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Center for People with Disabilities ASPAYM ÁVILA / amas4arquitectura

• Curated by Danae Santibañez
• Architects: amas4arquitectura
• Area Area of this architecture project Area:  3767 ft²
• Year Completion year of this architecture project Year:  2018
• Photographs Photographs: MOI (Pedro I. RAMOS)
• Quantity Surveyor:  Lucio Monje
• Structural Calculation:  BP Ingenieros
• Building:  Conedavi
• Facilities:  Dimensión Ingeniería
• Architect In Charge:  Fernando Zaparaín
• Country:  Spain

Text description provided by the architects. The ASPAYM Foundation, for disabled people, in its XXV anniversary, has decided to build this small center near Ávila (Spain). The program turns around the rehab space, which is an extension of the hall. These areas are polyvalent, because the absence of structure and the transparency of many partitions. All the corridors, bathrooms, furniture and rooms are for disabled people.

The building is a rectangular ground floor pavilion along the street. It divides the plot into an access porch, a parking and a backyard. In an ugly environment, still unfinished, we have opted for the autonomy of an hermetic volume, with a strong material presence. But as soon as people enter, they can held a gaze out the window, towards the garden.

The entire construction is resolved with a ceiling with laminated wood beams that floats on the ground at 2.70 m. The beams are separated 1.50 m to axes and are 72 cm wide. It gives the roof a strong presence and a plastic relief. In this way it is expected that the views and the interior atmosphere will be trapped under a singular but kind "lid". The energies of the project are concentrated in this sculptural ceiling because users perform a good part of the rehabilitation activities lying on stretchers facing upwards, or have a low vision because the wheelchairs.

The roof is supported by perimeter walls made of white concrete, which form a façade that is more closed to the street and a discontinuous façade to the garden. The windows and the main partitions are resolved with glass from floor to ceiling to preserve the continuity of the space. There are only opaque walls in offices and toilets, to the bottom of the beams, such as doors and windows. In all areas, the floor is made of large-format non-slip porcelain tiles, also in the baseboards. The floor is radiant-refreshing, and all the other conduits run through the false ceiling, to leave visible the beams.

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Project location

Address: caléndula street, 05003, ávila, spain.

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National Rehabilitation Centre in Mafraq Mixing Tradition and Invention in the Interest of Healing

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

The Challenge

To design a comprehensive, human-centered substance abuse rehabilitation experience that embraces the rich history of Abu Dhabi and the modern high-tech world.

The Design Solution

Outside, HKS designers employed framed openings and mosaic patterns in a nod to tradition, accenting the building with modern steel and glass. Inside, the substance abuse center accommodates three inpatient treatment stages: acute hospital for high risk of self harm, rehabilitation for low risk, and long-term therapeutic.

The expansive campus will feature an indoor recreation building with locker rooms, massage rooms, basketball court, indoor swimming pool and spa with outdoor playfields, tennis courts and running track.

The project earned 2 Pearl Design Rating, which is a LEED Silver equivalent.

The Design Impact

The National Rehabilitation Centre in Mafraq will serve as a premier healing center for people of Abu Dhabi who seek treatment of drug- and alcohol-related addictions.

Project Features

• 601,960 square feet (55,923 sm)
• Outpatient clinic
• Research Center
• Recreational facilities

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Performance of Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers: A Case Study from Chhattisgarh, India

Meenakshi tandon.

National Health Mission, Chhattisgarh, India

Jawed Quereishi

1 Directorate of Health Services, Chhattisgarh, India

Ayyaj Fakirbhai Tamboli

Bhuputra panda.

2 Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Background:

High prevalence of malnutrition across India poses a significant obstacle to achieving desirable child health outcomes. For addressing childhood malnutrition, the government of Chhattisgarh during 2010–2014 established Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRCs) in selected health units for the timely, adequate, and appropriate feeding of children, and for improving skills of mothers and caregivers on age-appropriate caring, counseling, and growth monitoring. This study examined the functioning of NRCs in three districts; assessed perception of mothers and carers of children admitted in the NRC; and assessed the perspectives of service providers.

Four out of 46 NRCs were purposively chosen. Monthly performance reports of 2012–2014 were reviewed. Fifty mothers/carers of under-five children were interviewed; and ten in-depth interviews were conducted with the service providers. Descriptive statistics, co-relational, and regression models were used for data analysis; qualitative data were analyzed thematically.

Vacancy of staff ranged from 7.4% to 70%. The mean age of children during admission was 23.8 ± 6.2 months. The mean percentage weight gain was 11.6%, whereas the mean duration of stay in the NRC was 10.7 ± 3.5 days. Weight gain was directly related to the weight during admission. Follow-up visit and follow-up card issuing, counseling to mothers, special diet preparation, timely receipt of incentives, and training on diet preparation needed immediate attention.

Conclusions:

Regular review and supportive supervision could play a crucial role in improving the quality of services. The awareness level and expectation of mothers could be improved through NRC-based education and outreach services.

Introduction

Malnutrition refers to a pathological state of deficiency or excess of nutrients. Under-nutrition indicates a state wherein the weight for age, height for age, and weight for height indices are below-2 Z-score of the NCHS norms.[ 1 ] Undernutrition is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children <5 years of age.[ 2 ] Worldwide, over 5 million children below 5 years die every year due to it.[ 3 ] Studies estimate that prevalence of underweight children is higher in India than in any of the other 40 countries including in Bangladesh and Nepal.[ 4 ] The prevalence of underweight children in India (48%) is almost twice as high as those of 26 sub-Saharan African countries (25%). The proportion of underweight children of <5 years ranges from 20% in Sikkim and Mizoram to 60% in Madhya Pradesh. Further, more than half of young children are underweight in Jharkhand and Bihar. Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa are estimated to have about 40% underweight children.[ 5 ] In Mizoram, Sikkim, and Manipur, more than one-third of children are stunted, whereas wasting is the most common in Madhya Pradesh (35%), Jharkhand (32%), and Meghalaya (31%).[ 6 ] Such children are prone to develop severe acute malnutrition (SAM).[ 2 ]

The prevalence of malnutrition in Chhattisgarh is estimated to be about 42% and about 45% of children of <5 years age are stunted in the state-a reflection of chronic under-nutrition. As per the coverage evaluation survey of 2009, about one-fifth of children (18%) are wasted, indicating acute under-nutrition; and 52% are underweight which takes into account both chronic and acute under-nutrition.[ 7 ] SAM significantly increases the risk of case fatality rate in children suffering from diarrhea, measles, and pneumonia. Children who are severely wasted are nine times more likely to die than well-nourished children. Revised estimates with the use of the new WHO Child Growth Standards in developing country situations has resulted in a 2–4 times increase in the number of infants and children falling below-three standard deviation (3SD) weight for height/length as compared to that of using the former NCHS reference.[ 8 ]

The concept of Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC) as an approach to address malnutrition and tackle SAM was proposed as early as in 1955.[ 9 ] The key in this new procedure was that the child would recuperate on a diet using locally available food, and that the mothers of the children would come at periodic intervals to prepare their meals and feed and take care of them, and that the overall operation would be kept at the lowest possible cost.[ 10 ] In India, this concept was widely propagated for treatment of SAM children. The main objectives of facility-based management of SAM were to provide clinical management and reduce mortality of children with SAM, particularly among those with medical complications; to promote physical and psychosocial growth of children with SAM; and to build the capacity of mothers and other caregivers inappropriate feeding and caring practices for infants and young children.

The government of India sponsored Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) and Special Nutrition Programme provides a package of services, such as supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-up, referral, and education services to mothers and children up to 6-years of age. The Balwadi nutrition program, supplementary nutrition program, World food program, CARE-assisted nutrition programs, Tamil Nadu, integrated nutrition project and UNICEF assistance for women and children are other examples of nutritional interventions in India to address the problem of undernutrition.[ 11 ] Over the years, the modalities for the effective management of SAM children has shifted from client-centric treatment and counseling to a more holistic lifecycle approach. This approach targeted individuals during crucial periods of their lives (pregnancy, 0–2 years and 10–19 years age groups), with focus on case management, behavior change communication, and linkage formation.[ 12 ]

The National Health Mission, earlier termed as NRHM, was launched in 2005 to provide accessible, affordable and quality healthcare to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups. It aimed at establishing fully functional, community owned, decentralized health delivery systems at all levels as to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water, nutrition, sanitation, education, and social and gender equality.[ 13 , 14 , 15 ] The government of Chhattisgarh under the mission established and operationalized NRCs in 18 district hospitals in April 2010. The number of NRCs increased to 46 by April 2014. Each NRC is manned by one doctor/pediatrician, 4–10 staff nurses, 1–2 counselors, and 1 cook. In addition to treatment, special emphasis is given to improving the skills of mothers and caregivers on complete age appropriate caring and feeding practices. Anganwadi workers (AWWs) or ASHA, also termed as Mitanin in Chhattisgarh, identify SAM children from the field. The protocols of Indian Academy of Pediatrics are used for management of children with SAM.[ 16 ] There is a provisional incentive of international normalized ratio (INR) 100 for the field workers for counseling and motivating the mothers to stay for 2 weeks. Anthropometric indicators, such as weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference are monitored to observe the health status of the admitted children. Mothers receive free food, hands-on training on composition and preparation of therapeutic diets, and INR 150 per day for daily wage loss. Children are followed-up on being discharged and again brought to the Center by the AWWs on the designated follow-up dates. The AWWs receive INR 50 for each follow-up visit for accompanying the child to the NRC. Children get readmitted, if necessary.[ 17 ]

The functioning of such centers has not been studied in greater detail in the Indian context. There is a dearth of scientific literature on evaluation of the NRCs and the nature of its functioning in India in general and in Chhattisgarh in particular. This study aimed to assess the functioning of NRCs in three districts of Chhattisgarh; elicit the perception of mothers and carers of children admitted in the NRC; and assess the perspectives of service providers.

Operational definitions

An underweight child has a weight-for-age Z-score that is at least 2SD below the median in the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards. A stunted child has a height-for-age Z-score that is at least 2SD below the median for the WHO Child Growth Standards. A wasted child has a weight-for-height Z-score that is at least 2SD below the median for the WHO Child Growth Standards. SAM is defined by very low weight-for-height/length (Z-score below-3SD of the median WHO child growth standards), a mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm, or by the presence of nutritional edema.[ 2 ]

Study design, sampling, and data collection

We used a repeat time-series data analysis design and adopted a mixed methods approach for data collection. Both quantitative and qualitative information were collected using a structured questionnaire and nonparticipant observation. We selected four NRCs for this study purpose of which three were functional in DHs of Raipur, Mahasamund and Gariaband, and one at CHC Tildah Block. At first, three districts were selected purposively during sampling. In the next level, we selected one NRC that was functioning in the DH, from each of these three districts. The fourth NRC was selected randomly from a list of NRCs that were functioning at CHC level as to obtain a holistic view of the nature of functioning of these NRCs at two tiers of service delivery institutions (DH and CHC), as also to assess differences in the patient admission, severity of illnesses, referrals, etc. if any, between DHNRC and CHCNRC. For a selection of mothers/carers, we selected fifty children aged 6–59 months who were admitted to the sample NRCs during the days of data collection, through systematic sampling. Ten service providers were selected on the basis of mutual convenience and willingness to participate in this study.

