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Journal of Forest Research

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Taylor and Francis Ltd.

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13416979, 16107403

1996-1997, 1999-2022

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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

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World Journal of Forest Research(WJFR)

Issn: 2994-5569 | doi: 10.33140/wjfr.

World Journal of Forest Research

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Nastaran Nazariani Professor, Department of Sciences and Forest Engineering Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, IR Iran

World Journal of Forest Research is a peer reviewed, open access scientific journal that publishes research articles, reviews, commentaries, clinical images, short communications, letter to the editor, case reports, conference proceedings in the emerging field of all aspects of forestry. World Journal of Forest Research covers landscape planning, forest education, erosion control, ecosystem ecology, molecular ecology, biodiversity, forest genetics, forest meteorology, tree breeding, forest microbes and new challenges as climate change, etc.

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Following the people and events that make up the research community at Duke

To get a fuller picture of a forest, sometimes research requires a team effort

By Robin Smith

On April 1, 2024

In Animals , Biology , Climate/Global Change , Environment/Sustainability , Field Research , Lemurs

For some people, the word “rainforest” conjures up vague notions of teeming jungles. But Camille DeSisto sees something more specific: a complex interdependent web.

For the past few years, the Duke graduate student has been part of a community-driven study exploring the relationships between people, plants and lemurs in a rainforest in northern Madagascar, where the health of one species depends on the health of others.

Many lemurs, for example, eat the fruits of forest trees and deposit their seeds far and wide in their droppings, thus helping the plants spread. People, in turn, depend on the plants for things like food, shelter and medicines.

But increasingly, deforestation and other disturbances are throwing these interactions out of whack.

DeSisto and her colleagues have been working in a 750,000-acre forest corridor in northeast Madagascar known as the COMATSA that connects two national parks.

The area supports over 200 tree species and nine species of lemurs, and is home to numerous communities of people.

“People live together with nature in this landscape,” said DeSisto, who is working toward her Ph.D. in ecology at the Nicholas School of the Environment.

But logging, hunting and other stressors such as poverty and food insecurity have taken their toll .

Over the last quarter century, the area has lost 14% of its forests, mostly to make way for vanilla and rice.

This loss of wild habitats risks setting off a series of changes. Fewer trees also means fewer fruit-eating lemurs, which could create a feedback loop in which the trees that remain have fewer opportunities to replace themselves and sprout up elsewhere — a critical ability if trees are going to track climate change.

DeSisto and her colleagues are trying to better understand this web of connections as part of a larger effort to maximize forest resilience into an uncertain future.

To do this work, she relies on a network of a different sort .

The research requires dozens of students and researchers from universities in Madagascar and the U.S., not to mention local botanists and lemur experts, the local forest management association, and consultants and guides from nearby national parks, all working together across time zones, cultures and languages.

Together, they’ve found that scientific approaches such as fecal sampling or transect surveys can only identify so much of nature’s interconnected web.

Many lemurs are small, and only active at night or during certain times of year, which can make them hard to spot — especially for researchers who may only be on the ground for a limited time.

To fill the gaps, they’re also conducting interviews with local community members who have accumulated knowledge from a lifetime of living on the land, such as which lemurs like to munch on certain plants, what parts they prefer, and whether people rely on them for food or other uses.

By integrating different kinds of skills and expertise, the team has been able to map hidden connections between species that more traditional scientific methods miss.

For example, learning from the expertise of local community members helped them understand that forest patches that are regenerating after clear-cutting attract nocturnal lemurs that may — depending on which fruits they like to eat — promote the forest’s regrowth.

Research collaborations aren’t unusual in science. But DeSisto says that building collaborations with colleagues more than 9,000 miles away from where she lives poses unique challenges.

Just getting to her field site involves four flights, several bumpy car rides, climbing steep trails and crossing slippery logs.

“Language barriers are definitely a challenge too,” DeSisto said.

She’s been studying Malagasy for seven years, but the language’s 18 dialects can make it hard to follow every joke her colleagues tell around the campfire.

To keep her language skills sharp she goes to weekly tutoring sessions when she’s back in the U.S., and she even helped start the first formal class on the language for Duke students.

“I like to think of it as language opportunities, not just language barriers,” DeSisto said.”

“Certain topics I can talk about with much more ease than others,” she added. “But I think making efforts to learn the language is really important.”

When they can’t have face-to-face meetings the team checks in remotely, using videoconferencing and instant messaging to agree on each step of the research pipeline, from coming up with goals and questions and collecting data to publishing their findings.

