more than one appendix, label each one with a capital letter

(Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) in the order in which it is mentioned in the main text. Each

appendix must have a title.

In the text, refer to appendices by their labels.

Center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letters (A, B, etc., in the order in

which they are mentioned in text)

At the top of the page

Center the title of the appendix, and

Use uppercase and lowercase letters.

Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented paragraphs.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 20

7. Major Components of a Qualitative/Quantitative Research

Many fields of study use differing Qualitative/Quantitative model formats. Be sure to

work closely with your advisor to select the relevant components for your proposal.

1. Cover Page – (see sample page)

2. Title Page – (see sample page)

3. Supervisor approval Form (CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISOR FOR RP-I or II) (see sample

4. ORIC approval Sheet (EVALUATION (Research Proposal) RP-EVA-I) (see sample page)

5. Abstract (see sample page)

6. Table of Contents

7. List of Tables/ Graphs/Figures (where relevant)

8. Chapter One (see sample page)

Introduction – brief overview explaining the background and importance of the study

Statement of Problem – specifically what the researcher wants to know; format to be

determined by the department

Purpose of the Study – explanation of the problem and what the researcher hopes to

achieve by conducting the study

Theoretical framework, research questions, or objectives – used to guide the direction of

the research; format to be determined by the department.

Definition of Terms – clarification of any terminology in the study that may not be

commonly known; provides a similar interpretation for all readers of the study.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT & STYLE GUIDE 21

9. Chapter Two (see sample page)

Review of the Literature – sufficient review of the relevant research to demonstrate an

understanding of the subject and major components

10. Chapter Three (see sample page)

Research Design – describes the methods that will be used to collect data or organize

creative products. May include the following depending on the department:

Description of the design.

Criteria for judging credibility and trustworthiness of results (where relevant).

Sampling – describe the aspects of the cases on which data collection and analysis will

focus (where relevant).

Indicate how access to the study population will be achieved.

Variables – describe aspects of the cases on which data collection and analysis will focus

(where relevant)

Methods of Data Collection – explain how each variable will be measured (where

Limitation /Delimitations of the research study.

11. Organization of the Research Study.

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How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
State the research problem or question you aim to address.
Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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