For assessment of the performance of the NRCs, we collected the monthly performance reports of 24 months, starting from April 2012 to March 2014. Each monthly report constituted a unit of observation. The interview schedule for mothers contained questions about services received from NRCs, awareness on government-funded nutrition programs, and the effect of hands-on training and counseling about hygiene and therapeutic diet preparation. Service providers were interviewed with the help of an interview guide that contained both structured and open-ended questions related to the services provided at NRCs, opportunities and challenges they faced while working in the NRCs and suggestions to improve functioning. Information about existing human resources, infrastructure, equipment, and drugs was collected through nonparticipant observation and administration of a checklist. The study was approved by an independent ethical committee of IIPH-Bhubaneswar. Permission was obtained from the government for data collection. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained. Quantitative data were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel and exported to SPSS for analysis. Rates, ratios, proportions, mean, and standard deviations were calculated wherever suitable. Independent t -test was used for assessing equality of means of key performance variables by categories of health units (DH and CHC); linear regression model was used to identify predictors of weight gain in the NRC: we considered input indicators, such as, weight during admission, duration of stay, and socioeconomic factors as independent variables and weight gain as dependent variable in this model. Further, correlational analysis was used to find out variables having maximum correlation from among select three variables: age, weight gain, and duration of stay. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant and that of < 0.001 as highly significant.

Analysis of interviews of mothers/carers’ perceptions and that of service providers was done through systematic text condensation and thematic analysis. Further, response sorting was carried out to reflect key findings in a tabular manner. The main focus of mothers’/carers’ interview was to explore their perception about the services being rendered at the NRCs and whether or not they were satisfied with those services. On the other hand, the focus of investigation for service providers was to assess their understanding about the services that they provide, their own competencies, and challenges they faced in discharging their duties.

Performance of NRCs

Non-availability of sufficient number of human resources was found to be common across all four NRCs. For instance, only 70% of doctors, 7.4% of nursing staff, and 30% of attendants and cleaners were available across the four NRCs. Information, education, and communication materials were available in limited stocks in these institutions. Room heaters were not available in any of the sample NRCs. Out of the fifty essential medicines, 76% of those were found to be available in the NRCs. Children during admitted had a mean age of 23.8 months (standard deviation [SD] ±6.2). The mean weight gain in our study sample was 11.6% for the duration of stay. A higher proportion of female children were admitted in the NRC as compared to males. Very less number of children had complications, such as edema or serious medical conditions. Data related to caste distribution of beneficiaries was not maintained properly [ Table 1 ].

Key performance indicators of Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres, Chhattisgarh (2012-2014)

*Incomplete/inaccurate data. SD=Standard deviation

An independent t -test was conducted to compare means of key interval data among NRCs of DH and CHC. We found a higher number of children were admitted in the CHCNRC as compared to DHNRC. Similarly, a higher proportion of female children were admitted in CHCNRC. Higher proportion of children with edema and medical complications were admitted to CHCNRC as compared to DHNRC in the state [ Table 2 ]. In the next level of analysis, we conducted linear regression to examine the association between mean weight gain and other contributing factors. The variables used in the linear regression model were as follows: average weight gain which was considered to be the dependent variable; and Medical complications, gender-male, weight during admission, scheduled caste, average duration of stay, scheduled tribe (ST), age of children during admission, gender-female, and general caste which were considered as the interacting variables. Results indicated that weight gain was directly related to weight during admission and the duration of stay in the NRC [ Table 3 ]. We conducted Pearson Correlation of various clinical and nonclinical factors for children attending the NRCs and found that age during admission, weight gain, and duration of stay were positively related to one another [ Table 4 ].

Independent t -test for equality of means among Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres functioning in District Hospital and Community Health Centres, Chhattisgarh (2012-2014)

a P value cannot be computed because the SDs of both groups are 0, *Significant P value. SDs=Standard deviations

Linear regression for average weight gain and it’s predictors for children attending Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres Chhattisgarh

*Statistically significant. CI=Confidence interval

Correlation of key clinical and nonclinical factors in Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres, Chhattisgarh

**Highly significant, *Significant

Perception of mothers/carers

Nearly 68% of respondents visited NRC for the first time, while 28% visited for the second time and 4% visited for the third time. Hundred percent of respondents said that they received 24 h care at the NRC, whereas 98% said that their children received treatment for all complications during their stay. While relatively less proportion of respondents said that they had received the follow-up card and/or seen follow-up visit by AWW/ASHA after children were discharged from the NRC. Similarly, 76% respondents said their children received sensory stimulation from the service providers. Overall, 86% of service recipients were satisfied with all the services, although 100% mothers/carers said that they would recommend others to avail services from the government-sponsored NRCs [ Table 5 ]. In the next level of analysis, we examined the factors responsible for improving the satisfaction of mothers/carers attending NRCs in Chhattisgarh. Only cases who said they were satisfied with the services were used in this analysis phase. We found that satisfaction was directly related to the treatment of medical complications, provision of sensory stimulation, regular social assessment, timely follow-up consultation, issuing of follow-up card and a timely follow-up visit by the AWW or ASHA ( Mitanin ).

Perception of mothers/carers ( n =50)

AWW=Anganwadi worker, ASHA=Accredited social health activists

Opinion of service providers

A majority of service providers informed that they were providing 24-hours care to the children and their mothers/carers in NRC. This was corroborating with the responses of the mothers/carers. When asked about the frequency of sensory stimulation about three-fourth of service providers confirmed that they provided such services to the children. About three-fourth respondents maintained that they ensured social assessment. On the other hand, about four-fifth providers were confident of treating any types of medical complications. There were too many dissatisfying factors among the service provides about the functioning of NRCs. The key problems identified by the in-depth interview were found around themes of follow-up visit and follow-up card issuing, counseling to mothers, special diet preparation, delay in receipt of incentives, and training on diet preparation, maintenance of records, and timely submission of reports.

The efficacy of outreach NRCs and review of successful programs was reported during early 90s.[ 18 , 19 ] Recent systematic reviews have identified several limitations in the evidence base for assessing the effectiveness of interventions for treating young children with SAM, including a lack of studies assessing the different interventions; limited details of study methods used; short follow-up postintervention or discharge; and heterogeneity in participants, interventions, settings, and outcome measures affecting generalizability.[ 20 ] The WHO advocates for management of children with malnutrition in the line of recommended strategies.[ 21 ] However, our results indicate several gaps in the implementation of such strategies. For instance, the mean age of the children in our study was 23 months, but another study in a similar setting done in three typical rural clinics in southern Malawi found the mean age of 29 months. This may be indicative of the early onset of malnutrition in Chhattisgarh and the need to strengthen ANC, PNC, home visits, and ICDS interventions. Linking of NRCs with the community-based core model of management of severe malnourished needs to be implemented in letter and spirit. This model as envisaged by the WHO provides a framework for an integrated public health response to curve malnutrition, treat most patients with SAM at home, and that in-patient care is reserved for those with acute medical complications. However, our study points out that higher proportion of children with medical complications are admitted to CHCNRCs rather than at DHNRCs.

In this study, about 6 g/kg/day of weight gain was found for children who stayed for 10.7 days (SD ± 3.5) in these sample NRCs. Savadogo et al. in a study at Burkina Faso reported an average weight gain of 10.1 ± 7.0 g/kg/day.[ 22 ] A study in Bangladesh comparing inpatient, daycare and home-based treatment for severely malnourished children observed an average weight gain of 11 g/kg/day for the inpatient group. Another study of Southern Malawi reported weight gain of ~6 g/kg/day.[ 2 ] In yet another study, the rate of weight gain was reported at 7 g/kg/day for marasmic and marasmic-kwashiorkor cases and 6 g/kg/day for kwashiorkor cases.[ 23 ] Other studies have concluded that age and neuropsychomotor developmental status at the time of admission are critical factors in determining the duration of treatment.[ 24 ]

We found the mean duration of stay at the centers was 10.7 ± 3.5 days, which is much less than earlier programs with severe protein energy malnutrition which ranged from 6 weeks to 8 months. The advantage of the short duration of stay not only decreases costs but also minimizes the absence of mothers from their homes which has important implications at the society level. However, the duration of stay needs to be balanced between the chances of cross-infection and the readiness of the mothers to effectively manage their children at home.

It is important to implement community-based therapeutic care for the management of children still malnourished at discharge from nutritional rehabilitation center,[ 22 , 25 ] but the plan for developing NRCs does mention about the coordination and convergence for referral linkage of severely malnourished children with the help of community-based workers of women and child development (WCD) department. A major proportion of the admitted children belonged to the marginalized population groups and most literature on the subject implies that the long-term effectiveness of the NRC is affected by limiting factors at home and in the center itself.[ 26 ] Therefore, one-time management of children at facility-based centers may not be a sustainable strategy need to be reinforced by regular follow-up visits by the community-based workers of both health and WCD department.

NRCs provide life-saving care for children with SAM; however, the protocols and therapeutic foods currently used need to be improved to ensure the full recovery of all children admitted.[ 27 ] To sustain the benefits and prevent relapse, there is a need to integrate the services at NRC with the community-based therapeutic care to deliver a continuum of care from facility to doorstep and vice versa.[ 28 ] Moreover, the political will committed policymakers and fiscal space energize the health system to promote equity.[ 29 , 30 ] Thus, it is critical to establish an inter-departmental mechanism for better coordination and integration at the village level.

In recent times, the state government has committed to establishing 20 bedded NRCs at the district level and 10 bedded at the block level. Assuming all the NRCs to be 20 bedded units and with 100% bed occupancy, the number of children who would receive care at an NRC every month would be 40 (20 × 14 days). The state of Chhattisgarh has at present 42% severe malnourished children being catered to by 46 NRCs. Thus, about 84,000 children could need nutritional rehabilitation, every year which the present health system may not be able to accommodate. Alternate models of home-based counseling, food demonstration and therapeutic management may be designed and piloted.

Conclusions

Admission of SAM patients was few in numbers. Very limited number of cases with edema or serious complication had been admitted. No deaths were reported in any of the NRCs, and there were no case of second referrals. The shortage of human resources, room heaters, medicines, and playground for children needed interventions at systemic level. Most of the admitted children were females and belonged to the ST and other backward castes. Timely submission of monthly reports, appropriate sensory stimulation, follow-up visits by the field workers needed immediate attention.

There is a need to recruit, train and place the nursing staff for optimal management of NRCs. The NRCs are over-occupied with patients, and hence, it is necessary to increase the bed capacity. Supply of equipment and consumables as per the guideline should be made to all NRCs as to improve the quality of services. Proper home visits by AWWs and ASHAs could be ensured through supportive supervision. Regular handholding of AWWs, ASHAs, and nurses could be helpful for skill upgradation. The habit of using data for the decision could be inculcated among the managerial cader for better performance of NRCs. Cost-effectiveness analysis may be carried out to examine the unit cost and long-term sustainability of the centers.