“That’s hard to navigate when we’re so far away,” DeSisto said. But, she adds, the teamwork and knowledge sharing make it worth it. “It’s the best part of research.”

This research was supported by Duke Bass Connections (“ Biocultural Sustainability in Madagascar ,” co-led by James Herrera), Duke Global, The Explorers Club, Primate Conservation, Inc., Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, and the Garden Club of America.

Big Bets on Humanity: How Rajiv Shah’s Audacity is Winning the Fight Against Pandemics

Students offer their voices of change to climate commitment.

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SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Following the Swarm: Making a Documentary Short Film In Panama’s Tropical Forest

At the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, researchers track swarms of carnivorous army ants and the birds that follow them. A new documentary reveals a glimpse of life, and research, in the Neotropics

Olivia Milloway

In the early morning light just a few miles from the Panama Canal, a colony of army ants march one by one from their nest. They move slowly, even lazily, as if rubbing the sleep from their eyes as they stumble off to their early-morning shifts. Abruptly, their pace quickens, their grogginess replaced with urgency. The day’s raid had begun. 

The name “army ants” refers to more than 200 species of carnivorous and nomadic ants found in Central America, South America, and Africa. They band together in swarms up to 200,000 strong and hunt for spiders, crickets, and other arthropods. Once they locate their next meal, the ants pile on their prey, ripping it limb from limb and carrying it back to their nest. Others make mobile nests out of their own bodies. These bivouacs, which shelter the queen, larvae, and eggs, can be picked up and moved quickly when the ants need to search for food. 

This particular species of army ants, Eciton burchellii, is the lynchpin behind the largest known animal association; over 500 species have been documented to associate with army ant swarms, relying on them at least in part for their survival. Some of these associates are kleptoparasitism, meaning they feed on the insects fleeing from army ant swarms. Kleptoparasitism – coming from the Greek terms for “thief” and “one who eats at the table of another” – is common around ant swarms among clever birds, lizards, and even fish who rely on army ants to do their dirty work. But there are even stranger ways species have evolved to take advantage of army ant swarms: some butterflies feed exclusively on the poop of army ant-following birds, while some parasitic flies lay their eggs in the bodies of fleeing insects. 

“It’s a common phenomenon, but I haven't seen many attempts that capture both sides of the story. When [ant swarms] are covered, the ants are portrayed as a force of destruction. But they’re providing critical opportunities for these birds,” explained videographer Joseph See. 

While growing up in California, Joe became interested in tropical biology while watching classically narrated nature documentaries. Joe came to the tropics seven years ago to work as a biologist, bringing along a camera on his field expeditions just for fun. But over time, Joe became drawn to science communication. “I always thought that the implications of the research were the most important part, and I saw how videography could move people towards conservation, like it moved me.” 

The site was a flurry of activity: the thousands of ants moved as one with no leader in sight. Tendrils of ants branched off the main group, climbing up trees in search of prey or natural catwalks to cross the stream. Finding no such routes, the ants made short bridges out of their own bodies, a phenomenon called self-assembly . Meanwhile, the birds pounced down from their perches in the canopy, sometimes fighting over fleeing bugs. The researchers moved around the perimeter of the swarm, tracking its progress while documenting the birds’ behavior.

Joe crouched low to the ground, his camera recording a timelapse of the ants disassembling a cricket to take back to the bivouac. I lowered my microphone to pick up the crunching sound of the ants marching across leaves. We held still against the forest floor, getting stung, hard.

With the researchers’ help, Joe told me he learned how to “think like an ant.” “When you’re a photographer, you want to be there the second the action happens. To be a videographer, you have to learn to predict the future, where the ants will be in a few minutes so I have time to set up the perfect shot and be in the action. The ants might bite you like crazy, but you have to let them come to you.” 

Juggling different tasks in the field – tracking the swarm, making behavioral observations, and leading her team – Mary sometimes misses the finer details in the forest that Joe was able to catch on film. “Joe shared a clip of a bicolored antbird with an ant in its bill and rubbing in on its feathers. That’s called anting, which I had read about but had never actually seen at a swarm.” she said. “It was really cool for me to finally see it, and see it captured so beautifully and artistically.”

Michael Castaño, a master’s student on the army-ant-followers project, emphasized the importance of studying how species interact. He said that in the past, scientists worked to understand and conserve specific charismatic species; think bald eagles, grizzly bears, or lions. Army ants don’t typically fall into that category. “Today, species are becoming extinct at an alarming rate – more than thirteen times what’s normal. We’ve realized we need to change our approach to conservation away from just focusing on individual species,” Michael said. Mary explained it this way: “If you have a species of conservation concern, you can't just focus on that species. You have to know, where does it nest? What food does it eat? How does it rely on other species for survival?”