Study limitations

The study was conducted in four out of 46 NRCs which may not represent the universe. Selection bias of districts and socially desirability of responses could play as limiting factors in generalizing the results. Incomplete data sets are considered as another limitation.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Built Environment for Rehabilitation: Case Studies of Selected Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres in Nigeria

The character of the built environment of juvenile rehabilitation centres directly impacts on the outcome of the rehabilitation process. The design of such centres should ensure that young offenders who pass through them do not come out more disoriented and hardened. The built environment of juvenile rehabilitation centres should therefore portray rehabilitation rather than retribution. Juvenile rehabilitation centres in Nigeria are in poor conditions and have been described as decaying, and places of punishment. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the built environment of selected juvenile rehabilitation centres in Nigeria through visual survey, and Likert scale questionnaires containing nine attitude statements. The data was analysed using descriptive account, descriptive statistics, and ANOVA. The result shows that the centres were largely positively perceived with respect to the provision of basic amenities, while aspects relating to the image and visual character of the centres were perceived negatively by majority of the respondents. This suggests a deficit in their design. The result of ANOVA shows that there is no significant difference between respondents of the three juvenile rehabilitation centres (BTIK, BTII and KHRCJ) on four attitude statement while significant differences were obtained on five statements. The character and image of the built environment of these centres needs to be improved in order to give them a more positive outlook which will in turn culminate in more positive outcomes for the young offenders.

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Contemporary issues on Environmental Development

Architectural design of a functional Juvenile rehabilitation centre provides a good psychological environment which will provide delinquents with the opportunities for living a normal disciplined life and a chance of learning some new skills and vocation in some specialized areas to reduce crime among the youth in the society. The aim of introducing the juvenile detention is for the reformation of character without inflicting punishment that will make them hardened. This study also proved it that the use of good Architectural design and good building components in the design of the juvenile rehabilitation centres will psychologically influence their way of life in our environment. The study shows that juvenile delinquency affects a certain group of people. The group of people affected are usually the youths because they are sensitive and adaptive to the environmental influence. It is also proven that many of the youths commit crime by impulse and immaturity act, this happens as a result of been mislead by a particular group of people or influence by the environment, maltreatment by their parents or guidance etc.

General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, International Research Conferance

Kasun Gayantha

The process of reintegrating juvenile delinquents to society from correctional facilities is as important as the process of rehabilitation. If the rehabilitation process is not conducted properly it would rather be difficult to control the reconvicted /recidivism rates. Hence the correctional methods must adhere to certain attributes relating to the rehabilitation process, one key aspect being the built environment of the correctional facilities. Humans by nature have an undeniable connection with their environment through physical, mental, emotional and spiritual means. This connection is what helps keep a balance within ourselves. Most of the time, unlike adults’ juvenile delinquents commit crimes without their consent. It is paramount that this is understood and they are attended with the required special attention in rehabilitation process. At stage of admission to the correctional facilities, these youngsters are more likely to be in a very weak state of mind, with the need of protection, self-value, freedom and to obtain the sense of belonginess in the society as they are reintroduced. This requires improvement of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills before leaving the correctional facility to avoid the reconviction /recidivism. The rehabilitation process influenced via architectural attributes followed at this research would be to understand level of lighting, usage of colours, enclosure of the space, outdoor-indoor relationships, level of privacy, architectural character of space and semiotics would lead to proper reintegration to the society. Keywords— Juvenile Delinquents, Rehabilitation, Architectural Attributes

Faisal Koko

The built environment is an important variable in reformation and its design has the potential to affect the activity and behaviour pattern of juveniles. The extent to which this fact has been accepted in Nigeria is in doubt. This is because components such as structures; landscape; interiors and building materials appear not to have been given the treatment they require to enhance the reformation of juveniles. A case study was carried out at Borstal training institution, Kaduna, one of the three approved Borstal institutions in Nigeria. Visual survey, interview and questionnaires were used to collect data and the data was subjected to descriptive and statistical analysis. Findings from the questionnaire survey indicates negative perception of juveniles with regards to facility location; views from interiors; building exterior views and interior colours while there was a positive perception of juveniles towards sporting facilities; religious facilities; landscape elements and distance between facilities. The study concludes that the activity and behaviour of juveniles in borstal training institution, Kaduna can be improved upon by considering the character of the built environment as a factor which helps in reforming juvenile delinquents.

African Journal of Biomedical Research

Dr. Johannes Njoka

Oluwagbemiga O D Olaoba

Children have been described as man’s most valuable natural resource, without which the human race will be extinct on the death of the last adult; hence, children signify perpetuity of human life on earth . To this end, the interest of the child needs to be protected by law, government, parents and the society at large. It sometimes happen however that the role of protecting the child may be neglected by one or all of the stakeholders which further leads to the child coming in conflict with the law, hence the phrase “juvenile delinquent”. These delinquents are usually made to face designated laws by being charged to juvenile courts, tried and sometimes remanded in homes such as the borstal homes. The concern of this study is to unearth the dynamics involved in running the affairs of the juvenile justice system in Nigeria with reference to the Borstal Institutions and Remand Centres Act. This study examines the history, structure as well as practice and procedure of the justice system in Nigeria; juvenile and delinquencies, as well as juvenile justice system in Nigeria through the mirror of stakeholders in the juvenile justice system in Nigeria. It also discusses the full appraisal of the Borstal Institutions and Remand Centres Act; history of juvenile correctional institutions in Nigeria and an example from one of the Borstal Homes in Nigeria today. In order to get an international view point on juvenile justice, Borstal institutions in Nigeria were considered viz-a-viz universal standards and principles in various international conventions serving the interest of the child. There is also an attempt to comparatively analyse the Borstal institutions in Nigeria and selected jurisdictions (Ghana and United States of America) which further helped to identify the challenges bedevilling the Nigerian system with a view to proffering credible recommendations. In all, finding improvements to juvenile justice administration in Nigeria is paramount in this study.

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences

Godswill James

No social group seems to bear the direct brunt of economic crises like children and young persons. Because of their vulnerable nature, some of them resort to different forms of deviant activities, which bring them in conflict with the law. As a result, there is a range of laws at the international and local levels which set standard practice as it concerns juvenile offenders. However, the practice of juvenile justice system in Nigeria tends to be at variance with these laws. This study examines the practice of juvenile justice system in Nigeria, with the view to assessing the effort of government in the administration and control of juvenile delinquency in line with established standard in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The study used structured questionnaires to elicit information from the respondents. Findings reveal that there exist laws to protect the rights and conditions of juveniles, but these laws do not adequately conform to international standard. Juveniles are subjecte...

Eunice Osakinle

IJARW Research Publication , ADESHINA ABIDEEN OLOJEDE

Education is a necessity for survival of man and is generally viewed as the most important instrument for change, progress and development by all societies the world over. Scholars believe and have argued that educating human beings would go a long way to bring about the change desired in the development of our society. Inmates in Nigerian Correctional Homes are part of the society and in fact need forms of education that will prepare them for a change in life after serving their jail terms. However, there is no empirical evidence as to show how prisons are providing access to education due to the condition of the Prisons irrespective of the nature of offenses, terms of judgments, etc. the paper reported an outcome of a study conducted on the Correctional Services in Minaa, Niger State. From a population of 635 inmates, a sample of 62 was used for the study representing 10%. The study adopted exploratory research design. Interview and Focus Group Discussion drawn from the five research questions were used as instruments. Findings showed that much have not been provided in terms recreational education activities because of the nature of the prisons, hence rehabilitation of the convicts into new life after serving their terms is not promoted. It was established that many of the equipments in the Correctional Homes are outdated which do not go along with the demand of 21st century. The paper advocated a friendlier Correctional Services as enshrined in fundamental Human Rights.

mika williams , Okala Uche

The objective of the study was to find out the prison inmates' perception of the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes in the Nigerian prisons service with reference to Enugu prison. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey design. A total of one hundred and forty five (145) inmates comprised the target of the study. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), frequency tables and percentages (%) were employed in the data analysis. The result showed that rehabilitation programmes in the prisons have not achieved much. It was also discovered that the duration of service for the inmates does not make the inmates to be actively involved in rehabilitation programmes. Majority of the respondents agreed that lack of fund/inadequate funding was the major hindrance to the programmes. It is recommended that social workers, philanthropists should contribute in ensuring that adequate facilities are provided to enhance the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programmes.

Meysell Gazo

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AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

DRUG REHABILITATION CENTRE, BANGALORE

SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF PUNE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)

Ms. CASSANDRA S. VAZ

PROJECT GUIDE

AR. M. V. TELANG

S.T.E.S’ S SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE , PUNE

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

I N T R O D U C T I O N

D R U G R E H A B I L I T A T I O N C E N T R E, B A N G A L O R E

INTRODUCTION

The use of drugs dates to the ancient

beginning of civilization. In all civilizations,

drugs have been used in many ways,

becoming part of the culture and aiding in its

growth. The history of drug dependence in

India is similar to that of other countries. From

time immemorial, various drugs have been

used for their psychoactive properties and

pleasurable effects. Mentioned in the oldest

Indian religious texts (such as Vedas), somras

is generally believed to be alcohol or a similar.

The mid 70s were the "heyday" of many drugs

of abuse including nicotine, marijuana, and

amphetamines. Had these trends continued,

rather than shift downward for the last

decade, we would today see exponentially

higher health care and education costs,

unemployment, and crime.

DRUG ADDICTION

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease,

characterized by compulsive drug seeking

and use, and by neurochemical and molecular

changes in the brain. Drug abusers gradually

spend more and more time and energy

obtaining and using the drug. Once they are

addicted, the drug abusers' primary purpose

in life becomes seeking and using drugs.

Drug dependence is a preventable and

treatable disease, and effective prevention

and treatment interventions are available. The

best results are achieved when a

comprehensive multidisciplinary approach

which includes diversified pharmacological

and psychosocial interventions is available to

respond to different needs.

DEMAND OF SUBJECT

Estimates indicate that there are around

15,000,000 drug addicts in India. However,

crime associated with drugs is relatively less in

Bangalore, with only 14% of drug users in

Bangalore involved in crime as against 67%

and 61% in Kolkata and Mumbai respectively.

Increased opiate use nationwide has had an

impact on the drug scene in the city. Bangalore

East is fast emerging as a den of drug

trafficking and increasingly, so are Bangalore

South and Central Bangalore. The city is a

conduit for drug trafficking to Vizag, Tuticorin,

Cochin, and even Sri Lanka and other parts of

the world. However, in just the last one year,

cases of drug abuse have increased

phenomenally among the youth of Bangalore,

specifically between the age group of 19-25

The proposal of drug rehabilitation in Bangalore

makes a lot of sense as it can reform the

general image of metropolitan cities in India.

Also, even though drug addiction is a major

crisis in the city, de-addiction centres operate at

a very small scale and in a very isolated clinical

environment, and thus a pressing need for

extensive facilities exists.

SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT

There are 2 aspects to this project:

•The aspect of Study: Inter-relationship with

architecture and its psychological influences will

be the point of focus in the study - such as

(i) on the psychological experience of a space,

(ii) the foundations of human

interaction with the physical world

(iii) basic human needs satisfied through

place design

(iv) human reaction to static elements.

(v) predominant activity and the design of

physical environment and (vi) the integrated

applications of psychology-based place

design principles.

• The aspect of Design: To bring a new

approach to treatment and rehabilitation

(largely lacking at present) as per the study

conducted. The project will attempt to ensure

interaction of people with their surroundings to

symbolise a new lease of life, breaking away

from the usual isolated clinical environment. A

detailed study on each programme of this

project shall be done to arrive at a new and

improved approach in terms of design. The

design and detail of space between buildings

will be another point of focus. Finally, to utilize

the opportunity to do justice to my study in

creating a center for healing the disturbed

body, mind and soul of the inhabitants.

Babies exposed to legal and illegal drugs in

the womb may be born premature and

underweight. This drug exposure can slow the

child's intellectual development and affect

behavior later in life.

Adolescents who abuse drugs often act out,

do poorly academically, and drop out of

school. They are at risk of unplanned

pregnancies, violence, and infectious

Adults who abuse drugs often have problems

thinking clearly, remembering, and paying

attention. They often develop poor social

behaviors as a result of their drug abuse, and

their work performance and personal

relationships suffer.

Parents' drug abuse often means chaotic,

stress-filled homes and child abuse and

neglect. Such conditions harm the well-being

and development of children in the home and

may set the stage for drug abuse in the next

generation.

REASONS FOR USE OF DRUGS

In general, people begin taking drugs for a

variety of reasons:

• To feel good.

Most abused drugs produce intense feelings

of pleasure. This initial sensation of euphoria

is followed by other effects, which differ with

the type of drug used. For example, with

stimulants such as cocaine, the "high" is

followed by feelings of power, self-confidence,

and increased energy. In contrast, the

euphoria caused by opiates such as heroin is

followed by feelings of relaxation and

satisfaction.

• To feel better.

Some people who suffer from social anxiety,

stress-related disorders, and depression

begin abusing drugs in an attempt to lessen

feelings of distress. Stress can play a major

role in beginning drug use, continuing drug

abuse, or relapse in patients recovering from

• To do better.

The increasing pressure that some individuals

feel to chemically enhance or improve their

athletic or cognitive performance can similarly

play a role in initial experimentation and

continued drug abuse.

•Curiosity and pressure

In this respect adolescents are particularly

vulnerable because of the strong influence of

peer pressure; they are more likely, for

example, to engage in "thrilling" and "daring"

Infant Child Teen Adult Older Adult

Drug abuse starts early and peaks in teen years

At first, people may perceive what seem to be

positive effects with drug use. They also may

believe that they can control their use; however,

drugs can quickly take over their lives. Consider

how a social drinker can become intoxicated,

put himself behind a wheel and quickly turn a

pleasurable activity into a tragedy for him and

others. Over time, if drug use continues,

pleasurable activities become less pleasurable,

and drug abuse becomes necessary for

abusers to simply feel "normal."

Drug abusers reach a point where they seek

and take drugs, despite the tremendous

problems caused for themselves and their loved

ones. Some individuals may start to feel the

need to take higher or more frequent doses,

even in the early stages of their drug use.

DRUGABUSE- VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOUR?

The initial decision to take drugs is mostly

voluntary. However, when drug abuse takes

over, a person's ability to exert self control

can become seriously impaired.

Brain imaging studies from drug-addicted

individuals show physical changes in areas of

the brain that are critical to judgment,

decision-making, learning and memory, and

behavior control.

DRUG ADDICTION- NOT COMMON

As with any other disease, vulnerability to

addiction differs from person to person. In

general, the more risk factors an individual

has, the greater the chance that taking drugs

will lead to abuse and addiction. "Protective"

factors reduce a person's risk of developing

FACTORS DETERMINING ADDICTION

No single factor determines whether a person

will become addicted to drugs. The overall

risk for addiction

is impacted by the biological makeup of the

individual—it can even be influenced by

gender or ethnicity, his or her developmental

stage, and the surrounding social

environment (e.g., conditions at home, at

school, and in the neighborhood).

DRUG ADDICTION IN INDIA

Drug addiction is becoming a major health

problem in India with some estimates

indicating that as many as 15 million people in

India could become addicts by the end of

2004. Link between drug abuse and crime is

well established but recently the association

between drug addiction and HIV/AIDS has

been a prime concern for health authorities in

India. A significant recent shift in drug use

patterns in India is the move from smoking to

injecting drug use

Peeping through this panoramic devastating

consequences happening in metropolitan

society, artist of film and fashion, working

bachelors of IT sector and youth of

educational hubs. This problem is too serious

in rural areas with same depth.futurustic India

need to more concentrate on few strategically

point regarding this such as drug reduction

strategy which is divided into two points such

as supply reduction and demand reduction.

Supply reduction falls under the purview of

the enforcement agencies. The demand

reduction strategy is under the domain of

social sector. Ministry of Social Justice &

Empowerment in the Government of India is

responsible for implementation of demand

reduction activities in the country.

AWARENESS & PREVENTIVE EDUCATION

bookmarks etc

•Awareness generation programmers in varied

community settings including village Panchayat,

schools etc.

•Developing and mounting of exhibition

highlighting aspects such as myths &

misconception about drugs;

•signs & symptoms; early detection &

intervention; tips to addicts, teachers, parents,

peers; services and Facilities available for

counseling, treatment & rehabilitation etc.

• Creation &airing of Audio/Video spots/

programmers.

•Publication of Newsletter and Journal.

DRUG REHABILITATION STRATEGY

The basic objective of the strategy is to

empower the society and the community to deal

with the problem of drug abuse. Therefore, the

approach is to recognize drug abuse as a

psycho-socio medical problem, which can be

best handled through community based

interventions at three different levels.

Primary Prevention - Keeping healthy by

encouraging drug abstinence and alcohol

moderation.

Secondary Prevention -Facilitating the process

of behavior change of high-risk individuals by

themselves; early Identification of troubled

people; counseling and early assistance.

female, drinks a beverage made from

cannabis leaves and dry fruits. Opium has

traditionally been used as a tranquilliser for

children (Charles et. al., 1994). Chewing betel

nuts with the leaf of the betel tree and lime

paste was a habit adopted from childhood

onwards; its preparation occupied a central

position in ritual and social life (World Drug

Report,1997). Cultural use of alcohol has

been also known in some tribal populations.

Chewing tobacco in the form of a wad kept in

the mouth is still common practice among

many, including women, especially from the

lower socio-economic strata.

TREATMENT ON DRUG ADDICTION

Counseling individual and/or group and other

behavioral therapies are the most commonly

used forms of drug abuse treatment.

Behavioral therapies vary in their focus and

may involve addressing a patient’s motivation

to change, providing incentives for

abstinence, building skills to resist drug use,

replacing drug-using activities with

constructive and rewarding activities,

improving problem solving skills, and

facilitating better interpersonal relationships.

Also, participation in group therapy and other

peer support programs during and following

treatment can help maintain abstinence.

There are 7 basic types of therapies, namely,

•Counseling, treatment and rehabilitation.

•Capacity building of service providers.

•For Building awareness and educating

people about ill effects of drug abuse the

preventive education efforts include:

•Preparation and dissemination of

Information, Education and Communication

(IEC) materials such as leaflets, brochures,

Tertiary Prevention - Treatment, rehabilitation

and reintegration of recovering addicts into the

mainstream.

DRUG ABUSE AMONG WOMEN IN INDIA

Traditional use of various kinds of drugs by

women is not unknown in many parts of India.

During Shivaratri and Holi, everyone, male and

•Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

•Community Reinforcement Approach Plus

•Contingency

Interventions/Motivational Incentives

•Group therapy

•Music therapy

•Recreational therapy

•Physical therapy

COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

(Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine,

Methamphetamine, Nicotine)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy was developed

as a method to prevent relapse when treating

problem drinking, and later was adapted for

cocaine-addicted individuals. Cognitivebehavioral

strategies are based on the theory

that learning processes play a critical role

in the development of maladaptive behavioral

patterns. Individuals learn to identify and

correct problematic behaviors by applying a

range of different skills that can be used to

stop drug abuse and to address a range of

other problems that often co-occur with it.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy generally

consists of a collection of strategies intended

to enhance self-control. Specific techniques

include exploring the positive and negative

consequences of continued use, selfmonitoring

to recognize drug cravings early on

and to identify high risk situations for use, and

developing strategies coping with and avoiding

high-risk situations and the desire to use. A

central element of this treatment is anticipating

likely problems and helping patients develop

effective coping strategies.

COMMUNITY REINFORCEMENT

(Alcohol, Cocaine)

Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA)

Plus Vouchers is an intensive 24-week

outpatient therapy for treatment of cocaine and

alcohol addiction. The treatment goals are

twofold: To maintain abstinence long enough

for patients to learn new life skills to help

sustain it To reduce alcohol consumption for

patients whose drinking is associated with

cocaine use Patients attend one or two

individual counseling sessions each week,

where they focus on improving family relations,

learning a variety of skills to minimize drug use,

receiving vocational counseling, and developing

new recreational activities and social networks.

Those who also abuse alcohol receive clinicmonitored

disul firam (Antabuse) therapy.

Patients submit urine samples two or three

times each week and receive vouchers for

cocaine negative samples. The value of the

vouchers increases with consecutive clean

samples. Patients may exchange vouchers for

retail goods that are consistent with a cocainefree

lifestyle. This approach facilitates patients’

engagement in treatment and systematically

aids them in gaining substantial periods of

cocaine abstinence. The approach has been

tested in urban and rural areas and in

outpatient treatment of opioid-addicted adults

and with inner-city methadone maintenance

patients with high rates of intravenous cocaine

CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT

(Alcohol, Stimulants, Opioids,Marijuana,

Research has demonstrated the effectiveness

of treatment approaches using contingency

management principles, which involve giving

patients in drug treatment the chance to earn

low-cost incentives in exchange for drug-free

urine samples. These incentives include prizes

given immediately or vouchers exchangeable

for food items, movie passes,

and other personal goods. Studies conducted in

both methadone programs and psychosocial

counseling treatment programs demonstrate

that incentive-based

interventions are highly effective in increasing

treatment retention and promoting abstinence

from drugs.50 Some concerns have been

raised that a prize-based contingency

management intervention could promote

gambling—as it contains an element of

chance—and that pathological gambling and

substance use disorders can be comorbid.

However, studies have shown no differences in

gambling over time between those assigned

to the contingency management conditions

and those in the usual care groups, indicating

that this prize-based contingency management

procedure did not promote gambling behavior.

GROUP THERAPY

Group therapy is defined as the five-week

program-is designed keeping in view the

emotional, cognitive and awareness levels of

It helps patient face their drug problem

realistically ,come to learn its realistic harmful

consequences and boost their motivation to

stay drug free. Patient learn solve their

emotional and interpersonal problem without

restoring drugs.

MUSIC THERAPY

Music has soothing effect on mind .it has been

known to strengthen the ability to concentrate

and complete given task. It built team spirit and

helps alleviate agitation, sleep disturbances

and mood swing. It reinforces the idea that

person gain pleasure without restoring the

substance abuse.

RECREATIONAL THERAPY

It helps to patient engage in sports activity

such as indoor and outdoor games.

PHYSICAL THERAPY

It helps to patient engage in yoga , physical

exercises which helps for detoxifying toxic

elements in body.

DRUG CASES IN INDIA

In a pre-dawn raid on a rave party allegedly

organized by suspected international drug

peddlers at village Donaje, 40 km from here,

250 youths, including 27 girls and seven

foreigners, were arrested. "In Sunday's raid,

which comes close on the heels of three

similar operations, seven foreigners from

Germany, Iran and Palestine have also been

arrested,'' Superintendent of Police Vishwas

Nagare Patil said.