To Joe, nature videography is a way to inspire people to care about the natural world, especially in the often threatened but critically important tropical forests. “Video, as a medium, allows you to tell a more complex story in a way that the viewer can put it all together for themselves. Now that taking videos is becoming more accessible, we’re seeing more diverse storylines and storytellers in wildlife videography.”

Mary sees potential in committing army ant swarms to film. “I hope this story will captivate others, and share a bit of the feeling of awe I first felt when I first saw an army ant swarm.” 

Para mirar la película en Español, haga clic aquí . 

Joseph See is a videographer and video consultant currently living in Gamboa, Panamá. He is the Videography Coordinator for both the Amazon Research and Conservation Collective and Neotropical Science and is available for freelance work. You can find more of Joe’s videography on instagram @musingsofjoe . He can be reached at [email protected] .

Mary De Aquino is a second year PhD student at the University of Wyoming in the Program in Ecology and Evolution in the Tarwater Avian Ecology and Behavior Lab. She’s back in Panama with a new crew for another field season, this time she’s using nets to temporarily remove species from ant swarms to see how the communities are impacted.

Michael Castaño is a master’s student at the University of Wyoming in the Kelley Behavioral Complexity Lab from Medellín, Colombia. This field season, he’s tracking mixed-species flocks at army swarms to learn out how they come about. He plans to graduate in spring of 2025 and pursue a PhD in participatory science. 

To learn more about the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, check out at their website or follow them on Instagram , Facebook , YouTube , or LinkedIn . 

Olivia Milloway | READ MORE

Olivia Milloway is a science communication intern and former Fulbright Student Researcher at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama City, Panamá. She is passionate about using audio to tell creative stories about the natural world. You can find her portfolio at olivia-milloway.info . 

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Anthropogenic Coal Ash as a Contaminant in a Micro-meteoritic Underwater Search

Patricio A. Gallardo 1

Published October 2023 • © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Research Notes of the AAS , Volume 7 , Number 10 Citation Patricio A. Gallardo 2023 Res. Notes AAS 7 220 DOI 10.3847/2515-5172/ad03f9

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1 KICP, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

Patricio A. Gallardo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-3617

• Received October 2023
• Accepted October 2023
• Published October 2023

Meteorite composition ; Micrometeorites ; Interdisciplinary astronomy

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Chemical composition for spherules recovered from the search area of CNEOS 2014-01-08 in the Pacific Ocean has been recently released. A three-order of magnitude difference from CI-chondrites has been identified for elements beryllium, lanthanum and uranium in five samples. The lack of consensus regarding atmospheric survival and precision of path estimates motivate an examination of possible contaminants. Contents of nickel, beryllium, lanthanum and uranium are examined in the context of a known anthropogenic source of contamination, and found to be consistent with coal ash as suggested from a publicly available coal chemical composition database (COALQUAL). The meteoritic origin is disfavored.

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1. Introduction

An expedition to locate micrometeoritic fragments in the search area of CNEOS 2014-01-08 has been announced and conducted in the South Pacific Ocean (Loeb 2022 and Loeb et al. 2023 , L23 hereafter). A magnetic sled was used to retrieve magnetic material. Round objects in the ranges from hundreds of microns to millimeter scales have been reported. It has been suggested that the high concentration of beryllium, lanthanum and uranium in five samples (named BeLaU for short) could be anomalous as compared to CI-chondrite abundances ( L23 ). However, few comparisons to contaminants have been conducted to discard the null hypothesis of terrestrial contamination. The lack of consensus regarding the atmospheric survival and precision in the determination of the path of CNEOS 2014-01-08 (Vaubaillon 2022 ; Brown & Borovička 2023 ) motivate a discussion of possible sources of contamination from terrestrial sources.

Multiple reports during the past century have discussed anthropogenic contaminants in samples containing magnetic spherules from microns to millimeter scales in size (Handy & Davidson 1953 ; Oldfield et al. 1978 ; Goldberg et al. 1981 ; Deuser et al. 1983 ; Locke & Bertine 1986 ; Wik & Renberg 1991 ). Most notably, in 1976, another naval expedition in the Gulf of Mexico found large numbers of magnetic spherules from anthropogenic sources in seawater (Doyle et al. 1976 ). Chemical composition analyses revealed consistency with coal fly ash, a waste product of the combustion of coal in power plants and steam engines.