Rahul Mahajan, son of slain Bharatiya Janata

Party leader Pramod Mahajan, who was

arrested by the Delhi police under the Narcotic

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act here

on Monday, was sent to 14-day judicial custody

by a local court on Thursday.

In a bizarre incident in the wee hours today, a

drunken woman rammed her Honda CRV car

into two bikes and then a police jeep, killing

two people and injuring four others. One

person died on the spot, while another one

succumbed to his injuries in the hospital.

The 27-year-old woman was identified as

Nooriya Haveliwala, who is a beautician by

profession. She was reportedly driving the car

under the influence of alcohol and lost control

over her car and hit the police jeep and bike at

Marine Drive in south Mumbai.

While 35-year-old Afzal Kanojia died on the

spot, Sub-Inspector Dinanathh Shinde died in

the hospital. Four other constables are injured

and being treated in the hospital. The accused,

Nooriya Haveliwala, who is a resident of

Colaba in South

Mumbai, was arrested.

The. medical tests

detected 457 ml of

alcohol in her blood.

Anything over 50ml

comes under the

category of high

consumption. She has been booked for

culpable homicide not amounting to murder,

causing grievous hurt, and rash and negligent

C A S E S T U D I E S

MUKTANGAN REHAB CENTRE, PUNE

CLIENT: Mr. Muktangan Mitra

ARCHITECTS: Beri Architects & Engineers

DESIGN TEAM: Shirish Beri, Sikander

Nadaph, Prabhakar Karambalkar

BUILT UP AREA: 1660 sq.m.

On alandi road behind the R.T.O. about

about 6km from Pune station. Amidst a quite

residential locality, its accessed by a by

lane, which physically isolates it from the

main areas.

Late Dr. Anita Awachat & Dr Anil Kwacha found

this center on 26th august 1986. For 3 years

since then, Muktangan and the central institute

of mental health and research jointly

administered it. Subsequently the authorities

realized the need to grant Muktangan the

autonomy and so since 1989 Muktangan

Rehabilitation Center functions independently.

The new building for Muktangan was built in

1999 by Ar. Shirish Beri.

Muktangan provides a 35 days treatment

program with aftercare and day care facilities. It

charges Rs. 6000 for the 35 days program,

which doesn’t include detoxification ward. It

caters for 100 male & 15 female patients. They

follow strict discipline concerning the family

meetings and security. A patient once admitted is

not allowed to go out of the institute before his

treatment is completed.

DESIGN CONCEPT

•Design a building that would have

therapeutic value, contributing to the healing

process of drug addicts where balance was

stuck between sense of freedom and

disciplinary control.

•The design unifying the transparency

becomes expressive of this freedom and

increase in physical and visual interaction

,thereby reducing isolated alienated feeling.

•The transparency, the cutouts, the balconies

and seating areas encourage the patient to

•Inward looking form with controlled visual

exposure with exterior. By means of terraces

and windows.

•Terraces and balconies are most happening

spaces in entire design.

C A S E S T U D I E S 1

- M U K T A N G A N

ARCHITECTS THOUGHT

To create spaces which help in bringing a

man closer to nature, its beauty and

harmony, therefore enhancing human

interaction and reducing alien spaces ,such

that it balances a sense of freedom .

RESIDENTIAL AREA

MIX LANDUSE

REASONS FOR SELECTION

Apart from being the first drug rehabilitation

centre in Maharashtra since 1989, it is also the

only centre which is completely “nicofree”. It also

has a variety of land use around it, which doesn’t

completely isolate itself from the city. Lastly it

has a good amount of open space inside the

vicinity of the centre .

•Physical interaction carried by amphitheater,

terraces act as medium for visual interaction.

thereby reducing isolated alienated feeling.

Muktangan institute comprises of a very tight

and introvert planning. An amphitheatre is

centrally located with the counseling rooms

and the waiting area located radially around it.

ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS:

The institute is built on a site area of 1.5 acres

with a built-up of 1660sq.mts. It is a Sloping

site with black cotton soil, A dry nala is

located on the south side of the site. The site

slopes towards the nala.

with a built-up of 1660sq.mt on ground floor.

Site is sloping towards nalla which is at west

ORIENTATION

Building is place diagonally with east–west

orientation.

ACCESS ROAD

East corner width : 6.00 m wide

Type : Arterial

IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS

North-east :6.00 m wide Arterial access road.

South east: residential plot.

South west:Nala.

North west: residential plot.

Residential

6.00 m wide road

Vehicular circulation

Pedestrian circulation

Semi public spaces and private spaces trap

between service area and public spaces.

Because of that they didn’t provide service

vehicular axis till service area

Private spaces such as residential facilities

and library, gymnasium. Has view of greenery

which flourished in bank of nala, and rare part

of site itself.

EXISTING LANDUSE

Site: residential

Surroundings: residential.

PHYSICAL FEATURE

Geology :black cotton soil

Vegetation: existing plantation on south-west

SITING OF THE BUILDING

Building is oriented diagonally east-west

6.00 m Wide road

•Most important part of the Muktangan

Therapeutic Model.

•Groups are formed on the basis of date of

•Likewise any given moment they have five

groups. Experience says that this pattern of

group formation is the crux of recovery

process. During first week many of them feel

homesick and are in denial and even find it

difficult to cope up with the fact of being

admitted to a center.

•The emotional cohesiveness works well in

the process of recovery.

•Just like defense staff or college students,

Muktangan graduates proudly call each other

"batch-mates".

•The five-week program-is designed keeping

in view the emotional, cognitive and

awareness levels of friends.

CLIMATE COMPACTIBILITY

•Courtyard planning is most suited for Pune

climate and provides pleasant outdoor

environment while improving indoor comfort.

•External wall are cladded with composite

stone masonry, which serves as thermal

insulation for entire building.

•Flying buttress and shading devices are use

for protection form solar radiation.

Administration /Consultancy

Psychiatrist /social worker

Exhibition hall

Dining hall

General ward

Service areas

CONSULTANCY

GENERAL WARD

•Muktangan runs like a school.

•Shifting of wards represents graduation

towards drug rehabilitation and better

•The nala isnt flaunted .

•Lots of interactive places which serves as

physical and visual interaction with people

and nature. Since building plays important

role in therapeutic process.

•Zoning is clinically apt for the patients.

•Only 4 car parks are provided. No proper

service vehicular movement is provided.

•More facilities for female patients should be

•No backup for emergency patients.

C A S E S T U D I E S 1 - M U K T A N G A N

LIGHT & VENTILATION

•Courtyard planning is simple design strategy

that enhances daylight arability in every room.

•Building is oriented on east west axis for

better light and ventilation.

•Natural lighting is extensively used from east

and west side by providing cut out and

•Building is porous on east-west axis,

because of this good light and ventilation is

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

•Entire structure is made up of RCC frame

structure ,wrapped in stone composite wall

from outside.

•Courtyard is shaded indirect light most of

the time, because of that people can use

courtyard most of time in day for interaction

and dining too.

KRIPA CENTRE, PUNE

BUILT UP AREA

•1930 sq.m.

•Kripa foundation is located on the

foothills, on Sinhgad road.

•Sits amidst residential areas in quite locality

,away from the hustle bustle of the main

•Situated amidst lot of greenery with an open

space Total area approx 5.7 acres.

•Established in 1999 working in the field of

deaddiction and HIV, by Fr. Joe Pereira.

•Unlike majority of deaddiction centers, No

lock and Key staying arrangement for patients

Kripa Pune.

•Rarely available, facility to treat Female

•Site is sloping towards north side

•Building is placed parallel on south-west side

of site on south-east to north-west axis.

south-west side

Width 3.oo m wide road

Artificial canal

Residential area

Road Artificial canal Road

SURROUNDING

South-east : access road

South-west : artificial canal

North-west: residential development

North-east: residential development

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Geology : black cotton soil

Natural features: Taljai hills on south side

•Central spine segregates private spaces with

semi-public spaces and public spaces.

•Pubic and semi-public spaces are located

on the other side of spine in stagger manner.

So that privacy is not interrupted.

•Public and semi public spaces are on ground

floor for easy access.

•Private spaces are located on upper floor.

•This institute is low-rise structure

•Built masses and open spaces are

connected with central spine formed good

intermediate spaces.

•Spine plays important role in binding all

•Residential spaces are oriented towards

north side for better light.

•kitchen and service spaces are oriented

towards south side.

C A S E S T U D I E S 2 – K R I P A

VOLUMETRIC ARRANGEMENT:

•Single story

•All about +ve & -ve spaces bound together

with central spine.

•Built masses shows positive spaces .

•Open courtyard shows negative spaces.

•90 days residential treatment .

•Very reasonable and probably the lowest fee

•Uses Non-Chemical approach to chemical

dependency.

•Comprises of Alcoholic Anonymous 12 step

program with Yoga, meditation and other

•Rehabilitation support for recovering addicts.

•Emphasis on transformation in life-style of

•It does not include a detoxification ward.

• It caters for 30 male and 30 female patients.

CIRCULATION

•Central spine is major artery for circulation.

•All spaces are directly open on central spine.

Which is semi open space.

•Main entrance situated on the L junction of two

Adjacent walls, which is vary difficult to find out .

CLIMATE COMPACTIBILITY:

•Moderate Pune climate allows this design to

LIGHT AND VENTILATION

•Good integration with indoor and outdoor which

results better light and ventilation conditions.

Administration

Ladies ward

kitchen + store

Community hall

•Extrovert planning where spaces where

central spine with built forms and open

•Reception and dining hall is starting point of

central spine.

•Male and female dormitories are separated

by a small herbal garden.

•A common hall is located in between both

these dormitories, which consist chapel.

•A small library is also provided here. Roof

plan shows alternate courtyards with sloping

•KripaPune centre has introduced Music as

an adjunct to the regular Kripa programme.

• Music has a soothing effect on the mind.

•It has been known to strengthen the ability to

concentrate and complete a given task. It

builds team spirit and helps alleviate agitation,

sleep disturbances and mood swings.

•At Kripa, Pune a two-hour music therapy

programme is scheduled every week.

•It involves vocal and instrumental

performances in a group or individually by the

clients. Instruments such as harmonium, drum

set, guitar, mouth organ, flute, bongo and

dholki available at the centre are used.

• The facilitator is often a popular music

director of Marathi films, Mr. Shrirang Umrani.

•The session is concluded with meditation.

FREEDOM FOUNDATION, BANGALORE

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

Vernacular human scale

Hennur Bagalur road, Bangalore

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

Centralized

•Centralized (Centre Court)

LIGHT & VENTILATION:

•Dark and dingy.

• No ventilation. Cleanliness can be improved.

•Spaces are detached from one another.

•So proper balance in built and unbuilt

C A S E S T U D I E S 3 – F R E

E D O M F O U N D A T I O N

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

•No proper furniture arrangement, as its

clustered along the periphery of the wall.

BUILT SPACES

UNBUILT SPACES (GREEN)

UNBUILT SPACES (OPEN)

Exteriors: Dark & Light Brown

Interiors: walls-Blue (relaxing) Flooring-red &

grey (stimulating & relaxing)

C O M P A R A T I V E A N A L Y S I S

MUKTANGAN KRIPA FREEDOM CONCLUSION

•It is accessed by a by lane, which

physically isolates it from the main

areas of the locality. And major

traffic artery.

Area: 1.5 acres

Built up area: 1660 sq.m.

foothills, on Sinhgad road.7.00 km

from swargate bus stop.

Area: 5.7 acres

Built up area: 1930 sq.m.

•Freedom foundation is location on the

Hennur bagalur highway, which is

located in a commercial area where

there is a school, a missionary, etc.

Built up area: 505 sq.m.

•Proposed site should be in outskirts of

main city, free from noise and in the lap

•But not in a totally isolated zone.

•Rehabilitation center is suppose to be

well integrated with landscape and

open space.

•Site area must be large.

•Extra space must be left incase of

Hierarchy of privacy is maintain in

site planning

Central spine segregates private

spaces with semi-public spaces and

public spaces.

Placed on the periphery of the site.

•Design concept is based on

•Interactive spaces

•Good integration outdoor.

•Hierarchy of privacy.

•Controlled circulation

GROUND COVERAGE

SITE PLANNING

Open Space, 65%

Ground Coverage,

•Hierarchy of privacy is maintain in

Open Space, 67%

•Central spine segregates private

Open Space, 54%

•The minimun ground coverage to be

obtained should be 40% while the

maximun ground coverage obtained

should be 60%.

•Simultaneously care should be taken

to maintain the open space where the

minimum open space should be f0% or

a maximum of 60%.

•Placed on the periphery of the site. •Site planning should be done

according with need of spaces.

•With maintaining hierarchy of privacy.

CIRCULATION PATTERN

•Radial circulation pattern and

courtyard plays important role in

binding entrance lobby with various

•Central spine is major artery for

circulation.

•All spaces are directly open on

central spine. Which is semi open

•All entry is done from the central

•Volume of rehabilitation spaces is

should more transparent.

• Because process of rehabilitation

need more interactive spaces.

LIGHT & VENTILATION VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

This building is amalgamation of

additive and subtractive forms.

Courtyard planning is simple design

strategy that enhances daylight

arability in every room.

Positive and negative spaces are

arrange in staggered manner

Good integration with indoor and

outdoor which results better light and

ventilation conditions.

Simple form in a c shaped manner.

Not much light and ventilation. due to

excess of furniture in the room, tends

to get very stuffy.

•Controlled circulation is necessity of

rehabilitation spaces.

•Binding medium plays important role

in entire design.

•Muktangan runs like school.

•Shifting of wards is represents

graduation towards drug

rehabilitation and better lifestyle.

•Group therapy is model of this

rehabilitation center.

•Lots of interactive places which

serves as physical and visual

interaction with people and nature.

•Since building plays important role

in therapeutic process.

•This institute is work on principles of

total willingness.

•Unlike majority of deaddiction

•No lock and Key staying

arrangement for Patients Kripa Pune,

from day one is providing, otherwise

rarely available, facility to treat

Female patients.

•Freedom foundation runs in

compacted single storied structure

which is not built properly for

rehabilitation process.

S I T E A N A L Y S I S

•The site is situated on the south of Bangalore

situated alongside Bangalore's Development

Area Zone (BDA).

INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY

•It’s the capital of the Indian state of

Karnataka and is nicknamed “The Garden

City” and was once called a “Pensioner's

•As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the

list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta

World City“.

•Today as a large city and growing metropolis,

Bangalore is home to many of the most wellrecognized

colleges and research institutions

•Numerous public sector heavy industries,

software companies, aerospace,

telecommunications, and defence

organisations are located in the city.

•Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of

India because of its position as the nation's

leading IT exporter.

•A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is a

major economic and cultural hub and the fastest

growing major metropolis in India.

•Located on the Deccan Plateau in the southeastern

part of Karnataka.

• Bangalore is India's third most populous city

and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration.

POPULATION & DENSITY

•5,438,065 (2011)

•7,665 /km2 (19,852 /sq mi)

•Tropical savanna climate, with distinct wet

and dry seasons.

•Due to its high elevation, moderate climate

throughout the year, with occasional heat

Graph showing sunset, sunrise,dawn, & dusk times

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

•Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South

Indian state of Karnataka, in the heart of the

Mysore Plateau.

•Latitude: +12.97 (12°58'12"N)

•Longitude: +77.56 (77°33'36"E)

•Time zone: UTC+5:30 hours

•The topology of Bangalore is flat except for a

central ridge running NNE-SSW.

Graph showing min,., avg., and max. temp, wet days avg wind speed, relative humidity,

precipitation, avg sunlight hours.

Overall the climate of bangalore is moderately

extreme and humidity is relatively low.

•The purpose for the macro climatic reseacrh

is to design a environmentally responsive and

adaptive structure.

ARCHITECTURE

WHY BANGALORE?

WHY ARE YOUTH THE HARDEST HIT?

•Reveals a variety of design influences from

around the globe.

•Elizabethan palaces, Victorian gardens,

Mogul masjids, Dravidian temples and

European churches, and some times a blend

of all these styles can be seen in one artifact.

•E.g.: Vidhana Soudha. Built in 1957

according to the styles dictated by K.

Hanumanthiah. It reveals characteristic

features of British, Dravidian, and Indo-Islamic

architecture. Its Gol Gumbaz like dome

supported on long columns, the sun symbol at

the center on the top level, its Indo-Saracenic

inner quadrangle, altogether make this one of

the most arresting monument in Bangalore.

•The Bangalore palace is another artifact

showing a remarkable influence of

Elizabethan England. Its Gothic windows,

trefoil ventilators, battlements,, turrets, and

the green gardens, make it a charming

English edifice.

•The Bangalore Club and The Residency or

the Raj Bhavan are typical of Colonial

architecture. The wings and rooms were

specially built in Tudor style. The Italian

flooring designed for the Ball room is a must

•The Colonial influence can also be seen in

the numerous churches which have become a

part of the spiritual and architectural heritage

of Bangalore.

•The St. Mary's Basilica, the Trinity, and St.

Marks church are influenced by the French,

the Gothic, or the British.

•With each passing year, Bangaloreans from all

walks of life risk turning into addicts with the

changing landscape of the society.

•If figures are to be believed, substance abuse

is slowly gaining ground in the city.

• So far this year, 2,800 patients have walked

into NIMHANS seeking help to fight their inner

•In the last one year, cases of drug abuse have

increased phenomenally among the youth of

Bangalore, specifically between the age group

of 19-25 years.

•Where earlier targets of this evil used to be

only the young people lurking outside college

gates, today at least one out of ten insiders are

getting addicted to drugs, especially marijuana.

•Modern lifestyles

•Both working parents, no quality time hence

compensated with pocket money.

•The longing to live in a fantasy world with

friends and prolonged experimentation lead to

addiction. Although awarness is created

among most youngsters, still the need to

experience the high that a drug gives, it is

only some thatget addicted.

•The main reason is a biological defect that

prevents them from stopping even if they want

DRUG ABUSE MONITORING SYSTEM

Injective Drugs

SITE ANALYSIS

Total area of site: 93866 sq.m.

•Since the site was too large, only a part of it is

going to be used.

Area of actual site : 27248 sq.m.

Wind direction and sun path

PRIVATE SPACES

RESIDENTIAL

PUBLIC SPACES

INFRASTRUCTURE

(Social, Health, Cultural)

•Main use such as administration, education,

facility shall not exceed 35 %of the total land

area with ground coverage of 50 % and FAR

1.50 with height restriction of 27.0 m.

•Residential or support services not

exceeding 20 % of the total land area with GC

of 40 % and FAR of 1.50.

•Sports and cultural activities: shall not

exceed 15 % of the total area with ground

coverage of 10 % and FAR of 0.15.

• Roads, Parks and landscape not less than

15 % of the total area along with suitable

landscape plan.

SURROUNDINGS

HEALTH FACILITIES FOR CHILDREN

METRO STATION

ROAD NETWORK

•An urban forest is present which separates

the site from the surrounding residential

areas.The southern tip is densely wooded

creating a buffer between the Institute for

Chest diseases.

• 3 storey structure within the site built for the

use of the hospital. It is not in use and had

fallen into disrepair. Its construction was

terminated due to lack of funds.

•It flanks the north, with a population of 200 of

which children constitute 30%. The main

source of employment is the various hospitals

•from Jayanagar from the east.

• The site may also be accessed on foot from

the Institute of Chest Diseases campus

•Located within the Indira Gandhi Child Care

Hospital within the NIMHANS campus.

•The land use is commercial, specifically

health care.

ALPINE RESIDENCY

INDHIRA GANDHI HOSPITAL

SANJAY GANDHI INSTITUTE

NIMHANS INSTITUTE

MANTRI GANDHI RESIDENCY

MADHAVAN PARK

ACCESS POINTS

The site has two entry points-one through the

NIMHANS campus on the west, and the other

• The eastern side has many middle-income

group apartments & houses.

•The entry road to the site is not paved even if

it is as wide as 10m.

Indhira Gandhi children's hospital Apline Residency

EXISTING BUILDING

MAIN VEHICULAR ENTRY

PEDESTRIAN ENTRY

Nimhans institute

Madhavan Park

P R O G R A M M E F O R M U L A T I O N

DRUG REHABILITATION CENTRE

Sr. No. DESCRIPTION

MUKTANGAN KRIPA FOUNDATION FREEDOM FOUNDATION FINAL AREA REQUIREMENT

No. Each Area Total (sq.m) Area (sq.m) No. Each Area Total (sq.m) Area (sq.m) No. Each Area Total (sq.m) Area (sq.m) No. Each Area Total (sq.m) Area (sq.m)

1 ADMINISTRATION

Reception + lobby 1 10 10 1 15 15 1 10 10 1 25 25

Director's Ofiice 1 25 25 1 20 20 1 15 15 1 25 25

Ass. Director's Office - - - 1 25 25 - - - 1 25 25

Office and Accounts 1 40 40 1 35 35 1 20 20 1 50 50

Record room 1 15 15 1 10 10 1 10 10 1 15 15

Utility Room 1 15 15 1 15 15 1 15 15 1 15 15

Conference 1 40 40 1 35 35 - - - 1 50 50

Staff Toilet 1 20 20 1 15 15 1 10 10 1 20 20

Total = 225 sq.m.

2 MEDICATION

Social Workers 2 25 50 1 40 40 3 10 30 3 20 60

Psychiatrists 3 25 75 2 20 40 2 25 50 4 20 80

Doctor's Room 3 20 60 3 20 60 3 20 60 4 20 80

Nurse Station 1 50 50 1 50 50 1 50 50 1 60 60

Detoxification Room - - - - - - - - - 5 15 75

Total = 355 sq.m.

3 RESIDENTIAL

Male Wards 4 100 400 2 100 200 1 120 120 15 100 1500

Toilets 4 30 120 2 25 50 2 30 60 15 30 450

Female Wards 1 100 100 2 100 200 1 120 120 5 100 500

Toilets 1 30 30 2 25 50 2 30 60 5 30 150

Total = 2600 sq.m.