In this document, the chemical composition of the five spherules labeled BeLaU in L23 is analyzed in light of a known source of contamination from anthropogenic origin such as coal fly ash. Iron content is compared to previously published data from a naval expedition, which collected magnetic spherules as presented in Doyle et al. ( 1976 ) and to the iron contents in fly ash retrieved from a real power plant as in Hock & Lichtman ( 1983 ). The contents of beryllium, lanthanum, uranium and nickel are compared to expected abundances using publicly available measurements from coal quality data maintained by the USGS as in Palmer et al. ( 2015 ). This document is organized as follows: Section 1 gives a brief summary of the expedition, findings, and a description of this work. Section 2 discusses the methods used to compare abundances. Section 3 describes the results. Section 4 concludes.

2.1. Iron Composition

The iron content of coal ash has been documented in the context of coal quality control and commercial iron sourcing. Although typical values for the iron content in coal ash range 20%, with a variance of several tens of percent (Myers et al. 1973 ), higher values can be obtained if the ash is magnetically selected (Murtha & Burnet 1978 ). Spherule size is another source of bias as discussed in Czech ( 2022 ). Iron content in a real power plant was presented in Hock & Lichtman ( 1983 ), where samples were collected at the plant smokestack, reporting 35% iron concentration with a standard deviation of 30%.

In one report from a naval expedition (Doyle et al. 1976 ), seawater was microfiltered and the resulting spherules were magnetically identified. In this experiment, spherules were identified as athropogenic fly ash via their composition. Due to the similarity of the experiment presented in Doyle et al. ( 1976 ) and in Loeb ( 2022 ), the iron content reported in Doyle et al. ( 1976 ) is used to compare the range of iron abundances, considering that a variation of several tens of percent is expected from practical ash.

2.2. Beryllium, Lanthanum, Uranium and Nickel Content

Publicly available coal quality data COALQUAL summarized in Palmer et al. ( 2015 ) is used to obtain the range for the concentrations of five elements: nickel, beryllium, lanthanum and uranium in coal ash. Coal quality databases report trace abundances according to the formula

The abundance reported in Table 1 in Doyle et al. ( 1976 ) has a mean value of 68%, while the iron abundance in the BeLaU sample has a mean of 51%. In consistency with Hock & Lichtman ( 1983 ).

3.2. Nickel

Nickel content has been pointed out as a discriminator between coal ash and meteoritic material (Handy & Davidson 1953 ). Table 1 in Doyle et al. ( 1976 ) found nickel concentrations of order 0.04% in fly ash. The nickel concentrations in L23 are of order 200 ppm (0.02%) or lower. Which puts the nickel content in the same order of magnitude of Doyle et al. ( 1976 ).

In addition, COALQUAL data as described in Section 2 is used as a comparison. Figure 1 (bottom right) shows in green the concentrations of the five BeLaU samples, the histogram shows the expected nickel concentration from the COALQUAL database. Nickel content is in consistency with ash from coal.

Figure 1.  Beryllium, lanthanum, uranium and nickel concentrations in BeLaU (green) samples. Histogram shows frequencies obtained from COALQUAL. Concentrations are within expectation for all elements.

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3.3. Beryllium, Lanthanum and Uranium

Figure 1 shows in green the concentrations for the five BeLaU samples, with the expected histogram (in black) of the concentrations from coal ash for beryllium, lanthanum and uranium. COALQUAL data shows that all samples are in the expected range, in consistency with coal ash, and with: Headlee & Hunter ( 1953 ), and Zielinski & Finkelman ( 1997 ).

4. Conclusion

A compositional comparison of five samples collected from the Pacific Ocean has been presented. The content of iron and nickel have been compared to a previous report of an ocean expedition, which collected water samples using microfilters and collected spherical magnetic objects. The contents of beryllium, lanthanum, and uranium were compared to a publicly available database of coal composition.

Iron content is found to be consistent from previous reports of coal ash contamination. Nickel, beryllium, lanthanum, and uranium concentrations are found to be consistent with expectations from coal ash from a coal chemical composition database. Fly ash resolves the three-order of magnitude difference from comparisons to CI-chondrites. The meteoritic origin is disfavored.

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Despite evidence that financial conflicts of interest may influence physician prescribing and may damage patients’ trust in medical professionals, 1 - 3 such relationships remain pervasive. 4 The Physician Payments Sunshine Act led to the creation of the Open Payments database in August 2013, a repository of industry payments to health care professionals. 5 We examined the distribution of payments within and across specialties and the medical products associated with the largest total payments.

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