4 MOTIVATION & THERAPY

Therapy Hall 2 100 200 - - - - - - 7 100 700

Library 1 100 100 - - - - - - 1 100 100

Staff Room 1 50 50 - - - - - - 1 50 50

Total = 850 sq.m.

5 RECREATION

Gymnasium - - - - - - - - - 1 150 700

Yoga - - - - - - - - - 1 150 100

Meditation Hall - - - - - - - - - 1 200 50

Amphitheatre 1 150 150 - - - - - - 1 200 200

Total = 1050 sq.m.

Dining Hall 1 100 100 2 130 260 1 50 50 2 200 400

Kitchen - - - 1 35 35 1 45 45 1 100 100

Pantry - - - 1 35 35 1 45 45 1 50 50

Laundry - - - - - - - - - 1 70 70

Total = 620 sq.m.

6 STAFF QUARTERS

1 BHK - - - - - - - - - 4 80 320

2 Bedded Rooms - - - - - - - - - 2 30 60

4 Bedded Rooms - - - - - - - - - 4 40 160

Total = 540 sq.m.

Total Area = 6225 sq.m.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTRE

HOD Office - - - - - - - - - 1 25 25

Office and Accounts - - - - - - - - - 1 25 25

Staff Toilet - - - - - - - - - 1 20 20

Total = 70 sq.m.

2 ACADEMICS

Workshops - - - - - - - - - 4 100 400

Store - - - - - - - - - 3 50 150

Toilets - - - - - - - - - 2 25 50

Total = 600 sq.m.

3 EXHIBITION HALL 1 150 150 1 100 100 - - - 2 100 200

Total = 200 sq.m.

Total Area = 870 sq.m.

REGIONAL RESOURCES & TRAINING

Project Manager - - - - - - - - - 1 20 20

Conference - - - - - - - - - 1 25 25

Staff Toilets - - - - - - - - - 1 50 50

Total = 120 sq.m.

2 RESIDENTIAL

Gents 4 bedded rooms - - - - - - - - - 5 40 200

Ladies 4 bedded rooms - - - - - - - - - 5 40 200

Total = 400 sq.m.

3 ACADEMICS

Classrooms - - - - - - - - - 4 50 200

Canteen - - - - - - - - - 1 100 100

Pantry - - - - - - - - - 1 30 30

Store - - - - - - - - - 1 50 50

Total = 180 sq.m.

Total Area = 900 sq.m.

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA = 6225 + 870 + 900 = 7995 sq.m.

TOTAL AREA = 25% walls ,CIRCULATION + 7995 sq.m. = 9993.75 sq.m.

C O N C E P T S

“M U S I C” to the soul is what food is to the body

RYHTHMIC ARCHITECTURE

Why music ?

•When an addict enters a drug rehab, their spirit and body and in constant need of support and

Psycological and

emotional damages

4 ELEMENTS of

Heart beat and

An over-excited mind and

cheers up a dejected

•Greek meaning – timely flow

•It can be simple or complicated

•It organizes music

•It’s a timed movement through space

•Gasoline of music

•Everybody knows what rhythm means in

music. To be clear: rhythm is the pattern of

musical movement through time formed by

a series of notes differing in duration and

•In Architecture, rhythm can not only be

seen in surface patterns, but also in the

deco in the space of interiors spatial

progression.

•Eq. a barn, its devoid of rhythm because

there isn't enough in there to establish a

• Apartments ion the Slovenian coast were

designed to mimic the rhythmic structure of

honeycomb, the layout creates “dynamic

height and offers privacy to the neighboring

•Repeated double conic fabric bays set up a

rhythmic beat for the Rosa Parks Transit

•In MNBAQ, building form is a rhythmic

response to light and structure, a series of

monumental shells that are at once

transparent.

C O N C E P T 1

CONCLUSIONS

•The following floor plan illustrates rhythmic interaction in the public spaces of a residence.

Starting at the foyer, moving up the curved stairs to a hall, then into the great room, the vertical

axis demonstrates an “ABA” rhythm. It is important to understand that this a spatial rhythm.

•The two “A” spaces are large, with higher ceilings and a change in floor levels; the “B” space is

relatively narrow, compressed with a lower ceiling.

•One could extend this idea of rhythm to the exterior spaces as well. At the covered patio in the

rear and to the covered entry outside the foyer.

•Since these are both relatively expansive spaces the rhythm could be described as AABAA.

SKYLIGHTS AND LIGHTING :

•Rhythm surrounds us and provides a framework for artistic expression.

•The arches and lights of the Auditorium Theater by Louis Sullivan (Chicago, IL, 1889) illustrate

how the bones of a building all but require a sense of rhythm.

“S P I R I T U A L I T Y “ - Listening between the lines

What is spirituality?

•It’s a higher power which has ultimate or immaterial reality.

•It’s a practice involving meditation, prayer and contemplation.

•In the design of earlier drug rehab centers, spirituality is a 12 step

•With the support of like minded individuals, an inner path enables a

person to discover the essence of their being,

“We cannot solve a spiritual problem with a pharmalogical pill.

Even if a magical pill were developed to cure addiction,

patients would still have to make the choice to take it.”

-William , B., 2002

Why spirituality?

•Creates pleasing, soul satisfying spaces.

•Spiritual connection with nature.( by the use of natural materials

which are inherently nontoxic and timeless)

•Strong connections with natural elements of earth.

•The feeling when you enter a mosque/church compared to when

you go to a cemetery or a rock concert.

•If the body isn't physically comfortable, then soul will also never be

(like, in Islam, don’t pray if you need to use the toilet).

C O N C E P T 2

• Recommendations

AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROJECT REPORTONDRUG REHABILITATION CENTRE, BANGALORESUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF PUNE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTOFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE GRADUATE DEGREEOFBACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)BYMs. CASSANDRA S. VAZPROJECT GUIDEPROJECT GUIDEAR. M. V. TELANGS.T.E.S’ S SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE , PUNEUNIVERSITY OF PUNE

• Page 2 and 3: I N T R O D U C T I O ND R U G R E
• Page 4 and 5: stress-filled homes and child abuse
• Page 6 and 7: COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY(Alco
• Page 8 and 9: C A S E S T U D I E SD R U G R E H
• Page 10 and 11: ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS:The in
• Page 12 and 13: KRIPA CENTRE, PUNEBUILT UP AREA•1
• Page 14 and 15: FREEDOM FOUNDATION, BANGALOREBUILDI
• Page 16 and 17: MUKTANGAN KRIPA FREEDOM CONCLUSION1
• Page 18 and 19: MUKTANGAN KRIPA FREEDOM CONCLUSION1
• Page 20 and 21: SITECLIMATE1•The site is situated
• Page 22 and 23: SITE ANALYSIS1Total area of site: 9
• Page 24 and 25: P R O G R A M M E F O R M U L A T I
• Page 26 and 27: VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTRESr. No. D
• Page 28 and 29: “M U S I C” to the soul is what
• Page 30: “S P I R I T U A L I T Y “ - Li

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• Call us: 800-REHAB (73422)
• WhatsApp: +971526086800

Wissam, a 60-year-old Dubai-based entrepreneur, had an accident while visiting his home country. He sustained a fracture to the left hip and right femur, which required hospital admission. A well-known local surgeon completed a total left hip replacement and right femur screw fixation; the procedure was followed by a period of rehabilitation. Improper rehabilitation techniques and patient management resulted in a host of problems.

He was confined to his bed and unable to sit, stand, walk or carry out his normal daily activities. After hearing about the Emirates Rehabilitation & Homecare in Dubai, and electing to come to us, transport was arranged directly from the airport to our facility. The multidisciplinary team’s assessment found that his physical incapacity had a very negative impact on both his daily life and state of mind. It was also discovered that following his operative procedures, the right leg was now shorter than the left leg. His psychological state was very disturbed, as he feared he might not walk again; he had also lost hope in the possibility of a recovery. The rehabilitation team immediately recognized the physical potential for recovery, and targeted that in tandem with the patient’s psychological and emotional well being.

A care plan was prepared; interventions began from the first day of admission. Within two weeks of treatment, he was able to get out of bed on his own. With the assistance of the attentive care team, he grew in confidence. He began to concentrate on strengthening and endurance exercises. The constant supervision and encouragement from support staff enhanced his ability to focus on his goals. Corrective action was taken to address the leg defect with a modification to his footwear. As his comfort level improved, he began to stand and walk with the help of a walker; he was jubilant about the progress he was making.

Over the following two weeks, he continued to progress steadily. He was able to stand on his own, walk slowly with a quadripod, and climb up and down a set of 30 steps. Further interventions by therapeutic team members – teaching him activities such as how to safely transfer himself from bed to chair, and getting in and out of a car – helped him regain independence. During his final days at ERHC, he had become totally independent; he was able to carry out all normal daily activities without any assistance, and return to his office based job.

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10 things to remember while designing Rehabilitation Centres

Rehabilitation is the action of restoring someone to health through training and therapy after imprisonment, addictions, injury, and illness. The purpose of rehabilitation is to assist someone to achieve command over all their senses, abilities, and skills that are needed for the healthy functioning of life. Rehabilitation centres work with a structured regime for every patient to help them get back to health. 

Rehabs cater to a variety of patients so it should be universally accessible and gives the respective rehab program to each patient as per the use such as drug abuse, trauma, recuperating from injury, etc. Designing a rehab centre includes understanding the character of spaces , requirements, and most importantly the behavioral psychology of the patients.

Below are some guidelines which you can incorporate while designing any rehabilitation centre.

1. Have a Salutogenic approach to design | Rehabilitation Centres

The theory was proposed by Aaron Antonovsky that focuses on the factors that support human health. A Salutogenic approach in architecture is to simulate the natural recovery of health through psychological stimuli. The design should enhance the patient’s manageability, comprehensibility, and meaningfulness of life. It should incorporate good circulation, open spaces, healing gardens, etc.

A salutogenic model applied in designing Credit Valley Hospital Cancer care facilities can be seen by its large open spaces, easy wayfinding, and nature-inspired form.

2. Home away from home

Spaces should be designed with a familiar and homely atmosphere by implementing materials , textures, accessories, and functions which are found in our homes. The atmosphere is beneficial as it is seen as more friendly and gives a holistic experience to the user. It makes the patient comfortable and reduces the social anxiety that comes with new places.

Subtle, calm colors and ample amount of daylight of the Alpha healing center in Gujarat make it feel like home for patients taking drug addiction treatment. 

3. Biophilic environment help in the healing process | Rehabilitation Centres

Every human tends to seek nature and other forms of life such as plants, animals, landscapes , etc. The design should incorporate greener spaces as it has a positive effect on patients. It may also have animal-assisted intervention such as spaces designed to attract butterflies, birds, etc.

Example- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore has designed healing spaces with roof gardens, cascading greenery, sunken courtyard to make you feel close to nature.

4. Layout of furniture

It plays an important factor in designing a rehabilitation center. The challenge for the architect is to diversify the designed spaces and provide a choice for the patients to decide between social interaction or solitude depending on the circumstances or state of mind.

One Taste Holistic Health Club in China utilizes natural materials such as stone and wood for its interior. It uses niches for private seating and bigger open spaces for social interaction and informal seating layout.

5. Design open-air indoor activity spaces such as courtyards, amphitheaters, etc | Rehabilitation Centres

Courtyards in the Indian context helps in keeping the thermal comfort of the space as well as provide an activity and interaction space for everyone. The spaces must gradually flow from intimate, semi-public then public spaces . Designers must understand the personal and public sphere of patients and work toward the interconnection of it.

Example Muktangan’s amphitheater by Shirish Beri which has an amphitheater in the center of the ward. It enhances the social sphere and gives a protected feeling to the patient where lots of activities can take place without the outside world’s distraction.

6. Focus on the sense of control and manageability by patients

The plan should be easy to navigate and should be patient-friendly. A patient should feel he/she is in control of his environment and life circumstances are very fortifying. The feeling of totally out of control induces anxiety and is disempowering.

Epilepsy residential care home by Atelier Martel is designed with a focus on self-wayfinding and identification of spaces by patients weakened by seizures. The square plan has four courtyards for different functions. The inner corridors have smooth tactile flooring and walls are covered with colorful wool tapestry to give a sense of home and be an identification marker.

7. Create a Sensory experience

The design should incorporate different materials, textures, colors, and spaces which target all five human senses. Reflexology track, healing gardens, water bodies, are some of the examples which benefit different sensory actions.

“A healing Space” designed by 2form architecture is inspired by Japanese design styles. It creates a space that is rejuvenating from the moment you enter. It utilizes organic materials and textures to give a holistic sensory experience of all senses to its patients.

8. Design interactive social spaces | Rehabilitation Centres

Large gathering spaces are needed for educational gatherings, group therapy, and social interaction with family members. The architect should design a variety of exterior and interior social spaces for the patient to use as per their treatment. The interactive environment reduces the feeling of loneliness and fear in the rehabilitation center.

Maggie’s Leeds center by Heatherwick studio explores natural and tactile materials, soft lighting, and a variety of social interaction spaces. Rooftop gardens , multi-level spaces, and diverse seating arrangements give plenty of choice for the patient’s needs.

9. Include modern technology/ simulation areas

Nowadays, with rapid progress in technology, rooms are being designed to enhance the patient’s therapy by giving life simulating virtual experiences. Such rooms sometimes need soundproofing and high ceilings to incorporate the equipment.

For Example, Ottawa Hospital installed state of art virtual simulation screens to help people with a temporary disability to gain strength in walking and social activities.

10. Include different activity spaces | Rehabilitation Centres

Activities such as swimming, gyms, sports facilities should be included in the design so that the patients can entertain themselves in their free time. Rehabilitation is about strengthening the body as well as the spirit of patients through different activities.

• Musholm extension rehabilitation center by AART architects includes a large multipurpose hall with sports facilities for physically disabled people.
• Therapeutic pools designed for La Esperanza School by Fuster + Architects

Nitin Mhapsekar is currently pursuing his undergraduate degree in Architecture. He is upskilling and trying different possibilities for his career. He loves travelling and going on adventures as well as using his leisure time to read fictions, cook and research.

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New ITU case study maps the Moscow ‘smart city’ journey

Moscow reports experience with Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities

A new ITU case study offers an evaluation of Moscow’s progress in meeting the objectives of its ‘smart city’ strategies and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The case study ,  Implementing ITU-T International Standards to Shape Smart Sustainable Cities: The Case of Moscow , was undertaken using the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Sustainable Cities developed by the  United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC) initiativ e .

The ITU case study traces Moscow’s smart city journey from its origins in Moscow’s  Information City  strategy launched in 2011 to its successor the  Smart Moscow 2030  strategy. It highlights the role of Moscow’s Government in coordinating the implementation of a wide array of smart city projects in the city and how these projects have substantially improved the quality of life for city residents. The report assesses Moscow’s smart city performance using U4SSC indicators that measure impact on three dimensions: the economy, environment and society & culture.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a recognized key contributor to the Moscow economy. Building on its strengths and maintaining ICTs as a strategic lever, Moscow has adopted vibrant policies for ICT development and proliferation. These aspects are clearly reflected in the good performance by Moscow, as presented in the report, within the sub-dimensions of “ICT” and “Productivity”.

The case study also serves as a valuable reference point to other cities in Russia and Commonwealth of Independent State countries – as well as to cities around the world pursuing greater efficiency and sustainability. ITU standardization experts responsible for the refinement of the Key Performance Indicators will also find the case study to be valuable.

RELATED: Dubai reports results from implementing ITU’s Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities

“Home to more than 12 million people, Moscow is the largest urban area on the European continent,” said ITU Secretary-General Houlin Zhao. “Considering the size of Moscow and its population, this case study offers a unique set of lessons learned for other cities around the world developing a ‘smart city’ strategy. I commend Moscow’s leaders for their efforts to share these experiences and this knowledge with the international community, towards creating a ‘smart’ world for everyone, everywhere.”

“Moscow has made a rapid smart city journey from 2011 and we are keen on keeping up with the pace. No matter whether it is Moscow, Singapore or Barcelona – every city has the same task to make their residents’ lives enjoyable, safe and comfortable,” said Strategy and Innovations Advisor to the Chief Information Officer of Moscow, Andrey Belozerov. “We are happy to contribute to this research as it is important to develop universal metrics to access city performances all around the world.”

The findings of the case study will feed into the work of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)  Study Group 20 , the expert group leading the development of ITU standards for the Internet of Things and smart cities. These standards assist in optimizing the application of ICTs within smart cities, in addition to supporting efficient data processing and management.

RELATED: New ITU case study shares insight into Singapore’s ‘Smart Nation’ strategy

The findings will also be taken up by the U4SSC initiative, which advocates for public policy to ensure that ICTs, and ICT standards in particular, play a definitive role in the transition to Smart Sustainable Cities. U4SSC also promotes the adoption of international standards in reaching the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the reporting of associated experiences.

The Moscow case study follows prior smart city case studies of Dubai and Singapore. These have made valuable smart cities experiences and knowledge available to other cities around the world. This reporting also solicits feedback that helps cities to refine their smart city strategies.

U4SSC has developed a  ‘Collection methodology for the Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities’  to guide cities in their collection of core data and information necessary to assess  their progress in becoming a Smart Sustainable City. It is supported by 16 United Nations bodies, including ITU, and is open to the participation of all stakeholders interested in driving smart city innovation.

The collaboration encouraged by U4SSC has led more than 50 cities to measure their smart city strategies using the U4SSC’s KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities, which are based on the ITU international standard,  ITU Y.4903/L.1603 “Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities to assess the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals” .

This ITU News story was originally distributed as an ITU press release. For more ITU press releases, see the  ITU Media Centre . 

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Competition on blockchain authentication for digital finance, national e-waste monitor: namibia 2024, connect with itu standards experts at ofc.

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Hot Oceans Worsened Dubai’s Dramatic Flooding, Scientists Say

An international team of researchers found that heavy rains had intensified in the region, though they couldn’t say for sure how much climate change was responsible.

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By Raymond Zhong

Scenes of flood-ravaged neighborhoods in one of the planet’s driest regions stunned the world this month. Heavy rains in the United Arab Emirates and Oman submerged cars, clogged highways and killed at least 21 people. Flights out of Dubai’s airport, a major global hub, were severely disrupted.

The downpours weren’t a total surprise — forecasters had anticipated the storms several days earlier and issued warnings. But they were certainly unusual.

Here’s what to know.

Heavy rain there is rare, but not unheard-of.

On average, the Arabian Peninsula receives a scant few inches of rain a year, although scientists have found that a sizable chunk of that precipitation falls in infrequent but severe bursts, not as periodic showers. These rains often come during El Niño conditions like the ones the world is experiencing now.

U.A.E. officials said the 24-hour rain total on April 16 was the country’s largest since records there began in 1949 . And parts of the nation had already experienced an earlier round of thunderstorms in March.

Oman, with its coastline on the Arabian Sea, is also vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Past storms there have brought torrential rain, powerful winds and mudslides, causing extensive damage.

Global warming is projected to intensify downpours.

Stronger storms are a key consequence of human-caused global warming. As the atmosphere gets hotter, it can hold more moisture, which can eventually make its way down to the earth as rain or snow.

But that doesn’t mean rainfall patterns are changing in precisely the same way across every part of the globe.

In their latest assessment of climate research , scientists convened by the United Nations found there wasn’t enough data to have firm conclusions about rainfall trends in the Arabian Peninsula and how climate change was affecting them. The researchers said, however, that if global warming were to be allowed to continue worsening in the coming decades, extreme downpours in the region would quite likely become more intense and more frequent.

Hot oceans are a big factor.

An international team of scientists has made a first attempt at estimating the extent to which climate change may have contributed to April’s storms. The researchers didn’t manage to pin down the connection precisely, though in their analysis, they did highlight one known driver of heavy rain in the region: above-normal ocean temperatures.

Large parts of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have been hotter than usual recently, in part because of El Niño and other natural weather cycles, and in part because of human-induced warming .

When looking only at El Niño years, the scientists estimated that storm events as infrequent as this month’s delivered 10 percent to 40 percent more rain to the region than they would in a world that hadn’t been warmed by human activities. They cautioned, however, that these estimates were highly uncertain.

“Rainfall, in general, is getting more extreme,” said Mansour Almazroui, a climate scientist at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and one of the researchers who contributed to the analysis.

The analysis was conducted by scientists affiliated with World Weather Attribution, a research collaboration that studies extreme weather events shortly after they occur. Their findings about this month’s rains haven’t yet been peer reviewed, but are based on standardized methods .

The role of cloud seeding isn’t clear.

The U.A.E. has for decades worked to increase rainfall and boost water supplies by seeding clouds. Essentially, this involves shooting particles into clouds to encourage the moisture to gather into larger, heavier droplets, ones that are more likely to fall as rain or snow.

Cloud seeding and other rain-enhancement methods have been tried around the world, including in Australia, China, India, Israel, South Africa and the United States. Studies have found that these operations can, at best, affect precipitation modestly — enough to turn a downpour into a bigger downpour, but probably not a drizzle into a deluge.

Still, experts said pinning down how much seeding might have contributed to this month’s storms would require detailed study.

“In general, it is quite a challenge to assess the impact of seeding,” said Luca Delle Monache, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Dr. Delle Monache has been leading efforts to use artificial intelligence to improve the U.A.E.’s rain-enhancement program.

An official with the U.A.E.’s National Center of Meteorology, Omar Al Yazeedi, told news outlets that the agency didn’t conduct any seeding during the latest storms. His statements didn’t make clear, however, whether that was also true in the hours or days before.

Mr. Al Yazeedi didn’t respond to emailed questions from The New York Times, and Adel Kamal, a spokesman for the center, didn’t have further comment.

Cities in dry places just aren’t designed for floods.

Wherever it happens, flooding isn’t just a matter of how much rain comes down. It’s also about what happens to all that water once it’s on the ground — most critically, in the places people live.

Cities in arid regions often aren’t designed to drain very effectively. In these areas, paved surfaces block rain from seeping into the earth below, forcing it into drainage systems that can easily become overwhelmed.

One recent study of Sharjah , the capital of the third-largest emirate in the U.A.E., found that the city’s rapid growth over the past half-century had made it vulnerable to flooding at far lower levels of rain than before.

Omnia Al Desoukie contributed reporting.

Raymond Zhong reports on climate and environmental issues for The Times. More about Raymond Zhong